7J- 



THE AMERICAN FARMER'S 



PICTORIAL 



cyclopediasjLive stock. 



EMBRACING 



Horses, Cattle, Swine, Sheep ^ Poultry, 

INCLUDING DEPARTMENTS ON 

ZDOO-S J^ISTJD BEES: 



BEING ALSO A 



OMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR; 

COMBINING THE EFFECTIVE METHDE DF 



OBJECT TEACHING WITH WRITTEN INSTRUCTION. 

GIVING ALL THE FACTS CONCERNING THE VARIOUS BREEDS; CHARACTERISTICS 
ANU EXCELLENCES OF EACH. BEST METHODS OF BREEDING. TRAIN- 
ING, SHELTERING, STABLE MANAGEMENT, AND GENEKAL 
CARE, WITH SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS 

HOTV^ TO BUY ^ND HO^\^ TO SELL, 

INCLUDING CAREFUL AND ILLUSTRATED ANALYSES OF THE 

POINTS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 

WITH ALL THE DISEASES TO WHICH THEY ARE SUBJECT, HOW TO KNOW THEM, THE 

CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE — GIVEN IN PLAIN, SIMPLE LANGUAGE, FREE 

FROM TECHNICALITIES, BUT SCIENTIFICALLY CORRECT, AND PKESCRI- 

BING REMEDIES READILY OBTAINED AND EASILY APPLIED. 

DESIGNED FOR THE Sl'CCESSFUL AND PROFITABLE USE OF THE 

American Farmer and Stock Owner, 

' • HON. JONATHAN PERIAM, 



Editor "American Encyclopedia of Agriculture ;"e 
Member Illinois Department of Agricultun 



'Prai 
. Superintendent of Agri 



Industrial University; Life-member American ^omological Society 
"History Farmers' Movement," "Lesson for Life," A:c., A'c 
AND 

A. H. BAKER, V. S., 

nerican Field;" Veterinarv Surgeon Illinois Humant Society 
•College; Member ot theMontreal Veterinary Medical Asso- 




WITH OVER 700 APPROPRIATE ENGRAVINGS. 



SAINT LOUIS, MO.: 
X. D. THOMPSO.^ & CO., Publishers, 

520. 522 and 5:: |. Pine Street. 

iSSj. 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year iSSt, by 

N. D. TH0MP30.V ii CO., 

Zn the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. D. C 



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At 



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PUBLISHEKS' PKEFACE, 



In pi-cseating this xuliiinc to the public, the publishers feel especial 
pride. In authorship, it represents the unremitting lul>or of many years, 
and the facts are derived from long, pi'actical experience, and thorough 
education in the line of its subjects. They believe that in it they present 
a volume of every-day, practical value, unequalled in the literature of this 
department of study. The completeness and scope, careful arrangement, 
and fulness of illustration, make it unique of its kind. Of its high 
scicntitic and literarv merit, it is needless to speak. The simplicity in 
teaching and practice, and ad:iptal)ility both to the ready comprehension 
and use of the ordinary farmer and stock owner, are equally apparent. 

The modern method of " Oljject^teaching," so popular in our higher 
schools, has been utilized to an extent never before equalled. Its striking 
appropriateness will not fail to impress and instruct. In addition to sim- 
ple teachings by word, it instructs through the eije as well, and with a 
definiteness in both respects that will enable any one to become well 
versed in a practical knowledge of the value, use, care, disease and treat- 
ment of domestic animals. In addition to this important requisite, and to 
the valuable Charts illustrating the ages of horses and cattle, it contains 
many features i)eculiar to itself. It is withal so concise, original and apt 
in its teachings, that, in point of excellence and comprehensiveness, there 
is nothing similar to it among American agricultural publications. 

"With the exception of a few reprints of English books which are nar- 
row in scope and design, pooi'ly applying to the necessities of this coun- 
try, there is not a similar work of reputable, competent authorship, 
covering the subjects embraced. Those of s])ecial pretentions are mere 
compilations bv non-professionals, who assume professional titles, and 
tliiis impose upon the credulity, and tritie with the valuable interests, of 
the farmer and stock owner. 

The full index, the plan and arrangement, the careful system through- 
out, are such that any fact in its contents can be readily found, so that, 
as a work of ready reference, as well as general study, it will be found 
especially convenient as well as reliable. 

Impressed with the belief that it fills the all important requirement of 
availability for ready and unerring use, and that it is a tliorouglily pract ical 
work — one that will sei-ve the farmer as a valuable hand-book, both for 
study and constant reference, and which will enable him to turn the in- 
dustrj' of stock breeding, raising, buying and selling to greater profit — it 
is re -jectfuily sulnnitted with the confident hope of approval. 



AUTHORS' PREFACE. 



Tliis work is especially dcsii^iuHl to supply fhe need of the busy Amcri- 
eaii faniuT and stock owner. It is somewhat remarkable that in this 
book-makiug age there is no well authenticated, systematic work acces- 
sible to the farmer in whicli the known facts and pi'inciijles of the art of 
improving and breeding domestic animals, and of the causes, symptoms, 
prevention and cure of diseases, are presented in convenient form for study 
and refei-ence. Yet such is the fact, notwithstanding the paramount im- 
portance of live stock to the farmer, and the wonderful progress that" has 
been made in its improvement. The pi-esent effort to supply this want 
has been made in response to frequent solicitation, and especially sug- 
gested by oft repeated inquiries, received as journalists, for such a work 
covering safely the ground occupied by this volume. The inqiortance of 
the subject cannot well be overestimated when we consult statistics giving 
the millions of dollars invested in live slock, in this great country, 
and it becomes especially inq)ortant, wIk'U we consider tliat the bulk of 
this immense value is distribut(^d among those of minor wcaltli, as the 
farmer and small stock owner, who havc^ no access to educated veterinary 
practitioners, and who ai'c not fully informed as to the practical principles 
applicabl(> to the most successful and protital)le biveding, training and 
general cai'e of domestic animals. In liiis \olume the effort is made to 
furnish such facts in systematic form, tiuis enabling the farmer ever}'- 
where to turn the business of stock raising to more i)rotitable account. 
Long c.\[)erience and observation leads to the belief that a carefully ar- 
ranii'cd and classified work giving the facts in the art of breeding and 
general care of live stock, derived from the experience of the practical 
and most successful stock men, will be of incalculable benefit to every 
owner of domestic animals. 

In the following pages the value of kind treatment has l)ecn urged with 
marked freciuency, and the fact is mentioned with no apologetic intent. 
It is urged as a policy both humane! and prolitable. What can be done to 
improve the condition and advance the comfoi-t of tliest' true friends of 
humanity is in the interest of economy. There is a much n(>eded reform 
in the breeding, v.wv and treatment of domestic animals, and the en- 
deavor is here made to direct tlie way and point out its advantages. 

In ti-eating of the various breeds of live slock, it li:is been the pur])ose 
to uivc the special charaeterist ies, with the excellences and defects in 



AUTHORS I'REFACE. 

each, so that tlic reader ma}" know exactly which will serve best his exact 
purpose. Ill this, partiality for anyone has been avoided and an honest 
effort made to j)oiiit out the adaptal)ility of each to special puri)oses. This 
much needed information will enable the reader to select for siiecial ob- 
jects with unerring judgment. There has been an undcviating purpose to 
avoid the too common custom of advocating the claims of any one breed 
or class of l)reedei's, at the expense of another, or in contradiction to cor- 
rect statement. The method of advertising specialties, too conmion in 
such books, has been scrupulously avoided. 

The authors haA'e h)ng been impressed with the almost universal want 
of ability to judge accurately of the value of a horse, cow, or other ani- 
mal of the farm, as also of its particular features of excellence, from 
general appearance, manner and physical development. Yet this is sus- 
ceptible of almost exact knowledge. Intelligent study of these, with 
proi)er information ought to enable an}' one to, determine the character- 
istics of a horse or cow, and whether it is best adapted to the purpose 
for which it is wanted. Not only can the matter of physical constitution 
and adaptability to a specific pui'pose be determined, but it is also within 
the power of the intelligent observer to detect vicious habits, disease and 
unsoundness, by the same analvtic ol)servation. A special feature of this 
work has been to give this information in such clear, specific, and analytic 
form, both by written word and illustration, as to make any intelligent 
reader a good judge of the value and qualifications, so to speak, of any 
horse, cow or other domestic animal. 

The age of an animal has an important bearing in estimating both 
value and use. To cover this point of vital interest we have, in the Horse 
and Cattle departments, introduced illustrated Charts giving the formation 
of the teeth at the various ages, accompanied by such explanation and 
instruction as will enable any one, by a little study and observation, to 
ascertain with almost perfect accuracy the ages of these animals at any peri- 
od. The value of this knowledge cannot well be overestimated. With this 
information, and the ability to understand special characteristics and de- 
fects, instruction on which is herein given and illustrated in such careful 
detail, the arts of tho jorket/ will be effectually provided against. 

The subject of training has received elaboi'ate consideration, and as 
the value of an animal depends greatly on the care and success w^ith 
which it has been /mined., it is believed that the attention given to it will be 
productive of valual)le results. 

In this, as in other departments, gentle and huinano methods are advo- 
cated as the most satisfactory and effective. Allied to this, the direc- 
tions and facts given concerning proper shelter, and convenience and 
economy in building, derived from personal experience running from 



AUTHORS I'llEFACE. 

tlie i)riniitivi' shelter of the pniirics, tliirty-tive j'earsago, to th(^ ])reseiit 
eliihoriite and costly ham, are doenied f)f interest and value. 

In the veterinary departments spoeial effort has hecn made to give the 
caus(^s producing disease, so that knowing the cause the disease may be 
obviated. Prevention is better than cure, and this fact is emphasized 
throughout the volume. Equal care has been observed in descrihinrj antl 
giving Kijmptomx, so that the reader ir.a}', with as unerring certainty as 
possible, know tlic nature of the disease, and hence v^liat to do. 

When the services of a skilled veterinary surgeon are required it ha% 
been candidly advised, and care has been taken to distinguish between 
popular treatment and that requiring scientific and skillful management. 

In prescribing I'cmcdies, the effort has been to give those within the 
reach of the farmer — such as he can procure, prepare and easily adminis- 
ter. In like manner, unfamiliar wi-rds and technical phrases have been 
avoided as far as possilile, consistent \vith scientific accuracy of statement. 
Clearness and conciseness of expression have been carefully' consulted, and, 
to further conduce to a correct understanding, an elal)orate glossary is 
a|)pended thoroughly explanator}' of the meaning of every word in the 
book not familiar to every day life. 

In the attainment of clearness, the generous and prodigal liberality of tiie 
Publishers in illustrating, by accurate, well executed and striking engrav- 
ings, every department and chapter of the work, deserves special mention. 
As aiding and strengthening the enforcement of fact, this feature, made 
at enormous outlay, is of a jjractical value impossible to exaggerate. 

In conclusion, the hope is indulged that the fai-mer and stock raiser 
who will attentively read these pages, and reduce to practice the sugges- 
tions therein given, will find such increase of success, profit and pleasure in 
his noble calling as to justify his good opinion and unqualified endorse- 
ment. If so, the authors' purpose in writing this book will have been 
accomplished. 

THE AUTHORS. 



T/^BLE OF CONTENTS. 



PART I. 



THE HORSE.— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTER- 
ISTICS OF THE A^YRIOUS BREEDS. 



CHAPTER I. 

his ancient and modern history. 

Page. 
Connected with Man from the Earliest Historical Peviod. — I. The Horse in Ancient 
History. — U. The Horse in Civilization. — IH. Preserving Breeds in Purity. — IV. 
The Wild Horse of To-day.— V. Fossil Horses.— VI. Horses of Asia.— VH. 
European Horses. — VHI. Artificial Breeding and Diseases. — IX. Opinions Re- 
lating to Breeding.— X. In-Breeding of Horses. — XI. Value of Hereditary 
Characteristics. — XII. A Careful Study Necessary. — XIII. About Object Les- 
sons 33 

CHAPTER II. 

ILLUSTRATING THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSK. 

I. Frame-work the Index of Value. — II. Master the Details of the Skeleton. — III. 
Division of the Several Parts. — IV. Comparative Anatomy of Man and the Horse. 
—V. Analyzing the Skeleton.— VI. The Foot. -Vll. The Head and Neck.— VIII. 
Bones and Muscles of the Front Limbs. — IX. The Hind Limbs 41 

CHAPTER III. 

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM AND INTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF THE HORSE. 

I. The Economy of the Muscular Covering. — II. Muscles of the Head and Neck. — UI. 
Muscles of the Shoulder and Back. — IV. Muscles of the Hinder Parts. — V. 
Muscles of the Fore Limbs. — VI. Muscles of the Leg and Foot. — VII. Studying 
the Structure. — VIU. Internal Economy of the Horse. — IX. External Parts of 
the Horse ,56 

CHAPTER IV. 

OUTW.\Kl) APPEARANCE OF THE HORSE AS INDICATING VALUE. 

I. Action the First Requisite of a Good Horse. — II. Fast Walking Horses. — HI. 
Horses for Different Kinds of Work. — IV. The Head Illustrated Outwardly.- V. 
. The Body and Limbs.— VI. Bad Fore Quarters. — VII. The Body as Seen from 
the Front.— Vni. What a Critical Horseman Said.— IX. Front View, Showing Bad 

XI 



Xn TABLE OF (X)NTKNTS. 

Pace. 
Fore (iiiarti'is.— X. The Hinder Parts Illustrated. — XI. The Propelling Power. — 
XII. \Vlial the Ancients Knew of Horses. — XIII. What One Need not expect. . . 70 

CHAPTER V. 

THE HOUSE'S TEETH, AND HOW TO TELL HIS AGE. 

I. The Dental Fornuila.— II. The Teeth are the Trne Index of Age.— III. The Foal's 
Teeth. — IV. Differences Between the Teeth of Foal and Horse. — \. Allowances 
to )>e Made.— VI. Illustrating by the Chart !>:$ 

CHAPTER VI. 

BREEDS OK HOUSES AND THEIIl CHAIJACTEKISTICS. 

I. Inrtuenees of Country and Climate. — U. The Farm Horse. — III. The Clydesdale 
Horse. — IV. The Xorman-Pcrcheron. — V. The Percheron of To-day. — VI. The 
Couestoga Horse. — Vll. Road Horses. — VIII. Trotting Horses. — IX. Hunting 
Horses. — X. Light Driving Horses. XI. Couch Horses. — XII. The Cleveland 
Bay. — XIII. Ponies. — XH'. The Vermont Draft Horse. — X'\\ The Narragansett 
Pacer 9!) 

CHAPTER VH. 

THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 

I. p:nglish Tlioroughl)reds.— II. Herbert's History of the English Horse.— III. The 
First London Kace Course. — IV. Horses Taken to England by Crusaders. — V. 
Bone and Bulk Imparted to the English Horse. — VI. The Horse in the Times of 
Henry VIII and James I. — ^Vfl. American Thoroughbreds. — VIII. The Arabian. 121 

CHAPTER VHI. 

ABOUT TROTTING HORSES. 

1. The Breeding of Trotter.^.- II. Progenitors of Fast Trotters— Messenger.— III. 
Imported Bellfounder.— IV. The Modern Trotter.— V. What Goldsmith Maid 
was Like. — VI. The Movement in Trotting.— VII. Disuse of the Trotting Fac- 
ulty.— VIII. A Record of Sixty Years.— IX. Strains of Trotting Blood 133 

CHAPTER IX. 

THE BREEDING AND REARING OF COLTS. 

I. Tniportauce of Accurate Knowledge. — II. Breed From Mature Animals. — III. No 
Proflt in Inferior Horses. — IV. Heredity in Animals. — V. Peculiar Organic Struc- 
ture. — VI. Heredity of Disease. — VII. Atavism or Breeding Back — Breed to 
None but the Best. — VIII. Variation and Development. — IX. Transmission of 
(Jualities. — X. The Impress of Color and Form. — XI. Relation of Size in Sire 
and Dam. — XII. Breed Only From Ptn-e Sires. — XIII. The Best are Cheapest 
in the End. — XIV. Sclectionof Stallion and Mare. — XV. Service of the Stallion. 
—XVI. The Period of (testation— Treatment.— XVII. Treatment After Foaling. 
— XVIH. How to Know if a Mare is in Foal. — XIX. How to Know the Foaling 
Tui¥>. — XX. The Foaling Stall. — XXI. Abortion, or Slinking the Fcetus.— XXII. 
lldw to Raise a Colt 144 

CHAPTER X. 

ASSES AND MULES. 

I. The Mule and Ilinny Detined.— II. The Ass.— III. Anti(jMity of the >fule.— IV. 
Breeding-Jacks.— V. Longevity of the Mule. — VI. The Value of Mules for Labor. 
VH. Mules are not Vicious.— VIII. The Breeding of Mules 157 



TABLE OF CONTEXTS. 



CHAPTER XI. 

now TO ti;ain a horse. 

I. The Old System and the Kew. — II. The American 'Way Better than the English. — 
III. Difference Between Breaking and Training. — IV. FirstLessons. — V. Learn- 
ing to Lead. — VI. Toilakea Colt Come to You.— VII. Lessons in Sound .Signals. 
— VIII. Flexions. — IX. The Proper Age for Work. — X. Harnessing and Driving. 
—XI. TheAgeforRealWork.— XII. How to Subdue a Wild Colt.— XIII. Hand- 
ling a Vicious Colt. — XIV. Subduing a Vicious or Tricky Horse. — XV. Training 
a Stallion for Sei-vice.- XVI. Training for Draft.— XVII. How to Have a Good 
Plow Team.— XVIII. Forming a Good Saddle Horse.— XIX. The Different 
Gaits.— XX. Training to Trot in Harness.— XXI. Forming a Trotter.— XXII. 
To Train a Racer.— XXIII. Saddling.— XXIV. Harnessing IGG 

CHAPTEK XII. 

STABI.es and other .SlIELTEI!. 

I. The Economy uf Comfort.— II. IIow to Build Stables.— HI. Where to Keep Har- 
ness. — IV. Temperature and A'entilation. — V. The Arrangement of Stalls. — VI. 
Construction of Mangers and Racks.— VII. The Hay and .Straw Loft. — VIII. An 
Economical Granary. — IX. The Wagon and Carriage Floor. — X. The Harness 
Room.— XL The Stable-Yard and Out-Sheds.— XII. Grass Lots ne.ir the Stable. 
— XIII. A Good Supply of Water.— XIV. Cleaning the Stable 182 

CHAPTER XIII. 

FEEDING, WATERING AND GROOMING. 

L The Good tliat a Sieve Will Do.— II. How to Feed.— HI. When to Feed.— H'. What 
to Feed. — V. Condiments.— VI. Ilow to Make Mashes. — VII. How to Make 
Gruel.— VIII. The Quantity of Grain to Feed.— IX. Hay and Straw.— X. Groom- 
ing.— XI. AVhen to Groom.— XII. General Stable Care.— XIII. Blankets and 
Other Clothing 1!)0 

CHAPTER XIV. 

HUMANITY AND COMMON SEN.SE. 

I. The Economy of Humane Treatment. — II. Common Sense in all Things. — III. 
Thrift and LTnthrift Contrasted. — TV. Cruelty and Improvidence vs. Thrift and 
Kiiiilness. — V. Why the Horse Re(iuires lutelligent Management. — VI. How to 
Know an Intelligent blaster.— VII. Pictures from Real Life.— VIII. The Kind 
Man Will Have a Willing Team.— IX. The "(Jood FellowV" Cruelty.— X. How- 
to r,se One"s Means 1!)8 

CHAPTER XV. 

now TO niv and sell a house. 
I. Accurate Knowledge Necessary. — 11. Buying Cheap Horses. — III. A Guarantee 
of Soundness. — IV. Know A\Tiat you Buy for. — V. The Proportions of the 
Hor.se. — VI. Description of Eclipse. — VII. What Constitutes a Good Horse. — 
VIII. Models for Buying.— IX. The Racing and the Trotting Form.— X. The 
Roadster —XI. Saddle Horses.— XII. A Horse of High Form.— XHI. Buying 
for Blood. — Xr\'. Choosing the Brood Mare. — XV. Selecting the Stallion — 
XVI. How to Detect Vices and Defects. — XVII. Some Faults and Imperfections. 
— X VIII. AVhat is rnsonndness?— XIX. Blemishes 209 



XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

PART II. 

DISEASES OF THE HORSE.— HOAA^ TO KNOW THEM, THEIR 
CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE. 

CHAPTER I. 

symptoms and general treatment. 

Page. 
I. Introduction. — II. Outward Manifestations of Disease. — III. Symptoms of Internal 
Diseases. — IV. Importance of Prompt Treatment. — V. Know What You are 
Treating.— VI. Nursing and Feeding Sick Animals. — VII. Explanation of Terms 
Used. — VIII. Graduation of Doses. — IX How Often to Give Medicines. — X. 
Forms of Medicines, and How to Administer 231 

CHAPTER II. 

FEET OK THE HORSE AND THEIR I)ISE.\SES. 

I. Corns. — II. Quittor. — III. Quarter and Sand Cracks. — TV. Seedy Toe — V. Prick- 
ing from Xails.— VI. Acute Founder or Laminitis. — VII. Chronic Founder or 
Laminitis.— VIII. Pumiced Feet 240 

CHAPTER HI. 

FEET OF THE HORSE AND THEIR DISEASES, CONTINUED. 

I. Thrush. — II. Navicular Disease. — HI. Contraction of the Foot. — TV. Gravel. — V. 
Canker.— VI. Calks.— VII. Fracture of the Bone of the Foot.— VIII. Stone 
Bruises. — IX. Side Bone 253 

CHAPTER IV. 

SHOEING AND CARE OF THE FEET. 

I. Wbat a Shoer can do.— II. How to Prepare the Foot for the Shoe. — III. Where 
the Bearing Should Rest. — IV. Weight of Shoes and How to Fit Them. — V. Care 
of the Feet in the Stable.— VI. The Floor of the Stall 2G4 

CHAPTER V. 

LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISJiASES. 

I. Bone Spavin. — II. Bog Spavin. — III. Occult Sp.avin.— IV. Blood .Spavin. — V. 
Thoroughpin.— VI. Curb.— VII. Ring Bone.— VIII. Splint.— IX. Sprainof Bacl; 
Tendons of the Foie Legs. — X. Broken Down 268 

CHAPTER VI. 

LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES, CONTINUED. 

I. Capulet or Capped Hock and Elbow. — II. Fractures. — III. Open .Joint. — IV. 
Broken Knees.— V. Knee Sprung.— VI. Cocked .Viiklcs. —VII. Wiudgalls.— VIII. 
Shoulder Lameness and Sweeny. — IX. Cramp of the Muscles of the Thighs 282 

CHAPTER VII. 

LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES, CONTINUED. 

I. Stilled. — II. Hip Lameness and Hipped. — HI. Stocking. — IV. Elephantiasis or 
Lymphangitis. — V. Scratches or Cracked Heel. — VI. Grease. — VII. Mud Fever. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV 

Page. 
— VIU. Fiu-imculns or Caibimele.— IX. Dislocations.— X. AVoimds.— XI. Sore 
Shiiis.— XII. Osteoplij'tes, Following Sore Shins.— XIII. Poreelaneous Deposit. 
—XIV. String Halt.— XV. Interfering.— XVI. Overreaching.- XVII. Forging. 
— XVIU. Rupture of 3Inscles.—XIX. Atropli.v of the Muscles 2!)S 

CHAPTER VIII. 

BODY OF THE HORSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 

I. Caries. — II. Necrosis. — III. Osteo Sarcoma. — FV. Osteo Porosis. — V. Exostosis 
of the Jaw.— VI. Broken Back.— VII. Sprain of the Back.— VIII. Broken Kibs. 
-IX. Broken Tail.— X. Fracture of the Skull.— XI. Tumors.— XII. Goitre — 
XIII. Inflamed Parotid Gland.— XFS'. Fistula of the Parotid Duct.— XV. 
Fistulous AVithers.— XVI. Poll Evil.— XVII. Inflamed Jugular Vein.— XVUI. 
Saddle Galls.— XIX. Sit Fasts. —XX. Surfeit.— XXI. Drops}-.- XXII. Chordes. 
— XXm. Hernia.— XXH'. Warts.— XXV. Eat-Tail.— XXVI. Itchy Tail.— 
XXVn. Itchy Skin.— XXVIIl. Melanosis.— XXIX. Hide Bound.— XXX. 
Eczema 317 

CHAPTER IX. 

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATOIIY ORGANS. 

i. Tumor in the False Xostril.— II. Polyims.— HI. Catarrh.— R^. ?fasal Gleet.— V. 
Laryngitis, Roaring and Whistling. — VI. Qiiin.^y. — VII. Bronchitis. — VIII. 
Pneumonia. — IX. Heaves. — X. Congestion of the Lungs. — XI. Pleurisj-. — XII. 
Hydrothonix.- XIH. Clironic Cough 33S 

CHAPTER X. 

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF THE .\LIMENTARV CANAL. 

I. Teeth— Ache, Decay, Filing— Wolf Teeth.— H. Tongue Laceration.— IH. Sore 
Mouth.— ^V^ Lampas.— V. Pharyngitis.— VI. Choking.— VII. Gastritis.— VHI. 
Stomach Staggers — IX. Dyspepsia. — X. Spasmodic Colic. — XI. Flatulent Colic. 
— XII. Rupture of the Stomach, Intestines or Diaphi-agm. — XIII. Constipation. 
— XIV. Diarrhoea and Superpurgation. — XV. Dysentery. — XVI. Enteritis. — 
XVII. Peritonitis. — XVIII. Calculi. — XIX. Intussusception and Gut Tie.. . 3154 

CHAPTER XI. 

DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

I. Phrenitis, or Inflammation of the Brain. — H. Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. — III. 
Apoplexy. — IV. Megrims. — V. Tetanus or Lockjaw. — VI. Paralysis. — VU. Sun- 
stroke 37.5 

CHAPTER XII. 

DISEASES OF THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS. 

I. Inflammation of the Endocardium. — H. Enlargement of the Heart. — III. Atrophy 
of the Heart — IV. Induration of the Heart. — V. Fatty Degeneration of the 
Heart. — VI. Obesity of the Heart. — VII. Cyanosis or Blue Disease. — VIII. RuiJ- 
tm-e of the Heart. — IX. Rupture of a Blood Vessel. — X. Aneurism. — XI. Phle- 
bitis, or Inflammation of a Vein. — XH. Thumps 383 

CHAPTER XIII. 

GENERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 

I. Influenza — Epizootj- — "Pink Eye." — II. Purpura Hemorrhagica. — UI. Rheuma- 
tism. — IV. Abscesses. — V. Erysipelas 387 



xvi tahle oi' contents. 

Page. 
CHAPTER XIV. 

CONTAGIOUS BLOOD DISEASES. 

I. Glanders and Farcy. — II. Strangles. — 111. Kaliie.- or Hydrophobia. — W. Hor.*e 

l"ox or Eiiuine Variola 394 

CHAPTER XV. 

DISEASES OF THE UlilNARY ORGANS. 

1. Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys. — II. Congestion of the Kidneys. — III. 
(Jy.stitis, or Inflammation of the Bladder. — IV. Paralysis of the Bladder. — V. 
Eversion of the Bladder. — VI. Spasm of the Neck of the Bladder. — VII. Rup- 
ture of the Bladder — VIII. Diabetes Insipidus or Profuse Staling.— IX. Hiema- 
turia, or Bloody Urine. — X. Suppression of the I'rine, or Dysuria. — XI. Drib- 
bling of the Urine, or Enuresis. — XII. Stricture of the Urethra. — XIII. Gonor- 
rlicca.— XIV. Foul Sheath.— XV. Urinary ( 'alculi 401 

CHAPTER XVI. 

DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OP GENERATION. 

Of the Male :— I. Inflammation of the Testicles.— 11. Hydrocele, or Dropsy of the 
Scrotum.— III. Evil Results of Castration. — IV. Wounds of the Penis.— V. Gon- 
orrhcea. — VI. Phimosis and Paraphimosis. — VII. Masturbation. 

Of the Female: — VIII. Parturition. — IX. Metritis, or Inflammation of the Womb. — 
X. Inflannuation of the Ovaries.— XI. Leucorrha^a. — XII. Puerperal Fever.— 
XIII. Mammitis.— XTV Hysteria.— XV. Abortion 411 

CHAPTER XVII. 

DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 

I. Congestion of the Liver. — II. Hepatitis, or Inflammation of the Liver (Acute or 
Chronic). — HI. Ceroma. or Fatty Degeneration. — r\'. Cirrhosis, or Fibrous 
Degeneration.— V. Jaundice, Icterus, or Yellows.— VI. Biliary Calculi, or Gail- 
Stones.— VII. Hypertrophy.— VIII. Atrojihy.- IX. Softening, or Ramollisse- 
meat. with Rupture -llS 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

DISEASESOF THE EVK. 

I. Specific Ophthalmia, or Moon Blindness.— II. Simple Ophthalmia, or Conjunc- 
tivitis.— III. Amaurosis, Gutta Serena, or Glass Eye.— FV^. Glaucoma.— V. Iritis. 
—VI. Leucoma.— Vn. Cataract.— VIII. Filaria Oculi. or Worm in the Eye — 
IX. Entropium.— X. Ectropiuin.— XI. Torn Eyelids.— XU. Cancerous Tumor 
in tlie Eye.— XIII. Obstruction of the Lachrymal Duct 422 

CHAPTER XIX. 

PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 

I. Intestinal AVornis.— II. Bots.— HI. Lice.— H". Mange.— V. Ringworm 4;i0 

CHAPTER XX. 

VICES IN THE STAHLE. 

I. Cribliing.— II. Wind Sucking.— III. Gnawing the Manger. Clothing, etc.— r\'. 
Kicking while Eating (irain.-V. Wasting the (Jrain.— VI. Pulling Back, and 
Hreaking the Halter.— VII. Balking 437 



TABLE OF CONTEXTS. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF STABLES, AS RELATED TO HYCIENE 

I. Necessit}' for Stables. — II. Constriu'tion of Stables. — III. Feeding and AVateiing 
Stock. — IV. The Care of Stock when in Stable. — V. Additional Directions for 
Giving Medicines. — VI. Detection of Disease 441 

CHAPTER XXn. 

OPERATIONS. 

I. AniEsthetics, andHow to UseThein. — II. Bandages. — III. Bleeding. — IV. Blister- 
ing. — V. Casting. — VI. Castration. — VII. Extirpation of the Eye. — VIII. Firing. 
— IX. Lithotomy. — X. Lithotrity. — XI. Xeurotoni) . — XII. Nicking and Dock- 
ing. — XIII. Opening an Abscess. — XTV. Tapjjing the Chest, and Tapping tlie 
Abdomen. — XV. Pricking. — XVI. Probing and Opening a Fistula. — XVII. 
Spaying. — XVIII. Sutures. — XIX. Tajjping the Belly for Flatulence. — XX. 
Tenotomy. — XXI. Tracheotomy 4.'jl 

CHAPTER XXni. 

CONCERNING THE VETERINARIAN'S CERTIFICATE OP SOUNDNESS. 

I. Examinations iu this Countiy and in Europe. — II. Wliat the Veterinarian Should 
See to. for His Client. — III. Conditions Modifying the Certificate. — IX. The 
Seller's Guarantee Should Cover Vices 463 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. 

I. General Knles. — II. Poisoning from Drugs, Minerals, etc. — III. Poisoning \\ Idle 
Grazing. — IV. Poisoning of the Skin. — V. Poisoning from Stings 46.5 

CHAPTER XXV. 

INSTRUMENTS, APPARATUS, AND MEDICINES. 

I. What Instruments to Keep, and How to Use Them. — II. Surgical .Apparatus and 
Appliances. — III. A Cheap and Serviceable Surgical Outfit. — IV. Veterinary 
Medicines and Doses. — V. When and How Often may the Dose be Itepeated? 
— VT. Simple Directions for Preparing and Using Medicines. — VII. Weiglits and 
Measures 472 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

RECIPES FOR THE HORSE. 

Recapitulation of Recipes in Part U 480 



XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

PART III. 

CATTLE.— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERISTICS 
OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. 

CHAPTER I. 

kakly history and typical breeds of cattle. 

Page. 
I. Wild and Semi-wild Herds. — II. The First Chroniclers and Breeders of Cattle. — 
III. The Original Type.— IV. ITiidoniesticated Herds of Europe and Asia.— V. 
Spanish-American Breeds.— VI. Th<; Devons.— VII. The Herefords.— VIII. The 
Durham orTeeswater Breed.— IX. Irish Cattle.— X. Scotch and Hifthland Cattle. 
—XI. Swiss Cattle— Xtl. Dutch Cattle.— XIII. Fossil Cattle.— XI V. The AVild 
Cattle of England — XV. Xative Districts of some Breeds 491 

CHAPTER II. 

JiTUUCTURE OF THE OX. 

I. Comparative Description. — II. A Good Cow Described In Verse. — III. Slceleton of 
the Ox.- IV. Analysing the Head.— V. External Parts of a Fat Ox.— VI. Teeth 
of the Ox.— VII. Age of Cattle Told by the Cliart .i08 

CHAPTER III. 

UKVELOPMENT AND I M I'ROVE.MENT OF BREEDS. 

I. — -Viicicnt and Modern Breeding. — II. Cattle of the Campagaas. — III. Pioneers of 
lmi)roved Stoclv.— IV. Illustrations of Noted English Breeds.— V. Do Xot At- 
tem;)t to Form a Breed. — VI. How a Breed is Formed. — VII. Breeding for Cer- 
tain Uses.— Vlir. Variation in Tyi)e. — IX. In-and-in Breeding and Breeding in 
Line. — X. Altering the Character by Crossing. — XI. Influence of .Shelter and 
Feeding. — XII. Heredity in Cattle. — XUI. Hereditary Influence of Parents. — 
XIV. Atavism. — XV. Peculiarities of Ancestors Perpetuated. — XVI. How the 
Short-Horns were Bred up. — XVII. Short-Horns Diu-ing the Last Fifty Years. — 
XVIII. Three Short-Horn Strains.— XIX. The Three Principal Types of Cattle. . 516 

CHAPTER IV. 

THE BREEDING OF CATTLE. 

1. Early Systems of Breeding.— II. Baliewell's Ten Rules.— HI. What the Breeder 
Must Know. — IV. Compare Kesults. — V. The As.siniilation of Food. — VI. The 
Breeder .Must be a Good Farmer. — VII. Breeding for Beef. — VIII. Breeding for 
Milk.— IX. Breeding for Labor.— X. The Breeds for Beef and Milk.— XI. .Some 
Fai!ts About Beef.— XII. Value of Sires in Different Herds.— XIH. Know "What 
You Breed for. — XFV. Detinition of Terms.— XV. How to Start a Herd.— XVI. 
How the Herd will Grade. — XVH. Taking a Line Cross. — XVUI. Some S|ieci- 
mens of Close Breeding.— XIX. The Gestation of Cows .527 

CHAPTER V. 

.SHORT-HORN CATTLE. 

1 Shi irt -Horn Breeds. — II. The Old Teeswaters. — lU. Origin of Modern Short- 
llorns.— IV. What Made Them Famous.— V. The Bull Hubback.— VI. Beef From 
the Old Teeswaters. — VII. Short-Horns in America. — VUI. The Great Ohio Im- 
portation.— IX. Kentucky and Other Importations.— X. Importation of Bates 



TABLE OF CONTEXTS. XIX 

Page. 
Cattle.— XI. Canadian Short-Horns.— XII. Westward March of the Short-Horn. 
— XIII. Short-Horns as Beef Makers.— XIV. The Tatton Family of Short- 
Horns.— XV. Grade Cows and Steers.— XVI. Short-Horns ( 'ritieally Deseribed. 
—XVII. The Head.— XVIII. The Neck.— XIX. The Body.— XX. The Legs 
Short and Straight. — XXI. The Loin Broad — XXII. Wide in the Crops. — 
XXIII. The Back Straight and Broad.— XXIV. The Kibs Barrel-Sliaped.— XXV. 
-The Touch.— XXVI. The Hide.— XXVII. Tlie Hair.— XXVIII. The Color.— 
XXIX. Beef Points Illustrated.— XXX. Scale of Points for Short-Horn Bulls.— 
XXXI. Scale of Points for Short-Horn Cows 53S 

CHAPTER Vr. 

THE JERSEYS, ALUERNEYS AND GUERNSEYS. 

L A Fa.sliionable Breed. — II. The Guernseys. — III. The Alderney in Youatt'sTime. — 

IV. The .Jersey of To-day. — V. Crossing the Jerseys. — VI. The .Jersey Deseribed. 
—VII. Milk Mirrors.— VHI. Guenon's Theory of Milk Mirrors.— IX. Their Prac- 
tical Utility.— X. The Escutcheon Marks.— XI. Good Milkers in all Breeds.— 
XII. Value of Heredity. — XIII. Iiilluence of Good Digestion and Assimilation. — 
xrv. The :\Iilk Veins.— XV. The Udder and Twist Veins.— XVI. ilv. Sharp- 
iess" Opinion. — XVII. Symmetry Essential AVhatever the Breed. — XVIII. The 
.Tersey not a Dairy Cow. — XIX. Scale of Points for Jersey Cows and Heifers. — 
XX. Rules in Awarding Prizes.— XXI. Scale of Pointsfor Jersey Bulls.— XXII. 
Estimating tlie \'alue of Points.- XXIII. Color and Size.— XXH'. From a 
Practical Stand-point 558 

CHAPTER VH. 

MIDDLE HORNED CATTLE — THE HEREFORDS. 

I. The Valuable Breeds of Middle-Horns.— H. The Hereford Color.— IH. Tlie Here- 
fords Fift}- Years Ago. — IV. Yonatfs Testimony. — V. The Herefords in Amer- 
ica — VI. The Importation of ]>i-;o. — VII. Hereford Grades Forty Years Ago. — 
VIII. The Oliio Importation. — IX. Ilei-efords in Canada. — X. Early Imported 
Herefords not Fairly Tried. — XI. The Herefords West. — XII. The Hereford as a 
Work Ox.— XIII. ThellerefordCow.— XIV.— Points of the Hereford.— XV. the 
, Hereford of To-day in England. — XVI. High and .Vnthoritative Praise. — XVII. 
Distribution in the Southwest and Fiu- West 578 

CHAPTER VHI. 

MIDDLE-HORNED CATTLE — THE DEVON AND THE SUSSEX. 

I. Aiitiqnity of the Devons. — II. The Devons Comparatively Small Cattle. — IH. Xat- 
ural Grazing Grounds of the Devons. — IV. Working Qualities of the Devons. — 

V. Their Deceiving Appearance. — VI. Points of the Devon. — VH. Notable Char- 
aeteiistics.— VIII. The Legs of the Devon.— IX. The Body and Tail.— X. The 
Devon Cow. — XI. Mr. Allen's Testimony. — XII. They are Active and Handy. — 
XIII. In the First Class for Beef.— XIV. AVeight of the Devons.— XV. Sussex 
Cattle.— XVI. The Sussex Color.— XVH. Distinguishing Marks of the Sussex.— 
XVIII. The Sussex Cow. — XIX. Glamorgan Cattle 5SG 

CHAPTER IX. 

POLLED CATTLE. 

I. Polled Cattle in General.— II. The Gallowaj-s.- IH. Points of the Galloway.— IV. 
The Limbs and Head.— V. The Skin.— VI. The Color.— VII. The Galloways in 
America.— VIII. Polled Angus Cattle. — IX. Color of the Polled Angus.— X. 
Angus Cows as Milkers. — XI. The Angus Compared with the Galloway 597 



TAIII.K o;- (ONTKXTS. 



CHAPTER X. 

I>AIKV CATTLK — THK AVKSIIIKES. 

t. The Antiquity ot -lyrshire Cuttle. — II. Ayrshire Aueestiy. — III. The Ayrsliire as a 
Milker.— IV. Quality of the Jlilk.— V. Mr. YouatfsOijiniou.— VI. Quality of tlie 
Fle.sh. — VII. The Ayr.-ihiros in .Vineriea. — VUI. Ayrshire Points Eighty Years 
Ago.— IX. The Ayrshire of To-tlay.—X. Pointsof Ayrshire Cattle.— XI. Eseut- 
eheoii or Milk Mirror. — XII. The Points Summed Up. — XIII. The Body. — XIV. 
'i'he Skin.— XV. Milk Points.— XVI. Tlie Mead.- XVII. The Xeek. Body an<l 
Limbs.— XVIU. Importanee of (Jood Teats.— XIX. Color. Style and Condition. (i(« 

CHAPl'KR XI. 

DAIRY lATTI.K — THE l>rTCH BREEDS. 

1. .Vnliiiuiiy of Dutch Cattle as a Distinct Race. — II. Friesianand Batavian ('atllc. — 
III. Ituteli Cattle Older than those of Ilolstein.— IV. Establishment of Kegular 
Cattle Markets. — V. Importation of Danisli Cattle into Friesland. — VI. Fa<'l - 
about Dutch Cattle.— VII. Varieties Described.— ATII. Races of Dutch Cattle 
— IX. Dr. George May"s Testimony. — X. Breeds of Xorth and South Hol- 
land and Vest Friesland.— XI. Their Color and Form.— XII. Yields of Milk.— 
XIII. Feeding Qualities —XIV. Dutch Cattle an Artificial Breed.— X\'. Thi' 
Earlie.st Imi)ortatious. — XVI. The Lcroy Importation. — XVII. The Chenery Im- 
portation. —XVIII. AVhat Prof. Roberts Says —XIX. :Measnrements .Vdopted 
for Dutch Friesian Cattle.— .\X. IIow to Select Dairy Cows CIS 

CHAPTER XH. 

THE RAISINc; AX1> ECONOMICAL KEEDINC OK CATTLE. 

I. Importance of Proper Care while Young. — II. Difference between Good and Bad 
Care.— III. 'i'he Starved Calves at Grass.— IV. The Other Side.— V. Good AVin- 
ter Keeping for Calves. — VI. When and How to CastrQ.te. — VII. Young Beef. — 
VIII. Heavy Steers.— IX. Full Feeding and Early Maturity.— X. Economy in 
Feeding. — XI. The True Policy with Young Stock. — XII. Feeding the Young 
Calves.— XIII. Feed Grass and Oats Early.— XIV. AVhere the Profit Conies In. 
—XV. Feeding for Beef and for Labor.— XVI. Reaching Results.— XVII. 
When and IIow to Feed. — XVIII. Out-Door Feeding AVliere Corn is Cheaji. — 
XIX. .V (iood Condiment.- XX. So-called Perfect Foods (!2;j 

CHAPTER Xni. 

I'ASTURAliE AND FEEDING FOR I'ROKIT. 

!. Stttdy the Conditious. — U. Provide against Droughts. — I'.I. Kimls of Feed to 
Raise.— IV. Pasture the Poor Man's Wealth.— V. The Valual)le Clovers.— VI. 
Alfalfa or Luzerne. — VII. Clovers Xot Generally Valuable. — VIII. Forage and 
Feeding Plants — IX. Grass is the Most Valuable. — X. Grasses of Special A'alue. 
—XI. The Coming Grasses for the West.— XII. The Time to Pasture.— XIII. 
Feeding in Winter. — XIV. Watering. — XV. Feeding in Sunuuer. — XVI. Econ- 
omy of Full Summer and V.'inter Feeding.— XVII. Snniming I'li. — XVIII. Fin- 
ishing a Steei .—XIX. \Vbeu to .Sell (VM 



CHAPTER XIV. 



HERDINt; AND <;i!A/,IS,< 



I. Great Herds of tlie Southwest.— II. Losses from Cold and Xegleet. — HI. Cattle do 
not Wander Far.— IV. Ttn-ee Things Xecessarv in Herding.— V. IIow to Raise 



TABLE OF roNTENTS. XXI 

Page. 
Water.— VI. Tanks and Pools for Stook.—YIl. Have the Pool Deep.— VIII. Pro- 
tection against Storms G42 

CHAPTER XV. 

THE HUMANE MANAGEMENT AND CAUE OK CATTLE. 

A Merciful Man is Merciful to his Beast. — II What Constitutes Good Care and 
Kindness. — III. How to Manage a»Kieker. — IV. To Prevent Sucking. — V. De- 
vices to Prevent Goring. — VI. Driving to and from Pasture. — VII. Amenities of 
the Barn Yard. — VIII. As between Good and Bad Management. — IX. Assim- 
ilation of Food. — X. Two AVays of Looking at it. — XI. The Profits of Humane 
Treatment 646 

CHAPTER XVI. 

THE TRAINING AND WORKING OK CATTLE. 

The Difference between Training and Breaking. — II. When the Whip is Xeces- 
sary. — III. Two Ways of Doing It. — IV. Advantages of Training Young. — V. 
Wliat an Ox should be Taught. — VI. Training the Calf. — VH. Training to Lead. 
— VUI. Training a Bull.— IX. Training a :Milch Cow.— X. How to Milk Prop- 
erly- — XI. Do not Feed at Milking Time. — XII. How to Manage a Kicking Cow. 
XIII. How to Train Steers. — XIV. Train Them while They are Young. — XV. 
A Summing Up. — XVI. A Sailor as a Teamster 6.53 

CHAPTER XVH. 

SHELTEIl FOB CATTLE. 

'Die Economy of Shelter.— II. The Xatural Heat Must Be Kept I'l).— III. Food as 
Related to Shelter.— IV. Four Classes of Stockmen. — V. How to Shelter.— VI. 
Something thut will Bear Kepeating. — VH. A Cheap and Good Shed. — VIII. A 
Framed Shed with Loft.— IX. Cattle Ties.— X. Barns for Various Uses.- XI. 
The Basement and Other Floors. — XII. An Oblong Barn.— XIII. A Bain with 
Wings. — XIV. A Model Barn Basement. — XV. Main Floor of !>Iodel Barn. — 
XVI. Bound and Octagonal Barns.— XVII. Build for the End Desired.— XVIII. 
Summer Shelter 663 

CHAPTER XVHI. 

UAIKYING AND DAIRY BUILDINGS. 

A Profitable Industiy.— H. Om- Dairy Products.— lU. The Dairy Buildings.— FV^. 
How the Factory is Built. — V. The Management of Milk. — VI. Patent Cream- 
eries. — Vn. Driving off Animal Odors. — VIU. TemiJerature of the Daiiy Room. 
— EX. Butter Making in Europe. — X. Dairy Btitter in the West. — XI. How to 
Color Butter.— XII. Salting.— XIII. How to Pack Butter.— XFV. Preparing a 
Package for Use. — XV. Cheese flaking — Cheddar Cheese. — XVI. Cheshire 
Cheese. — XVH. How- to Prepare Rennets 675 



TABLK OF CONTENTS. 



PART IV. 



DISEASES OF CATTLE.— HOW TO KNOW THEM; THEIR 
CAUSES, PEE\^XTION AND CUKE. 



CH.APTER I. 

general principles. 

Page 
I. Importance of this Departtneut of Practice. — 11. Pathology of Cattle aud of the 
Horse Compared. — III. Action of Remedies In Cattle.— r\'. The only Safe Prin- 
ciples for Most Cattle Owners. — V. Familiarize Yourself with the Phenomena 
of Health. — "\^. Tlie Pulse, Eespiration and Temperature. — VU. Other Special 
Signs of Disease GS9 

CHAPTER H. 

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 

I. Contagious Pleiu-o-Pneumonla. — II. Eiuderpest or Cattle Plague.— III. Texas 
Fever, Span; h or Splenic Fever. — TV. Contagious Eczema, Foot and jMoutli 
Disease, or Epizootic Aphtha. — V. Anthrax. — VI. Variola Vaccinae or Cow-Pox. G93 

CHAPTER III. 

NON-CONTAGIOUS BLOOD DISEASES. 

I. I'lethora. — II. Anaemia. — III. Kheumatism. — IV. Urfemia. — V. Septieremia and 
Pyaemia. — VI. Tuberculosis and Piithisis Pulmonalis. — VII. Cancerous Ulcers 
and Osteo Sarcoma. — VIII. Piirpuralloemorrh.igica. — IX. Asthenic Ilaimaturia, 
or Red Water in Cattle.— X. :Malignant Catarrh.— XI. Malignant Sore Throat... 706 

CHAPTER IV. 

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 

I. Simple Catarrh or Cold. — II. Laryngitis, or Common Sore Tliroat. — III. Bron- 
(•hitis.— IV. Pneumonia. — V. Pleurisy.— VI. Ilydrotliorax.— VH. Emphysema 
of the Lungs 715 

CHAPTER V. 

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 

I. Glossitis, or Inflammation of the Tongue; and P.ar.alysis of tlie Tongue.— II. 
Hoven, or Tympanitis. — III. Impaction of the Rumen, or 3[aw-Bouud. — IX. 
Impaction of the Omasum, or Fardle-Bound.— V. Dyspepsia.— VI. Constipation. 
— Vn. Diarrhoea, or Scours.— VIII. Dysentery.— IX. Enteritis.— X. Peritonitis. 
— ^XI. Hernia. — XH. Strangulation, or Gut-Tie 723 

CHAPTER VI. 

DISE.\SES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 

I. Xephritis, or Inflammation of tlic Kidneys.— II. Retention of the I'rine, or Dysuria. 

UI. Incontinence of Urine, or Enuresis. — IV. Albuminuria, or Albuminous 

Urine.— V. Ilicmaturia, or Bloody Urine.— VI. Cystitis, or Inllammalion of tlic 
Bladder.— VU. Lithiasis, or Gravel.— VUI. Calculi 736 



tablk of contents. xxiii 

Page. 
CHAPTER VII. 

DISEASES OK THE OUGANS OF GENEUATION. 

I. Malpreseutatious, etc., in Partiu-itlon. — n. Prolonged jWter-pains. — in. Eeteii- 
tiou of the After-birth. — IV. Abortion and Miscarriage. — V. Uterine Hemor- 
rhage, or Flooding — ^VI. Inversion of the Womb — VII. Metritis, or Inflammation 
of the Womb.— ^^II. Puerperal Fever, or Metro-Peritonitis. — IX. Parturient 
Apoplexy. — X. Leueorrhcca, or Whites. — XI. Gonorrhcea. — XU. Mammitis, or 
Inflammation of the Udder. — XIII. Sore Teats. — XFV. Xyuaphomania and 
Sterility V42 

CHAPTER VIII. 

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

I. Phrenitis, or Inflammation of the Brain. — 11. Apoplesj-. — III. Epilepsy. — IV. 
Paralysis. — V. "Tetanus. — VI. Kabies or IIydropli(.)bia. — VII. Nervous Debility 
at Parturition 761 

CHAPTER IX. 

DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 

I. Simple Ee/ema. — 11. Chronic Eczema, or Psoriasis. — III. Eiysipelas 764 

CHAPTER X. 

PARASITIC DISEASES OF CATTLE. 

1. Hoose or Husk (Verminous Bronchitis). — II. The Gadfly and Grub (GCstrus Bo- 
vis). — III. Lice. — ^rV. Tapeworm. — V. Mange. — ^VI. Kingworm 766 

CHAPTER XI. 

DISEASES OF THE EYE. 

I, Ophthalmia or Conjunctivitis. — U. Fungus Hfematodes, or Bleeding Cancer. — III. 
Torn Eyelids. — r\'. InversKin ir.id Eversiou of the Eyelids. — V. Foreign Suli- 
stances in the Eye 770 

CHAPTER XH. 

ACCIDENTS, ETC. 

I. Choking.— II. Fractures. — III. Wounds.— IV. Dislocations. — V. Sprains.— VI. 

AVeus 772 

CHAPTER XIII. 

OPERATIONS. 

1. Tapping the Chest, and Tapping the Belly.— 11. Tracheotomy.— III. Tapping the 
Kumen (Paunch) for Iloven. — IV. Eumenotomy. — V. Castration. — VI. Spaying. 
—VII. Tapping the Bladder of the Ox or Bull. — XIU. Sutures and Bandages. — 
EX.. CKsarian Operation. — X. Bleeding 776 

CHAPTER XIV. 

RECIPES FOR CATTLE. 

Recapitulation of Becipes in Part TV 780 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PART V. 

SWINE.— HISTORY, MANAGEJilENT, AM) CHARACTERISTICS 

OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. 



CHAl^TER I. 

history ani> statistics of swink. 

. Page. 
I. Origin and Antiquity of tlie Hog. — II. The Xiitivo Aiuorioan Species. — III. Swine 
of Einoiie, Asia and .Vfrioa. — IV. The Wild Hogs of Europe. — V. Teeth of the 
Hog. — VI. Brought to Anieriea by Oolunihus. — VII. Three Great Swine Pro- 
ducing States. — VIII. Inii)ortanee of the I'ork Interest 791 

CHAPTER II. 

BREEDS OF SWIKE. 

1 Sires of Improved Breeds. — U. Chinese Swine. — III. Xe.apolitan Swine. — IV. The 
Hog of India.— V. English Breeds— the Berkshire.— VI. The Essex.— VII. The 
Bhu'k Dorset.— VIH. The Suffolk.— IX. Tlie Yorkshire.- X. I.aneashire Breeds 

XI. .Vnieriean Breeds.— XII. The Chester White.— XIII. The r<>laiid-China.— 
.\IV. The Cheshires.— XV. Jersey Red Swine.— XVI. Duroe Swine.— XVII. 
SiMuniary of Breeds 795 

CHAPTER III 

TIIK BREEDING AND CARE OF HOGS. 

L Tract ieal Value of Improved Breeds. — II. Care in Selection. — lU. .\ge of Breed- 
ing Swine. — IV. How to Select Breeding Animals. — V. Form and Feeding Qual- 
ities. — VI. The Care of Breeding Stock. — VH. Farrowing. — VIII. Weaning the 
I'igs. — IX. Castration. — X. Gestation of Sows. — XI. Necessity of Good Care. — 

XII. Ringing a Hog 812 

CHAPTER lY. 

THE FEEDING AND SHELTERING OF SWINE. 

I. Feed the Breeders for Health. — 11. The Proper Food for Swine. — HI. Summer 
Feeding for Pork. — IV. Grasses and Clovers. — V. Koots. — V[. Grain tlie Main 
Kelianee. — VII. Feeding in the Fields.— VIH. Gleaning in the Fields and After 
t'attle.— IX. Value of Mast for Hogs. — X. Hog-feeding in the South. — XI. 
Feeding in Close Pens.— XII. Hog Barns.— XIII. The Best Form of Hog Barn. 
— XIV. Comparative Value of Light and Heavy Hogs. — XV. Economy of Full 
Feeding from Birtli 819 



PART VI. 

DISK.V-^ES OF SWINE.— HOW TO KNOAA' THEM. THEIR CAUSES^ 

PREVENTION AND CURE. 



CHAPTER I. 

MALIGNANT AND ETIDEMIC DISEASES. 

The Frevention of Disease. — II. Malignant Epizootic Catarrh. — III. Contagious 
Fever of Swine. — IV. Contagious Pneumo-Enteritis. — V. Splenic Fever, or 



table of contents. xxv 

Page. 
Malignant Anthrax.— VI. Sumniaiy of Treatment for Malignant Diseases.— VII. 
Rules for Disinfection.— VIII. Difficulty in Giving Medicine to Swine.- IX. 
Watch Symptoms Early, and Use Preventives S27 

CHAPTER II. 

THE COMMON DISEASES OF SWINE. 

Iiitlammatorj' Diseases. — II. Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs. — III. 
Quinsy, or Inflammation of the Tonsils.— IV. Apoplexy. Staggers, or Congestion 
of the Brain.— V. Colds, or Rising of the Lights.— VI. Catarrh or Snuffles.- VII. 
Measles and Trichina.— VIII. Trichina Spiralis.— IX. Other Intestinal Parasites. 
—X. Parasites of the Skin— Mange or Scah.— XI. Lice.— XII. Diarrhcea.— XIII. 
Leprosy. — Xr\'. Skeleton of the Hog 835 



PART VII. 

SHEEP AND SHEEP HUSB.VNDRY.— EMBRACING ORIGIN, 

BREEDS, BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT; WITH 

FACTS CONCERNING GOATS. 



CHAPTER I. 

ORIGIN, ANATOMY AND POINTS. 

I. Native Country of Sheep. — II. Their Diversified Character. — III. Anatomy of the 
Sheep.— IV. Top and Vertical Views of Skull. — V. Dentition of Sheep.— VI. 
Points of Sheep Explained. — VII. Divisions of Fine Wool. — VIII. Comparative 
Value of Fine and Coarse Wool. — IX. Ranging and Flocking of Different Breeds. 
— X. Regions Adapted to Sheep. — XI. Points of Excellence of the Princii)al 
Breeds. — XII. Standard for American Merinos. — XIII. Standard for Middle- 
Wooled Sheep.— XIV. Standard for Cotswold Sheep 847 

CHAPTER II. 

VARIETIES OF SHEKP AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 

I. Long-Wooled English Sheep.— II. Lincoln Sheep.— III. Romney Marsh Sheep. — 
IV. Leicester Sheep. — V. The Cotswolds.— VI. New Oxfordshire Sheep.— VII. 
The Oxford-Downs.— VIU. Middle and Short-Wooled British Breeds.— EX. 
White-faced Mountain Sheep.— X. Black-faced Highland, or Scotch Sheep.— 
XI. Hampshire-Downs. — XII. Shropshire-Downs. — XIII. South-Downs. — XR^. 
Other Breeds of Great Britain.— XV. Dorset Sheep.— XVI. Fine-Wooled Shee]). 
— XVn. American Merinos. — XVIII. The Atwood and Hammond Merinos. — 
XIX. The Rich Merinos. — XX. About Sheep in General. — XXI. 'Ilie Average 
Wool per Sheep. — XXH. Summaiy of British Breeds 8D8 

CHAPTER III. 

BREEDIX(; AND CARE OF SHEEP. 

I. Constant Watchfulness Necessary.— II. The Breeding Age of Sheep.— HI. Crossing. 
— IV. Coupling. — V. The Proper Time for Coupling. — VI. Gestation. — VII. Keej) 
a Record of the Breeding.— VIU. Management and Training of Rams.— IX. 
Pasturage for Sheep.— X. Water.— XL Protection from In,seets. — XU. Early 



VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Page. 
and Late Pasture and Feeding. — XIII. Winter Feeding. — XTV. Sheep Barns. — 
XV. Grading the Sheep. — XVI. Feeding Troughs and Racks. — XVII. Castration 
and Doeliing.— XVIII. Weaning the Lanil)s.— XIX. Lambing Time.— XX. The 
Xursery. — XXI. Tagging Sheep. — XXII. AVasliing and Shearing. — XXIII. Tying 
the Wool. — XXIV. Dipping and Anointing Sheep. — XXV. A Word about Goats. 878 



PART VIIl. 
DISEASES OF SHEEP.— HOW TO KNOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES, 
PREVENTION AND CURE. 



CHAPTER I. 



GENERAL DISEASES. 

Referring to Scientific Terms. — II. Inflammatory Diseases. — III. Distemper or 
Epizootic Catarrh. — IV. Grubs in tlie Head. — V. Hydatids on the Brain. — VI. 
Apoplexy. — VII. Inflammation of the Brain.— VIH. Inflammation of tlie Eyes. 
— IX. Swelled Head. — X. Vegetable Poisoning. — XI. Tetanus or Lockjaw. — 
XII. Paralysis or Palsy. — XUI. Babies or Canine Madness 895 

CHAPTER II. 

PARASITIC AND OTHER DISEASES. 

Scab, Ticks and Lice.— II. Foot Rot.— III. Foul in the Foot.— IV. Swollen Foot 
and Gravel.— V. Maggots from Blow Flies.— VI. Intestinal Worms.— VII. The 
Kot or Liver Fluke. — VIIL Lung Worms.— IX. Sheep Worried liy Dogs.— X. 
Sprains, Strains and Bniises.—XI. Care When Lambing.— XII. Xavel 111 900 



PART IX. 
POULTRY.— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERIST- 
ICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. 



CHAPTER I. 



ORIGIN AND VARIETIES OF FARM BIRDS. 

I. Origin of the AVord Poultry.— II. Types and Native Conntry of Barn-Yard Fowls. 
—III. Changes Due to Breeding. —IV. Division of Fowls.— V. The Wild Turkey. 
—VI. Ducks.— VU. Geese.— VIII. Tlie Swan.— IX. Pheasants.— X. Guinea 
Fowls.— XI. Peafowls.— Xn. Anatomy of the Hen 91$ 

CHAPTER II. 

BARN-YARD FOWLS. 

L English Breeds— Dorking Fowls.— II. Silver Gray Dorkings.— HI. Gray Dorkings. 
— JV. Fawn-Colored Dorkings.— V. Black Dorkings.— VI. Bolton Grays, or Cre- 
oles.— VH. French Fowls— Houdans.— VIH. La Fleche Fowls.— IX. Creve 
Cceurs.— X. Breda or Guelder Fowls.— XI. Spanish Fowls.— XII. Hamburg 
Fowls— Black Hamburg.— XIII. Penciled llamburgs.— XIV. Leghorn Fowls. 
—XV. White Leghorns.— XVL American Breeds.— XVII. Dominirpie Fowls.— 
XVIII. Ostrich Fowls.— XIX. Plymouth Bock Fowls 924 



TABLE OF CONTEXTS. XXVII 

CHAPTER III. 

GAME FOWLS, AND OTHER UARE BREEDS. 

I. Game Fowls and their Varieties — II. Earl Derby Games. — HI. Brown-Breasted 
Red Gaines. — IV. Ducli-Winged Games. — V. White Georgian Games. — VI. 
Game Bantams.— VII. Other Bant.ains.— VIII. The Seabright Bantam.— IX. 
Japanese Bantams. — X. Frizzled Fowls. — XI. Eumpless Fowls. — XII. Silliy 
Fowls 941 

CHAPTER IV. 

ASIATIC FOWLS. 

I. The Various Asiatic Breeds. — II. Dark Brahmas. — HI. Light Brahmas. — FV. 
Coehin Fowls. — V. General Characteristics of Cochins. — VI. White Cochins. — 
VII. Buff Cochins.— VIII. Partridge Cochins 951 

CHAPTER V. 

BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT OK POULTRY. 

I. A Study of Points Necess.ary. — II. Explanation of Points. — III. Pointsof the Head. 
—IV. The Plumage Illustrated and Explained.— V. Ideal Shape of Fowls.— VI. 
Breed to a Fixed Type.— VII. Number of Hens to Each Cocli.— VUI. How to 
Mate. — IX. Breeding Upon a Mixed Flock. — X. Incubation of Various Fowls. 
— XI. General Management of Fowls. — XII. Proper Food for Fowls. — XIH. 
Poidtry Houses and Coops. — XFV^. Feed Boxes and Drinking Fountains. — XV. 
Breeds for Market.— XVI. Breeds for Eggs.— XVII. How to Fatten.— X'Vin. 
Killing and Dressing Fowls. — XIX. Packing and Shipping to Market. — XX. 
Glossary of Terms Used by Poultry Fanciers 959 

CHAPTER VI. 

THE TrRKEY, AND ITS V.^RIETIES. 

I. Varieties of the Domestic Turkey.— II. The Bronzed-'Black Turkey.— HI. The 
Conuuon Turkey.— IV. The Ocellated Turkey.— V. English Turkeys.— VI. Rare 
Varieties.- VII. The Care of Turkej's 975 

CHAPTER VII. 

GEESE AND THEIR VARIETIES. 

I. The Management of Geese. — II. Enibden or Bremen Geese. — III. Toulouse Geese. 
• — IV. White Chinese Geese. — V. Hong Kong Geese. — VI. The African Goose. — 
Vn. The Canada or Wild Goose —VIII. Egyptian Geese 980 

CHAPTER VIII. 

VARIETIES OF DOMESTIC DUCKS. 

I. Ducks on tlie Farm. — II. Varieties Best Adapted to the Farm. — HI. Aylesbury 
Ducks. — IV. Rovien Ducks. — V. Tlie Common White Duck. — VI. Cayuga Black 
Ducks.— VII. Muscovy Ducks. VIII. BLack East India Ducks.— IX. Call Ducks. 
—X. Other and Rare Ducks 987 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PART X. 

DISEASES OF POULTRY.— HOW TO KNOW THEM, THEIR 

CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE. 



CHAPTER I. 

the care and treatment of sick fowls. 

Page. 
I. Division of Diseases into Groups.— II. Apoplexy. — III. Vertigo. — IV. Paralj'sis. 
—V. Crop-Bound.— VI. Diiinhoea.— VII. Catarrh.— VIII. Broucliitis.- IX. 
Roup. — X. Gapes. — XI. Pip. — XII. Consumption. — XIII. Inflammation of the 
Egg Passage. — XH'. Leg Weakness. — XV. Rheumatism. — XVI. Poultry 
Lousiness 999 



PART XL 

DOGS.— HISTORY, :MANAGE]MENT, AND CHARACTERISTICS 

OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. 



CHAPTER 1. 

DOGS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 

I. Something of Dog History. — U. Zoological Classification of Dogs. — HI. So-called 
Wild Dogs. — IV. The Dog as a Companion of Man. — V. Characteristics of the 
Genus Canis.— VI. Gestation of the Dog.— VII. Peculiarities of Dogs.— VIII. 
The Principal Varieties of Dogs.— IX. Their Diversified Chaiacter 1007 

CHAPTER II. 

DOGS OV THE CHASE. 

I. Hounds.- II. The English Greyhound.— III. The Rough Scotch Greyhound or 
Deer-hound.— rV'. The Grecian Greyhound.— V. The Persian Greyhound.— VI. 
TheRu-ssian Greyhound.— VII. The 'I'urkish Greyhound.- VIII. The Irish Wolf- 
hound.— IX. The Stag-houniL— X. The Fox-hound.— XI. The Blood-hound. 
— XU. The Dachshund. —Xlll. Other IIouuds.—XI\'. The Fox-terrier 1018 

CHAPTER III. 

SPORTING OR FIELD DOGS. 

I. The Pointer.— II. The Setter.— III. Pointr, of the English Setter.— IV. Points of 
th(! Irish Setter.— V. Training to Work.— VI. The English System of Training. 
—VII. The English Retriever.— VIII. The Chesapeake Bay Retriever.— IX. The 
Clumber Spaniel.— X. The English Spaniel.— XI. The Irish AVater Spaniel.— 
XII. The Springer.— XIII. The Cocker Spaniel 1029 

CHAPTER IV. 

WATCH DOGS. 

L House Watch Dogs.— II. The Mastiff.— HI. Tlic Bull-dog.— IV. The BuU-ter- 
liBi-.—V. The Newfoundland Dog.— VI. The St. Bernard Dog.— VII. Shepherd 
Dogs.— VIII. The Scotch Collie —IX. The Spanish Shepherd Dog —X. The 
Drover's Do"-.- XI. The Pomeranian or Spitz Dog.— XII. The German Sheep 
Dog " ll^^" 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER V. 

PET AND TOY DOGS. 

I. Their Diversified Character.— 11. The Black-aud-taii Terrier.— III. The Scotch 
Terrier.— IV. The Yorlishiro Terrier.— V. Tlie Skye Terrier.— VI. Tlie Maltese 
Dog.— Vir. The Italian Greyhomul.— VIII. The Poodle.— IX. The King Charles 
Spaniel.— X. The Shock Dog.— XI. The Lion Dog.— XII. The Barbet.— XIII. 
The Piig Dog lOGO 

CHAPTER VI. 

MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING OF DOGS. 

I. The Feeding of Dogs.— II. Exercise.— III. The Housing of Dogs.— IV. Cleaning. 
—V. Four Kules of Health.— VI. Training.— VII. Training to Carry.— VIII. 
Retrie^•ing. — IX. Training to Drop to Hand. — X. Training to the Gun. — XI. 
Obedience Imjierative 10(39 

CHAPTER Vn. 

DISEASES OF DOGS. 

I. Introduction. — II. Distemper. — HI. Fits and Br.aln Diseases. — FV. Diarrhcea and 
Dysentery. — V. Constipation. — Yl. Inflammation of the Bowels. — VII. Throat 
and Lung Diseases. — VIII. Goitre. — IX. Rabies or Hydrophobia 1074 

CHAPTER Vni. 

DISEASES OF DOGS— CONTINUED. 

1. Parasitic Diseases of the Dog. — H. Mange. — in. Fleas. — IV. Lice. — V. Ring- 
worm. — VI. Intestinal Worms. — VU. Worms in the Kidneys and Heart. — VIII. 
Surfeit. — EX. Abscesses and Phlegmonous Tumors. — X. Fractures and Wounds. 
— XI. Diseases of the Genitive Organs, Obsteti-ics, etc. — XII. Chorea. — XIII. 
Tetanus. — XFV. Paralysis. — XV. Poisons and their Antidotes lOSI 



PART XII. 
BEES.— HISTORY AND CHARACTERISTICS, WITH DIREC- 
TIONS FOR THEIR SUCCESSFUL iLlNAGEMENT. 



CHAPTER I. 

VARIETIES AND PECULIARITIES OF BEES. 

1. Xatural History of Bees. — II. The Three Genders of the Honey Bee. — III. Varie- 
ties of the Honey Bee. — TV. The So-called Queen or Mother Bee. — V. The 
Xumber of Eggs Laid. — VI. Drones or Male Bees. — VH. Neuter or Worker 
Bees. — VTH. Varieties of Iloney.—IX. Wax and How it Is Formed. — X. Plants 
Adapted to the Production of Honey 1093 

CHAPTER II. 

THE GENERAL M.\NAGEMENT OF BEES. 

I. Hives. — II. Number of Swarms Profitably Kept on a Farm. — III. Swarming. — IV. 
Hiving New Swarms. — V. Taking the Honey. — VI. Wintering Bees. — VII. Im- 
plements of Use.— Vin. A Motherless Swarm.— IX. Fastening Empty Comlis 
in Frames. — X. Feeding Bees. — XL Enemies of Bees. — XII. Foul Brood.— 
XIII. Conclusion 1101 

GLQSSAKT OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS, IN GENERAL USE HOG 



THE AMERICAN FAK^IEU's STOCK BOOK. 



OfK Dumb Friends . . 

The Stable-yard 30 

Among the Cattle 4ss 



CHROMO-LITHOGKAPHS. 

Page. 

. (Frontispiece) . | Swine, 



Page. 

7SS 

Sheep-run S44 

Domestic Fowls OlO 



ENGRAVINGS. 



Page. 

Hon. Jonathan Pekiam 4 

A. H. Baker, V. S 5 

Skeleton shown against outline of horse 42 

Bones of hinder parts 44 

Skeleton of horse 46 

Sectional view of the hones of the foot. 47 
Vertical section of lower leg and foot. . 47 
Front and back view of boiies of foot. . 48 

Bones of head and neck 49 

Bones and muscles of the fore legs 51 

Bones of the knee 52 

Bones and articulations of the foot.... 53 

Billies of the hock 55 

Horse's head, oi)en to view 56 

The muscles In walking 57 

Muscles of the head and neck 59 

Muscles of shoulder and adjacent parts 62 
Bear side view of the muscular covering 64 

Muscles of the hind quarters 65 

Longitudinal section of horse 6S 

External parts of the horse 69 

Movement in walking 71 

Front view of heads — good 74 

Side and front view of neads — ^bad 75 

Fore quarters, showing a good shoulder 77 

Front view of fore quarters — bad 78 

Front view — good breast and limbs.... 79 

Side view of fore quarters — bad 82 

Good hind quarters 83 

Side \'iew of hind quarters — bad 86 

Back view of hind quarters — good 87 

Back view of bad hind quarters 88 

Section of horse's grinder 95 

A good horse foV light work 100 

"Gold Dust" 101 

Clydesdale stallion 103 

Modern Xorman-Percheron horse 105 

Xoiiiiiui-P( irherou mare 107 

A liirlit hunting horse 110 

A heavier hunting liorse Ill 

A line trotter in light harness 112 

An Englisli coach horse, heavy draft.. 114 

A Cleveland Bay 115 

Shethmd ponies 118 

AniiM-ican tlioruughbred of to-day.... 127 

An Arabian of the desert 129 

Yo\ing Clvdesdales 130 

'•Shales" 135 

A trotting horse of to-day 137 

Goldsmith Maid 139 

Movement in trotting 140 

"Dervish" 151 

A Poitou ass 159 

A high-class Kentucky mule 160 

Young Spanish jennet 161 

PerchiTon niiire and mule foal 163 

Old style Derbyshire cart horses 164 

Wiruering in the woods 105 

A good form for a halter 169 

Au unnatural position of the head 17S 



Page. 

Head carried naturally 178 

Device to cure the habit of pulling 181 

A device to cure the habit of kickmg.. 1S7 
Norman-Percheron horse in action... 195 

Cruelty and improviilence 200 

Kindness and good sense exemplitied. 201 

An average farm team 203 

An uuijrotitable method of feeding. . . . 204 

The shelter of the pro\ident man 205 

An improvident man's barn 205 

An imthrif ty home 205 

A kind man's team 200 

A cruel man's team 200 

A "good fellow's" barn 2ii7 

His door-vard gate 207 

His field gate 207 

Scale of measurements (for horse') 211 

A model form for a racer 214 

A tine roadster 215 

Good form of a saddle horse 216 

A horse of good form and action 217 

Haif-lired Clvdesilale, front view 219 

Half-liivd (;lyclcs,l;ile, rear view 220 

Blind horse in motion— exaggerated... 225 
Outward exhibition of some diseases. . 233 
Manner of giving a drench to a horse. 239 

Sole of a foot showing new corn 240 

Sole of a foot showing corn 241 

A quittor 242 

A quittor, later stage 242 

Quarter crack 244 

False quarter 244 

Quarter crack, pared and shod 245 

Quarter crack, pared, dressed, etc.... 245 

Closing a hoof crack 245 

False quarter, pared and shod 246 

Sand crack, pared, etc 246 

Sand crack, dressed and bandaged... 246 

Seedy toe 246 

Diagram of shoe 247 

View of afoot 247 

Pricking fi-om nails 247 

The sole of a foot 248 

Foot with a weak sole 249 

Position taken in acute founder 250 

Soaking the feet of foundered horse. . . 250 
The movement of a foundered horse.. 251 

A deformed hoof 2.52 

Diagram illustrating neurotomy 255 

Shoe left on too long 256 

A low heeled. Hat foot 2.57 

A strong, niiright, high heeled foot... 257 

Canker of the sole 258 

Canker of the frog 253 

Calks or treads on the coronet 250 

Diagram of foot 2ol 

Bottom of foot '201 

Diagram of a foot 262 

The cramp on, to i)revent slipping.. . . 2(>.5 
A plain shoe 260 ' 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Veius of the horse's foot 2(j(j 

C'lib-biting ■ 207 

Resting with the hind feet highest 2G7 

Bone spavin 2GS 

Feeling for a spavin 268 

Position of foot in spavin 2G9 

Position of healthy foot in easy trot. . 200 

Hoek joint 271 

Enlargement of hoek joint 273 

Diagram illustrating thoroughpin 273 

Siekle or cow hocks 274 

Diagram illustrating ringbone 276 

Foot of a horse 276 

Diagram illustrating splints 277 

Splints of a serious kind 277 

Dishing im a trot 278 

Fli'xor tendons of fore legs 279 

Capped hock 2S2 

An unusually large capijed hock 282 

Slings for a horse with fractured limb 286 

Baker's brace for broken knee 288 

AVhere joint oil is 288 

Broken knee — probing 200 

Broken knee— opening 200 

Windgalls 204 

Windgalls— dissected 204 

Devic-e for a stifled horse 209 

Alii|ipe(l horse 300 

Discdvering the elephant leg 302 

Cracked heel 303 

First symptom of grease 304 

First stage of confirmed grease 304 

Second stage of confirmed grease 305 

Grapes 305 

Stitching with a fixed seton needle 309 

A bad case of string-halt 312 

Enlarged knee from speedy cut 313 

A good form 314 

Ankle boots in common use 314 

Caries 317 

Bony tumor 319 

Partial paralysis of the hind legs 320 

Test for sprain of the back 321 

A liorse dying from abscess in brain. . 3'23 
Mad from inllammation of the brain. 324 

Goitre or bronchoeele 325 

Enlargement threatening fistula 326 

Fistulous withers — worst stage 326 

Poll evil during the first stage 327 

I'oll evil in its secondary stage 328 

Inflamed jugular vein 328 

Inflamed jugular vein, with abscess... 329 

A horse afflicted with surfeit 330 

Crow-bait— effect of dropsy 331 

Head covered with warts 334 

Showing si^ns of prurigo 335 

Predisposed to melanosis 335 

Melanosis 336 

Diagram showing respiratory organs 338 

Face of horse 338 

Forceps 330 

Polypus 339 

A horse's head with cold 330 

Lymphatic gland of swollen throat... 340 

Nose-bag 340 

A horse with the throat blistered 340 

Nasal gleet 341 

Effect of laryngitis 342 



.V tit subject for founder or bronchitis. 343 

A painful cough of bronchitis 344 

A horse dressid for l)ronchitis 345 

A case of ecmgi'stidn 346 

Horse with imeumonia 347 

Position a>suiu('(l ill pneumonia 347 

Bad position of lii'ad for heaves 349 

Horse with hydrothorax 351 

The act of coughing 3.")2 

A seton in the throat of a horse 353 

A horse witli toothache 354 

A horse quidding 355 

Parrot mouth 355 

Sore mouth from misuse of bit 356 

Sore mouth 356 

Injury by the bit 350 

Misuse of the curb 350 

Scalded mouth 357 

Burning for lampas 357 

Lampas iron 357 

Clioking 358 

The low choke with flatulence 3.59 

Horse suffering from acute gastritis. . . 359 

Chronic gastritis 300 

Stomach or sleepy staggers 301 

The first stage of spasmodic colic 302 

Second stage of spasmodic colic 303 

Third stage of spasmodic colic 304 

Horse dying of flatulent colic 305 

Trochar and cannula 366 

Attitude inilicatlng abdominal injmy.. 367 

Nose strained ujiward 367 

A horse with chronic dysentery 370 

Position indicating abdominal injmy. . 371 

Enteritis 371 

Another test for enteritis 372 

Application of an auuuouiaeal blister. 372 

luflauunation of the brain 375 

A horse mad from brain disease 376 

Expression characteristic of megrims. 378 

The test for ti-tanus 378 

How tetanus limits motion 379 

Abscess in the brain 380 

Unsteady gait of partial paralysis 381 

A horse with influenza 3S9 

Purpura 390 

Glanders, first stage 305 

Glanders 305 

Examination for glanders 395 

Glanders, advanced stage 396 

Glanders, last stage 306 

Section of glanderous lung 306 

A bad case of strangles 308 

Countenance of a horse with rabies. . . 309 
Destructive impulse of hydrophobia.. 300 
Straddling gait in urinary diftieulty. . . 401 
Test for intiauniiation of the kidneys. . 402 
Horses with eiuigestiou of the kidneys 403 

Horse suffering with bloody urine 407 

Test for heuiorrahage of the liver 421 

Specific oiilitliahnia 4C2 

Simple ophthalmia 424 

Manner of o|iening the eye 42 1 

Eye affected by Serena 425 

Manner of sliailinga horse's ej-cs 420 

A frequent roult of imperfect vision. . 427 

Obstruction of lachrymal duct 42^ 

Spreading the mange 4,;0 



XXXII 



THE AMEHICAX FAKJIKU S .STOCK 1500K. 



Pagb. 

Appearance of colt having worms 4;il 

Itubbiug nose — symptom of worms... 431 

I'eutastoma toenoides 4:12 

The gadfly 4:!2 

A hot 4;i-2 

The gadfly, at various stages 4^2 

Bots fastened lo the stomach 4;i;S 

Hen louse of tlie horse 4;!:! 

Goniodes stylifer of the tiirliey 43:i 

HoBmatopinns of horse and ass 43 1 

Trichodectes or bird louse of the horse 434 

Derniatoeophagus equi 434 

Dermatocoiites eiiui 434 

Mange mite (^ magnified) 435 

Sarcoptes equi 435 

Test for mange 435 

Kingworm 436 

Cribbing 437 

Gnawing the manger 438 

Playing with the grain 4;i!i 

Points of the leg 442 

Injured tendons 442 

Osteophytes on the pastern bones 443 

Diseased hock joint 443 

Lazy man's way of cleaning the legs. . 444 

The proper way -145 

The old way of giving a ball 446 

Scratches 447 

Showing the veins of the foot 447 

Exostosis of the coffin bone 447 

The proper way to give a ball 448 

Feeding a horse with tetanus 449 

A sick norse 449 

Aphtha 450 

Many-tailed bandage 452 

Eaising tlie vein before bleeding 452 

Strikiiig tliinlcam with blood-stick... 4.52 

Catchiiig tlie blood 454 

A hock When blistered 454 

Extirpation of tlie eye • 456 

Opening the abscess of strangles 459 

Opening the skin in tapping chest 4.59 

Water rowing from the chest 459 

Uninterrnptea suture 460 

Qtiilled suture 460 

Performing tracheotomy 461 

Structures met with in tracheotomy. . . 461 

One test for roaring 464 

Gastro-enteritis ■166 

Drastic poisoning 467 

Central American ox 493 

Devon bull of tifty vears ago 493 

Cherokee anilT<xa'u cattle 494 

Hereford cow and calf of 20 years ago. 497 
Durham or Tecsuater bull and cow. . . 499 

Skeleton of the ox 509 

Outline of fat bullocks 510 

Vertical section of the head 510 

Section of head of ox 511 

Short-horn ox in prime condition 512 

Short-horn cow in outline 518 

Short-horn bull of 1840 541 

Short-horn cow, Rosamond 542 

Yearling Sliort-hcirn bull 543 

Short -born row 545 

A Short -horn l)ull Wf! 

A young Short-horn cow 517 

Points of Short-horn bull 554 



Page. 

.Forsey bull 560 

Jersey bull, heifer and calf 561 

Great niilk mirror on liolstein cow 566 

-Milk mirrors of Jersej' cows 568 

.Jersey heifer 570 

.Jersey cow 570 

Model Jersey cow, illustrated 572 

Jersey bull, Perfection 574 

Improved Hereford hull 582 

Devon working steer 587 

Improved Devon cow 591 

A Sussex cow 594 

Glamorgan bull and cow 595 

Model Holstein heifer 596 

A Galloway bull 599 

Polled Angus cow 601 

Model Aj-rshire cow 604 

Avrshiie bull and cow 607 

Youui;- llol-tcin bull 620 

Ilolsti-iu cow and calf 622 

Badly wintered calf 624 

Well wintered 624 

Kesult of bad handling 647 

Kesult of good handling 647 

To prevent a cow from kicking 647 

To prevent sucking 648 

To prevent hooking 648 

Harness to prevent sucking 649 

A better form of harness &49 

Hampering a vicious bull 649 

A happy family 650 

The pasture of Farmer Well-to-do. . . . 651 

Under the whip, a broken team 6.54 

By the power of kindness, trained ox.. 654 

The good old way 6.55 

One way of ringing a bull 657 

Device for holding the pail 659 

Manner of holding the pail 659 

A shiftless farmer's barn 664 

Primitive shelter 665 

Farmer Thrifty's shelter 665 

Farmer Goodenongh's barn yard 666 

A slack farmer's shelter ." 667 

Main floor of barn 670 

A model basement : 671 

Main floor of feeding bam 672 

Box stalls for fattennig show cattle. . . 672 
Plan of creamery and cheese factoiy. . ("77 

Pleuro-pueumouia 694 

Rinderpest 697 

Foot and mouth disease 700 

Epizootic Ajshtha 700 

Carbuncular erysipelas 702 

Gloss anthrax or black tongue 703 

The teat syiihon 705 

Tubercular nicer on the parotid gland 711 

Osteo sarcoma of the lower jaw 711 

Osteo sarcoma of the upper jaw 711 

Bad effects of excessive use of caustic 711 

Swelling of jaws, etc., in ])urpura 712 

Malignant catarrh, last stage 713 

Jlaligna lit sore throat 714 

Appliealioii of steam to the nostrils... 715 

Nose-bag for steaming 716 

Laryngitis or sore throat 717 

Acute pleurisy 720 

Emphysema of the lungs 722 

The stomach of nmiinants 723 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



XXXIII 



Troehiir and cannula 

Paralysis of the ton;;ue from an injury 

Ox suffering from liuven 

Wooden gag 

Balling iron 

Showing where to tap the rumen 

Tapping the rumen 

Securing with the wooden gag 

Rumen exposed for rumenotomy 

( 'alf suffering fnini diiin iK.ea 

Tru>s for unibilieal lieinia 

Ox Willi intlumnuilion of the kiduej-s. . 

Urctiiul canal, etc., of the ox 

.Jointed hcK.ks 

Straiglit hook 

(_'oiicealc(l knife 

First nialpresentation 

Si'ciind uialpreseutatiou 

Third inalpreseutation 

Fourth nialiH-esentation 

Fifth lualpresentation 

Sixth nialpresentation 

Seventh inalpresentatiou 

Eighth nialpresentation 

Ninth inalpivsentation 

IIydn>ceiilialus with nialpresentation. 

.Vscites, or dropsy of the belly 

Uterine hemorrhage 

Inversion of the womb 

'l"o prevent inversion of the vagina. . . 

Twi-tcil ro|ie 

U>iug the >t>Miiach pump 

Parturient a|ioplexy 

Method of supporting the udder 

Chronic eczema, or '"rat tails" 

Ox gadfly (oestrus bovis) 

Grub of gadfly. 

Ox louse 

Calf louse 

Bird louse 

Appearance of a cow afflicted with lice 

Ox tick 

Head of tapeworm got by eating beef. 

(iauiasusof musty fodder 

FuMgus liM'iiiatodes 

Transverse and olilique fractures 

Jlaiiv-taileil haii(la-e 

Dislocation of the patella 

Method of preventing a recurrence... 
Making the incision with the knife. . . . 

The fluid tlowing from the chest 

Operation for removiug urine from ox. 

Ox |irepared for bleeding 

AV'ild hogs of the West and Southwest. 

Chinese sow 

Chinese boar 

Neapolitan boar and sow 

Neai>olitan and Essex cross 

Berkshire sow 

BcrUshire sow, breeder 

Essex boar and pig 

Essex sow 

Black Dorset sow 

Short -faced Lancashire hogs 

( 'hestcr White hogs 

Poland-China boar 

Improved ( heshire 

J Hiroc sow 



A prairie ranger. . 
A backwoods liog. 



Page. 

S13 

SU 

A breeding sow in good condition ... 815 

Kinging a hog 818 

Head (if the t:enia solium 837 

Cysiicercus cellulosa 837 

Adult iuli'siiual trichina spiralis 838 

Muscle trichina encysted 838 

Stcphaiiiirus dcntatus or lard worm.. . 839 

Eustrongvlus gigas 839 

ILciiiatopinus . . .' 840 

Skeleton of the hog 841 

Skeleton of Leicester sheep 848 

Skull of a polled sheep 849 

Head of sheep, vertical section 849 

Exterior points of sheep 850 

Division of wool 851 

Standard Merino ewe 857 

Leicester ram 859 

Leicester ewes and lambs 860 

(ri-oup of Cotswold ewes 862 

C.it-«oM ewes 863 

Shea lid ( oi<wold ram 864 

Sheaied t;<iisw-old ewe 864 

Yearling- ('otswold 865 

New Oxford>liire ewe 865 

Yearling Oxford-Down 866 

Oxford-D( .« n ram 867 

Wliite-faced Highland sheep 868 

Black-faced Highland sheep 869 

Hampshire-Down 870 

South-Dowu ram 871 

Dorset raui 872 

Merino ram 873 

Group of American Merinos 874 

English lamb creeps 881 

Shec-p allowed to sliift for itself 882 

Winlered « ith good shelter and feed 882' 

Simple .-heller, but good care 883 

Coniliination ti-ough SS4 

Iiiil>roved sheep rai-k 885 

Cariug for the lambs 8S6 

Old way of washing sheeji 888 

The new way of washing sheep 889 

Angora buck 830 

Female Angora 891 

Sheep gadfly 896 

Grub of gadfly 896 

Demodex 900 

Scab in sheep 001 

Sheep tick with eggs 902 

Triehodectes of the sheep 902 

Fasciola liei)atica 905 

Distoneum laneeolatuin 905 

Strongvlus filaria, male enlarged 905 

Navel" ill 906 

The rot 907 

( reve CuMir cock and hen 914 

Gallus Soinierath 915 

IIiMd of single-wattled Brahma fowl. .910 

Wild turkey lieu 916 

Head of Breda or Gueldre 916 

Mexican wild turkey cock 917 

Cayuga ducks 9is 

Einbden or Bremen geese 919 

Sjieckled Guinea-fowl 921 

White Guinea-fowl 921 

Peacock 922 



THE AMERICAN FARMEU .S STOCK BOOK. 



Page. 

Anatomy of the lien !)2:H 

White Dorking coi-k !»25 

Gray Dorkings '.):i<i 

Uoiltlau hen ll'27 

La Fleehe cock and hen ifiS 

Creve Ctenr f owl.s 929 

Breda or Gueldre fowls 930 

BUuk Spanish fowls 931 

Bhuk 1 laniburgs 932 

Golden peueiled Hamburgs 933 

Silver penciled Haniburgs 93-1 

Standard White Leghorns 930 

AVhite Leghorns 937 

Doniiniqne fowl 938 

Ostrieh fowls 939 

Plvnuuith Koeks 939 

A Viair of Bantams 940 

Earl Derby Game 942 

Brown-breasted Bed Game 943 

Duek-wing Game fowls 944 

AVhite (Jeorffian Games 945 

Barren, fulffeathered 046 

Seabrighr Bantam 947 

Japanese Bantam eook 948 

Japanese Bantam pullet 948 

Runi'pless fowls 949 

Pair of silky fowls 950 

Hark andliiihtBrahmas 952 

White Cochin fowls 953 

Buff Cochin cock 954 

Buff Cochin hen 955 

Partridge Cochins 957 

Feeding the pigeons 95S 

Points of poultry illustrated 959 

Points of the head of cock 900 

Outer and inner wing plunmge 901 

Points of the fowl 9{;2 

Showing points 903 

Ideal shape of fowl 9(;4 

Protecting her brood 9(i5 

Foraging for themselves 907 

A good form of f(juntaiu 908 

A i)erfci-t feeding hopper 909 

A stool feeding iiopper 909 

Bronze turkeys 976 

The common tiu-key 977 

Young ocellated turkey hen 978 

Embden Geese 981 

Toulouse geese 982 

White China geese 983 

Hong Kong geese 984 

African goose 985 

Standard Toidonse goose 9SC 

Aylesbury and Koueu ducks 988 

i\ vlesbnry drake 989 

Eoueii ducks 990 

Couunon white duck ■ ■ 991 

Cayuga black ducks 992 

Black East India ducks 993 

Gray Call ducks 993 

AVhi'te Call ducks 994 

Arctic ^yatcr-fowl 995 

Chart showing Teeth of Iloi-se at all Ages (40 illustrations) opposite paijr, 98 

Chart showing Teeth of Cattle at various Ages (14 illustrations) " " 514 



Gape worm U)l)2 

The Gaseony hound 1908 

Pair of Greyhoimds 1012 

Pointer and Setter 1013 

Head of Bloodhound 1014 

The Dalmatiou or Ooacli dog 1015 

Small Skve Icnier 1015 

St. HnbcVt li..und 1010 

English (irevliiiuuds 1019 

English FoxHonnds 1023 

The true Bloodhound 1025 

The Dachshund 1020 

Fox-terrier 1028 

The Pointer, coursing 1030 

An Irish Setter 1032 

Grouse— 111 Mill 11^- (in the prairies 1037 

Engli-h Kri liever 1040 

ChesapeuUe Bay Retriever 1041 

Clumber Spaniel (English) 1042 

English Spaniel 1044 

North-Irish Water Spaniel 1045 

Mastiff and Bloodhound cross 1047 

English Hull-doo- 1049 

English BuU-tciTier lUoO 

The Newfoundland dog 1053 

St. Bernard dog 1055 

Scotch Collie 10.56 

Spanish Shepherd dog 1057 

Yorkshire terrier ....'. 1062 

Short-haired Skye terrier 1062 

Skye terrier, prick eared 1003 

Italian Greyhound 1005 

Poodle 1065 

Lion dog .' 1067 

The Pug dog 1007 

The blood-sucker 1082 

The bird louse 1082 

The cat flea 1083 

Tienia Eehinococcus filled with eggs. 1084 

Heads of the eehinococcus 1084 

Head of the taenia cucumerina 1084 

Cysticercus Tennicollis 1084 

Head of the T;enia Marginata 10S4 

Common round worm of dogs 1085 

Round worm of the cat, natural size 1085 

(^ueen bee 1094 

Drone 1094 

AVorker bee 1094 

Jloyable frame hive 1101 

Jlovable frame filled with comb 1102 

Small frame 1102 

Bee veil 1103 

Bellows and smoking tube 1104 

Honey knife 1 104 

Centrifugal extractor 1 105 

Furnishing a queen coll -111)5 

Utilizing pieces of comb HOG 

Shuck's bee feeder HOG 

Cook's division board and feeder 1100 

Bee moth 1 lt)7 

Work of the Larva; in comb 1107 



PART I. 



THE HORSE. 

HISTOEY, MANAGEMENT AND CHARACTEEISTICS 
OF THE VAKI0U8 BREEDS. 



THE HORSE 



CHAPTER I. 
HIS ANCIENT AND MODERN HISTORY. 



CONNECTED WITH MAN FROM THE EARLIEST HISTORICAL PERIOD. 1. THE HORSE 

IN ANCIENT HISTORY. II. THE HORSE IN CIVILIZATION. III. PKESEKVING^ 

BREEDS IN PDRITY. IV. THE WILD HORSES OF TO-DAY. T. FOSSIL HORSES. 

VI. HORSES OF ASIA. VII. EUROPEAN HORSES. VIII. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING 

AND DISEASES. IX. OPINIONS RELATING TO BREEDING. X. IN-BREEDIN(1 OP 

HORSES. XI. VALUE OP HEREDITARY CHARACTERISTICS. XII. A CAREFUL 

STUDY NECESSARY. XIII. ABOUT OBJECT LESSONS. 

The period when the liorsc was first subjected to the use of iiiiui, 
extends so far back beyond the origni of written history, that no mention 
is made by writers of the native country of this noble animal. That his 
native territory was the hill and plain regions of tropical or sub-tropical 
Asia, there is however little doubt, since It is in such regions, the world 
over, that this animal upon regaining his freedom, and becoming semi- 
wild, soone.st multiplies into vast herds. 

In none of the most ancient inscriptions is the horse found represented 
in a wild state, but alvvays in connection with man. The fabulous stories 
of the centaur, a creature half human and half horse, arose from the 
imagination of those savage tribes, who were conquered by more enterpri.s- 
mg and partly civilized foes, who had acquired the art of subjecting the 
horse to use. It is stated that a Thessalian tribe, the Lapithie, first 
subjected the horse, and hence acquired the name. But the horse was 
known in a civilization far anterior to that of this Thessalian tribe, though 
no record is made of the horse in a wild state even by his earliest masters. 
Hence we infer that the horse was not a native of Egypt but was intro- 
duced from some other country into tiie civilization of that laud, iho 
earliest on record except that of China. 

I. The Horse in Ancient History. 

The first record made of the horse in sacred writings, is in the time of 
Joseph in Egypt, at which period the horse had been subjected to harness. 
At the time of the Exodus under jMoses, the horse was extensively used 
in war. The Grecian mythological stories give accounts of the use of 
horses in war, particularly at the siege of Troy, l)ut they seem to have 
liecn confined only to the use of heroes. 

(\)ming down to the true historical periou, we begin to find the use of 
horses ()uite universal, for pleasure as well as for war ; and as civilization 
boiran to colonize the earth, the hor.se closclv followed. "Where the original 



;i4 THE AMERICAN EAUMER S STOCK BOOK. 

country of the horse really was matters little, excejit as an interesting 
faet, whether in Asia, or ou the soil of Africa, to which his near relations, 
the Zebra and Quagga, are certainly indigenous. It is certain, however, 
that in Media and Persia, and the fertile plains of Thessaly and Thrace, 
on the great meadows of the Danube, in the Ukraine, on the l)anks of 
the Dnieper and the Don , and other of the great grazing grounds of Europe 
and Asia, the horse found congenial soil and early became semi-wild. 
So, after the conquest of America, transplanted here, he became semi- 
wild, and soon occupied vast tracts on both sides of the tropics, in count- 
less herds. 

II. The Horse in Civilization, 
lu extending civilization th<d horse has always occupied a place next to 
man, carrying him quickly and safely on long journeys, aiding him to 
■explore new regions, or bearing him beyond the reach of savage foes. 
In the earlier stages of civilization, oxen tilled the fields, while sheep 
furnished clothing and food, until latterly the labors of tillage have been 
almost entirely transferred to the quicker and more intelligent horse. 
Among the nations which nourished between ancient and modern times, 
the Arabs seem to have regarded the horse with the greatest esteem and 
kindliness. Among no people were more care and attention bestowed in 
his breeding, and nowhere else was the horse so made the companion of 
man. Hence in no other country, from the seventh to the seventeenth 
century after Christ were horses found combining such high intelligence, 
with great speed and lasting endurance in travel. The Arabs were thus 
enabled to furnish the infusion of blood that has resulted in the English 
and American thoroughbred, that has stamped its measure of value upon 
nearlv all the more highly prized of the modern sub-families of horses. 
Yet neither the English horse, nor the American horse, nor indeed the 
so-called wild horses of America, retain any characteristic of an abori- 
oiual l)rce(l. They are, all of them, purely artificial in their breeding, 
or the descendants of horses artificially lu'cd. 

III. Preserving Breeds in Purity. 

As among the Ara1>s, so among all the civilized nations of the earth, 
the great care is to preserve breeds in their purity. Hence pedigrees 
were established, first among the Arabs, and later for the English 
thoroughbred, while within the last thirty years stud-books are becoming 
common for the various valuable breeds of horses that have originated 
from time to time. Breeders are also beginning to understand the value 
of kind and careful treatment, as well as of careful training, in their infiu- 
ence upon hereditary traits. These things seem to be far better apijrc- 
ciated in America than in Enghmd. To the early and careful handling 



THE HOUSE, HIS ORIGIX, ETC. 35 

of colts iu this country, mtikiiig them companion-servants, rather than 
machine-slaves, subjecting them to the rule of kindness, rather than the 
law of brute force, in short to training rather than to bi-eakiug, is due 
the docility of American horses, in contrast to the temper and stuliborn 
acquiescence of English horses ; and this we believe is coming more and 
more to be generally acknowledged. 

rV. The Wild Horses of To-day. 

Of the so-called wild horses of the various countries of the earth, we 
have the authoiity of Mungo Park for the fact that wild horses exist in 
great herds, in the country of Sudamar, far to the southward of the 
great desert of Sahara, and in all that district extending to Nubia and 
Upper Aliyssinia, where there are fertile, well-watered, grassy plains, 
and partially wooded countries. 

In northern Asia, and espcciallv in southern Siberia, vast droves of wild 
horses are known to exist ; and in all that great jiasturaljle region inhabited 
by the Tartars, I)oth iu Russian Europe and Asia there are countless 
herds semi-wild. These Tartar horses are said to owe their origin to the 
cavalry steeds turned loose in 1657, at the siege of Azof. In Canada, 
and in the Falkland Islands horses released from control become wild and 
sustain themselves in that condition. It is stated that horses released 
from the dominion of Man, and gone wild, have been found in Hayti 
and Jamaica. The great pampas and other grassy plains of Central 
America, North and South of the equator, including the Empire of Bra- 
zil, and also in Mexico, Texas, California, and elsewhere in the southern 
portion of the great plains of the United States, once contained immense 
droves of wild horses, the progenitors of which, escaping from the 
Spanish conquerors of these countries, at length multiplied into countless 
numljers. At the present day however there are but few that are not 
claimed l>y proprietors except perhaps in some isolated regions near the 
Equator. 

V. Fossil Horses. 

The fossil remains of horses are not rare in America. These fossil 
remains, have also been found in Great Britain, in the oldest formation, 
and of such extreme antiquity as to have been contemporaneous with 
the elephant, rhinoceros, tiger and hyena, in Great Britain, and with the 
mammoth and other similar fossils in America. These classes of animals 
were entirely different from the aninuils of to-day, and the only means 
of marking the lapse of ages intervening since they lived, is the succes- 
sion of geological fornuitions, and changes that have since taken place, 
carrying to total extinction the series of animals that then, and subse- 
quently, up to the advent of man, suecessively occuj^ied the earth. 



30 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK I500K. 

VI. Horses of Asia. 

Aside from the modern breeds of Europe which will be treated of separ- 
ately, the Arabian is the most celebrated and undoubtedly combines 
more good qualities than any other Asiatic breed. 

In India there are many horses of more or less repute, the most valu- 
able of which is said to be the Turco, a cross between the Turcoman, a 
breed of South Tartary, and the Persian horse. It seems to be a fine 
animal, as it is said to be stately in movement as it is beautiful in form, 
and tractable in disposition. With the exception of the Turcoman, or 
horse of South Tartary, the Tartar and Calmuck horses are small, and 
ill shaped. They have the reputation, like our Indian ponies, of being 
able to perform long journeys under heavy burdens, ■while subsisting on 
the most indifferent food. 

The horses of China are also small with but little excellence in any 
point. Ill shaped and spiritless, they seem effete like their masters, 
who possessing the most ancient civilization of the earth, were slowly 
but surely retrograding, until they came into contact with the civilization 
of Europe. 

In Turkestan there appear to be two distinct races of horses. One is 
described as being heavy-headed, ewe-necked, with long legs and weak 
bodies ; while the other has high crests and long bodies with limbs of 
good bone and substance. In Bokhara, is a small, stout, shaggy breed 
of horses, Avith very long manes and tails ; they are called Kussaks, and 
are considered excellent little animals. 

VII. Eirropean Horses. 

In the chapters devoted to special breeds, the more important will be 
treated of separately. We shall only notice here such as have no promi- 
nence among the celebrated sub-families of the horse. 

The German States have horses noted chiefly as l)eing large, wcll- 
formed and well-adapted to the purposes of heavy draft. Belgium and 
Holland also have breeds of horses large, strong and well-formed. The 
Flemish horses were at one time much valued in England for draft and 
heavy coach horses, and they undoubtedly form one of the principal ele- 
ments in the pedigree of some of the more celebrated of the English 
horses. 

The Hungarian horses ai-e supposed to have the same general origin 
with the German horses. They are however lighter, more active, show 
more spirit and better action, which is probably due to a more recent 
infusion of oriental blood. 

Italy has not as good horses now as formerly. Some of thcin however 
are large, handsome, spirited animals, which do good service in carriage 



THE HOUSE, HIS ORIGIX, ETC. 37 

harness. The same may be said of the horses of Spahi. The common 
use of mules, both under the saddle and in harness, is not conducive to 
careful breeding in horses, still in Spain there are many fine horses espe- 
cially for saddle use ; the pure blooded Spanish barb being elegaut, 
siJrightly and docile. 

Norway, Sweden and Finland, have a hardy race of little horses, 
which run half wild in the woods. They have fairly good forms, and 
are active and spirited. The people, however, give themselves but little 
trouble in breeding them. 

In Iceland the horses are still smaller, active, hardy fellows, who pick 
up a scanty living for themselves, when not at work. Their origin is 
attributed both to the Swedish horse and those of the Shetland Islands, 
and they have points of resemblance to both. 

Thus it is seen that each country has its own peculiar breed of horses, 
the result of local peculiarities. The further we go North the more 
dwarfed they become until some of them are found but little, if any, 
larger than the best of the larger breeds of long wooled sheep. As -we 
go South to the tropics the horses increase in size until we reach the 
middle region of the temperate zone, where the largest and heaviest, as 
well as the fleetest and most valuable are found. Continuing still fur- 
ther southward the horses begin again gradually to decrease in size until 
as we reach the tropics we find them but little larger than the animals 
we call i^ony-horses. They are moderately swift, and of the most 
endui-ing bottom . 

The horses of Arabia have been celebrated in all modern times, and 
justly so, for the reason that owing to careful breeding and the kindest 
treatment, in connection with the most excellent training, they came to 
possess the perfection of form, united with great speed and en- 
durance, and almost human intelligence. That careful and scientific 
bi-eeding was understood and appreciated by the ancients is evidenced bv 
the lines of the first lyric poet of the time of Augustus Ca.^sar, which 
we find translated freelv, but pointedly as follows : 

•■ The brave begotten are by the brave and good. 
There i.s in steers, there is in horses" blood 
The virtue of their sires. Xo timid dove 
Springs from tlie coupled eagle's furious blood." 

VTEI. Artificial Breeding, and Diseases. 

It is well known that wild animals like saA'age triljcs are little subject 
to disease It is the artificial surroundings, and artificial living which 
produce diseases unknown in a state of nature. Hence, on the farm, 
animals are less suscepti])le to disease than in city stables, where the life 
of the horse is purel^y an artificial one, and where he must be dependent 



3S THE AMERICAX FAUMElfs STOCK liOdK. 

upon man, even for the water he drinks. Unfortunately lie is too often 
dependent upon ignorant and l)rutal "helpers" who, the moment the 
eye of the master is turned, shirk their duty and the animal suffers. 
Henee the absolute neeessity that all large stables should possess in the 
person of the foreman a competent head, and one whose sj'mpathies are 
with the helpless animals under his charge. Such a person Mill not only 
earn his wages fully, but Mill save largely to the owuer every year by his 
constant Matchf ulness and care. Artificial breeding also gives rise to a num- 
ber of diseases, peculiar in themselves, and Avhich may only be guarded 
against by intelligent care. Among the most serious of these are abortion, 
and all that class of diseases incident to animals kept in contineuient in large 
numbers, and which, Avith other diseases of domestic animals, will be 
treated of separately iu appropriate de])artnients of this work. 

IX. Opinions Relating to Breeding. 
In tracing the history of liorscs, and all that relates to their care and 
treatment. Me shall find various opinions relating to breeding. The sys- 
tems of in-and-in-breeding, and cross-breeding, each have intelligent and 
successful advocates. In-and-iu-breeding may be defined as being thi^ 
breeding together for generations, of closely related members of a fam- 
ily of animals. For fixing a breed and for perpetuating the special ex- 
cellences sought, there is no doubt of the soundness of the practice. It 
is in this M'ay and l\v careful selection of parents that all ucm' breeds arc 
established and fixed. What distinguishes the successful from the im- 
successful breeder, is the knoM'ing, or not knowing, just how to select, 
how long to breed in, and in departing from the rule, so to select tlie 
new sire, that there may be no violent change of characteristics. For it 
is a M-cU established fact that long-continued in-breeding reduces the 
constitutional vigor of the animal Mhile it is fixing excellencies for per- 
petuation. BakcM'ell, Collins, Bates, Webb, and many other emi- 
nent breeders of modern times, have been most successful in this direc- 
tion, Avith cattle and sheep. The modern breeds of smMuc, also, omc 
their chief excellencies to this system, though in them it is modified by 
more frequent infusions of far related blood, since SAvine are peculiarly 
liable to degeneration of the vital forces, scrofula, and other diseases, 
supposed to be due to too close inter-breeding of near relations. 
X. In-Breeding of Horses. 
In horses, in-and-in-brccding has never been practiced to the same ex- 
tent as with cattle. The horse is bred chiefly for his muscular powers 
and endurance. To this is required to be added, beauty of form, and 
as supplementary to speed and endurance, great lung power and constitu- 
tional vigor. Hence, M'hen a sire possesses these merits in an eminent 



TlIK HOIiSK, HI8 OniGIX, KTC. 39 

degree, he is eagerly sought far and wide. In the selectiou of marcs, 
this vigor of constitution, comhined with ample room for the develop- 
ment of the foal is sought. Hence the breeder seeks to breed to such 
sires as shall endow their foals with their own special characteristics, be- 
ing careful only that the cross shall not be a violent one, such as might 
produce decided alterations of form from that previously had. 

XI. Value of Hereditary Characteristics. 

Intelligence, stamina, gi'cat muscular power, constitutional vigor, and 
absence of congenital or hereditary disability, must all ])e taken into ac- 
count in selecting sires. If the blood of an animal has been sub- 
ject to any hereditary disability, as consumption or other disease arising 
from weak lungs, or has shown a lial)ility to form curbs, spavin or other 
bone disease, such an animal should be discarded. Intelligence is a he- 
reditary characteristic of special families which should be carefully 
looked to. Here again we tind that this quality may be steadily increased 
by careful training. This is especially noticable in dogs bred for a sin- 
gle pui'pose, as shepherd dogs, pointers, setters, retrievers, etc. The he- 
reditary instinct becomes at length so strongly marked in them, that the 
young animal takes to its special task of its own volition, and l)efoi"e 
the age for regular training is reached. lu like manner certain breeds of 
horses are noted for their wonderful intelligence, as are the Arab horses, 
owing to hundreds of years of careful Ijreeding, and to the training im- 
parted bv the master, who is the friend and companion of his horse. 

Xn. A Careful Study Necessary. 

To most surely and successfully compass all this, the breeder must 
carefully study the horse from various standpoints. He must be familir.r 
with the anatomy, or bony structure, the muscular development, the vital 
oro^ans, the organs of digestion, and the other viscera of the animal. 
Asain, the outward conformation is of the utmost importance, since 
from this a fair indication of all the rest may be arrived at. The girth 
and the barrel vdW give a good indication of the heart, lungs and digestive 
api)aratus. From the head, the intelligence and docility of the animal 
may be clearly established. The shoulders, the loin and the haunch will 
be the index to the muscular power, and the bone and sinew may be accu- 
rately estimated from a proper examination of the limbs by one who will 
carefully study the succeeding chapters. 

Xin. About Object Lessons. 

Object lessons, the delineation of a subject by charts, plates and 
figures, have come to be regarded as one of the most important factors 
in modern education. They bring to the eye exactly what a thing is, and 



40 TIIH AMERICAN lAUMEIt S STOCK BOOK. 

its pret-isc location. Hence, there has been prepared for this work the 
most accurate ilhistrations of every subject upon which it treats. lu 
connection with this, the phiinest descriptions and exphmations are given, 
avoiding, as much as possible, technical scientific terms. These, when 
used, are explained, so far as possible, and should be learned by refer- 
ence to the glossai-y, since, now-a-days, they are coming to be more and 
more used iu everj^-day life, and in all languages, where used, mean ex- 
actly one and the same thing. 

If the latter part of this chapter has been somewhat discursive, it 
seemed necessary to a fair mrderstanding of what is to be said in the 
succeeding ones. In the next chapter we take up the horse in the rela- 
tion of the liones to the body. Its scientific name is Anatomy — short 
enough and comprehensive. 



CHAPTER n. 

ILLtrSTBATING THE ANATOMY OF THE HOKSE. 

I. FKAME WORK THE INDEX OF VALUE. II. MASTER THE DETAILS OF THE SKELE- 
TON. III. DIVISION OF THE SEVERAL PARTS. IV. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF 

MAN AND THE HORSE. V. ANALYZING THE SKELETON. VI. THE FOOT. VII. 

THE HEAD AND NECK. VIII. BONES AND MUSCLES OF THE FRONT LIMBS. IX. 

THE HIND LIMBS. 

I. Frame Work tha Index of Value. 
A close and comprehensive study of the anatomy and physiology of 
the animals of the farm, is of the first importance to every person M'ho 
breeds, rears, or buys them, with a ^^e^v to profit from their sale. In 
the case of the horse it is especially necessary that this study 1)e care- 
fully made, since, in the perfection of the several parts, constituting 
solidity and fineness of bone, a firm and complete muscular development, 
large, healthy lungs, and the highest state of normal activity of the 
digestive organs, lies the real value of this most useful of the servants 
of man. The owner or purchaser mu.st also know distinctly what an ani- 
mal is intended for, and should select him with special refei-ence to the ser- 
vice required, whether it be for special work, for trotting, racing, 
road-driving, light or heavy draft, or for what is termed general utilit}'. 
"With reference to these several uses the bony structure of the animal is 
of the first importance, since it is the skeleton upon which all else is built. 
Without a knowledge of the bones, the situation of the muscles cannot 
be accurately determined, or their actions, in connection with the several 
parts, to which they are attached, and especially their action on the liniljs 
be definitely understood. 

II. Master the Details of the Skeleton. 
Hence we must first master the details of the bony structure. Next 
the nuiscles may lie studied, and from this we may easily understand the 
minute but important action of the several parts as a whole. While the 
ordinary observer will be altogether misled, in estimating the value of an 
animal from his outward appearance and movements, he who has 
carefully studied the physical jiroportions with the e^'e of a care- 
ful anatomist will quickly and accurately understand the true value 
of the animal from the relation of the several parts one with another. 
For these habits of accurate observation will readily detect, in the 
livmg horse, the true character of the bony structure, and especially 
of the muscular system, which covers and envelops it. In order 
to make the bony structure plain to the reader it is here shown by 

41 



42 



THE AMEUICAX FAKJIEU S STOCK HOOK. 



diagrams or object lessons, since this is the most graphic, and at 
the same time the most accurate, method of presenting information 
of this kintl. To make our object lesson still more easj' we give 




in the engraving, not only the framo-worl<, hut this resting on or shown 
against a hat-k ground illustrating tiie outer form and contour of the 
horse. 



THE ANATOMY OK TIIK HORSE. 43 

The skeleton, as shown in the engraving, may })e divided as follows : 
1 — Cranium, or Head. 2 — Cervical vertebrse, or bones of the neck. 
3 — Dorsal vertebra;, or bones of the withers and back. 4 — Lumbar 
vertebrae, or those of the loin between the false ribs and the upper edge 
of the Haunch Bone. 5 — Sacral vertebrte, or those of the rump, or 
lying between the haunch bone and tail. 6 — Caudal vertebne, or bones 
of the tail. An observation of the dotted lines will show these correctly. 
7 — The Eibs, showing their correct position. 8 — Sternum, or the breast 
bone. 9 — Scapula, or shoulder bone. 10 — The front liml)s. 11 — The 
Pelvis, the cavity of the body formed by the union of the haunch bones 
with those of the back and hip, and formed by the Sacrum at the top, 
the Ilium at the sides, the Ischium and the Pubis at the bottom. 12 
— The hind limbs. 

III. Divisions of the Several Parts. 

Thus we have given the entire skeleton of the horse, showing the bones 
as they appear in their natural positions and relations to each other. We 
next proceed to a more detailed study of the several parts. 

The Head and Back Bones. — The head may be divided into two parts, 
the skull and the face, each having its particular bones, the variation of 
which may affect the jjroper grinding of the food and thereby influence 
the general condition of the animal, to say nothing of the relation be- 
tween the shape of these bones and the horse's intelligence. Tlie vcrte- 
brte are divided into live groups, of which the Cervical or neck, contains 
seven l)ones ; the back, or Dorsal, eighteen ; and the Lumbar, six. The 
Lumbar vertebrse really belong to the back, and added to the eighteen 
Dorsals, nnike a total of twenty-four. The Sacral vcrtebrre are five in 
number, and the Caudal fifteen, making a grand total of fifty-one vcrtc- 
brte in the animal. 

The Ribs. — The ri))s arc eighteen in number and are jointed to the 
transverse processes of the veilcbrte, and curve, with some variations in 
their outline and direction, down to the sternum. Seven or eight of tlicm 
are true ribs, and are composed of cartilage and attached to the breast 
bone and to the vertebrie, to allow full expansion of the lungs in breath- 
ing. Thus the spring of the ribs, as it is called, is most important to 
the horseman. The remaining ribs are called false ribs. They are not 
attached to the breast bone, but are united by cartilages, each on its own 
side, the union terminating in the sternum. Thus, all the ribs act in con- 
cert, giving play not only to the lungs, but also to other viscera. 

The Sternum. — Tiie Stermum, or breast lionc, in the young liorse, is 
composed of six bones, but in the full grown animal these become uni- 
ted into a single piece. The front of this bone is convex and sharply 



44 



THE AJIERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 



keeled and its upper part projects so as to be plainly outlined in what 
is called the point of the breast, that part which the lower portion of the 
collar just covers. 

The Hinder Limbs. — The Hinder 
Limbs are the propelling power of 
all animals, and especially so in the 
horse. Hence the haunches are 
strong and the upper portion is pow- 
erfully developed in muscle, and the 
lower correspondingly so in ten- 
dons. The illustration will give a 
perfect \iew, and the explanation the 
proper names of the parts. 

The names and reference to the 
letters and figures are as follows : 
a. Sacrum ; b, Ilium ; c, Ischium. 
These bones constitute the Pelvis, as 
seen at a, d, c, and 1), b. The other 
bones are : e, Femur ; f , Patella ; 
g. Tibia; h. Fibula; i. Tarsus; j, 
Metatarsus ; k. Digit. The figures 
1, 2, 3, refer to the Phalanges of 
the foot, corresponding to the toes 
in man. 

The Haunch or Pelvis.— The Pel- 
vis is made up of six bones, three 
on each side, all firmly united into 
one. The Ilium is strongly attached 
to the Sacral vertebrse, and may be 
called the keystone of the pelvic arch, 
while the lateral prolongations of the Ilium produce the prominences just 
above and in front of the hind-quarters. The Ischium or hip-bone is a 
backward contiimation of the Ilium, and bears an enlargement which 
projects on each side a little below the tail. The pubis is a single ))one 
and is connected with the others, forming an inverted arch with them, 
and composing the upper surface of the lower i)art of the pelvis, 
rv. Comparative Anatomy of Man and the Horse. 

The anatomy or bou}' structure of the horse is not so widely different 
from that of man as at first sight it would seem to be. Indeed, it was 
discovered by Aristotle in the days of the ancient Greeks that the horse, 
though a hoofed, and apparently a single-toed animal, actually has the 




>y IlINDKl! I'AKT; 



THE ANATOMY <>K THE HOKSE. 45 

rudiments of toes ciivel<)i)ed in the flinty hoof which has developed around 
the foot and protects it fr;)ni the rough soil over which the animal travels. 
And when a parallel is once found to exist even between the toes of the 
horse and those of man, there is nothing strange in the fact that other 
parts of the skeleton closely correspond. The names of the different 
portions of the liml)S of the horse and of man are given below, in par- 
allel lines, so the reader may see at a glance, those exactly correspond- 
ing, though called l)y different names. A reference to the skeleton 
proper, as given in the cut, page 4t), will show the precise location of each 
of the bones mentioned in the horse. 

Front Limbs. 

JIAX. HORSE. 

-ii-iu (iluiiieriis) oorrespoiuls to t)»e - - Lower bone iif shoulder. 

Fore anil " " - - Ann. 

Wrist (Carpus) ■■ " - - Knee. 

Hand (Metai-arpus) '• '" - - Leg, cannon and splint bones. 

Knuckles " " - - Fetlock. 

Finger " " - - Pasterns. 

Hind Ijimbs. 

MAN. HORSE. 

Thigh (Femur) corresponds to the - - - Upper bone of thigh. 

Knee '• .. - . . stifle joint. 

Leg ■■ •• - - - Thigh. 

Ankle (Tarsus) •• " - - - Hock. 

Heel '• •• - - _ Point of hock. 

Foot (Metatarsus) •• ..... Log. 

Ball of Foot •■ ..... Fetlock. 

Toe ■■ ..... Pastern and foot. 

This is (|uitc different from tiic generally received idea of the compar- 
ative anatomy of man and t'.ic iiorse, and yet it is strictly true. This 
the skeleton will show, the proper names of each bone being given. The 
study is interesting, and tiie explanations will enable any one to fully 
understand the names and location of the parts. 

V. Analyzing the Skeleton. 

The bones of the spine, (vertebne) have already been mentioned. 
The parts of the skeleton as shown in the next figure, are : A, Cervical 
Vertebrse ; BB, Dorsal Vertebra;; C, Lumbar Vertebrre ; D, Sacrum, 
the bone which forms the back part of the pelvis; E, Coccygeal bones, 
or those forming the tail ; FF, Eibs ; G, Costal cartilages, or the carti- 
lages joining the ends of the ribs ; H, the Scapula or shoulder blade ; I, 
the Humerus, or the upper part of the fore leg ; KK, the Radii, or outer 
bones of the fore legs, below the humerus and knee ; L, the Ulva. 
This is the larger of the two bones of the upper part of the fore leg, 
Unng behind the radius and extending from the knee to the lower part of 
the chest; M, the Knee, (Carpus). This is composed of 8 bones, viz: 



4(l THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK HOOK. 

1, Scaphoid, 01' boat shaped bone; 2, Semilunar, or l)oiie resembling a 
half moon ; 3, the Cuneiform, or Avedge-shaped bone ; 4, the Trapezium, 
resembling the geometrical figure of that name ; 5, the Trapezoid, re- 




CcT 3. — Thk Skeleton. 
semliling a trapezoid ; (i, the great bone of tlie knee, (Os ]\Iagnum) ; 7, 
the Hook-shaj^ed bone, (Unciform bone) ; 8, the pea-shaped bone, (pis- 
iform bone) ; NN, the big bone of the fore leg, the cannon bone or 
large metacarpal ; O, Splint bone, or small metacarpal ; PP, Sessamoid 
bones — two small bones in the substance of the tendons, where the fore 
leg is joined to the ankle ; QQ, Phalanges. These are : 1, the upper 
pastern bone ; 2, lower pastern bone; 3, the first bone in the leg, (os 
pedis), inside the hoof, tiie coffin bone, and the navicular or ship-shaped 
bone, not marked here. 

The Hinder Parts. — Coming to tlie hinder parts, R shows the pelvis. 
Tills is formed by : 1, tlie Ilium or rtanii bone ; 2, the Pul)is, or fore part 
of one of the bones of the jiclvis ; 3, the Ischium, or hinder and lower 
part of the hip bone. S, the Femur or thigh l)one ; T, tiie Patella or 
small bone covering the stifie joint ; U, the Tibia or the large, long bone 
between the hock and the stifie joint ; Y, the small, long bone behind 



THE ANATOirV OF TIIK HORSE. 



CnT 4. 



uad tittached to the Til)i;i ; AV,tlu' Ilofk, which is comjjosed of the follow- 
ing siniiU bones : 1, buck point of the hock, Os Calcis ; 2, the Astraga- 
lus or upper bone of the hock, supporting the Til)ia ; 3, Cuneiform Mag- 
iiuni, the hirgest wedge-shaped bone ; 4, Cuneiform INIedium, or middle- 
sized wedge-shaped bone ; 5, Cuneiform Parvum, or smallest wedge- 
shaped bone ; 6, the small or cubical-formed bone. X, Large Metatarsal 
or front bone of the hind leg, between the hock and pastern joint ; Y, 
yinall Metatarsal or small bone of the hind leg, in rear of Large Meta- 
larsal. 

The Head. — 1, the lower jaw, (Inferior Maxilla) ; 2, the upper 
jaw, (Superior Maxilla); '6, outer part of the jaw, (Anterior ]\Iax- 
illa) ; 4, bone in front of the nostrils, (Nasal bone) ; T), the prominent 
cheek, (Malar bone); 6, the forehead, (Frontal Ijone) ; 7, Parietal 
bones or sides and upper part of the skull, (wall) ; 8, Occipital, or bone 
of the hinder part of the head ; 9, Lachrymal bone, inclosing the lach- 
rymal gland and duct ; 10, Squamous or scaly jjortiou of the tcmi)oral 
bones; 11, Petrous or hard part of tiie Temporal bones, inclosing the 
organs of hearing. 

VI. The Foot. 

We Avill now enter upon a more critical examination // 
of the foot, one of the most important parts in the M 
anatomy of the hoi'se. We give a cut showino: the 



section of the lower 
leg and foot. The '// jj 

A several parts here ill- ■^ 

I ustratcd are: a, can- 
non or large ]\Ietacar- 
pal bone ; b, large Pas- 
tern bone ( Os Suffra- 
ginis,) c, one of tlie Sectional view of 

C , • 1 1 , THE bones of the 

oessamoid bones ; d, foot. 

Os coronaj, small iJastern bone ;€, navicu- 
lar bone ; /, Pedis or coffin bone ; (/, g, 
g, Flexor Perforans or penetrating tendon ; 
h, h, Flexor Perforatns or penetrated ten- 
don ; i, extensor tendon ; j, suspensory 
ligament ; k, k. Capsular ligament or 
membraneous elastic bag surrounding the 
joint; ?, fetlock joint; ?«, pastern joint; 
n, coffin joint ; o, horny crust of hoof ; p. 





Vkutical Section op the Lower 
Leu anu Foot. 



48 



THE AMEliKAN KAHMKU .S (STOCK ItOUK. 



ClT 6. 



^>, horny sole ; q, the frog ; r, sen!<il)le 
himinaj ; <, the sensible frog ; m, the cush- 
ion ; V, the navicular joint. The next fig- 
ures show front and rear views of the 
bones of the foot, c, c, Coffin bone ; 
d, Sessanioid bone ; h, b. Small pastern 
a, The large pastern. 




Front and back view ok the 

liONE ok the KOOT. 



VII. The Head and Neck. 

Coming again to the head and neck Me are prepared readily to under- 
stand their atanoniy. The names given to the several parts are as fol- 
lows : o, frontal l)one ; h, parietal ; c, occipital ; d, temporal ; e, malar ;/, 
lachrymal ; g, nasal ; //, superior maxillary ; i, pre-maxillary ; A', inferior 
maxillaries (lower jaw) ; 1, orbit. The bones of tiie neck, (cervical ver- 
tabra^) are named ; 1, atlas ; 2, dcntata ; 3, third ; 4, fourth ; 5, fifth ; 6, 
sixth ; 7, seventh. Of the bones of the neck, the atlas is a ring-shaped 
bone with broad lateral projections. It articulates with the skull, and 
has great freedom of motion on the next bone (dentata). On the artic- 
ulation of these two vertebrre, principally depends the power of turning 
the head. The remaining bones of the neck resemble each other closely, 
and have various small processes for insertion of the ligaments and mus- 
cles, and npon their fiexiljility depends the power of flexing and arch- 
ing the neclv. 

The Head. — The bones of tiie iiead may l)e divided into two groups ; the 
cranial and facial. The cranial bones include all those which cover or 
inclose the brain, and are mostly in pairs, or are on what is called the 
mesial line of the skull, but may, for convenience, be spoken of as single 
bones. 

The bone of the forehead (frontal bone) a, forms the space between 
the eyes and extends to the top of the head with a narrowing outline. It 
therefore occupies the most central part of the head and is important as 
from its shape and surface it gives space for the brains. In succeeding 
cuts the facial cx^iression of horses will be given, sliowing tiie different 
grades of intelligence in horses ; the broad and ample forehead indicat- 
ing intelligence and high breeding. 

The parietal bone, b, extends l)ack from the frontal to tlie poll, and 
has a ridge or crest of great strength and firnuicss along its npi)er sur- 
face, sloping down like a roof on each side, covering and protecting the 
brain. 



THE ANATOMY OF TIIK lIOUiSK 



4f) 



The occipital, c, covers the entire back part of the head and lies imnie- 
diatcl}^ behind the 2:)arictal. It has to su]ipoi1: the whole weight of the 
head, and from its position is exposed to greater strain than any other 
part of the skull. It is articulated by two rounded protuberances (con- 
dyles) at the base to the first vertebra (atlas) of the neck. On the 

b 




outer side of the occipital and beyond the condyles, are two pointed 
projections (styliforni processes) to which some of the muscles of the 
neck are attached, and which assist in supporting the head. 

The temporal bone, d, unites with the i)arietal above, and with the 
occipital behind. It contains the internal parts of the ear, and is provi- 
ded with a hollow for the articulation of the lower jaw, and in front 
joins the extremity of the frontal. Continuing forward, it unites with 



50 THK AMEitlC.W FARMKIi's STOfK BOOK. 

the cheek-boiu" (niiilar), c, making u[) tlic zyiroinatic arch ami forming 
the greatest part of the orbit, composed of a small bone in the inner 
corner of the e^'e (lachrymal),/". Just before the frontal is the nasal 
bone, ff, one of the principal liones of the face and covering the mem- 
brane of the nose. The large ])onc, (suijcrior maxillarv), fi, occupies 
the side of the face and holds all the grinding teeth (molars) and the 
tusk of the upper jaw. The pre-maxillarv, /, unites with the two last 
named bones, holds the nippers (incisor teeth) and comi)letes the frame- 
work of the nose. The lower jaw consists of only two bones, the 
inferior maxillaries, A-. They terminate in two processes, directed 
upwai'd. The terminal projection (condyloid process) articulates with 
the temporal bone, at the base of the zygomatic arch, forming the hinge 
upon which the whole lower jaw moves. The second process (coronoid) 
passes under the arch, receiving the lower end of the large temporal 
muscle arising from the parietal bone, and moves the jaw in the act of 
chewing. 

There are two small bones in the lower pai't of the cranium, under the 
parietal, b, called the Sphenoid, and the Ethmoid, which connect the 
principal bones of the skull, but are not visible externally. 
Vni. Bones and Muscles of the Front Limbs. 

Coming aiTiiin to the limbs, we represent in cut S on the next page, for 
the sake of comparison, both the bones and muscles of the front limbs side 
bv side, since it will serve as a convenient object lesson at one view. 

Bones. — A — Kadius. R — Point of Ulna. C — Knee (Carpus). F — Ses- 
amoids, behind the fetlocks. G — Upper and Lower Pasterns. H — Coffin 
Bone. I — Navicular. 

Muscles. — f< — Extenmr carpi radialU, i — Extenxor iJi(fi(arum lon- 
(/I'or. J — Extensoi- digitammhrei-ior. I: — Ahdurtor paUicis longufi. ef 
— Exit rntil Jfixor. mf — ^liddle flexor. //' — Internal flexor. 

Bones of the Arm. — The upper portion of the fore leg in the horse is 
called the arm, and in man the corresponding bone is the fore arm. In the 
horse it consists of two bones, the radius A and the ulna B, and extends 
from the elbow to the knee. The ulna is situated behind, and, to some 
extent, above the radius, there being a considerable projection received 
between the heads of the lower l)()ne of the shoulder (elbow), forming 
a powerful lever, into which are inserted the muscles for extending the 
arm. The ulna continuing downwards, terminates in a point behhid the 
middle of tlic i-adius. 

Bones of the Knee. — Cut it on page irl shows in detail the various bones 
of the knee : Fig. 1, the left leg, outer side ; Fig. 2, a front view. The 
position and action of the knee, render it especially liable to shocks and 



THE AXATOJn' OF THE HORSE. 



51 



jars, or strains. Hence it is protected by being formed of a number of 
bones, strongly united by ligaments, each bone being protected by car- 
tilage, and resting on a semi-fluid cushion, so that any shock may be dis- 
tributed over the whole number of distinct bones. The names of the 
bones are as follows : a, Radius ; J), Pisiform ; c, Cuneiform ; d, Lunare ; 
e, Scaphoides ; f, ^Slagnnm ; h, Unciform : /, Cannon ; j. Splint. Tlicse 
two latter are called Metacaqjuls. 




AND Muscles op the Fore Legs. 



By reference to cut 9 on page 52, tlic arrangement and shape of the 
several bones will be readily understood. A large, flat knee is essential in 
the horse, since it not only carries plenty of integument, but allows free 
l)lay to this portion of tlie leg. Fig. 1 shows the knee flexed and Fi;;. 2 
the knee at rest. 



")2 TlIK AMERICAN- rAHMEIl's STOCK BOOK. 

The true carpal hones arc seven in nuniher. Six of these arc placed 
in two rows, each containing three liones in front of the joint, while the 
seventh, the pisiform, (Trapezium), is placed hehind them, forming the 
point of insertion for some of the muscles of the arm. It also aids iu 
protecting the tendons running down behind the leg. 




CUT i). — snOWINi; BONES OK I'lIK KNKE. 



Bones of the Leg. — Between the knet; and the fetlock are three 

bones, \\iv sliaulv (cannon) and two splint bones, as shown in cut 8, page 
")!, Fig. 1. D. These form the leg, the corresponding part in man 
being the metacarpus. The cannon bone articulates at its upper e>rtremi- 
t}' with the lower row of the bones of the knee and below with the 
upper i)asteni of the fetlock joint. It has scarcely any muscle, those 
parts not covered by tendons, as well as the parts so covered l)eing envel- 
oped directly by the skin. The leg l)one is nearly straight, rounded in front 
and flattened or slightly <'Oncave liehind. The splint bones, slender bones 
attached to the cannon to strengthen it , diminish to a point before they reach 



THK AXATOMV OF THE HORSK. 



53 



the fetlock joint. Behind this arc two supplementary bones, ealled ses- 
amoids, b, in cut 10, and page 47 c. These serve to protect the back of 
the joint and somt^ important ligaments passing over it. More fully to 
illustrate the lower p:ut of the front limbs, we give four figures, show- 
ing the bones and articulations of the joints of the foot. 




CUT 10. — BONES AND AKTirULATJONS OF THE KOOT. 

The names of these bones are as follows : a, cannon, or shaidv ; h, 
sesamoids ; c, fetlock joint ; d, upper pastern ; e, lower pastern ; y, cof- 
fin bone ; g, navicular bone. The upper and lower pasterns, d, e, have 
considerable motion one on the other to allow the foot to be bent back. 
The toe is formed by the coffin bone. This is surrounded and covered 
in by the horny hoof. Hence, its form is never seen unless dissected for. 
Another small bone, the navicular, g, lies behind and partly within the 
junction of the coffin and lower pastern. Like the coffin bone, it is 
inclosed bv the hoof. 



54 THE A.MEltKAX FAKMEIt's STOCK liOOK. 

IX. The Hind Limbs. 

The bones of the limbs terminating and inclosed witlihi the bod}' of 
the horse, as well as the whole of the front limbs have been earefuUy 
illustrated and described. "Slimy persons suppose, if they understand 
something of the anatomy of one limb, that the}' understand them all. 
This is a mistake, for while there are points in common, there are many 
differences. Hence the necessity of illustrating ever}' pail fully in order 
that the reader may get a full comi)rchension of every part. Further 
on we give a cut showing the bones of the hock joint and portions of the 
bones above and below. In the illustration, i)age 44, the anatomv of 
the entire limb nuiy be studied. 

Anatomy of the Hind Limbs. — The great bone of the thigh (femur) 
which articulates ANilh the upper ))one (ilium), whicii in turn is joined to 
the baek, is very strong, stout and short for its bulk. It is also further 
strengthened by large projections (trochanters), placed in the direction 
of the length, or longitudinally, for the attachment of important nms- 
cles. The upper extremity of the femur has a rounded head on the 
inner side, fitting into, and articulating with, a horny cup (acetabulum) 
formed at the junction of the three pelvic bones. At the lowei- end are 
two prominences fitting into depressions in the true bone of the thigh 
(the lower part of which is shown in the preceding illustration) and in 
front of which is placed the knee cap (patella), making what is called 
the stifle joint, which, anatomically, corresponds to the knee in man. 
The thigh bone is nuide up of two jsarts, the ti1)ia, or bone proper and a 
small bone at the top (fibula), which reaches down the bone for about 
one-third its length. It is attached to the large bone hy cartilage, and 
corresponds to the small bone (ulna) in the shoulder of tlie liorse. 
The next illustration shows the liones of the hock. Figure 1, l)a(k view, 
inner side ; figure 2, front view, outer side. 

Bones of the Hock. — The names of the bones of the Hoi-k (Tarsus) 
as shown in cut 11 are: a, Tibia; h, Os Calcis ; c. Astragalus; d, Cu- 
noides ; e, Naviculari^ ;_/', Outer Cuneiform : //, Splint ; /, Cannon, (shank 
bone.) 

The hock is as important as it is complicated. It corresponds to the 
ankle and heel in man, and is a. prime factor in tlic means of progi-ession. 
Like the knee of the horse, it consists of small liones, interposed between 
the ui)per bone. Tibia, and the Cannon bone behnv. These are .six in 
numlx'r, as given above. Tlie projecting l)one at the ])ack, the heel bone, 
(Os Calcis), is moved by tendons arising from muscles in the lower 
l)art of the limb. 

One of the Main Springs. — Tlie principal one of these is the tendo- 
Achii!is. In all fast animals it is much developed, since an increa.se in 



AXATOIIY OF THK HORSE. 



the length of this lever adds force to the spriiiii' ; f<>i' it must be 
remeiiibered that progi'cssioii is simply a succession of springs. Hence, 
in all four-footed animals, the chief motive power lies in the hinder limbs. 




CUT 11. — BONKS OF THE HOCK. 



and hence, again, the reason why these are so much developed. Whether 
the animal be recjuired for draft or saddle, the propelling power re(iuires 
to be especially studied. The skeleton is the frame-work upon which all 
this is developed. 



CIIAPTKK III. 

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM AND INTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF THE 

HORSE. 



I. THK KCONOMV OF THE MITSCt'I-AR COVERING. II. MI'SCLES OF THE HEAD AND 

NECK. III. MUSCLES OK THE S1101IL1>EH AND BACK. IV. MISCLES OKTEIK 

IIINDEU PARTS. V. MUSCLES OF THE FOlfE I.IMBS. VI. MrS( I.ES OF THE I,E(1 

AND FOOT. —VII. STrDYlNO THE STRrCTl'KE. VIII. INTKUN Al, ECONOIIV OF THE 

HOUSE. IX. EXTEUNAL I'AUTS iiF THE lIoliSE. 

I. The EconDiny of the Muscvilar Covering. 
While, as already stated, the bones arc the frame-work of the animal, 
the covering of the bones, viz : the sinews, muscles, nerves, membranes, 
etc., are really what constitute the motive power of the aniin;'!. With the 
nerves and membranes wo shall have little to do ; their study will not be 
necessary to a correct understanding of the value of a horse to the 
farmer, breeder, or buyer. The bony and muscular development being 
perfect, and the digestive a[)paratus, the viscera, and all that pertains there- 
to, being healtln.the nerves and incnibranes maybe taken for granted as 
being in good order. We 1 lieici'Drc pniceed al once to a I'onsideration of the 
more important organs which cDnstitutc the working parts of the horse. 

This we have most carefully illustrated on the next page by a cut, show- 
ing the entire figure of the horse with the principal nmscles laid l)are. 
They need not be referred to here, since they will be named further on in 
considering the illustrations of the several parts. The engraving is 
considered necessary, as showing the connection of the parts, one with 
anotlici', as tlie animal appi-ars in walking. 

A Vertical Section of the Head. — A section of the head may here be 
studied to a<lvantage, as showing not only the bony and muscular struc- 
ture, but the brain and ganglia as 
well. Tn the study of this figure we find 
at ff, the frontal bone, showing the 
cavity or channel, (sinus) beneath; 
h, the Willi bono [parietal) covering 
the brain; c, the nose (nasal) bone; 
(/, the bone (^occipital) at the back of 
the head; e, p, the first bone of the 
\\vv]i, (aflas) .showing the spinal mar- 
row in the center; _/", the sieve-like 
(clhmoid) bone through which the 
nerve, (oZ/r/c^or//) giving the sense of smell passes ; g, the wedge-li'-.c 
bone, (sphenoid). This, with tiie ethmoid bone, supports the base of 
the brain. .Vt //, bi^twccii (' and l> is shown jiart of tlu^ lower, (max- 




CiT 1. IIoKSE".-> Head. Oi'En to \m;w. 



THE ECONOMY OF TIIK MUSCULAR CO\'Ei;i\(; . 



tUari/) jaw bone, with the lower iiipper (incisor) tuetli. Coming to the 
numerals: 1, is the large portion of the brain, (cprcbrum) ; 2, the small 
brain (cerebellum') ; 3, the upper portion of tiio spinal marrow (me- 
duUa oblongaf a), ^vhcre it leaves the small brain; 4. the spinal mar- 
row itself . The capitals slinw, at yl, the thin bony })lntes, (turbinated 




bones) in the form of a scroll, which serve to distribute the linmg mem- 
brane of the nose ; ^,the cartilaginous division, (septum nasi) between the 
nostrils ; C, C, the lips ; D, the tongue ; E, the valve of the larynx 
(epiglottis ;) F, the wind pipe, (tnicliea); G, the gullet (ncsopthagux). 



58 THE AMKltlCAN FARMER S STOCK HOOK. 

Economy of the Head. — Wi' li;i\ e heretofore spoken of the l)oiies of 
the licad hciiii; in piurs. So also are the various organs of the body as 
a rule, namely : the ears, eyes, nostrils, lips, the lobes of the lungs, the 
valves of the heart, the kidneys, etc. Thus the two frontal bones (a) 
miikc up the forward part of the head. The wall bones (6) cover the 
outer lobes of the large portion of the brain. The occipital bone (d) is 
strong and solid, and at its back contains the spinal marrow, and some 
nerves and ai'teries which pass from the brain ; at the point where it is 
jointed to the tirst bone of the neck it is rounded and smoothed to make 
the articulation perfect. The sphenoid l)onc (^) forms the inferior and 
central part of tiie skull [cranium). Near the bones of the face (facial 
bones), are sinuses or channels, that are named from the bones which 
they pierce or channel. The bones of the head are of two kinds, the 
soft and scaly, (squatnouft), and the hard, (petrous), bones. The temporal 
])oncs are likewise of both kinds ; the hard portion contains the organ 
of hearing, and on its inside surface are openings for the passage of the 
auditory nerve, and on its outside larger openings for the passage of sound. 
II. Muscles of the Head and Neck. 
The muscles of the head are not man3\ Those of the mouth, nostrils, 
ears and neck, are the most important from the standpoint of the breeder. 
Cut 3 on the next page we give shows, at two views, the various nmsclcs of 
the head and neck. 

The Muscles of the Head. — ", the cheek, (Massster) muscle ; h, tem- 
poral muscle, (temporalis) ; c, circular nuiscle, (orbicularis), iiurvoanding 
the eye ; d, the raising muscle, (levator) ; e, orbicularis ovis ; f, the di- 
lator naris lateralis; g, Zygomaticus; h, nasalis labii superioris ; i, de- 
pressor lahii iaferioris. 

Muscles of the Neck. — -j, complexus major; k, splenius; I, levator an- 
gnl! scapular ; vi, Jljoideus; n, sterno-maxillaris ; o, levator liumeri ov 
deltoides. The masseter (a), forms the check of the horse, extending 
along a ridge by the side of the head, below the eye to the rounded angle 
at the rear of the lower jaw ; its function is to close the jaw. The tem- 
poral muscle, (b), also assists in the action, and the dimpling seen above 
the eye in the process of chewing, arises from the action of this muscle 
while opening and closing the jaw. 

The action of the muscle orbicularis is to close the eye-lids. Above 
the eve, passing inward and upward, over this muscle is the levator nmscle 
(d). Its office is to raise the upper lid. 

The nmscles of the ear are not conspicuous. Oi>c of them proceeds 
from the base of the ear, extends forward and tuniM the ear forward. 
The second, situated behind the ear, turns it inward and backward, while 
the tiiird muscle, a narrow strip, descends at the back of the cheek, and 
turns tlie ear outward. 



THE EC0X03IY OF THE JlUSCULAPv COVERINC;. 



sg 



TliG muscular covei'ing of the frontal and nasal liones is noi promi- 
nent and does not require mention here. 

Muscles of the Nose and Lips. — Tlie muselcs of the nose and lips are 
important, since on them depend the act of gathering food, and also the 
expansion and contraction of the nostrils in breathing. Thej are also 

Imo 1. 




Cut 3. — Muscles ok the Head am> Xeck 
an index, together with those of the ears, in discovering much of the 
temper of the horse. OrhiruJansorii' (e) is one of the most important 
of these. It entirely surrounds the mouth, and by its acti<m closes or 
ojiens the lips. A pyramidal muscle {dilalor narls lateralis) {/) covers 
the whole of the nostril, and also raises the upper lip. 

The muscle shown at h (^nasalis lahii superiority) extends from a de- 
pression in front of the Qya towards the angle of the mouth and divides 



60 TIIK AMKIMCAN FAKMKK's STOCK HOOK. 

into two parts to permit tlio passaiic of tho side dilator of the nostril (/"), 
one branch passing straight to the corners of the mouth ; its use being 
to raise it. The other l)raneh expanding luider the side dilator, not only 
assists in dilating the nostril, but also in lifting the upper lip. 

The under lip is drawn back bvthe narrow niusele (/), which is inserted 
into the lip below the angle of tiie mouth. Passing along the side of the 
jaw, it disappears under the Mafisctcr or cheek muscle (o). 

Muscles of the Neck. — One of the principal muscles of the neck rises 
from the transverse processes of the first four or five dorsal vertebrae, 
page 42 (3), and also from the five lower bones of the neck (2), same 
jiage. The fibers from these two points, uniting form one large muscle, 
which, ill fact, makes up the principal lower part of the neck, and which, 
diminishing in size as it passes towards the head, terminates in a tendmi 
inserted in the (occipital) bone covering the back of the head. See page 
49 (f). Immediately above is the muscle spleniuti (A,) page 59. It is 
used for raising the head. This muscle arises from the entire length of 
a strong and elastic ligament (ligamentum nucJuv), having its origin 
from the back of the occipital bone, to which it is attached immediately 
l)elow the crest. At first cord-like, it passes over the first joint of the 
neck and adheres strongly to the second bone of the neck, on which the 
principal weight of the head is thrown ; it theuee proceeds backward un- 
to its termination on the elevated spinous processes of the bones of tlie 
withers. Thus the Avithers have to support the entire weight of the head 
and neck, when held in their usual position. 

To return to the splenimt. It is inserted directly into all tiie bones of 
the neck except the first, but having with this and the temporal bone, a sep- 
arate and distinct connection. To its form and development, the muscu- 
laritv and beauty of the neck are chiefly due. The thick crest and mas- 
sive neck of the stallion, is principally due to its great development. If 
overloaded with cellular tissue or fat, the neck will be clumsy. These 
facts cannot be too carefully borne in mind, for whatever the condition or 
breed of the horse it is this muscle which gives character to the neck. 

Behind the ,splenius, and extending along the upper margin of the neck, 
ifi 11 \nnsc\e {levator anguU scapulae) (I). Inserted in the back of the 
head, and attached to the first four bones of the neck and to 
the great ligament, it descends to the shoulder, out of sight. Its 
action is reciprocal on the neck and shoulder, accoriling as one or the 
other may be fixed at the time. 

Muscles of the Front of the Neck. — On page o9( tig. 2, m. ) immediately 
below tiie head at its junction witii the neck, its upper extremity, con- 
spicuous, is thi; muscle //yofV/cMN. It is attached to the liyoid I)one of 



TlIK KCONUMY f)K THE JIUSCTLAi; (-OVEKIXU. tjl 

the tongue, wiiicli it ]-etracts ; de.-^c'euding along the front of the ncek to 
the shoulder, it is for the greater part of its length, covered l)y other 
muscles. The principal depressor nuiscle of the head, called sterno-max- 
illaris, (n,) partly covers the last named. It rises from the upper pait of 
tiie point of the breast, (sternuni), covers the lower front of the neck, 
proceeds upward by the side of the retracting nuiscle of tiie tongue, and 
is inserted by a ilat tendon into the rear angle of the lower jaw. It is 
not a large muscle, since it requires but little force to depress the head. 

Extending from the back of the head and u])per part of the neck, 
along the front of the shoulder, to the toiJ of the fore leg, and beyond 
tiie sterno-maxillaris, is a long and important muscle {levator humeri, 
or dehoides) page 57 (o) having a double function to perform. The head 
being held up by its own proper muscles, it then becomes the fixed point 
from which the levator hiuneri raises the shoulder. But its action can be 
reversed. With the shoulder as a fixed point, the head can be depressed 
by means of a small slip of the nuiscle being candied forward to the 
point of the breast bone to bear the head in that direction. In conclu- 
sion, it may be stated that the muscles are a/l arranged in pairs, some- 
times, but rarely, in contact ; so that in speaking of them in tlie singular, 
their position and function is to be understood as apphang to each side 
of the animal. 

III. Muscles of the ShoTilder and Back. 

In every science tiie use of Latin has generally been adopted in nam- 
ing the several parts and objects. The reason of this is that the true and 
exact meaning of the names is thus preserved with scientific accuracy, 
which could not always be the case if these terms were loosely translated 
from and into the various languages of the earth. In English and in 
other languages there are several names for one and the same object. 
Once named in scientific nomenclature the object remains fixed and clearlv 
defined by its scientific name as long as the science lasts. Sometimes 
it would take many words to express the same meaning, and when neces- 
sary the meaning of the scientific term is explained. Sometimes there 
is no common name, and hence we are obliged to depend upon the Latin 
name. For instance the trapezitis is the muscle whose oflSce it is to raise 
and support the shoulders, assisted by another important muscle, (serratus 
major) (g,) a muscle that is hardly visible externally, since it is situated 
between the ribs and shoulder blades, and forms the main connection 
between them. Hence in explaining the illustrations we use these terms, 
explaining them, so far as may be neeessar}', in the body of tlie text. 



bz THE AMKi;iCAX FAHMEU ,S STOCK BOOK. 

The imisc-Ic, trapeziuf:, jircviously noticed rises from the ligaments of 
the neck, and the principal hones of the withers, terminating in a pointed 
shape on a prominent part of the shoulder blade, and is at x. 




Cir 4. — SHOWINd MrSCLES OF SHOULDEU AN1> AM.IACENT I'AKTS. 



The muscle occupying the outer surface of the shoulder l)lade (scap- 
ula,) on the front side of the spine or ridge of that bone is termed 
antea spinatus, and is shown at h, on pages 57, 62 and 64. It proceeds 
ti> the lower bone of the shoulder, and dividing into two parts, is inserted 
into the two prominences in front of it. Its use is to extend the bone 
forward. 

Situated on the other side of the shoulder blade and inserted into the 
upper and outer head of the bone, drawing it outward and raising it, is 
the muscle called postea npinatus. Behind it is a small muscle (teres 
minor) (d,) or little pectoral. Its office is to draw the shoulder forward 
towards the breast. 

Inside tlie arm, at its junction with the l)ody, is an important and 
conspicuous muscle, the large pectoral muscle (pectoralis major) shown 



THE ECONOMY OF THE MUSCULAR COVEKIXU. ()3 

at pill, pan'e (J4. This muscle pulls the whole fore leg inwaixls keep- 
ing it ill a Hue with the body, so as to iiiduee an even and regular action 
of the limb. 

On the outside of the shoulder, and easily seen when a horse is in 
motion, are two muscles, (e) (anconceus longus) and (/") anr.ona'us 
externus) whose office is to straighten and extend the arm. That is, to 
bring the front limb down perpendicularly, and in a line with the lower 
bone of the shoulder {humerun). Arising from the lower bone of the 
shoulder, they are inserted into the point of the elbows. The muscles 
which bend the arm upwards are not visible in the living animal, being 
almost entirely coveted by those of the shoulder. 

The principal muscle of the back is the latissimus dorsi, shown on 
page 62 as e.xtending from the shoulder to the haunch, and on pages 
57 and 64 at the * ; it is strongly attached to the processes of the back 
bones and ribs, and is employed in raising the fore and hind cjuarters, 
and in I'caring and kicking. The portion which comes nearest the surface 
is that part which is covered by the saddle. No portion of it, however, 
is distinctly' apparent M'ithout dissection. 

IV. Muscles of the Hinder Parts. 

The muscles shown in cut 4, are : x, Trapezius ; a , Pevtoralis minor ; 
b , Antea spinatus ; c, Postea spinatus; d. Teres minor; e, Anconoeus 
longus; f, Anconoeus externus; g, Serratus major ■* , Latissimus dorsi ; 
pm, Pectoralis major. These two latter are figured in the illustration 
on page 64. 

The Muscles of the Hind Quarters. — The illustration on page 65 
shows all the prominent muscles of the hind quarters laid bare. Their 
names and references are as follows: I, Olutoeus externus; m, Glutceus 
medius; n. Triceps femoris \ o, Biceps; p, semi Membranosus, (shown 
on page 57) ; q, Musculus facial lata; ; r. Rectus; s, Vastus externus; it. 
Gracilis; v, E xtensor pedis ; w, Peronoeus ;x, Plexor pedis ; y, Gastroc- 
nemii ; z, Plexor metatarsi. 

The Muscles Described. — The muscles of the hind parts are mostly 
strongly marked, and the situation of the principal ones will 1)6 easilv 
recognized. With them will be included those concerned in or connected 
with the motion of the hinder limbs. Among the most prominent of the 
muscles on the front and outer parts of the haunch is that one (the Glu- 
tceus medius) arising from the j^i'ocesses of several of the vcrtoln-a! of 
the loins and from the jDrominent pai'ts of the ilium, (the side bone of 
the pelvis heretofore described) and terminating at its insertion in the 
great trochanter or projection on the upper bone of the thigh {femur). 



04 



THE AMElilCAX FARMER S STOCK H(JOK. 



It is an important and poworfnl muscle and is used in raising and bring- 
ing forward tlic upper hone of the tliigh. It has l)een not inaptly called 
the kicking muscle, and is sliown at m, on pages 57 and (i4 and 65. 
Tht' fflutie us externuif, I, is a slender muscle attached to the kicking nuis- 
cle and has a similar origin and function. It may he called the assistant 
kickin<r nmscle. 




ii.Ai; cuvKi!ix<;. 



The Three Headed Muscle. — ^Mien the horse is in motion a conspic- 
uous nuiscle of the hind-ciuaiter is the three headed muscle of the thigh 
(triceps fonion's), shown at n. This is really three muscles in one, each 
having a common origin and united together. It comes from several of 
the hones of the spine, including some at the root of the tail, and from 
various jjarts of the hauni'h hone. It curves downwards and forwards, 
dividing into three heads. These are inserted hroadly into the upper 
part of the lower bone of the thigh behind the knee {stifle joint). Its 
action straightens the leg, and it has great jiower in carrying the animal 
forward, for while the glutei muscles bend the leg before it takes the 
spring, the triceps, acting in opposition, forces the leg straight and lifts 
the body forward. The hinder margin of this muscle may he seen in all 
horses, parallel to the outline of the huttock, hut it is prominent in racing 



THE ECONOMY OF THE MUSCULAU COVERIXG. 



65 



:uul trottinj:' liorscs, wlioii judper exercise bus lirouiiht tlicin into condi- 
tion. 

Parallel with the triceps and immediately l)ehind it is the biceps, shown 
on pages 57, G4 and 65, at o. Springing from the sacrum and the first 
bones of the tail, it descends to the inner side of the lower bone of the 
thigh, forms the outer rear liordcr of the haunch and assists in straights 
ening the leg. 

Another flexor of the leg, forming the inner rear boi'der of the 
haunch, and uniting on the mesial line with its fellow muscle of the other 
quarter is the semi membranosus, shown on page 64, at p, and also oa 
page 57, aX p p. 

i / 




CUT 0.— SHOWINd MUSCLES OF THE HIND QUARTERS. 

At the outer front part of the haunch, is a peculiar muscle which binds 
down and secures the other nmscles in front of the haunch. It is the 
musculus fascice lake, shown at q, pages 57 and 65. It arises from 
the forward portion of the crest of the iliiim and is enclosed between 
two laj'ers of tendinous substance which disappear below the stifle. 



66 THE AMERICAX FAKMER's 8TOCK BOOK. 

The Rectus, r, forms the front edge of the thigli, ;xiul proceeds 
from the ilium, in front of the hip joints, and is inserted into the knee 
cap, {patella) at the stifle joint. This muscle forms the front edge of 
the tliigh. 

The vastus exturnus, s, is a large muscle behind the rectus and is also 
inserted into the patella. Only a part of it can be seen externally, and 
both this and the rectus are powerful extensors of the thigh. 

The sartorius, or tailor's muscle, is a narrow strip descending inside 
the thigh, and terminating just below the stifle joint. It bends the leg, 
(tibia), and turns it inward. It is hardl}-^ visible. The gracilis, w, lies 
by the side of this muscle, and at the rear of it, occupj'ing the principal 
surface of tiie inside of the thigh, (femur). It is inserted into the upper 
part of the lower Ijone of the thigh, (tibia). 

V. Muscles of the Fore Iiimbs. 

These have been delineated on page 51, in connection with the corrcs- 
jDonding bones ; their names are there given. The elbow is the lever into 
M'hich the muscles for extending the arm are inserted. Thc3^are of great 
power, and they extend up to the muscles of the shoulder, with M'hich 
they are connected in reciprocal action. 

VI. Muscles of the Leg and Foot. 

The' most important of the muscles which move the lower portion of 
the leg and foot, is the extensor pedis, seen on pages 57 and 65, at v. 
It comes from behind the stifle, from the extremity of the two bones of 
the thigh, (femur and tibia). Descending to the hock, its tendons pass 
under a sheath, confining it to its place in front of the joint. Thence it 
continues to the foot, and, widely expanding, is inserted in front of the 
coffin bone. 

The 2)eronoeus, seen at page 57 and 65 at w, comes from the fibula, 
and taking much the same course as the last-named muscle, but in a more 
lateral direction, the tendon passes on the outside of the hock and de- 
sccuds to the foot ■\\ith the extensor pedis. These two muscles act to lift 
the foot forward. Between them is another narroM' muscle, which acts 
with them, and the tendon of which is seen just above the hock. 

One of the principal muscles for bending the foot is the flexor pedis, 
shown at pages 57 and 64 and 65 at x. Rising from the upper pait of the 
tibia, it becomes tendinous before reaching the hock, and as a round, large 
cord passes through a groove at the back of that joint. Then descending 
behind the shank bone, it is inserted in the two pasterns. 

At the back of the thigh (tibia) may be seen the extremities of the 
gastrocnemii , i)ages 57 and 64 and 65 at y. The united tendons (tendon 



THE ECONOMY OF THE MUSCUL.VR COVERING. 67 

AchiUes) puss to the point of the hock where they are inserted. In the 
horse the yastrocnemii are important muscles, and are aided by the 
plantaris. 

The flexor metatarsis is the muscle which bends the leg. It is on the 
inside of the thigh (tibia), and is shown on pages 57 and 64 and 65 at z. 
Originating above the stiile on the upper Ijone of the thigh (femur), it is 
inserted into the shank and inner splint bone. 

Vn. Studying the Structure. 
Thus we have carefully gone over the bony and muscular structui'e of 
the horse, giving only such information as is indispensable for every 
horseman to have. The artist, from careful study of the anatomy 
and physiology of an animal, is able to draw and paint it correctly. The 
horseman should study it from the same standpoint. Thus both will be 
enabled to carry in the mind the appearance of a well-developed horse. 
The surgeon studies anatomy from a somewhat different standpoint . He 
wants to understand the various articulations, muscles, arteries, tendons, 
nerves, ganglia and viscera, with a view to surgery and the cure of dis- 
eases. The horseman and breeder studies anatomy and physiology to 
arrive at a better understanding of what goes to make up a good animal, 
endowed vnt\\ speed, style, or development for draft. 
Vlil. Internal Economy of the Horse. 
We next discuss the internal economy of the horse. For a better un- 
derstanding of the subject, we give a longitudinal section of the horse, 
showing Tliorax (cavity of the chest, windpipe, etc.), Abdomen, Pelvis, 
etc., the intestines and liver being removed ; see next page. 

Names cf the Parts. — The explanation of the illustration is as follows : 
1. That part of the skull {occiput) forming the hind part of the head. 
2. The smaller division of the brain, or cerebellum. 3. The front or 
principal part of the brain, called the cerebrum. 4. The cartilege between 
the nostrils, nasal membrane. 5. The tongue. 6,(). Joints, articu- 
lations, ot the neck houc. 7,7,7,7. The spinal cord or marrow. 8. 
Pharynx ; the cavity into which the mouth and nose open, and which is 
continuous below the esophagus. It is bounded by the membraneous 
and muscular walls beneath the base of the skull. 9,0,9. The passage, 
(esophagus, thi'ough which the food and drink go to the stomach. 10. 
The entrance of the stomach, passing through the diaphragm. The dia- 
phragm is the membrane separating the thorax from the abdomen, sho^\Ti 
by the curved line. 11. The orifice of the stomach, ^?/7orMS, through 
which the food passes into the intestines. 12,12. The inner surface of 
the memhrnue, (diaj)hrag7n), yfh'ich separates the stomach and bowels 
from the heart and lunirs. This membrane also assists in the act of 



68 



TIFF. AAIEK4CAX I'ARMKlj's STOCK HOOK. 




THE ECONOMY OF THE MUSCULAR COVERING. 



69 



respiration. 13,13. Tlae wind-pipe, trachea. 14. The lungs. 15. Tbte 
heart, a. The stomach, h. Tlie spleen, sometimes called milt. <;. The 
left kidney, d. The l»road ligament of the uterus or womb, with the 
ovary or organ of generation displayed, e. The last portion of the large 
intestine, the rectum, f. The orilioe of the large intestine, the anu.^. 
g, h, i, j, Ic, and J. These letters show the internal muscles of the thigh. 
They have already been exjilained. 

IX. Esrtemal Parts of the Horse. 
This cut shows the external parts of the horse Avitli their proper names. 




CUT S. — SHOWING EXTEUNAL PARTS OF THE IIOKSE. 

Explanation: — 1 — The muzzle. 2 — The face. 3 — The foreliead. 
4— Th,. p,,ll. .■)— The crest. G— The jowl. 7— The gullet. 8— The 
wind-pipe. SI — Point of the shoulder. 10 — The breast. 11 — The arm. 
12— The ell)ow. 13— The girth. 14.— The flank. 15— The sheath. 
K;— The stifle. 17— The withers. 18— The back. 19— The loins. 
20— The hip. 21— The croup. 22— The dock. 23— The quarter. 24— 
The thigh or gaskin. 25 — The ham-string 2G — The point of the hock. 
27— The hock. 28— The cannon bone of hind leg. 29— The fetlock. 
30 — The large pastern. 31 — The small pastern. 32 — The coronet. 
33 — The hoof. 34 — The knee. 35 — The cannon of fore leg. 3fi — The 
fetlock. 37— The heel. 38— The large pastern. 39— The small past- 
ern. 40 — The hoof. 



CHAPTER IV. 
OTJTWABD APPEABANCE OF THE HORSE AS INDICATING VALUE. 



I. AfTIOX THE FIRST KEQUISITE OF A (iOOD HORSE. H. FAST WALKING HORSES. 

III. HORSES FOR DIFFERENT KINllS OP WORK. IV. THE HEAD ILLUSTRA- 
TED OITWAKULY. V. THE BODY AND LIMBS. VI. BAD FOREQIARTEKS. 

Vn. THE BODY AS SEEN FROM THE FRONT. VIII. WHAT A CRITICAL HORSE- 
MAN SAID. IX. FRONT VIEW, SHOWINU BAD FOREQUAKTERS. X. THE HIN- 
DER PARTS ILLUSTRATED. XI. THE PROPELLINC, POWER. XII. WHAT THE 

ANCIENTS KNEW OF HORSES. XIII. WHAT ONE NEED NOT EXPECT. 

I. Action the First Requisite of a Good Horse. 

A horso, like every other farm animal, is to l)e bought with a view to 
the U.SO for which he is intended. The buyer must therefore know what 
he want.s the animal for ; if for slow draft a very different frame will lie 
required from that needed when fast work is to be done ; and yet 1 he- 
general symmetry of the animal must be looked to in every case. Fur- 
ther on the various breeds will be illustrated. The present chajitcr will 
deal simply A^-ith the outward conformations, showing good and bad 
forms, just as the jireceding chapters have illustrated the bony structure 
and the muscular development. Action is of course the first requisite 
Avhatever use the horse is intended for, and fast walking is the ground- 
work iqion which to build all other action. "We give on the next page an 
illustration of a horse, as seen in a fast walking gait. 

Action in General. — Good action can never be gotten out of a lazy, 
lubberly horse. The animal must have spirit and ambition, whatever the 
l)reed. Action is of only two forms : smooth, safe, low action, and 
high, showy, or parade action. The latter is never admissilile, except 
when the horse is intended only for show and parade, or for a certain 
class of carriage horses, or for slow driving or riding in parks or other 
places of public resort. It is unsafe, unless the animal be intelligent and 
naturally sure-footed ; for a high stepping dolt is generally bad-tempered, 
and as unsafe as he is ungainly. ^Mien slow-and-safe and fast-and-safe 
action are combined in the same animal, he is invaluable and should not be 
lightly parted with. 

Good action is attained when all the limbs are moved evenly and in 
accord one Avith the other, tiio hind limbs being kejjt avcU under the 
animal, ready for any emergencj'. The action should be stpiare in Avalk- 
ing or trotting and Avithout paddling Av-ith the fore legs, or sti'addling 
behind. It is true that paddlers are staunch and sure footed, and horses 
that straddle behind are sometimes fast, but this is in spite of such 
action, and not on account of it. They are never admissil)le, either in line 
harness or under the saddle. 

70 



Ol'TWAHD APPEARANCE OF THE HOUSE. 



71 



II. Fast Walking Horses. 
It IS seldom one sees a horse that will walk four and a half or five 
miles an hour in regular 1-2-3-4 time, nodding his head in cadence. Yet 
any horse that conforms to the configuration shown in the cuts hereafter 




given in this chapter may easily be taught to do it, either under the sad- 
dle or in harness. Some horses may be taught to walk six miles an hour, 
but they are rare. As a rule, fast-walking horses may be taught to trot 
fast, though some fast-walking horses are too broad-chested, to trot fast, 



I'-i TIIK AMKIMCAN FAKJIEi; S iSTOCK HOOK. 

and tlu'V will roll in galloping. It is for Ihis reason that wo give the 
ilhistnitions, showing the perfect eonforniatiou for perfect action. A 
horse that is good at all gaits, is a horse perfect in liitf conformation. 
Hence, a perfectly-formed liorse will well rei)ay careful training, for such 
a one will bring a large price for tho tunc and lal)or spent upon his edu- 
cation ; or if it he a marc that is to be kept for show, and later for breed- 
ing, the labor of training will not have been thrown away. 

III. Horses for Different Kinds of Work. 
Speed and bottom, which indicate the superior bone and muscle of 
good breeding, comliined with great lung and heart jDower, whatever the 
breed, are what is desired in a horse. The nearer the animal comes to the 
llustrations given, the better will he be for general utility, and measurably 
so whatever the labor desired. The horse for heavy draft will be coarser, 
more stocky, heavier in the bone, not so tlexible in the limbs, more 
upright in the shoulder, longer-haired, and perhaps with less courage. 
Occasionally, however, a thoroughbred makes a Hrst-class work horse, if 
trained to get down steadily to the work. This very flexibility enables 
him to take a hard and long-continuetl pull without injury, and it brings 
the ol)li<|ue shoulder of the blooded horse straight in the collar. Yet 
thoroughbred horses are not draft horses, and were ]le^■er intended to be, 
though they have imbued nearly every valuable breed existing to-day with 
some of their best characteristics. 

rV". The Head Illustrated Outwardly. 
The head is the s(-at of intelligence in all animals, and without intelli- 
gence we cannot have a good servant. The illustrations on pages 74 
and 75 show the formation of heads from good to bad. Those on 
2>age 74 show the perfectly-formed head of a well-bred horse, present- 
ing a side and front view, that may be taken as a type constituting perfec- 
tion, as near as may be. The side view exhibits the head fine and taper- 
ing to the muzzle, and the chin handsomely developed. The l)ro\v is 
smooth, distinct, and yet not lu-avily prominent. The eye is large, full, 
clear, and has a placid, intelligent expression. The ears are fine and flex- 
ible, rather large, but well j)()inted, and alive with intelligent motion. 
The jaw is strong but fine. Observe the muscularity of the neck, and at 
the same time, its lines of swelling and delicate grace. Observe especi- 
ally the manner in which the head is set u])onthe neck. Again, it will be 
seen that the face is dished slightly, showing spirit, tempered to intelli- 
gent tractability. 

Kow take the front view of the same head. Oltserve the great smooth 
swelling forehead, looking really broader between the eyes than it is. 
"Why? It will be seen that the eyes arc apparently at the side of the 



OUTWARD appf:aranck of the horse. 73 

head, and yet look stniight forward. The temporal bones at the side of 
the e^'es, and the occipital ])one at the top of the head between the ears, 
are prominent. The nostrils and lips are large and flexible, and if one 
could turn back the folds of the nostrils at the ends, we might see a moist 
and healthy inside surface. In the living head corresponding to the fig- 
ure, all this would be apparent. 

If we examine the side and front views of the heads shown on the 
opposite page, the side view at the top indicates a head somewhat heavy, 
with the nose and lower jaw too thick. The nose swells out above Ihe 
nostrils. The face is not dished, but is depressed. The e^-es are bright, 
but with a somewhat wild expression. The eyebrows are prominent, and 
the head broad. The ears are thrown back, and the muzzle is cruel in its 
expression. The head is set on the neck at too great an angle. The 
expression, as a whole, is indeed that of an intelligent and spirited horse, 
but it is the intelligence of malice, and the spirit of self-Avill. 

In the front view, it will be seen that the ej'es are too close together, 
and are in tlie front of the head rather than at the sides. The ears are 
pointed close together and backward, as though the animal only Manted the 
chance to do mischief. The face is full of strong lines, but not smooth 
ones. They are those of a stubborn animal that may do as you wish, if 
he cannot cw dare not do otherwise. 

The next figure to the right shows not only a cruel, but a stupid 
expression. There is a lack of intelligence, which, in the horse, means 
spirit, courageous docility, and a generous desire to do the Mill of a kind 
master. While this head does not show particularly bad form, yot the 
general expression, drooping ears, and the dull eye, show less chai'actcr 
than the average horse should possess. 

There is yet another fonii, and a worse one. It is shown at the bottom 
of the page. Here we have self-willed obstinacy, and a wild, sulky dis- 
position. The profile is curved, giving a Roman nose, and the eyebrows 
are raised, indicating self-will and wildness. The firm jaw and lower face 
are cruel. It is a face that never goes with a horse safe to drive single, 
or to ride, except in the hands of one who is pci'fectly master of himself, 
ajid at the same time, always watchful and firm. Thus we might go on 
describing all the peculiarities of temper down through nervous timidit}', 
as shown by the thin, clean face, the cowardly head, the idiotic, and even 
the head showing evidences of insauit}' ; for that there are horses subject to 
hallucinations, aberrations of mind, and even actual insanity, there is no 
doubt. The cowardly, the vicious, and the idiotic horse is never safe. 
The aberrant and the insane horse is always dangerous, even to the 
most practiced horseman, since neither caresses nor punishment avail. 
They will run their "muck" at any hazard. 



74 



THE AMERICAN FARMEK 8 STOCK BOOK. 




SlPK AND KKOST viKW oi' iiKAUS — cooi). (Soe Exi)liin:Uion.> 



OUTWARD APPEARA>'CE OF THE HORSE 




SIDE AND FKONT VIEW OF HEADS— BAD. (.See ExlllaiiatioU.) 



7C THE AMERICAN FARMEll's STOCK BOOK. 

V. Body and Limbs. 

The iiiijiire given on page 77 shows a side view of the head, neck, 
.shoulder, and fore limbs, as they should be seen in a perfectly formed 
aniiual. On page 82 are side views of the fore quarters of horses, even 
down to those which easily become distorted from labor or use. In the 
perfectly formed horse, the neck is muscular and fine at the top, where 
it joins the head. There is no useless flesh, though where it joins the 
shoulder it is full and yet fine in proportion. The shoulder is deep, ob- 
lique or slanting. The shoulder-blade is high, giving stability to, and at 
the same time fully supporting, the withei's. The breast is prominent, 
but narrowing to the point where the legs leave the body. The arm is 
long, nmscular, and tapering to the knee. The joints are large, but firm 
and compact. The fetlocks are long but flexible. The hoof s are rather 
large, and are round, deep, tough, and sound. Itisthe shoulder of a sad- 
dle horse, of speed, bottom and endurance, that is seen in the cut. Few 
horses, even of the highest class, possess this perfect ideal conforma- 
tion. For the harness, the shoulder may be less ohli(|uc. The horse of 
all work, is more rigid and upright in limb and shoulder than the more 
speedy one ; yet the illustrations we give may be taken as the standard in 
judging a horse intended for every kind of work. The general appear- 
ance of the best animals of the various breed* is shown by cuts ii> their 
appropriate places in this volume. A conqiarison will show that Avhile 
there are differences, yet the rules here laid down will ajjply generally to 
all horses, modified only by the differences required to enable a particu- 
lar breed to perform special labor. The trotting gait, as exhibited in a 
high-caste roadster, combining stj'le with high action and great and long 
continued speed, would be execrable in a saddle horse. The springy, 
ncj^'ous action, and the long sb'ide of the elegant saddle horse, Avould 
not g-Q fin' towards i^ulling a dead weight, however honest and courageous 
the attempt might be — and ^ye have seen thorough])reds as honest and 
courageous at a dead pull as could be desired in a draft horse. While 
the highly-bred horse, especially the road horse, will fill more places than 
any other, 3'et the horseman must seek the animal best suited to his 
purpose. A study of the various models we i)resent will enable any intelli- 
gent person to judge for himself, as well as an exi^ert whom he would 
have to pay for his sci"vices. It should certainly prevent the palming off 
of anv "sorry brute," as is often done upon those who, while scorning 
intelligent study, imagine they "knoM- all al)out horses." 

VI. Bad Fore-Quarters. 

In the illustrations on page <S2, the upper left hand figure shows a 
straight shoulder, the chest heavy, and the limbs jilaced too far under. 



OUTWAUU APPEARANCE OF THE HORSE. t t 

The arm seems lonp;, Imt this is because it lacks muscular development. 
The shanks lack strength near the knee and pasterns, and there is a lack 
of strength genel•all3^ 

In the upjjer right hand figure, the shoulder is not only l)ad, butthclegs 
and pasterns are weak. There is too much length from the hoof to the 
joint above To the uneducated eye the pasterns might seem flexible. 
It is, hoTvever, the flexibility arising from weakness. The muscles which 




SIDE VIEW OP FOKE QUARTERS, SHOWING A GOOD SHOULDER. (See Explanation.) 

carry the tendons lack strength, and with age the power of holding them 
in position will decrease. If the reader will turn again to the chapter 
illustrating tlie muscular development of the horse he will understand 
these points better. 



THE AMEIUC^VN FMtJIEU S STOCK BOOK. 




FKONT VIEW OF FOKE-QUAKTERS, SHOWING PIFFERENT BAD CONFORMATIONS. 



OUTWAUU APPEAKANCE OF THE IIOESE. 




FRONT VIEW, hiiowiNO GOOD BiiEAST Axi> LIMBS. 'See Explanation.) 



80 THE AlIKUICAX FAmiEIl's JSTOCK HOOK. 

Tho left hand lowci- figure exhibits a shoukler tolerably well placed, but 
the liuibs are set too far under, and the pa.sterns are too straight, so that 
the aninuil appears to stand on his toes, and there is a general laek of 
muscle and sinew. 

The lower right hand tigurc will convey a good idea of what old age, 
abuse, hard work and want of care will bring to either of the three pairs 
of shoulders and limbs just noticed. Abuse and ill-usage might ruin the 
living representative of the perfect figure on page 77, but the limbs 
would remain comparatively sound to the last. 

Vn. The Body as Seen from the Front. 

In the illustration on page 70, the neck and shoulders are oval or egg- 
shaped. The chest seems narrow rather than broad, but this is because 
the muscular development about the breast bone is ample and full. 
Observe how grandly the muscle above the arm swells out, and what mag- 
nificent muscularity the arm presents with tho two great thews running 
down to the knee. The joints are large and ample, as they should be, 
but also firm. The hoofs are tough and hard. Look carefully at the 
white space between the limbs running from the hoofs upwards. See 
how the neck, gradually rising from the chest, shows strength and a 
perfect proportion of one part to the other. The joints are compact and 
rounded, to meet the articulating shank and fetlock bones. The staunch 
strong hoofs are rather ojien behind, but show no indication of a flat foot. 
Set this and the preceding illustrations against the wall, retire until you 
get a perfect view, study them as an artist would a subject, compare 
them with the living animal, and, if you buy a horse for breeding or other 
use, l)uy as near to the model as possilile. 

Vni. What a Critical Horseman said. 

One of the best authorities of all writers on the horse, a liighly edu- 
cated P>nglishnuni, whose estimate of an animal was always made from 
the standpoint of general excellence, the late Henry William Herbert, in 
his exhaustive work, "The Horse of America," says : 

"The points of the phj'sical structure of a horse on which the most, 
indeed the whole of his utility depends, are his legs. Without his loco- 
moters all the rest, however beautiful it may be, is nothing worth. 
Therefore, to these we look first. The fore-shoulder should be long, 
obliquely set, with a considerable slope, high in the withers and thin 
above. The upper arm should bo very long and muscular, the knee 
broad, flat and bony, the shank, or cannon bone, as short as may be, flat, 
not round, with clean, firm sinews ; the pastern joints moderately long 
and obli([ue, but not too much so, as the excess produces springiness and 
weakness ; the hoofs firm, erect or deep, as opposed to flat, and the feet 



OUTWAIiD APPEARANCE OF THE HORSE. 81 

jrenerallv large aiul round. In tlic hiiid-leg;s the quarters should be 
lar<i-e, powerful, hroad when looked at in i)rotile, and s(j[uare and .solid 
from behind. 

Avoid Straight Hams. — "The hams should be sickle-shaped, not straight, 
and well let down, .so as to bring the hocks well toward the ground. The 
hocks should be large and bony, straight, not angular and couvexly cur- 
ved in their posterior outlines ; the shanks, corresponding to the cannon 
bones, short and flat, and the hind feet similar in form to the front. The 
back should I)e short above, from the point of the withers and shoulder- 
blade, which ought to run well back to the crouj). The barrel should be 
round, and for a horse in which strength and quickness are looked to, 
more than great speed and stride, closely ribbed up. A horse can 
scarcely be too dee}) from the tip of his shoulder to tiio intersection of 
his fore-leg — which is called the heart place — or too wide in the chest, as 
room in these i)art.s gives free play to tlie most important vitals. The 
form of the neck and setting on of the head are essential not only to 
the beauty of the animal, 1)ut to the facility and pleasure of riding or 
driving him ; hence, with an ill-shaped, short, stubborn neck, or ill set on 
head, the anim;il cannot by any possibility be a pleasant-mouthed horse, 
or an easy one to manage. 

A Clean, Strong Neck. — " The neck should be moderate!}' long, con- 
vexly arched above from the shoulders to the crest, thin where it joins 
the head, and so set on that when yielding to the bit it forms a semi-circle, 
like a bended bow, and brings the chin downward and inward until it 
nearly touches the chest. Horses so made arc always manageable to the. 
hand. The conver.se of this neck, which is concave above and stuck out 
at the wind-pipe like a cock's wattle, is the worst possible form ; and 
horses so made almost invariably throw up their heads at a pull, and the 
most exceptionable of brutes, regular star-gazers. The head should be 
rather small, bony, not beefy, in the jowl ; broad between the eyes, and 
rather concave, or what is called basin-faced, than Roman-nosed, between 
the eyes and nostrils. The ears should be fine, small and pointed ; the 
eyes large, clear and prominent, and the nostrils wide and well opened. 
A horse so framed cannot fail, if free from physical defect, constitutional 
disease and vice, to be a good one for any purpose — degree of strength, 
lightness and speed, being weighed in accordance with the purpo.se for 
which he is desired." 

IX. Front View Showing Bad Fore-Quarters, 

On page 7.S are four figures. The upjjer left hand one shows a fair 
leg down to the knee ; from that point down it is bad. The toes are turned 



82 



TllK A.MEUUA.V KAUMKI; S STOCK BOOK. 





!*I|)E VIKW OV K>l!K-(jrAlSTEKS, MIOWINCt BAU CONFOKM ATION. (Soo ExillaniUioil.) 



Ol'TWAKD AITEAKANCK Ol" TIIK 1I()1!SK. 



.S3 



very much out ; such a liorsc li;is not due .-^ti-cnirth, and the action will l)c 
increasingly had with aire. 

The figure to (tic right shows the reverse of the preceding. The knees 
are turned out, and the toes are turned in — a horse unsightly, weak and 
danirerous cither to drive or ride. 




cooi) HIND QiAKTERS. (.See Exi)lan:itioii.) 
The lower left hand figure is unsightly enough. The legs sprawling, 
weak, straddling, with turned out toes. Some mi^dit think that such a 



84 Till': AMKKICAX I'AK.MKU's STOCK BOOK. 

horso had a suro fouiulalion to stand on ; perhaps so, if lie always stood 
at the, manger. Such horses might bo tolerably sure-footed, if not hard 
driven, and carefully managed. They are often seen *in the hands of 
persons who will not l)ay for accurate information. 'Die gooil judge of 
horseflesh lets them severely alone. 

The lower right hand figure is as bad as possible all over, — a weak- 
leggod, knock-kuccd, splay-footed l)rute that is unserviceable, dangerous 
and costly to the owner. This conformation often goes with what some 
call style. Horsemen term them "weeds." 

Thus we have carried the reader through a t'arefnl study of the front 
half of the horse. If carefully studied and the inforuuition kept fully in 
mind, the reader may reasonably expect to bo able to buy a horso with 
good fore parts, from an outside view, upon liis own judgment. 
X. The Hinder Parts Illustrated. 

'I'lie a(iag(> that if tlie fore-(iuarters of a hoi'se are strong enough t) 
hold him up, the hind-quarters will carry him forwai'd, is true in a sense, 
since if ahorse is perfect in his fore-quarters, the hind-quartei's are pretti' 
sm-e to be good. Yet the majority of hor.ses if they break down at all 
do so first in their forward limbs, sjiavin being one of the principal dis: - 
bilities of the hind limbs. The real facts arc that the proportions of 
the whole animal must be harnu)nious, each jiart assisting the others 
while at the same time it is doing its own appropriate work. This will be 
more f idly understood by referring to what has been said in the chapters 
on Anatomy, on the muscular conformation. Asalready stated, the hind 
quarters are the real propelling power of the animal. The forward motion 
is given by successive springs or leaps, very clearly shown when tiie lun-se 
is galloping. Then the fore parts act more in the nature of a balance 
than either in walking or trotting, or in that artificial movement, the 
amble or pace. In the last named the change of the center of gravity is 
from side to side in connection with a slight one front and rear. In 
walking and in trotting the change of the center of gravity is more equally 
distributed between the sides and f(n-ward center. In running, the change 
of gravitv is almost entirely fi'om front to rear. 

XI. The Propelling Power. 

If it is to do its work effectively, the propelling power must lie pr()\i- 
ded with a large loin, strong, nuiseular quarters, great K'ugth of hii) ; 
strong, dense and necessarily fine bones ; strong joints, and flat, wide 
legs, with sinews steel-like in their strength, and standing out like great 
cords. It is this great tendinous development that gives the lower limbs 
the flat appearance, seen in all horses of great power. The bones them- 
selves are not flat ; the bones and tendons however combine to form a flat 



oiTWAiii) ArrKAitA.vci', or ■iiiK ii()i:sK. S") 

It'"'. Oil jmiic >>.i is im illustration of a perfect liiiid-(iii!irter, seen from 
the side. On pugc 8l> ino four lijiui-es showing fair to 1)ad liiiid-(iuar- 
tcrs. The horseman, iu studying his animal, should observe whether if, 
when vitnved from the side, Hie horse stands perpeiidieuhirly oiieaehfoot 
iliUe. There should be no straddling-out, or gathering together of the 
limbs, but he should stand straight, square and distinctly alike on e:icli 
limb. If he docs not stand in this way, move him for«1ird on level ground 
and observe if, in coming to rest, ho assumes tlio 2)osition we have describ- 
ed ; if not, something is Avrong. Examine him for defects, injured back 
or sinews, ring-bones and sj)liiits in front; and for bone spavin, blood or 
bog spavin, curb or thorough-pin behind. If he stands :»s in tlie figure, 
page S;!, showing jiood hind-quarters, the horse is right, if fre<! from 
other blemishes. If the fore-cjuarters are as shown on pages 77 and 79 
side and front view ; and, if on looking at the horse from lichind, he 
pi'esent the api)earance as shown on page K7, you will have to hunt a 
long time to find his mate. 

Look Well to the Limbs. — Study carefully whether the pasterns or 
outline of the hock joints arc nearly j)crpendicular or angular. E.xani- 
ine to find if they show a convex, curved projection or jirotuberance just 
above the point of union with the shank bone. If not, there will be 
little danger of curl), or of a tt'iidency thereto. Avoid a cow-hocked 
horse, viz : ahorse with the hocks drawn in. It is an ungainly and 
serious malformation, for such an animal will b(! weak. Do not buy a 
straddling horse. He may bo strong and perhaps fast, but lu^ver elegant 
in his movcnuMits. We repeat that no horse is fast l)ccause he goes -wide 
apart, though sometimes a horse is fast in spite of this defect. There- 
fore do not l)uy a stra<ldling colt in hopes of getting a trotter. 

Medium Good to Bad Quarters. — <^>ii i)iigo 80, are four figures, side 
views of hiiid-qiiaitcrs. Many persons woidd call the one on tlu; upjier 
left hand side, tine. It is not bad. The, buttocks are round, for fat may 
give a round buttock. But they lack character, real muscular develop- 
ment, and the legs are too straight and far bc^hind. 

The left hand lower figure is fair in its general outline, l)ut the animal 
stands too straight on the pastenis, and the legs are thrown too far for- 
ward. Never buy a horse which, to use a horseman's phrase, "can stand 
in a half-!)ushel." They are like a horse which, to use a similar phrase, 
"can travel all day in a half-bushel." 

The right lower figure has not a liad (|uarter. The limbs, how(>ver, 
are badly placed, and tlu; position is cramped. 

The upper right hand figurti is bad in every way — "goose-runipcid," 
"cat-hammed," Aveak in the hock and ankle, while the legs are thrown 
far liack to ccjualize the strain. 



8fi 



I111-: A.MKincAX lAii.Mr.i; s ^tix k i'.ook. 




siitK vir.w i)i- inM>-(.iiAi;Tr.i;s— iiAi>. (,S.m- Kxpl:ui.itioii ) 



■KAKANCK <ll' Tin 



«7 



The Quarter from Behind. — Lookiiii;- at, ilu; lioise from Ix-liind, ilic 
<iuiirtcrs should l)c full and sfjuare. This will ho the case if thi! ffracil/H 
nrc Dorfet^tly shaped. The jrracilis are the iiiuscjes which give the pecu- 




nXCK VIKW OK IIINI>-(,irAlfIKi:S— coon. (Sci' J';x|l!:iu:llil)ll.) 

liar swell to the inside oftiie tliiiih, and arc dcscrilicd iu the chapter on 
inuscular formation. The outside muscle of tin; Lnt^at bone of the Ic"-, 
(^?7>m) cannot M'cil be too large, and the tendons, connecting with the 



HH 



rilK, A.VIKKICAX FAUMKU S STOCK HOOK. 






BACK VIKW OK HAD lHM>-<jr AKTKliS. (Si'L' KxllhllUltidU.) 



OUTWAIM) Ari'KAi;ANC-|', OV TIIK lIOIttiK. 89 

hock, should be large and plainly visible. The hooks .should be large, 
strong, firm, well knit, smooth and free from blemish. The fetloeks 
should also be large but round and firm, and the hoofs strong. If the 
horse is flat-footed he is weak hoofed, and this defeet should never go 
with a horse of strong bone and musele. 

If, in nioviiig forward, the animal lift the feet squareW, and carry them 
straight forward, without turning or straddling, and if they are set down 
as S(|uarely and promptly as they were picked up ; if the conformation is 
as illustrated in the several good figures, it is a horse to buy, if you want to 
pay for a good one, or to keep, if you already possess him. If it bo a 
marc do not fear to breed her to the best sires in the land. She will not 
disappoint 3'ou in her colts, if the sire be as perfect. 

As the converse of this we refer the reader to the figures on page 
bH, showing the gradations, from inferior to bad. The study of these 
figures should enable one to avoid cow-hocked, pigeon-toed, bow-legged, 
straddling, or splay-footed brutes. 

XII. What the Ancients Knew of Horses. 

That the ancients were critical judges of horses, there is no doubt ; 
and that their standard was not far below that of to-da}', the following 
extract from a translation from Xenophon, who wrote more than two 
thousand j'cars ago, will show. It is also interesting by reason of the 
accurate advice it gives for judging a horse. The perfect horse of this 
ancient Greek writer was not a thoroughbred, as we understand the term, 
l)ut he was a good, strong, well-muscled, enduring horse, and one of fair 
size. Here is what Xenophon says : 

" We will write how one may be the least deceived in the pui-cliase of 
horses. It is evident, then, that of the unbroken colt one must judge 
by the construction, since, if he have never been backed he will afford 
no very clear evidences of his spirit. Of his body, then, we say it is 
necessary first to examine the feet, for, as in a house, it matters not how 
fine may be the superstructure, if there be not sufficient foundations, so 
in a war horse there is no utility, no, not if he have all other points per- 
fect but be badly footed. But in examining the feet, it is befitting first 
to look to the horny portion of the hoofs, for those horses which have 
the horn thick are far superior in their feet to those which have it thin. 
Nor will it be m'cU if one fail next to observe whether the hoofs be up- 
right, both before and behind, or low and flat to the ground ; for high 
hoofs keep the frog at a distance from the earth, while the flat tread with 
equal pressure on the soft and hard parts of the foot, as is the case with 
bandv-legged men. And Simon justly observes that well-footed horses 
can be known by their tramp, for the hollow hoof rings like a cymbal 



!)() THE AMEIilCAX FAiniElfs STOf'K BOOK. 

when it strikes tlio solid enrth. But iiaving lioguii from hi'low, lot us 
usooud to the other pnvts of the body. It is needfid, then, tlmt the p:irts 
iil)ove the hoofs and below the fetlocks (pasterns) be not too ereet, like 
those of the goat; for legs of this kind, being stiff and iuHexibk', are 
apt to jar the rider, and are nioi-e liable to inflammation. The bones 
must not, however, be too low and spi-ing}-, for iu that case the fetlocks 
are liable to be abraded and wounded if the horse be galloped over clods 
or stones. The bones of the shank (cannon bones) should be thick, for 
these arc the columns which support the body ; but they should not 
have the veins and flesh thick likewise. For if they have, when the 
horse shall be galloped over diflicult ground they will necessarily be 
filled with blood, and wall become varicose, so that the shanks will be 
thickened, and the skin be distended and relaxed from the bone ; and, 
when this is the case, it often follows that the back sinew gives way and 
renders the horse lame. But if the horse, when in action, bends his 
knees flexibly at a walk, you may judge that ho will have his legs flexible 
when in full career ; for all horses as they increase in years increase in 
the flexibility of the knee. And flexible goers are esteemed highh', and 
with justice, for such horses are much less liiible to blunder or stumble 
than those which have rigid, unbending joints. But if the arms, below 
the shoulder-blades, be thick and muscular they appear stronger and 
handsomer, as is the case also with a man. The breast also should be 
broad, as well for beauty as strength, and because it causes a handsomer 
action of the fore legs, which do not then interfere, but are carried well 
apart . 

" .Vgain, the neck ought not to be set on like that of a boar, horizon- 
tally from the chest ; but, li<ie that of a game cock, should be upright 
toward the chest and slack toward the flexure ; and the head being long 
shotdd have a small and narrow jaw-bone, so that the neck shall be in 
front of the rider, and that the e3'c shall look down at what is before the 
feet. A horse thus made Avill be the least likely to run violently away, 
even if he be very high-spirited, for horses do not attempt to run away 
by bringing in, but by throwing out their heads and necks. It is also 
very necessary to obscn'c whether the mouth be fine and hard on both 
sides, or on one or the other. For horses which have not l)oth jaws 
cquallv sensitive? arc likely to be too hard-mouthe(l on oii(> side or the 
other. And it is better that a horse should have prominent than hollow 
eyes, for such an one will see to a greater distance. And widely ojjcncd 
nosti'ils are far better for respiration than narrow, and they give the 
horse a fiercer aspect ; for when one stallion is enraged against another, 
oi if he become angrv while lieing ridden, he expands his nostrils to 
their full width. And the loftier the crest, and the smaller the ears, the 



OUTM'ARD APPEARANCE f)F THE HORSE. Dl 

more hor.se-liko and haiulsomc is the Iioad rciulcred : while lofty withers 
give the rider a surer seat, and produce a firmer adhesion between the 
body and shoulders. 

"A double loin is also softer to sit ui)on and pleasanter to look upon 
than if it be single ; and a deep side, rounded toward the belh', renders 
the horse easier to sit, and stronger and more easy to keep in condition ; 
and the shorter and broader the loin, the more easily will the horse raise 
his fore-quarters and collect liis hind-quarters under him in going. These 
points, moreover, cause the belly to appear the smaller; which, if it be 
large, at once injures the appearance of the animal and renders him 
weaker and less manageable. The quarters should be broad and fleshy in 
order to correspond with the sides and chest, and, should they be entn-ely 
firm and solid, they -would be the lighter in the gallop, and the horse 
would be the speedier. But if he should have his buttocks separated 
under the tail by a broad line, with a wider space between them, by so 
doing he Avill have a prouder and stronger gait and action, and will, in all 
respects, be the better on them. A proof of which is to be had in men, 
who, when they desire to raise anything from the ground, attempt it by 
straddling their legs, not ])y bringing them close together." 

XIII. What One Need Not Expect. 

We have, in the foregoing cha^jters and in this, illustnited and explained 
the several parts of the horse and his excellences so fully that none need 
go astray in studying the points of an animal. If these illustrations and 
explanations are borne in mind, a horse may be accurately judged by his 
actual bone and muscle, whether fat or lean. The intelligence of an 
animal nniy also, by the same study, l)e accurately estimated. A fat 
horse is generally smooth and round, and many a sorry brute has been 
fattened for the puqjose of palming him off on the unwary. 

"VVe need not expect a fat horse to go right to work, and keep fat. 
The horse for hard work must first be brought into condition, and this 
means working off the mere fat, and getting down to bone and nmsde. 
We must not expect a horse to be useful because he is big, unless he is 
wanted for heavy draft. If the draft is heavy it should be slow, and thus 
the horse may be big and also keep fat. For general work, the medium- 
sized horse is the best. A pair of horses, each K! hands high and weigh- 
ing 1,200 pounds are well suited for city teaming and other ordinarv 
draft, except the hauling of heavy trucks. A fifteen-and-a-half hand, 
1,100-pound horse is suitable for the road, and if one-half hand less in 
height and correspondingly light in weight, say 1,000 pounds, he will do 
quite as well in single or double harness. Sixteen-hand horses are Jilso 
suitalile for coaches and heavv carriaires, while the lii2rhter animals will 



i)-2 TlIK AMKUICAX FAItMEK S STOCK liOOK. 

scrvf iis doublo toanis for roiul (liiviiii:-. If they are irood ones, free from 
vice, well-mate lied, and perfectly trained, do not bo afraid to ask a jrood 
round pi-ice for them. But do not expect to get a largo price for a cheap 
horse, nor need you expect to buy a perfect horse for a low price. He 
may, however, be cheap at any price your \nirse may afford. In buying, 
keep constantly in view what you want tho animal for, but do not buy any 
horse because he happens to strike your uneducated fancy. You cer- 
tainly will not do so, if you have caret uU} studied tho preceding chapters. 



CTTAl'TER V. 
THE HORSE'S TEETH ; AND HOW TO TELL HIS AGE. 



I. TUK DENTAL FORMULA. II. THE Tf;ETU ARE THE TRUE TNPEX OF AOE. III. 

THE foal's TEETH. IV. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TEETH UF FOAL AND HORSE. 

V. ALLOWANCES TO BE MADE. VI. ILLUSTRATING BY THE CHART. 

I. The Dental Formula. 

Tlie iiiunes and numbers of tlio teeth of tlie horse are as follows : In- 
cisors (front teeth or nippers) | ; canine, or tushes or hook teeth, in the 
mule only, \\ ; molars, or grinding teeth f |, making forty in all. This 
is for the male. The mare has hut thirty-six, since she lacks the tush- 
es, or canine teeth. These sometimes also fail to develop in the geld- 
ing. 

II. The Teeth are the True Index ol Age. 

Almost every horsemau is supposed to he able jirctty accurately t.<> de- 
termine the age of his horse. Among old horses, the eyes, the sharpness 
of the jaw bones, and tlie bones of the tail, are, by many, claimed to 
give u clear indication of tlie animal's age. But these are all fallacious. 
They may be, and in fact arc, helps, but the only true indication is given 
l)y the teeth ; and to the educated eye, these are sufficient to tell 
the age accurately up to eight years, and thereafter with sufficient accuracy 
for all practical purposes. From the time the colt is foaled until death, 
the teeth are constantly undergoing change. Hence, if a person carefully 
studies the changing conditions of the teeth, he may accurately determine 
the age either of the colt or horse. The incisors furnish the chief indica- 
tion, but to some extent the tushes or hook teeth, and the grinders give 
valujible assistance, since they may correct, or corroborate, what is seen in 
the incisors. To assist in this study we give in this chapter, a chart show- 
ing, from accurate drawings, the precise appearance of the teeth from 
colt-hood up to the age of twenty-nine years. This chart, with the ac- 
companying explanations, will enable any person of intelligence to judge 
the age of a horse, even though he Imve been "Bishoped." as the making 
of false marks on the teeth is called, trorn the name of tiic rascal who in- 
vented the practice. 

in. The Foal's Teeth. 
When just foaled, the colt has no front teeth, but hi most cases twelve 
back teeth appear just above the gums. At from two to three months 
of age four central iiip])ers appear, two in each jaw ; in six weeks anoth- 
er tooth comes out on each side of these, or four more all together ; aud 

13 



•*i TUK AMEltlCAX I'.\i;.Mi:i;"s STOCK BOOK. 

at till' :ij:;e of eight or nine months the four eoriier nippers iiro seen. At 
thi.s ago the colt has all his teeth, uppei- and lower. They are the foal's 
teeth and arc changed by the lifth or sixth 3-oar for the permanent or 
horse's teeth. As before stated, the three front double pairs of grinders 
arc seen at birth, and are afterwards changed. The fourth double pair, 
those seen from the eighth to the nmtli month, arc the first that remain 
stationary, and arc fomid in the mouth of every 3'ear-old colt. The iiftli 
doulilc pair (fifth four), appear in the second year, while the sixth double 
2)air gencrall}' come in the fourth or early in the fifth year. These three 
doulile i^airs of back teeth remain michanged, as also do the tushes or 
hook teeth. The tushes do not appear at a fixed age ; sometimes they 
arc seen in the stallion at the end of the third year, and sometimes not 
until the middle or the end of the fourth year ; sometimes they do not come 
until the fifth year, and occasionally not until the sixth year. Tiic mare 
never has them, and in the gelding they occasionally fail to develop. 

rv. Differences Between the Teeth of Foal and Horse. 

Tlic difference between t!ie nippers of tiie foal antl those of the 
horse should be carefully studied. The^^ differ, ( 1 ) by their regular con- 
ical formation; (2) by a narrow contraction called the neck, visible 
almost in the center of the body of each tooth, -while nothing of the 
kind is seen in horse-teeth; (H) by their smaller size, even when full 
grown. The milk teeth (those teeth which arc shed), taken from tlie 
jaws of dead foals and compared with horse-teeth similarly obtained, are 
found to be only about half as long as the latter. The breadth is not to 
be depended on, since the milk teeth of large foals appear almost as 
broad as those of small horses. When the nippers become horse-teeth 
they form a great contrast to the middle and corner teeth. The size of 
these last ^^■i\\ at on<'(! show them to be milk teeth. (4) The outer sur- 
face of the foal-teeth is smooth and striped with brown, while on horse- 
teeth the same surface is divided by a dirty yellow indentation inclining 
toward the center, Avhich is sometimes double upon tlie ui)per teeth. 

A study of the nippers of the horse taken at different ages will mater- 
ially assist the beginner. The incisor and all other teeth, consist, first of 
the enamel or biting or grinding surface ; then of a bony substance, and 
lastly of the root imbedded in the jaw. The teeth of the foal as well 
as of the horse, are constantly but slowly worn away in the act of feed- 
ing. If the animal feed on sandy or gritty, and especially on short 
pasture, the teeth are worn faster ; if he feed on longer grass, and on 
the prairies the teeth wear slowly. Horses kept in the stable, have less 
wear on the nippers than those Avhicli have to forage for themselves. 
Thus in old aire the teeth, ome two and a half or three inciies long, will 



THK IIOKSE's teeth, AM) HOW TO TELL HIS AGE. 95 

tiiKiU}' be not more tluin half an inch in length, aiul the breadth 
decreases in about the same proportion. There is this difference, how- 
ever, between the teeth of the foal and those of the horse. The thick- 
ness and breadth of the foal's teeth are constantly decreasing from the 
grinding surface or enameled part toward the root, while the teeth of the 
horse decrease by contraction. The grinding surface of a nipper, which 
has not lieen used, is three times as broad as it is thick, and is hollowed 
from the top downward, the hollow having two sharp edges inclosing it. 
This hollow is called the mark. In the center of this mark the kernel is 
seen. This is a tube commencing at the end of the root, and contains 
the nerve, which must not be confounded with the mark. The mark is 
the outer depression, lying next to the sharp edges. The inner cavity is 
a funnel shaped socket of enamel, a hard shell. Around this, and in- 
side the outer shell, is a thick fluid, which remains as long as the tootii 
retains sensibility, but becomes bv degrees a gray matter. Figure S, on 
the chart, will illustrate this. 

Again, the outer edge of an incisor (nipper) alwa^'s rises a line or two 
— a line is the twelfth part of an inch — above the inner edge. Thus, at 
tirst, only the outer edges of the upper and lower nippers meet, and the 
inner edges do not toucli until the outer edges are sulficiently worn to al- 
low them to meet, or until they are of an cpial height. Horse-teeth 
reach this condition in about a year. When the colt is two-and-a-half 
years old, the teeth begin to shed, and the permanent or horse-teeth be- 
gin to appear. The chart. Fig. 7, A, will e.Kplain this gro^\'th, and Fig. 
7, B, will show still further development and wear. 

The grinders have but little to do in determining the age of a liorse, 
but still they assist thereto. The crowns of the grinders are entirely 
covered with enamel on the top and sides, but the grinding of the food 
wears it away from the top and there remains a compound surface of al- 
ternate layers of crusted enamel and ivory, which serve, in grinding the 
food, to fit it for the stomach. Nature has therefoi'e made an additional 
provision to render them strong and enduring. 

To illustrate this we represent a grinder sawed 
across. The fine dark spots show bony matter. The 
shaded portions show the enamel, while the white 
spaces represent a strong bony cement uniting the 
other parts of the teeth. In the dental formula at the 
l)eginning of this chapter we have given 40 as the 
number of teeth for the stallion, and 3(3 for the mare, 
the stallion having 4 hook teeth, or tushes (canines), 
which the mare lacks. Sometimes, however, the mare has imperfect 
teeth in the portion of the mouth corresponding to tliat of the tushes in 




y() THK AMEllK'AN l-'AUMEU S STOCK BOOK. 

the .stallion. Twoiity-four of tiic tci'th in 1)otli horses aiul marcs arc sit- 
uated in the upper part of the mouth, that is back of the tushes, or 
above the lii)s. These arc the true teeth or grinders {tnolam). They 
are di\ided into si.K double pairs, counting from below upwards. Those 
situated next the nippers of a mare, or the tushes of a horse, and in all 
the four i-ows, are called, first ; those next, second, and so on until the 
last doul)lc pair are reached, which are called back teeth. There are also 
sometimes in young horses imperfect teeth, just before the grinders, ig- 
norantlv denominated wolf-teeth, and are supposed to cause lilindncss. 
They sometimes do produce irritation of tlie ej'cs, from intlaniation by 
sympathy, and should be removed with the f(n-ceps. 

In the lower portion of the mouth, or that portion surrounded by the 
lips, there are twelve teeth, six in the upper jaw and six in the lower jaw. 
These are the nippers (^incisors). They occupy the entrance to the 
mouth, and each six are in the form of an arch. These teeth are divided 
into three pairs in each jaw. The four central ones, two in each jaw, ai-e 
called "nipping teeth," or nippers. The two outside teeth in each jaw 
are "corner teeth," and those between the corner teeth and the nippers 
are called middle teeth. It is the attrition of the upper surface of these 
teeth on each other in eating that causes wear, and thus cnaljles us to 
judge with tolerable accuracy of the age of the horse, — usually to a cer- 
tainty up to eight or nine years ; quite closely up to fourteen or fifteen 
years, and approximately up to the age of twenty-five or thirty years. 
The nippers (incisors) of the upper jaw are broader and thicker than 
those of the lower jaw. 

The tushes [canines) are placed singly, one in each side of the upper 
and lower jaws, between the corner teeth and the grinders, but nearer the 
corner teeth of the upper than of the lower jaw, so that they never come 
in contact with each other. The age at which a hor.se attains the full 
number of teeth is from four-and-a-half to five years. He is then, iu 
horseman's phrase, said to have a "full mouth." From this time onward 
the more a permanent incisor loses in length by wear, the more it loses 
in Avidth, and the nearer the worn surface approaches the root, 
becoming narrower and thicker in appearance. Another fact is worth 
renu'ml)ering ; as the horse advances in age the gums recede, so that a 
smaller portion of the teeth is covered. Hence the reason that the teeth 
become luirrower and thicker with age. It is from being uncovered ; and 
hence again, aged teeth are longer iu their visible jjortions than those of 
younger horses. 

V. Allowances to bo Made. 

Large horses have larger teeth than small ones. The rules given are 
for horses of medium size. Some horses have liaider bones than others. 



THE horse's teeth, AND HOW TO TELL HIS AGE. 97 

and harder teeth. The differeiiee in food and in pastures has already 
been spoken of. Some breeds of horses develop more slowly than others. 
Spanish horses develop slowly. Again, a false system of feeding vnU. 
mature an animal sooner than if he were fed in the ordinary way. But 
animals which de\'elop slowly generally live longer than those which 
develop quickly, so that in the end, the years of service, judging from 
the teeth, are about the same. The slowly-developed horse is, however, 
older by perhaps one or two years than would appear from his teeth. 
In like manner, the age of a mule is difficult to determine with exactness, 
though it may be determined closely enough ; and a mule of twelve or 
fifteen years of age, if he has not been injured, has many years of ser- 
vice yet in him. 

VI. Illustrating by the Chart. 

Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 show how the age of a colt may be determined 
until he is two years old. The followi»ng further explanations, taken in 
connection with the chart ivom Fig. 7 to Fig. 4(3, inclusive, will show 
how the age, from two to thirty, can be ascertained. 

The incisors being the reliance, our remarks must be understood to 
refer chiefly to them. The length of the tooth of a horse of medium 
size is three inches, or thirty-six lines. After the changed tooth has 
arrived at its proper length, it shoots up a line regularly every year, and 
if the teeth stand right the grinder is worji off a line every year. It is 
also, as has been said, worn off in both width and ])rcadth, so that the 
grinder becomes, from year to year, shorter and smaller, as shown by 
the chart. 

If, however, the teethstand too far forward, (irregular teeth, see chart, 
Fig. 41), they do not wear down in the same proportion as they shoot 
upward, and they become very long. The age in this case can be ascer- 
tained, with ease and exactness, by observing directions given under Fig. 
41, and noticing with care the following points : At the age of five years, 
the corner teeth of the lower jaw have grown up five lines above the gum ; 
each middle tooth seven lines ; and each nipper nine. At eight j^ears and 
older, each corner tooth of the same horse projects only four, the middle 
teeth six, and the nippers eight lines above the gums. This is aljsolutely 
necessary to be taken into account, because it is the only means by which 
one can determine with certainty the age of a horse whose teeth have 
become longer than they would have been if set I'ight, and wearing 
regularly. 

Deceptions may be practiced with very thrifty young horses, when it is 
desirable to make them appear of suitable age for work or for breeding, 
by knocking out the incisors a year sooner than they would naturally 



98 THE AJIERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. 

change themselves. If a purehaser suspeets deeeption, lie can detenniiic 
the matter by closcl}' examining the remaining teeth. If the nippers 
have changed, and the inner edges of the corner teeth have not yet come 
into contact, the foal is but one year old — and so on for succeeding years. 

The opposite cheat, that of trying to make a horse appear younger 
than he really is, by burning artificial marks in upon the teeth — can be 
detected by closely examining the enamel and the effect of the mark 
upon it. When a horse has reached an advanced age, say twelve to 
twenty, the enameled surface has become so minute that burning in so 
large a mark as is found in horses considerably younger would disturb 
the whole enamel, and so leave a means of detecting the fraud. 

In the case of crib-biters, that wear out their teeth prematurely, and 
80 appear older than they really are, examination must be directed to the 
corner teeth, which are seldom injured ; or if the corner teeth i)rove to 
be injured, deduct from the apparent age as many lines as are wanting to 
make the teeth of the natural length. To feed constantly, from Avean- 
ing time, upon hard, unshelled corn, sometimes produces tlie same effect 
as crib-biting, and the same directions must be followed in forming 
an estimate. 

A short vocabulary, l)y reference to whiclithe reader may more readily 
apprehend the meaning of the terms employed in the ensuing chart, is 
appended. 

Incisor. — A cutter ; a foretooth which cuts or bites. In the horse, 
those twelve teeth, six in the upper jaw and six in tlie lower, which are 
surrounded by the lips, are called incisors. 

Grixdkk. — As used in the present chapter, it denotes the liard, grating, 
upper portion of the front teeth. 

Line. — One-twelfth of an inch. 

Mark. — As used with reference to horse-teeth, it denotes that depres- 
sion in the grinder lying inside the sharp edges and adjacent to them. 

Nippers, ok Incisors. — Those two teetli in each jaw that occupy the 
middle of the semi-circuiar row. 

Corner Teeth. — The two outer of the si.x front teeth in each jaw. 

Middle Teeth. — The teeth between the nipper and the corner teeth. 

Tushes, or Hooks. — Four teeth, two in each jaw, situated over the corner 
teeth or beyond the incisors, reckoning from the front of the lips, and 
having a cylindrical and somewhat hooked shape. 

Milk Teeth. — The front teeth of a foal wiiicii appear at about three 
months of age, and are cast within two or three years. 




Fold-out 
Placeholder 



This foid-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at , 
future date. ^ 



CHAPTEPv YT. 
BREEDS OP HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 



I. INFLUENCES OF COTINTKY AND CLIMATE. II. THE FARM HORSE. 111. THE 

CLYDESDALE HOUSE. IV. THE NORM AN-PKKCHEKON. V. THE FEKCHEliON OF 

TO-DAY. -VI. THE CONESTOGA HOUSE. VII. KOAI) HOUSES. VIII. TUOTTINO 

HOUSES. IX. HINTINO HOUSES.— — X. LUillT l>UIVIN(t HOUSES. XI. COACH 

HOUSES. XII. THE CLEVELAND BAY. XIII. I'ONIES. XIV. THE VERJIONT 

DRAFT HOUSE. XV. THE N AURAGANSETT PACEU. 

I. Influences ol Country and Climate. 

Every couutiy of the earth h.-is u breed or breeds of lior.ses, eiicli with 
its peeuliar eharaeteristics ; and the horses of Asia, Africa, Europe and 
America have their i)oints of difference as strongly marked as do the hu- 
man iiihal)itant.s of these grand divisions of the gk)l)e. Besides tiio pe- 
culiarities resulting from local influences of climate, topography, etc., 
the horse has others -which are due to the treatment and training received 
at the hands of his masters, since from a long course of artificial breed- 
ing and feeding, he has become a purely artificial animal, except among 
barbarians or savage tribes. Among savages, his hard environment has 
made him degenerate — has in fact reduced him to a condition inferior to 
that of the horses found running Avild where they have increased and 
multiplied on pastura1)le lands, after having escaped from domestication. 
The horse in the latter condition has already lieen sufficiently mentioned 
in the first chapter. In the present chapter we jiurpose to notice only 
the more important breeds of civilization, or those that have ac(iuired 
celebrity for their valuable (lualities. 

II. The Farm Horse. 

The farm horse is the most important member of the ecjuiiie family, 
for the reason that he is used by the largest number of people, and 
is employed in the production of that which sustains life iu man. The 
farm horse cannot lay claim to the dignity of a distinct breed, as he is 
composed of mi.Kcd blood, and is dependent for whatever valuable 
qualities he possesses, upon the intelligence of the people by whom he 
is lired. The majority of farm horses are inferior to the more respec- 
table of the fixed breeds, though of late j'ears thej^have steadily increas- 
ed in valuable qualities, through the introduction of superior blood ; and 
in many districts they are, as they should be, bred with reference to their 
sale for particular uses, after they have partially paid for their care by 
their lalio" f)ii the farm. 

The Horte of All Work. — The farm horse should essentially be a horse 
of all work, of good style and action, and of about 1200 pounds weight. 



100 



THE AMEHICW FAK^rEl! S STOCK HOOK. 



Sufli liorscs will bo al)le to do anything that may he nocossaiy tobcdonc 
about the farm, plo-\viug, reaping, hauling, or drawing the family carriage 
to church. When of suitable age thoy will liring good prices, the 




best of thorn for use as carriage hoisos, and others for anything except 
heavy draft in cities, for express work, drawing oninil)Uses and other la- 
bor, recjuiring style and action, combined with strength. The figure 



BREEDS OF HOUSES AND THEIU CIIARACTEIJISTICS. 



101 



page 79 front view, and page S3 side view, and page .S7 back view of 
hind (juarters will illustrate our meaning. 

Light Farm Horses. — There is another horse that may well tind a 
place on all large farms, a horse about fifteen hands high and weighing 




from 950 to 1050 pounds. Such a horse as this is called, in England, a 
cob, a square-built, active animal, good for the saddle and all light work. 
Such a horse is represented on the preceding page. The tail, however, 
should never be docked : for docking is a ljarl)arous practice, and one now 



102 THE AMEIMC.W lAUMKlfs 8TOCK BOOK. 

happily goiuM)iit of f.isliioii. The Morgans, or rathor tlicir crosses, 
whoa bred up to Ihe wcijiht last mentioned, make admirablo horses of 
this chiss. 

The Gold Dust Horses of Kentucky. — Tlie Gold Dust Horses, M'hich 
wer(^ ori^iuated hy hreeiliug from Morgan stnllions on good thorough- 
bred mares, and earefully selecting for generations, make admii'able light 
farm horses. High-strung, elegant, fast-going, staunch, and able for 
all light work on the farm, cither for the saddh^ or harness, as light 
driving buggy horses in single harness, or for the light carriage iu double 
harness, they are most excellent anim:ds. 

III. The Clydesdale Horse. 

Another class of horses that may be made profital)le on tlie l)reeding 
farm are what arc known as draft horses proper. In tiie United Strifes, 
the best representatives of tliis class are the Clydesdales and the Nornian- 
Pcrchcrons. The Clydesdales are an English-Scotch breed of great 
power, bone and substance, and are capalilo of drawing immense loads. 
In Canada there are many excellent representatives of this breed, and 
in the West they are attracting more and more attention every 3'ear. 
The West of Scotland has long been famous for its excellent draft hor- 
ses. Their origin is proliably due in part to the blood of Flemish mares, 
though but little is authentically known of their ancestry. Whatever 
fheir origin may be, it is certain that they have made Scotland famous for 
its draft-horse stock, and much of the excellence of the draft horses of 
the North of England, where the Clydesdale originated, is due to an infu- 
sion of this Scottish blood. In England these heavy horses are useful to 
farmers in working their tough clay soils. In the United States, especi- 
ally in the West and South, the alluvial nature of the soil does not re- 
quire such strength of team in plowing; but the vast amount of hauling 
to be done in and near cities, where the raili'oad and steam(>r trafhcof the 
country centres, will always cause a demand for large, able-bodied draft 
horses. 

Points of the Clydesdale. — Tiie jaw is broad and strong, and the muz- 
zle, though ni'ilher well developed nor tine, is provided with large nostrils 
capable of being widely dilated. The eye, though mild, shows courage 
and vigor. The foi'chead is broad between the eyes, and capacious. The 
ears are rather long, and by their intelligent motion indicate activity. 
The head is well set on the neck, and the neck, as it swells to tiie shoul- 
der, is massive, with great dcvolopment of nuisde on top. The shoul- 
der is tolerably obli(|ue, fully so for a draft horse. The breast 
is full, broad and strong. Tlie leg is long from the arm to the knee, aiu] 
short from the knee to tlie fetlock, '['he forearm is amply provided witii 



liUi.KD8 Ol' llOlit^ES AND TJlEIlt ClIARACTEKISTIClS. 



]();} 




104 TlIK AMERICAX FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 

muscle. The knees are large andl)oiiy, and from the knee to the fe*^lock, 
and from the hock down, the limb is covered with long hair ; at the fet- 
lock the hair becomes thick and shaggy. The back and body of the 
Clydesdale can hardly be called symmetrical, 3'et the barrel is round, with 
the ri!is extending well ])ack toward the hip. The quarters arc l)road and 
low, with muscular thighs and large, clean, broad, well-developed hocks. 
The lower limits are flat, as the}' will be in any hoi'se well developed iu 
muscle and tendons. The hoofs, large, tough, Avide, are joined to ob- 
lique pasterns. The characteristic color of the Clydesdale is brown with 
white marks. The height is about sixteen and a half hands ; and both in 
walking and trotting there is a majesty about their movements, showing 
the jiower that nerves their action. 

IV. The Norman-Percheron Horse. 

Norman-Percheron horses are now generally divided into two classes : 
the Norman, a heavy, muscular, closely-built animal of great bone and 
muscle, weighing sometimes 2,200 to 2,300 pounds, and the Percheron, 
a lighter, cleaner built and more active animal, attaining a weight up to 
1,800 pounds. Both these strains of Norman blood are among the best 
of draft stock ever introduced into America. They are superior in 
some respects to the famous Concstoga horse of Pennsylvania, now prac- 
tically extinct. Much has been written about these excellent animals, 
both by partisans and l)y those who have investigated their liistory \vith 
a view to arrive at the real facts in relation to their ancestiy. On the 
one hand it is contended that they arose from a cross of the Aral)ian 
upon the heavy native horses of Normandy ; and the defeat of the Sara- 
cens by Charles Mart el, in which great numbers of their admirable cav- 
alry horses fell into the hands of the French, is cited in sijpport of this 
view. ]S[any of these Saracen horses, it is said, were I)rought to Nor- 
mandy and to La Perche, and hence the commingling of blood which 
resulted in the present admirable breed. The old Norman war horses 
were heavy, bony, slow, but strong, and capable of enduring much hard- 
ship. They were admirably adapted for their day, since they were capa- 
ble of carrying a knight in his heavy armor. 

Afain, it is asserted that the Norman horse is descended from a race 
then peculiar to Brittainy , and used for draft , rather than for war. Another 
writer asserts that the Percheron is descended from a remote cross 
between the Andalusian, mixed with the Morocco barb, and again crossed 
upon the Norman, because, it is said, the Norman was too slow, and the 
Andalusian too light, for a knight in full armor. The old Norman horses 
are said to have transmitted to the race their great bone and muscle, 
while the Aral), or Andalusian, or whatever the cross may have l)een. 



BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIU CHARACTERISTICS. 



105 



added spirit, action, speed and bottom Whatever may be the facts as 
to their origin, both the sub-families of the Norraan-Peivlieiou combine 




the strength of the ohl Norman bail) with something of tlie speed of the 
Arabian, and are capal)le of carrying great weights and of drawing heavy 



106 THE AMEKU'AN KAIi.MEU'iS STOCK liOOK. 

loads at a fair rate of speed. A pair of the liiiliter Perelio horses (ealled 
in France Diligeuec horses, from their use m 'hawing tlie coaches of this 
name) are capable of going at a speed of seven or eight miles an hour. 

These horses may now by regarded as having become a tixed race, cap- 
able of reproducing itself perfectly, unchanged, and without deterioration 
through generations, when pure sires are bred to \nu-e dams. Bred to 
inferior nuires, the stallion marks his impress wonderfully upon the pro- 
genv, and the pure mares also transmit their ciiaracteristics in the same 
wonderful manner. 

V. The Percheron of To-Day. 

The Percheron makes a capital cross upon any of the large, roomy 
mares of this country. When the Percheron is bred to this kind of dams, 
the progeny ■will possess great size, and will partake essentially of the 
qualities of the sire. If this progeny is again bred to a pure sire, the 
result is a three-quarters-bred horse that is but little inferior to the Per- 
cheron in all that constitutes power and capability for woik. 

The Percheron is not what would be called a fast horse. He is not 
suited for pleasure driving, and yet he is capable of making long jour- 
neys at a speed fully e(jual to that of horses of more pretentions to 
speed. An instance is given where 58 miles out and 58 miles back was 
accomplished by a Percheron horse, in two days, the traveling time out 
being four hours and two minutes, while in returning the time was four 
hours, one minute and a half ; and this without being urged with the 
whip. Again, a horse of this breed was driven 55 3-5 miles over a hilly 
and difficult road in four hours and twenty-four miimtes, without distres.3 
to the animal. 

In outward appearance the Percheron presents a head that is not long, 
with broad brow and slightly dished face, showing intelligence, in which 
respect he resembles the Arabian. The neck is of fair length, strong, 
muscular and well-arched, but, like the head, well proportioned to the 
close-ril)bed, round-barreled, short-backed bod}-. The hind-cpiarters and 
shoulders arc muscular, the lower part of the leg short, hairy and pos- 
sessing immense tendons. The hoofs are hard, sound, free from disease ; 
but the Percheron is somewhat inclined to ))e Hat-footed. The height is 
from fifteen to sixteen hands, though many excellent specimens of the 
breed are somewhat undi'r fifteen hands, esi)ecially the lighter Percheron 
proper. The same description will apply to the Norman jiroper, except 
that he is larger and sonuMvhat coarser. Their general color is gray, 
running from iron-gray to the handsomest dappled gray. 

So difficult is it to draw the dividing line between the Norman and tiie 
Percheron, that the editor of the Percheron-Norman stud book seemed 
undecided just what, and ^vlKlt not, to admit into tiie stud book. Hence 



BREEDS OF lIOnSE.s AND THEU; CHAKACTEUISTICS. 



107 



the plan was adopted of giving a full aroount of the breeding, and 
crosses, so far as olitainahlc, and admitting to reeistrv all stallions and 




mares imported from France as Percherou, >'orman, Penheron-Norman, 
or Nornian-Pcrehcron. 



108 THK AMEllICAX FAi:]MKl!\s STOCK BOOK. 

VI. The Conestoga Horse. 

It is unfortuimtc that the Couostoga, one of the very best of Ameri- 
can horses for draft, for all work in fact on the road or on the farm, 
should have been allowed to become extinct. Strong and able in every 
respect, a handsome, quick-stepping animal, and as honest as an ox at a 
dead pull, the Conestoga horse possessed qualities Avhich entitled his 
breed to perpetuation. His original home was the Conestoga Valley, of 
Pennsylvania, and hence the name. This valley was originally settled by 
Germans, who undoul)tedly brought with them the heavy German and 
Danish horses of their native land. Under the ample feed and genial 
climate of the Conestoga Valley, these foreign horses were, by careful 
selection, and an occasional dash of the staunch thorough blood of those 
days, developed into a race of horses ranging from sixteen to seventeen 
hands in height, weighing from 1250 to 1500 pounds, and proving to be 
among the most valuable horses ever known for drawing great loads over 
hill and mountain. A cross of the Cleveland Bay ujjon large, round- 
barrell(>d, roomy mares might again result in something like this horse. 
The exjjeriment would be well worth the trial by breeders, who have the 
will and the years before them to originate a breed of horses, that would 
be capable of doing any work, from deep plowing, to wagoning and heavy 
can-iage work. Though the Conestoga is no longer bred in purity, there 
are yet many mares in Pennsylvania descended from this stock, which if 
crossed with the Cleveland Bay, as we have known him, would, the breed 
being carefully perserved in, produce a stock of horses possessing most 
of the valuable qualities of the Conestoga. There are nnmy such horses, 
in the pastures of Ohio and Pennsylvania. They are high headed, rather 
louij; in the limbs, not quite good in the barrel ; but, if l)red as we have 
descinbed the outcome would be most satisfactory. The Cleveland Bay 
is not realh' a draft animal, but is most excellent as a horse of all work, 
and will he described further on. 

Vn. Road Horses. 

Many persons get their ideas of what a can-iage horse, and especially 
a driving horse, should be, from English books, and from travelers Avho 
have visited that country. So far as action for show, in harness and the 
saddle, are concerned, they are admirable models, omitting their docked 
tails, which, are happily going out of fashion there ; and Avhich, in this 
country of generally dry roads and stinging insects, are not to be toler- 
ated at all. The model English roadster is a horse in high condition for 
service, not overloaded with fat, but in a condition of nniscular strength 
and ability tliat would be difficult to better. A horse for similar road 
service should be 15 to l.i 1-2 hands iiigh, of good style, and well-nuis- 
cled througliout. If lie be iialf to tin-ee (juarters-bred from accepted 



bi:eeds of horses axd theiu chakacteristics. 109 

trotting families, so imu'li the better. In fact, in the United States, as 
has for many years been the rule in England, the road liorses of the bet- 
ter class, are strongly imbued with thorough blood. Such were the 
Jlorgaus, and such are the Gold Dusts, while many gentlemen's driving 
horses now-a-daj's are closely bred to the lilood of Hambletonian, Bell- 
founder, Abdallah and other famous getters of horses for the trotting 
course. In another part of this work will lie found portraits of the 
American t^i^e of trotting horses, among them Goldsmith's Maid, and 
the liighh'-bred roadsters. The road horse should not only be a horse of 
good substance in bone and muscle, but ho should also be an animal of 
fine style, a quality which is not alwa^'s found in the trotting horse of the 
race course. If he can go fast and safely with high action, it is better ; 
but stjdc he should have, and his temper must be without fault. His 
head must be light and held well up, the limbs strong and clean, the 
shoulders and pasterns oblique, and having that springy, nervous action 
characteristic only of high breeding. 

VTII. Trotting Horses. 
"The trotting horse" of the turf has appropriated the name because he 
is par excellence the fleetest and most highly-valued of trotters. The 
road horse, though having the same gait, falls short of being a "trotting 
horse," only in that he cannot make speed with the wheel-and-harncss 
kings of the turf. If a trotter have great speed the lack of style in him 
is overlooked. If he is stylish and fast enough for fine driving ho will 
bring a good price as a roadster, even though he do not possess great 
speed. A trotter which lacks both style and speed degenerates into a 
mere hack. 

IX. Hunting Horses. 

Another valuable class of horses, especially in the South, are what 
would be denominated in England, light hunting horses. The light hunt- 
ing horse must be well-bred, able to gallop at speed, and to leap ordinary 
obstacles, as hedges, ditches and fences ; in this country he should be 
taught to swim easily and take to the water promptly, especially when 
deer is the game hunted. Thoroughbreds, that are not fast enough for 
the turf, make capital hunting horses, for foxes, and, in open, smooth 
country, for deer and prairie wolves ; but they are not capable of carry- 
ing heavy weights in a rough country, or over serious obstacles, and 
under such conditions necessarily soon come to grief. No matter what may 
be the blood of a horse, if he do not take kindly to the water and to 
leaping, he would be dangerous in the extreme to ride to hounds, or at 
least would soon fall behind the chase, which is but little less mortifving 
to the ti'ue huntsman than to be landed in a ditch. The hunter of to-day 



110 



TiiK AJii;i;uAN r.vu.MEi; s stock book. 



i,s fill- better-))rL>d jiiid liiihtei- than those which men now in niiddlo :ige 
rode in youth, thougli a tiiree-(juarters-l)red horse, of the Monnioiith- 
Ec'lipsc blood, upon Avhich, as a lioy Me followed the eliascin Illinois, up 




to thirt}' years ago, was well-enough bri'd for to-day. He was a large, 
slashing horse, that never refused a Virginia fence, ditch or water, — 
there were no hedges in the "West in those days — and never l)rought the 
rider to grief, tiionirli sometimes disaster seemed near enough as we went 



i!i:i::cDS of iiokses axd tiieiii c-hai:actki!Istics. 



Ill 



flouuderinir in and out of deep, muddy streams. The horse, the deer- 
hound, the mastiff and the boy were all good friends, a veritable happy 
family Avho Avere in at the death of many a deer and prairie Avolf , before 
fenees ol)strueted the chase iu Northern Illinois. 




A Heavier Hunting Horse. — The next illustration shows a heavier 
huntiui;- horse for the saddle, when speed and bottom are desired. He is 
a horse of good style and action, capable of long and high speed under 



112 



THE AilERlCAN FAR31ER S STOCK BOOK. 



the wei'i-ht of a m;iu of 180 pound-; — and heavier men should never 
hunt. Such a horse should be capable of groat speed when called on,. 




able, and Avilling to take any leap a sensil)le man would put him at, and 
surc-foolcd to a liigh degree. To this end, every hunting horse should 
have large lungs and heart, the l)est possil)le form, hard, firm bones,, 



BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 113 

strong tendons, and great muscular power. He should l)e cleanly formed, 
oblique shouldered and fetlocked, with high withers. If, in addition, he 
have what is called a double loin, he will cany his rider safely and easily, 
and combine in his form all the requisites of a good saddle horse, that 
will leave any cold-blooded horse blown in a very short trial of l)otlom ; 
for the horses we have Ijeeu describing are not found outside the range 
of highly bred animals. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that the 
hunting horse is not to be put to the labor of draft ; in fact, he should 
never be harnessed. He is a saddle horse, and the form required to 
move easily in harness, and especially under a load, would soon unfit him 
for the saddle, and for the hunting field. 

X. Light Driving Horses. 

The light driving horse is not required to have high speed ; eight to 
twelve lnile^s an hour is sufficient ; l)ut he must be of unimpeachable style 
and action. Such horses are much sought, for driving on smooth roads, 
in ijarks and pleasure-grounds, where style and luxurious surroundings 
are the rule. They are also valuable for any service when only one per- 
son, or, at most, two light ones, are to be carried, since they M'ill often 
go rapidly over roads with one person where heavier horses would labor. 

Here, again, we present an English tjqje which shows a horse, the per- 
fection of style and action, in movement. Sometimes they are fast, but 
not when going in the form shown in the illustration. The head is out 
of position for fast work, but is right for style and dainty movement. 
It will be observed that there is no check-rein. The horse has been 
trained under a curb, and requires nearly as light a hand to manage as 
though under the saddle. 

XI. Coach Horses. 

The carriage horse bears to the coach horse the same relation that the 
light driving horse liears to the roadster. Horses, for the light or medi- 
um-weight carriage, should be handsome in appearance, and of better 
speed than those used for the coach or bo xed-in vehicle. Anyroad- 
horse of lO'iO to 1100 i)ounds will be suitable for the light or medium 
carriage. For the coa<-h, a more stately animal is sought. He may have 
rather long limits, if he is othei-wise of suital)lo form and of goodstjde ; 
but he must not be deficient in muscular j'ower, since a fair speed 
is required, and without muscle no horse can drag a coach over muddy, 
difficult roads. The illustration we give of an English coach horse 
shows a long-limbed, rangcy horse, stylish and nmscular. He should be 
from 1(5 to 17 hands high, with clean-cut head and neck, since only this 
class of horses can acquire the high stepping action, so much sought bv 



114 



TIIK A:MK1;ICAN FARMEU S t<TOCK 1500K. 



eldi'ily Indies and iivntk'iiu'ii, who seek to i-ompensati' in iliiswa}' for the 
speed thcj' so liked iu their younger days. How to breed sueh horses 
is pai'tiallv stated in describing the Conestoga horse. Another way 
would be to breed staunch, nuiscular and handsome thoroughbreds upon 
mares of larse size, round barreled, and of soodform. 




XII. The Cleveland Bay. 

We come next to a class of horses always held in the highest esteem 
for their many valuable qualities. It is a horse that is now bred to a de- 
gree of perfection that leaves little to be desired in all that goes to con- 
.stitute size, style and ability to i)erfonn any labor that may be requir- 
ed, except the heaviest drudgery. The Cleveland Bays are good carriage 



BREEDS OF HOUSES AND THEIIl CHARACTERISTICS. 



115 



horses, good and stout wagon or plow horses, and they match together 
al)oiit as easily as Devon cattle, combining, as the}' do, plenty of staunch 




thorough blood with excellent size and constitutional vigor. Unfortu- 
nately they are yet rare in the United States, but since their introduction 
into the West, they have been steadily growing into favor. They are re- 
niarkablo for their pure bay color, dashed onlv at the fetlocks and in the 



IK) Tllp; AMEIIICAN P'AKAIEU'S STOCK HOOK. 

forehead with white, 'riic iliu.sti';iti<)u sliows one of the most perfin-t of 
the class, a l)h)0(i-l)ay willi one white hind feth)ek, and a star in the fore- 
head. The old-fashioned Cleveland Bay of fifty years ago in England is, 
like the Conestoga of the United States, extinct, but a better horse in ev- 
eiy way has been bred up from him. 

'IMic late Henry William Herl)ert deseribes tlieni as he knew them in 
England, when a boy. "This great English family, '" says Mr. Herbert, 
"which may, perhaps, be regarded as the true tyi)e of tiie English horse 
of the Midland Counties, from the remotest times, is that of the far- 
famed Cleveland Bays. Cleveland, a district of the Plast-riding of York- 
shire, and the Vale of Pickering, in the same county, has been, from a 
very distant period, the principal breeding region for carriage horses, 
hunters, troop horses, and hackneys, of the highest grade ; and it stiU 
preserves its character in that particular ; although the character of the 
animals themselves, used for all these purposes, is now entirely altered ; 
and although, in consequence of the alteration of the demand, the origi- 
nal l)reed is rapidly passing awaj', and a pure Cleveland Ba_v, of unmixed 
or unimproved blood, is now rarely to be met with, even in its own native 
district. 

"The Cleveland Bay, in its natural and unmixt'd form, is a tall, pow- 
erfully-built, bony animal, averaging, 1 should say, fifteen hands three 
inches in height, rarely falling short of fifteen and a half, or exceeding 
sixteen and a lialf hands. 

"The crest and withers are idmost invariably gX)od, the head bony, 
lean, and well set on. Ewe necks are, probably, rarer in this family 
than in any other, unless it be the dray-hor.se, in which it is never seen. 

" The faults of shape, to which the Cleveland Ba}^ is most liable, are 
narrowness of che.st, undue length of body, and flatness of the cannon 
and shank bones. Their color is universally bay, rather on the yellow 
bay than on the blood bay color, with black manes, tails and legs. 

" They are sound, hardy, active, powerful horses, with excellent cap- 
abilities for draught, and good endurance, so long as they are not pushed 
beyond their speed, which may be estimated at from six to eight miles 
an hour, on a trot, or from ten to twelve — the Litter quite the maximum 
— on a gallop, under almost any Aveight. 

"The larger and more showy of these animals, of the tallest and 
heaviest t}'pe, Averc the favorite coach horses of their day ;the more spry 
and lightly-built, of eviual height, were the hunters, in the days M'hen 
the fox was hunted by liis drag, unkenneled, and run half a dozen hours 
or more, before he was either earthed, or worn out and worried to 
death. Then the shorter, lower, and more closel}' ril)l)ed-ui» were the 



BKEEDS OF llOliSKS AM> TIIEIll CIIAIJACTEIilSTICS. 117 

roild luickucys ; ii style of liorsc uiihuijpily now almost extinct, and hav- 
ing, unequally, sul)stitutcd in its j)lac(\ a wretelied, M'eedy, half-bred or 
three-(]uarter-l)rcd heast, til iicitlici' to u'o tiie })ae(^ with a weitiht on its 
back, nor to last tlie time. 

" From these Cleveland J>ays, however, though in their pure stiite 
nearly extinct, a very superior animal has descended, which, after several 
steps and gradations, has settled down into a family, common through- 
out all Yorkshire, and more or less all the midland counties, as the farm- 
horse, and riding or driving horse of the farmers, having about two 
crosses, more or less, of l)lood on the original Cleveland stock. 

" The first gradation, mIicu pace became a desideratum with hounds, 
was the stinting of the best Cleveland Bay nnires to good thoroughln-ed 
horses, A^th a view to the ijrogcny turning out Imntcrs, troop horses, or 
in the last resort, stage-coach horses, or, as they were termed, machiners. 
The most promising of these half-bred colts were kept as stallions ; and 
mares, of the same typo with their dams, stinted to tlieni, ])rodu(cd the 
improved English cai-riage horse of tifty years ago. 

" The next step was the i)iitting of half-bred tillies, by thorouijhbreds 
out of Cleveland Bay mares, a second tinu', to thoroughbred stallions ; 
their progeny to become the hunters, while themselves and their brothers 
were lowei'cd into the carriage horses ; and the half-bred stallions, which 
had l)een the getters of carriage horses, were degraded into the sires of 
the new, improved cart-horse." 

Thus it will be seen that mc have good authority for our admiration of 
this splendid animal. Canada has of late 3'ears become celebrated for 
finely-bred and finely-matched carriage horses ; which is due to the .saf^ac- 
ity of sonu? Canadian l)reedei-s, in selecting Cleveland Ba\- stallions for 
sires. 

XIII. Ponies. 

Ponies !U-e nmcli sought, of late yeai-s, for children's ridiu"-, and 
for pony carriages. Indian ponies, Canadian i)onies, and Shetlands 
have all been called into requisition, while in the West and South, the 
smaller ]\Iustaugs of Texas are used. Unless taken j-oung, the Mustano-s 
are wild, intractable, and often vicious. The Indian pony is fast 
becoming ex-tinct, and Canadian ponies are also growing scarce. These 
latter, many of them, are really handsome, small horses, of thirteen to 
fourteen hands high, hardy, docile and of the mo.st steadfast nerve, 
courage and bottom. They are self-willed, l)ut perfectly tractable 
if not abused. Shetland jjoiiics are still smaller, and rou"her ; 
but they are ambitious little fellows, and scamper along easily at a 
good pace, with a twelve year old bo}' or girl on their backs. The illus- 
tration, shows a grou]) of these hardy little animals. It is claimed that 



lis 



TIIK A.MEKICAX TAU.MEU S STOflC HOOK. 



no true Slictliind can be more than elovon liands high, and sonic of those 
in the extreme northern isles of Tell and Unst do not exceed seven and 

t/ 




a half hands. The average is from nint to ten hands. Although the 
smallest of ponies, they arc the most perfect in form, round and closolv 



BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 119 

ribbed-up, with lean bony heads, wide between the eyes, and othenvise 
well sliaped, very museular, with eoarso bushy manes and tails. They are 
gentle and easily trained ; and it is said that some of them arc capable of 
carryiiiii' a liirht man forty miles between smirise and sunset. 

The Mustang. — The IMustangs arc undersized and not handsome ; de- 
scended from horses gone wild after escaping from the early Spanish ad- 
venturei's, they have degenerated owing to the scanty f ai-e and hard usage 
received at the hands of their Indian masters. They are of various colors, as 
are all the semi-wild horses of Texas and Mexico. The Indian ponies found 
in the West are undoubtedly of the same origin as the Canadian pony. 
They are pm-e, but modified, Norman, escaped from domestication and 
bred in a half wild state by the Indians of the Northwestern States and 
Territories. They are larger and heavier than the Indian horse or Mustang 
of the Southwestern plains and are in every way superior animals. Some- 
times they are fourteen hands high, but the average is about thirteen 
hands. They are compact, closely ribbed, stout, muscular, couragous 
little fellows, docile and sagacious in the extreme, with Avavy tails, and 
shaggy manes falling on both sides of the neck. If carefully bred in high 
northern latitudes, and well-trained, they would make admirable chil- 
dren's ponies and would readily sell for large prices to the wealthy. 
Xrv. The Vermont Draft Horse. 

This is another breed of horses of most admiral)le qualities, specimens 
of which are now very rare, proliably because their use in cities has been 
superseded by the introduction of the Pcrcheron, Clydesdale and other 
heavier animals. The Vermont draft horses would weigh from 1,150 to 
1,200 pounds; of fine lirecding, clcan-liml)ed, handsome, muscular, with 
fine crests, capable of drawing heavy loads at a good pace, they were 
in the days preceding the advent of the locomotive, the crack horses of 
the stage companies of the Northern New England States. As cavalry 
horses, they were said to have no superior, since they moved with speed, 
alertness, and with- great force and power by reason of their weight. It 
is to be hoped that we may find, in the Cleveland Bay and his crosses, 
as good an animal of all work, both for saddle and harness. 
XV. The Narragansett Pacer, 

Here is another of the extinct races of American horses, one that is 
said to have originated in Rhode Island, from an Andalusian stallion 
brought from Spain at an early day. They were largely raised, during 
the last century and the first part of the present century, for exportation 
to the AVest India Islands for the use of the families of the planters. 
Their only gait was a pace of the most perfect and easy-going descrip- 
tion. They are reputed to have been so easy-going that ladies could ride 



1-20 THK A.MKItlCAN r.VltMKU S STOCK HOOK. 

them forty miles u day for many days in succession without experiencing 
excessive fatigue. Tliat tliey were horses of great Ixittoni, and some- 
times of extraordinary speed, is und()ul)tedly true. Tiie Colonial divine, 
Dr. McSparren, in his "America Dissected,"" speaking of the horses of 
Vir<>;inia, savs : "There were i)lenty of a small sort of horses — the best 
in the world, like the little Scotch Galloways ; and 'tis no extraordinary 
journey to ride from sixty to seventy miles in a day. I have often, but 
on larger pacing horses, rode fifty, nay, sixty, miles a day, even here in 
New England, where the roads are rough, st(niy and inieven." Again, 
speaking of the Narragansett pacer particularly, as an animal for exjiort, 
he sa3's : " They are remarkable foi- swift pacing ; and I have seen some 
of them pace a mile in a little more than two minutes, and a good deal 
less than three." The good doctor probably did not hold a liming-watch 
on them. The story, however, is fully as credible as that other stoi'y of 
Flyiu" Childers having run a mile in a minute. 



CHAPTER VII. 
THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 



1. ENGLISH THOKOUGHBHEDS. II. HERBERT'S HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH HORSE. 

III. THE FIRST LONDON RACE COURSE. IV. HORSES TAKEN TO ENGLAND BV 

CRUSADERS. V. BONE AND BULK IMPARTED TO THE ENGLISH HORSE. VI. THE 

HOKSE IN THE TIMES OF HENRY VIII AND JAMES I. VII. AMERICAN THOROUGH- 
BREDS. VIII. THE ARABIAN. 

I. English Thoroughbreds. 
The English thoroughl)reds arc horses of nii.xed lineage. They are 
not a pure race, l)red for hundreds of j'ears without admi.xture of foreign 
blood ; hut they rather owe their great excellence to the crossing of 
Arabian, Barl), and other Oriental blood, upon the best racing stock of 
the last and the preceding century. Tiio English have been famous, dur- 
ing the hist thousand years, for their liorses, especially for horses of 
speed and endurance. They have ahvaj^s had a passionate fondness for 
the chase and for racing ; and their kings and nobles have done much to 
keep alive this feeling, by securing, from time to time, the best foreign 
blood that could be secured to impart fresh stamina and vigor to their 
stock of horses. Many persons are prejudiced against thoroughl)red 
liorses, because they have been used for gambling purposes on the turf, 
but this fact should not be allowed to create hostility against valualile 
animals. As Avell might wheat and corn be placed under a ban l)ecause 
these indispensal)le cereals are used for purposes of gaml>ling specula- 
tion. It is this passion for trying the speed of horses, which has pre- 
vailed during the lastten centuries, thathas led to the selection of the best 
breeds and given an impetus during the past 100 years to really scientific 
breeding. And it is to these latter causes that we owe all that is of val- 
ue in any of the improved breeds of horses existing to-day, not even ex- 
cepting our draft horses. Let us look at the history of the blooded 
horse of England, and view its gradual rise and progress, even from be- 
yond the Christian era. 

II. Herbert's History of the English Horse. 

Henry William Herbert, in his admirable and voluminous work on the 
Horse of America, now unfortunately out of print, has traced the Eng- 
lish horse so carefully, and at the same time so eonciselj'jtiiat one cannot 
do better than extract therefrom matter that otherwise the mass of the 
readers of to-day could not come at. He says, upon the authority of 
Youatt : "That horses were introduced into Britain long before tiie 
Christian era, M'e have abundant evidence, and that the inhabitants had 

121 



122 TiiK a:\iki;ican faumeii's 8tock isook. 

;K'(|uired grciit experience in their use is equally certain. In the ancient 
Britisii language liJiediad is the word for a race — rhcder, to run — and 
rhedecfa, a race. All these spring from the Gaulish rhcda, a chariot. 
Here, then, is a direct evidence that horses were introduced from Gaul, 
and that chariot-races were established at a very early period.' 

"This evidence" says Mr. Herbert "is not to my mind direct or con- 
clusive, as to the fact of the introduction of the horse from Gaul ; al- 
though it is so, as to the antiquity of chariot-racing in both countries, 
and to the non-Roman descent or introduction of the British or Gaulish 
animal. As the l)lood, the religion and the language of the Britons wure 
cognate, if not identical, with those of some, at least, of tiic Gallic tribes, 
it is no more certain that the CJallic Rlwda is the theme of the British 
rlieder, than that it is derived therefrom. It does, however, in a great 
degree prove that the (iallic and British horses were identical, and de- 
scended not from any breed transmitted through Greece and Ital^-, but 
from one brought inland to the northward of the Alps ; perhaps by those 
Gauls, who ravaged Upper Greece and Northern Italy, almost before the 
existence of authentic history' ; perhaps by their original ancestors ; at all 
events, of antique Thracian or Thessalic descent, and, therefore, of re- 
mote but direct oriental race, in ail })i-obability again improved by a later 
desert cross, derived from the Numidian cavalry of the Carthaginian 
Barcas, long previous to the Ca;sarian campaigns in Gaul or the invasions 
of the sacred island of the Druids. This, however, is of small imme- 
diate moment, and is more curious and interesting to the scholar and the 
ant.(juary, than to the horseman or horselireeder. 

"From the different kinds of vehicles, noticed by the Latin writers, 
it would appear that the ancient Britons had horses trained to different 
purposes, as well domestic as warlike. 

"It is well observed by Youatt, in his larger work on the horse, that 
from the cumbrous structure of the car, and the fury Avitli which it was 
driven, and from the badness or non-existence of roads, they must have 
been both active and powerful in an extraordinary degree. 'Crosar,' he 
adds, though without stating his authority, 'thought them so valuable, 
that he carried many of them to Rome ; and the British horses were, for 
a considerable period afterwards, in great request in various parts of the 
Roman empire.' 

" 'During the occupation of England by the Romans, tlic liritisii horse 
was crossed to a considerable extent by the Roman horse,' continues the 
author in the volume first quoted ; for which I would myself, for reasons 
above stated, prefer to sul)stitue by the foreign homes of the Roman 
mercenari/ or allied cavalry, 'and yet, strange to say, no opinion is given 
by any historian, Roman or British, as to the effect of this. After tiie 



THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 123 

evacuation of England by the Romans, and its conquest by the Saxons, 
considcrablo attention was paid to the P^nglish breed of horses, and we 
know that after the reign of Alfred, running horses were imported from 
Germany ;' this being the first historical intimation -we have of running 
horses in England. It is scarcely to be doubted that this importation 
produced a marked effect on the character of the native T)reed, but here, 
as before, no historian has thought it worth his while to record the fact 
of either improvement or deterioration. 

" 'English horses, after this, appear to have been highly prized on the 
continent, so that the German horses which were jDresented by Hugh 
Capet to Athelstan had been turned to good account. The English them- 
selves were, however, anxious to preserve the monopoly of the breed, for 
in 930, A. D., a law prohibited the exjiortation of horses. In Athclstan's 
reign many Spanish horses were imported, whi<'h shows the desire of the 
English, even at that* early period, to improve the breed. It is no won- 
der that their descendants should have produced the finest horses in the 
world. Shortly Ijefore the Norman conquest a horse was valued at thirty 
shillings, a mare or colt at twenty shillings, au ox at'thirty pence, a cow 
at twenty-four pence — these prices in case of their 1)cing destroyed or 
negligently lost — and a. 7nan at a. pound.' Money, it should be noted, 
then being equivalent to at least fifteen times its present value. William 
the Conqueror took great pains to improve the English breed, introducing 
many fine animals from Normandy, Flanders and Spain. This monarch 
owed his success at Hastings chiefly to his cavalry ; his own horse was a 
Spanish one. In this reign we have the first notice of horses being 
employed in agi'iculture. They had been used for the saddle for many 
centuries, Bede informing us that the English began to use horses as early 
as (VPA A. D., and that people of rank distinguished themselves by appear- 
ing frequently on horseback. During the Conqueror's reign the then 
Earl of Shrewsbury, Roger de Belesme, l)rought a number of Spanish 
horses to his estate of Powisland. The breed issuing from these is highly 
eulogized by Giraldus Cam1)rensis and Dayton. In the reign of Henry 
I. we have an account of the first Arab horse imported into the country. 
It was presented by Alexander I., King of Scotland, to the church of St. 
Andrew's, with many valuable accoutrements and a considerable estate. 
History, however, is silent as to the purposes to which this animal was 
dsvoted, or as to what ultimately became of him. 

" It has been well pointed out, in this connection, that the ancient liisto- 
rians, being exclusively monks and churchmen, naturally paid little atten- 
tion to the breeding of horses, which were held to belong to war rather 
than to agriculture, and were forbidden to their order; and farther, it 
may bo observed that, until, comparatively speaking, verj' recent times, 



ll'l TIIK AMERICAN FARMKU's tiTOCK BOOK. 

no heed has been given to the ?;tatistics of agriculture or animal iniprove- 
nieut, and little mention made of such mattei's, beyond a casual and pass- 
ing notice, even by the best historians. 

III. The First London Race-Course. 

" ' The English,' proceeds the work from which I quote, "had now,' 
— that is to say in the reign of Henry I. — 'become sensible of the vain;' 
and l)reed of their horses ; and in the twelfth centuiy a regular race-course 
had been established in London, this being no other than Smithtield, 
which was at once horse-market and race-course. Fitz Stephen, who 
lived at that period, gives the following account of the contests between 
the palfreys of the day. 'When a race is to be run by horses, which in 
their kind are strong and Heet, a shout is raised, and common horses are 
ordered to withdraw from out the way. Two jockeys then, or sometimes 
three, as the match may be made, prepare themselves for the contest, 
such as are used to ride, and know how to manage their horses with judg- 
ment, the grand point being to prevent a competittn* from getting liefore 
them. The horses on their part are not without cnudatiou. They 
tremble, and are impatient and continually in motion. At last the signal 
once given, they hurry along with unremitting veloeit}' ; the jockeys 
inspired Avith the thoughts of applause and the hopes of victory, clapping 
spurs to their willing steeds, brandishing their whips and cheering them 
with their eric-;.' 

IV. Horses taken to England by Crusaders. 

" It IS stated by Mr. Youatt, altliough, singularly enough, he main- 
tains that the crusaders did not introduce eastern horses, that Eichard I, 
did import two from CA^jrus, which he observes were of eastern origin. 
The statement is made on the faith of an old metrical Romance, which 
is that entitled b}' the name of the n)ouarch whose feats it celebrated, 
usually supposed to be of the time of Edward I., and contained in Ellis's 
Metrical Romances. The lines are curious, as they indicate a full ac- 
quaintance with various animals, natives of the East, and more particu- 
larlv with the especial qualities of the oriental horse, his speed and sure- 
footedness. 

'• These horses were named Favell and Lyard — 

' III the world was not their peer, 
Droineilaiy, not desti-ere. 
Steed "nibyte, ne caniayl, 
Tliat ran so swift sans fail, 
For a thousand pounds of gold, 
Shoidd not that one be sold." 

Destrere, is the old spelling of the word Destrier, in Korman French, 
derived from the barbarous, Middle Aiie Latin, Dextrarius signifying a 



THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 125 

war-horse. Edward I. also is known to have introduced horses from the 
East ; and that accurate and inquiring antiquar}^ Sir Walter Scott, de- 
scribes his spirit, or the demon of the haunted canq) under his form, in 
the nocturnal tourney A\nth Alexander of Scotland, as being recognized by 
the horse he bestrode. 

'Alike his Syrian coui'ser's frame, 
The rider's length of limb the same.' 

V. Bone and Bulk Imparted to the English Horse. 

" Spanish horses, had come to be renowned, as chargers, so early as 
the Norman conquest, but it is more than questionable whether their su- 
periority was as yet known to arise from their being traceable, in nearly 
two thirds, to the blood of the Desert. At this time, it would seem to 
have been considered desirable to stengthen the English horse, and gain 
bone and bulk, rather than blood — not, I imagine, as Mi . Youatt sug- 
gests in the following sentence, for agricultm-al, but rather for mihtary 
purposes ; in order to endure the ponderous burden of the mail-clad men- 
at-arms. 

" King John, he says, 'paid great attention to the improvement of 
horses for agricultural puri^oses, and to him we are indebted for the ori- 
gin of our draught-horses. He chiefly imi^orted Flemish horses' — one 
hundred chosen stallions on a single occasion ; the Flanders horse being 
— as it was even in the tinae of ]\Iarlljorough and Prince Eugene — the 
most approved cavalry trooper — ' and such was his anxiety to possess the 
finest stock from these, that he would accept strong horses as rent for 
crown-lands, and as fines for the renewal of leases. His personal stud 
Avas both numerous and excellent.' One himdred j'ears afterward, Ed- 
ward II. purchased thirty war-horses and twelve heavy draught-horses. 

"Edward the III. devoted one thousand marks to the purchase of fifty 
Spanish horses ; and of such importance did he conceive-this addition to 
the English, or rather mingled blood, then existing, that formal applica- 
tion was made to the kings of France and Spain to grant safe-conduct to 
the troop. When they had safely arrived at the royal stud, it was com- 
2)uted that they had cost the monarch no less than thirteen pounds six 
shillinsis and eight pence per horse, equal in value to one hundred and 
sixty pounds of oiu- money. This monarch had many ruyining horses. 
The precise meaning of the term is not, however, clear. It might h<.- 
lisjht and speedy horses in opposition to the war-horses, or those that 
were literally used for the purposes of racing." 

VT. The Horse in the Times of Henry VIII. and James I. 

Our authority follows the history of the horse in England up to the 
reign of Heiuy YIII., who compelled the destruction of under-sized 



12(i Tlir. AMKHICAN KAHMK.U's STOCK BOOK. 

horsos, ;uul rendered coiiiijulsory the inaiiitenanoe of so <;reiit si uumbev 
of full-sized luures iiiul .stalli!;iis, in every deer park, and in every rural 
parish of the realm, that the reiu;n of this monareh was niarkeil Iiy a 
deeided inerea>e in tiie breeding of powerful, Mell-fornietl animals. It 
appears thai llie Kiiii; even rode a raee himself, for it is stated, liy Miss 
Striekland, that the King rodo a-Maying, with Katherine and the royal 
bride, I\Iarv, widow of Louis XII., of Franee, and the bride of Charles 
Brandon. The amusements of the day, says Miss Striekland, were 
brought to a elose by the King and his brother-in-law, the Duke of Suf- 
folk, riding raees on great eoursers, whieh were like the Flemish breed 
of dray horses. During the reign of Henry VIII., an annual race was 
run at (Miester, the prize being a wooden ball, handsomely embellished, 
for whieh, in 1540, a silver bell. called St. George's bell, was substituted. 
Hence the phrase, " Hear the bell,'" in allusion to one who has come off 
victorious in a contest. 

In the reign of James I. races were merely matches against time, 
trials of speed and bottom for long and " cruel distances." From the 
time of .James I. the history of the English raee-horse, and of English 
racimr, may be said fairly to begin, though no existing pedigrees are 
traced back to that time, lint, though pedigrees bo not directly traced 
to great antiquity, enough has been given of the history of English horses 
to let the reader know how long was the time, and how careful the breed- 
ing, required to produce, in the thoroughbred of to-day, the most superb 
raee of horses the world has ever known ; for wind, speed and bottom, 
he is without a rival in ancient or modern times. 

The horse has of course always tigured })rominently in fiction and rd- 
manee ; but in this connection it will sutiice to state the fact that in the 
Homeric poems of the Trojan war, there is no mention of the trumpet 
or of cavalry. In Virgil, mounted men, saddles, spurs, and clarions are 
mentioned. In the romant-e of " Sir Bevis, of Southampton."' he speaks 
of races of three miles, for "forty pounds of ready golde." Homer 
knew nothing of horsemen and trumpets in war. while Virgil Avas famil- 
iar with them. The author of " Sir Bevis," in his day and generation 
probably saw raees of long distances, and long-<listanee raees gcnemlly 
precede short ones. 

The excellence of the English race horse of the last 100 years is prob- 
ably more due to the Barb than to any other one strain. It was in 1121 
that the first Arabian was imported into England, but the Arabian of that 
day was not what he was in the centuries 1400, l.")00 and KiOO, during 
the time innncdiately succeeding the overthrow of Charles I. Of English 
racing horses, Eelipso was the most wonderful of all whose perform- 
ances have come down to us well authenticated 



TIIOKOL'GIIHRKU HORSES. 



127 




128 THE AMEHICAX KAiniEK's STOCK HOOK. 

VII. American Thoroughbreds. 

I'hv th()r()Uglil)rc(l lior^o of ^Viiiericu is of coui'st; the descendant of 
English ancestors. It is probably true that the Aniericau lli(irouglil)red 
is a supei-ior animal to the English thoroughbred ; and this ()[)inion is 
cei"tainly fortified by the triuniph.s of American horses in England and 
France, in their greatest races, in the year 1881. A horse transported 
from one country to another, entirely different in climate, might be par- 
doned for not performing as well there as he would do at home. Yet, 
our horses have won laurels in England and France from the very best 
thoroughbreds there, and in their most exacting races. 

In the South, there has always been a passion for the sports of the 
field, and much attention has been devoted to the breeding of horses of 
speed and bottom. Interest in fine horses is growing in tlie North from 
year to year, but while we have some high-caste breeding studs in the 
Ncn-th, the South, and especially Kentucky and Tennessee, still holds the 
lead. It will not l)e necessary here to go into a detailed history or 
description of the American thoroughbred. Importations made before 
the revolutionary war, and continued from time to time have given us a 
horse that has no superior on the earth ; one that has at last snatched 
victory from the best of English hcn-ses on their own turf. In France, 
American horses have held their own against the best of English and 
French thoroughbreds . 

VIII. The Arabian. 

The Arabians profess to trace the ancestry of their horses back to the 
time of Solomon, yet in the light of authentic history, their horses before 
the thirteenth century were not of a character worthy of special notice. 
The horse of the desert I'cceives the personal care and affection of his 
master. To the Aral) the horse is not only a companion in solitude, Ijut 
is also his only means of locomotion in arduous and perilous journeys. 
It is not iStrange, (hercforo, that these nomads of the desert should Itestow 
much care upon the breeding and rearing of their hoi'ses ; and during the 
past seven centuries, such care has been liestowed. The Arabs undoubt- 
edly did understand the true principle of breeding, care, feeding, selec- 
tion and training, at a period when Arabia was the seat of learning, and 
all Europe was enveloped in the gloom of the dark ages, or was just 
beginning feebly to see the dawn of the revival of letters. 

Arabian travelers of the last century do not agree as to the number of 
distinct breeds of hoi'ses in that country. A Mohannncdan writer who 
seems to have had candor, and a good opportunity for gathernig facts di- 
vides them into six tribes, as follows : 



TH()KOr(;iIBI!EJJ HOKSES. 



12<J 




I ;5t) 



TIIK AMKinCAN KAUMKI! S t^TOCK liOOK. 




TU()l!Ol'(inUKKl) HORSES. 131 

" The Djidfc, fouml iliioHy in Ar:il)i;i Fi'lix, soldoin scon !it DanKisciis, 
l)ut I'oininou in tiio iu'ii;lil)()rli()()d i>f Aikizo. Horses of this breed are 
of lofty stature, have narrow eliests, l)ut are deep in the girtli, and (heir 
cars are long. They arc remarkable for spirit and tleetness, Imt are ex- 
ceedingly tractable, and their ability to endure hunger and thirst is a 
remarkable feature. 

" The Secaloni, a breed from the eastern part of the desert, somewhat 
inferior to the Dgelfe, though resembling him in most i)oinls. 

" The jSIcfki, a handsome horse, but not so fleet as either the Dgelfe 
or the Secaloni. In Kgure, he bears a resemblance to the Spanish or 
Andalusian stock. 

" A fourth breed is called the Sabi, similar to the Mefki, but seems to 
possess no sj)ccially useful or striking (lualities. 

" The Fridi. This breed is very common; but they are often vicious 
and untrustworthy, and lack some of the excellent ((ualities possessed by 
the l)est of the others. 

" The Nejdi, found chietly in the region of Bussorah. Thes(> are said 
to be at least the ecjuals of tlu^ Dgelfe and the Secaloni. Some judges 
assert that there is no horse to be comi)ared with them, and they stand 
very high in the market." 

The Dgelfe and Nejdi are reported to be the most valuable. They are 
known to be the favorites of the horse-fanciers of India, many line ani- 
mals of these stocks having been carried thither liy the sportsmen of that 
country. 

Other writers make mention of but three distinct breeds, to which they 
attribute names different from those above given ; and it is difficult to 
reconcile tlu^ statements of the two, and to determine whether they have 
really agreed in any way in pointing out tiie same animal, though ))v 
diverse names, as possessing the striking excellences which have made a 
certain breed famous and well known to us. Writers of the latter class 
speak of an inferior race, little esteemed, at home or abroad, which they 
call the Attechi. These are sometimes found in a wild state. Then 
come the Kadischi. a sort of half-breed stock, possessing some points of 
resemblance to the true blood, and being sometimes imposed upon dealers 
for the genuine. Finally, they describe a superb race, the \nirvt des('end- 
ants of some extraordinary ancestors, and these they call the Kochlani or 
Kailhan. The best of them are found among the Shannnar and Aneyza 
tribes. The Arabs themselves pretend to trace the Kochlani back to the 
days and the stables of Solomon. While this cannot bo credited, it is 
known that some of them have written pedigrcH's for at least four liundred 
years, with extreme care, and always on the side of the nuire. They are 



132 Till'. AMKRICAN I'AKMKU's STOCK liOOK. 

finely-formed, enduring, fleet, nithcr small-sized horses of great vivucity 
and intelligence, but for speed, bottom and physical developnuMit decidedly 
inferior to our thoroughbrcdM. Yet, though not as swift as the English or 
American thorougiibred, the Arabian is one of the best of horses. And 
M'hile we could hardly g'iiiu any advantage from a fresh infusion of this 
blood, the Arabian is hing on his native deserts, and no other liorse could 
there fill his place. He is peculiarly adapted to the wants of the people 
and to the topography of that barren country. So good a horse is he 
to-day that English residents m India pay from $700 to $1 ,000 for the 
best that are offered for sale ; and it is well known that the best horses 
of the desert are never sold at any price. The illustration, i)ag(^ 12!t, 
shoM's the best form of llic Arabian, as they are found in their native 
deserts. 

As showing the wonderful variations in breeds, we present an iliustrn- 
tion on page 1()4, as an object lesson of the immense DerbA'shire cart horsi 
of England, now comparatively rare. In the United States they are not 
considered valuable, having been superseded by the nu)re modern and 
valuable Clydesdales and Norman-lVrchcrons. A comi)arison with the 
Arabian will fully conve}' our meaning as between the dclicalely bred and 
nervous Arabian and the stolid and elephantine cart horse. 



CHAPTER VI IT. 
ABOUT TROTTING HOBSES. 



I. THE BREEPTNfi OF TROTTERS. II. PROGENITORS OF FAST TROTTERS — MESSENGER. 

III. IMPOKTED BELLFOUNDER. IV. THE MODERN TUOTTEK V. WHAT 

GOLDSMITH MAIU WAS LIKE. VI. THE MOVEMENT IN TROTTING. VII. DIS- 
USE OF THE TKOTTING FACULTY. VIII. A RECOItl) OP SIXTY YEARS. IX. 

STRAINS OF TKOTTING BLOOD. 

I. The Breeding of Trotters. 

Tlic production of 1i-otting liorscs, like 1li;it of r.-it-ors, lias come to ))e 
a distinct branch of hn'cdimr, and is pursued as a specialty, Mith a 
view to developing, in the highest possible form, the best trotting action 
ill the horse. Ilence, any person undertaking this branch of the breeder's 
profession needs to understand the peculiar form to be attained, and also 
to know tin; families fi'oni which the best trotters have been bred. 

The Morgans. — Twenty years ago the trotting form was thought liy 
many to be most strongly develojicd in the ]\Ioigans ; at least it was 
hoped that this breed might be found to possess the qualifications nec- 
essary to develop the highest degree of trotting speed. The Morgans, 
however, disappointed the expectations i^laced upon them. The records 
of the turf have proved that fast trotters owe their speed to thorough 
breeding ; and that their speed is directly in proportion to the degree of 
blood of thoroughbreds of trotting peculiarities that is in their veins. 

Ethan Allen. — Ethan Allen, one of the most celebrated of the Mor- 
gans, was a good trotter for his day, and yet he was never able to beat 
Flora Temple. At three years old ho trotted a mile, three heats, in 
2 : 42 ; 2 : 39 and 2 :3() minutes, which was the fastest time then record- 
ed for that age. The false estimate placed upon Morgan hor.ses up to 
twenty years ago, not only kept back the development of really excellent 
trotters, but was a positive and incalculable damage to the horses of the 
country generally, in that it caused the size of the farm ani- 
mals to be reduced. For tlio fanners especially went zealously into the 
rage for possessing Morgan horses. 

Development of the Trotting Horse. — The trotting horse of America 
has been entirely developed within the last forty years. He is not an 
animal of a separate and distinct breed ; for first-rate trotters have come 
of Canadian or Nonnan-French blood, from the horses of the middle 
States of mixed blood, from the Morgans and other New England 
breeds, and from A\'estein horses of mixed blood. 

133 



l;^4 THE AMERICAN FARMEU'S STOCK 1500K. 

II. Progenitors of Past Trotters. 
Notiible among tlio horses that have made -wonderful records in trot- 
ting of hite 3'ears are those descended from, and partaking hirgely of the 
blood of, Messenger, Bell founder and of Hauil)letonian. Hambletonian, 
after a career of varied success as a racer, at length became distinguished 
as a getter of trotting horses of elegance, finish, speed and endur- 
ance, either under the saddle or in harness. It is not our purpose to go 
minutely into the record of noted performances on the American trotting 
turf. Nowhere else in the world is the fondness for exhibitions of 
speed in trotting, so nearly universal among the people, as it has become 
here ; and in no other country are such exhibitions so patronized by every 
class. Even in Russia, the home of the famous Orloff breed, this sport 
is by no means a national one. "Where the general reader is usually so 
well informed of current events, the familiar details of exploits upon 
the turf are deemed to contain far less interest than will be found in a 
brief account of some of the most celebrated sires, whose descendants 
have proved constant in their performances. 

Messenger. — The original source of our best blood. Imported Mes- 
senger, not only gained fame for himself, but becpieathed his excellen- 
ces to a long line of descendants, who have been famous in the annals of 
the turf. His own ancestry possessed character for great and peculiar 
merit. Foaled in 1780, his first sire was ]\Iambrino ; second sire, En- 
o-ineer ; third sire, Sampson ; fourth sire, Blaze ; fifth sire, Flj-ing Childers ; 
sixth sire, The Darley Arabian. On the female side, his dam was by 
Turf ; second dam, the sister of Figurante, was by Regulas ; third dam 
by Bolton Starling ; fourth dam. Snaps by Fox ; fifth dam, Gipsey by 
Bay Bolton, and so on through Ne\\ castle Turk, Brierly Turk, Taffolet 
Barb, to the ninth dam by Place's "White Turk, out of a natural Barb mare. 
Messenger was threfore in-bred to a considerable degree, and combined 
in his veins tlie purest and richest l)lood of early English race horses. 

Potency of Arabian Blood. — Godolphin Arabian appears three times 
m the pedigree of Messenger. Flying Childers was the phenomenon of 
the Eu'dish turf in his day, and the accounts of his performances appear 
almost fabulous. Of one of the progenitors of Messenger, Sampson, it 
is said that while the thoroughbred of his day was scarcely more than 
fourteen and a half hands high, rarely reachingfif teen, Sampson was fifteen 
hands two inches, and was reported to be the largest-boned l)lood horse 
then ever bred. Horses of the Sampson blood, as we knew it nearly 
forty years ago, were Avonderf uUy compact animals of great bone, nuisde 
and sinew. Sampson, Engineer and Maml)rino were all rough and coarse, 
and the last two were considered the strongest and heaviest-l)oned horses 



AliOlT TKOTTIXCt HORSES. 



135 



of the English turf. It was ii most hicky circumstance for American 
studs that a scion of these coarse horses was imported, to stamp his 
impress upon the thoroughbred of this countrj-. "We have found t'.mt 
kind of coarseness to be the embodiment of strength, bone, muscle, and 
consequcntl}' of most enduring speed and bottom. 




m. Imported BeUioimcier. 

This wonderful animal was Ivuown in his day as the Norfolk trottei, 

and was, like Flying Childers, a phenomenon of the turf. He was 

fifteen hands high, a bright bay in color, M-ith l)lack legs. Being seven 

years old at the date of his importation, in 1S22, he must have 



i;')*) TJfE AMERICAN KAiniEIi's STOCK HOOK. 

been foaled in 1<S15. At five years old lie trotted two miles in six min- 
utes, and the next year, trotted nine miles in twenty-nine minutes and 
thirty-eight seconds. Velocity, his dam, hy Haphazard, trotted, in LS0(5, 
sixteen miles in an hour, and in 1808 trotted twenty-eight miles in an 
hour and forty-seven minutes ; wonderful work it was for that day, and 
would be so considered, if performed by a horse of the present time. 

Bellfounder's Ancestry. — Bellfounder was not thoroughbred. He 
was sired by Fireaway out of a Shields mare. The Shields horse, oth- 
erwise called "Shales," in England nearly one hundred years ago were 
hackneys, or, as we would now call them, road and trotting horses. Had 
the English people cultivated driving, as they did riding, America might 
not stand unrivalled, as she does to-day, in the jjre-eminence of her road 
and trotting horses. 

rv. The Modern Trotter. 

Our account of modern trotters would be incomplete if we should 
wholly omit to mention that wonderful descendant of Hambletonian, 
Lady Suffolk. Nor must the Morgans be forgotten. The Canadian 
trotters also claim remembrance ; notable among which were those won- 
derful little pony-horses, many of them not fourteen hands high, known 
as the St. Laurences, from the name of their sire. The best of thcni 
were good for a three-minute gait on the road, before a buggy ; for cner- 
g}-, docility, speed and tireless endurance, while druMing the load of a 
horse, they have seldom been equaled among animals of their size. But 
it is our purpose more especially to notice the famous trotters of the 
last twenty years. 

Goldsmith Maid and Abdaliah. — Among the galaxy of wonderful per- 
formers, none surpass Goldsmith ]\Iaid. This remarkable mare was 
foaled in 1857. Her sire was Edsall's Hambletonian, and her dam a mare 
by old Abdaliah. Abdaliah was a Hambletonian. In 1802 he became the 
property of R. A. Alexander, tlie celebratedKentucky breeder of thovough- 
l)reds, and was thereafter known as Alexander's Abdaliah. Early in 
1805, this Abdaliah, together with several other valuable horses, among 
them Bay Chief, a son of Mambrino Chief, was seized by Guerillas. 
Shortly after, in an attack upon the guerillas by Federal soldiers, Abdal- 
iah fell into the hands of one of the attacldng party, who refused to give 
him up. This magnificent stallion, unshod and wholly out of condition 
for hard service, was nevertheless ridden day after day, over the roughest 
and hilliest road, until at last, completely exhausted, he was turned 
loose on the wa3-sidc,and died of imeumonia. 

Abdaliah as a Sire. — To sliow what might have come of tliis iiorse, had 
he lived, it is only necessary to mention some of his offspring and lo note 



AHOUT xnOTTING HOIISKS. 



137 



jf/^y(iiiiiiiii|>jilt/f^j 



r^ 




■what they have done. First is Goldsmith Maid with a recoid of 2 : 14 ; 
and a further record of 232 heats with 2 :30 as the slowest. We also have 
Major Edsall, who made his mile in 2 : 29 ; and "Wood's Hambletonian, 



138 THE AMKHITAN KAKMF.U's f^TOCK ]50()K. 

with sons mtikiiig records in from 2 : 23 to 2 : 27|. Pacing Abdallah, the 
getter of excellent roadsters, was another of his sons, as was Belmont, the 
sire of horses going the mile in 2 : 23 ito 2 : 30. Again, there is Thern- 
dale, a compact and muscular stallion, greatly celebrated, not only for his 
own great speed, butforthe excellent trotting qualities of his offspring. In 
187(), after serving eight years m the stud, he made tivemile heats in 2 : 22J ; 
2 : 22J : 2 : 32i ; 2 : 20 ; 2 : 25. Another remarkable son of Alexander's 
Abdallah, is Almont. His offspring are yet young to the track, but Pied- 
mont, at four years old, trotted in 2 : '601. 

V. What Goldsmith Maid Was Like. 

The likeness of Goldsniitli Maid shows her appearance, when in trot- 
ting condition, and will be studied with interest as an accurate view of 
the proportions of this most famous and one of the best bred of the Queens 
of the trotting course. She was fifteen hands andonemchin height, and 
seems rather delicately made m a superticial examination of her form. 
Yet the quality of her make-up is in every respect superb. 

An accurate and capable writer says of her: "Her head and neck are 
very clean and l)lood-like ; her shoulder sloping and well placed ; middle 
piece tolerably deep at the gii'th, but so light at the waist as to give her a 
tucked-up ajipearance, and one would say a lack of constitution, but foi 
the abundant evidence to the contrary ; loin and coupling good ; quarters 
of the greyhound order — broad and sinewy ; her limbs are clean, tine- 
boned and ■w'iry ; feet rather small, but of good qualitj'. She is high 
mettled and takes an abuudaiice of work without flinching. In her high- 
est trotting form, drawni to an edge, she is almost deer-like in appear- 
ance, and Avhen scoring for a start and alive to the emergencies of the 
race, with her great flashing eye and dilated nostril, she is a jierfect pic- 
ture of aninuition and living beauty. Her gait is long, bold and sweep- 
ing, and she is, in the hands of a driver acquainted with her peculiarities, 
a perfect piece of machinery. She seldom makes an out-and-out break, 
but frequently makes a skip, and has been accused of losing nothing in 
either case. Aside from the distinction of having trotted the fastest mile 
on record, she also enjoys the honor of making the fastest three consecu- 
tive lieats ever won in a race, which renders any comments upon her 
staying qualities unnecessary." 

The time of Goldsmitli Maid has been beaten several times since 1877, 
but this detracts nothing from her wonderful ])erformance. She con- 
tinued on the turf until past twenty yeai's old, and after completing that 
age she closed her public career with the year 1877 by trotting, during that 
year, forty-one heats in 2 : iU) or better, and making a time record of 



AliOUT TROTTING HORSES. 



139 



2 : 14J. Her record stands at the close of Iicr career at 2 : 14, with 332 
heats in 2 : 30 or better. Her record and her career are the marvel of 
the age. 




VI. The Movement in Trotting. 
A trotter, especially if he go fast, must go level and square, both be- 
fore and behind, and with as low action as may be compatible with the 
necessary stride. It is this abilitv to go close to the ground, or in what 



140 



Tin: A5iEi:iCAX fai;mku s stock hook. 



has been eullccl by some the sling-trot, and by others the slouehinjr trot, of 
the thoroujihl)red, that enables the l)est trotters to make their great 
speed : the sling-trot is simply the gait in which the animal reaches far 
for^\ard without raising the feet unnecessarily high, thus economising 




tinie and muscle. This movement, it an t i->v gut, ot, si\ twihcimles 
an hour, is well displayed in the cut illustiating the trottmg moAcmcnt. 
It is not an artificial gait, as has been stated by some good English horse- 
men. Every on(^ who has reannl a well-bred eolt has seen it, when fol- 
lowing the dam, strike naturally into this gait, Avith head up and tail 



ABOUT THOTTIXG HOUSES. 141 

straight out. The trot is a natural gait of any horse, and is ahvaj-s used 
wlien going at easy speed on a smooth surface ; but the best trotting 
action is tlie result of breeding and training. 

VII. Disuse of the Trotting Faculty. 
Tliat tlie English lilood-horse has lost the trotting faculty to a 2;reat 
extent, is not because it was never in the bh)od, but because it was never 
allowed to be exercised in the training. And, as few horses could ever 
gallop faster far, Avithout special training, so, no horse can trot to the 
best advantage unless the gait has been developed b}' long practice ; and 
it is a peculiarity of this gait that the trotting horse, unlike the runner, 
seldom arrives at his best, until he is over eight 3'ears old. The same rule 
will apply to fast M-alking horses. They must be speciall}' trained to 
walk fast, and there is no better preparation for the trotting horse than 
this preliminary training in walking. 

VIII. A Record of Sixty Years. 

This chapter could not be more appropriately brought to a close, than 
by a brief record of events showing the development of trotting horses, 
and the growth of speed. For the facts we are indebted to Porter's 
Spirit of the Tiines. They have been selected with special reference to 
their i-nterest to the readers of this work : 

In 1824, A. M. Giles trotted his horse 28 miles in one hour and fift}-- 
seveu seconds. The same year Topgallant and Betsy Baker were matched 
to ti'ot three miles in harness for $1,000 a side. The race was won by 
Topgallant by 40 yards, in 8 minutes, 42 seconds. Topgallant also trot- 
ted 12 miles on the road in 39 minutes. The "Albany pony" did a mile 
in 2 minutes, 40 seconds. The Treadwell mare did one mile in 2 : 34 ; 
and Boston Blue trotted 18 miles within the hour. Boston Blue is re- 
jDorted to have been the iirst horse that trotted a mile in three minutes ; 
it having been done in 1818. So that it will be seen that the Treadwell 
mare in 1824 had reduced the tnne to 2 :34. Yet for man}' 3'cars after, a 
2 : 40 horse was considered extraordinary, as also was any horse capable 
of going on the road in 3 minutes. 

In 1827, on the Hunting Park Association course of Philadelphia, Screw- 
driver won two heats at two miles, beating Betsy Baker in 8 :02 and 8:10, 
the third best time on record. Dutchman afterwards accomplished the 
same distance in 7 : 32i, and Lady Suffolk in 7 : 40i. 

In 1840, on the Long Island course, Jerry beat "N^Tialebone in a tliree- 
mile trotting race, in 8 : 23 the first heat, and 8 : 15 the second. The 
best time for 2 mile heats that year was 5 :22, 5 : 21 ; for 3 miles, 8 : 26, 
8 : 27, 8 :41, 8 : 50. On long distances Sweetbrier accomplished six miles 
hi 18 : 52. 



142 TlIK AMKIiir.VN ]AI!MKi;"s STOCK HOOK. 

Ill 1.S34 Eilwiii Foni'sl, ;i-< v<t an iiiiciitoivd horse, trotted his iiiiU^ in 
2:;>1^, })Oiiting Sallv Miller. Tlu^ coui'so Avas 1 mik" and 10 yards in 
length. 

In 1835 Dutchman made four miles, undei- the saddle, in 11 : lH and 
10: 51, antl Dolly, by Messenger, out of a thorouirhhred marc, live miles 
to Avagon, carrying two men, weighing 310 pounds, in 10 : 45 ; and im- 
mediately was started again to do 10 miles more, which she aceomplished 
in 34 : 07. Tho same year the horse Daniel D. Thompkins, under 
the saddle, trotted three-mile heats in 7 : 59 and 8 : 10. 

In 1842 Eipton heat Lady Suffolk, at three miles in harness, in 5 : 07 
and 5 ; 17. 

In 1843 Lady Suffolk made mile heats in '2 : 28A, 2 : '2^, 2 : 28, 2 : 29 
and 2 : 32, which was not again equaled until 1854, when this record was 
covered byTacony. 

In 1844 Cayuga Chief made the iirst half-mile of a race in 1 : 15, the 
fastest yet made in public : and Fanny Jenks accomi)lished 100 miles in 
harness, in 9 hours, 38 minutes and 34 seconds. The slowest mile was 
done in (5 : 25 and the fastest in 4 : 47. At the end of tlie race tills mare 
was driven an e.xtra mile in 4 : 23. 

In 1849 Lady Suffolk trotted 19 times and won 12, beating Gray Eagle 
and Mac twice, Pelham five times. Lady Sutton twice. Trustee four times ; 
also beat Black Hawk, Gray Trouble, Plowboy and other horses. This 
your a Canadian mare. Fly, is said to have been driven from Cornwall to 
Montreal, ninety miles, in 8 hours and 15 minutes. Fanny Jenks 
made 100 miles in 9 hours 38 minutes and 34 seconds. Fanny ^Murray 
trotted 100 miles in 9 hours 41 minutes and 23 seconds. 

In 1852 Tacony won 12 races, beating all the best horses of the day, 
making a single mile in 2 : 2(> ; two miles in 5 : 02 and was beaten only 
twice. As a 3 year, Ethan Allen trotted this 3'ear in 3 : 20. Floia Tem- 
ple this year won her first purse, on the regular turf, in 2:41. 

In 1853 the entire sporting interest was centered in Flora Temple and 
Tacony. Flora this jear beat all the best horses of the day winning sev- 
enteen times. Her best time at mile heats was 2 : 27, 2 : 2S, and at two- 
mile heats 5 : Oli, 4 : 59. This year Tacony trotted a mile in 2 : 25i. 

In 1856 the contest lay principally between Flora Temple and Lancet. 
Flora made 11 races, winning 9, beating Lancet four times in harness, 
and Tacony three times in harness, Tacony going under the saddle. This 
year Flora Temple lowered the one-mile record to 2 : 24i. 

IX. Strains of Trotting Blood. 

That the trotting horse of Amcriivi owes his great powers to the infu- 
sion of tliorou<rh blood, we lune before stated. To Imported Messeiigei 



AliOCT TI:()TTIN(i IIOKSKS. 143 

is this due ill tho greiitcst degree. Another great trotting «ire of Amer- 
ica was Inij)orted Bellfounder There has Ix'cu much controversy over 
his l)reeding, first and last, l)ut tliat he was a stauncii trotter and a getter 
of admirable horses, there is no douht, giving splendid action to his get. 
Still, it must l)e admitted tliat, admiraMe as was Bellfounder himself, his 
get was not equal to the descendants of jMessenger in all that constitutes 
speed, endurance and action. 

Duroc also became a valuable factor in our trotting J)lood. His strain 
of blood appears in the Medley's, Duroc Messenger's, Mambrino Chief's 
and Gold Dust's. 

One of the .suli-familics of Messenger's ])iood, Ilambletonian, who 
united the blood of INIessenger and Bellfounder, has raised the trotting 
horse of America to the highest point of perfection. He was not a hand- 
some liorse from a thoroughbred standpoint, if indeed he was thorouirh- 
bred, which has been doubted. His pedigree has been given as follows : 
Hamblctonian was by Al)dallah ; he by ]Manil)rino, a son of Messenger. 
Tlie dam of Abdallah was the mare Amazonian. The dam of Hamblctonian 
was by Imported Bellfounder ; sei'ond dam by Hamblctonian ; third dam, 
Silvertail, said to have been by Imported Messen£;er 

In all that constitutes stoutness and ability to perform, in freedom 
from tendency to disabilit}, his stock has been wonderful. Noted for 
immense and strong joints, length and strength of bone, magnificent mus- 
cular develoi)ment, prominent, square, massive build, mighty hips and 
excellent })arrel, all knit together to form a mostadmiraJ)le frame, united 
to a nervous constitution that reproduced itself in his descendants, in a 
most wonderful degree. 

In relation to the descendants of the progenitors of the strains of trot- 
ting blood, Mr. H. T. Helm, in his work, "American Roadsters and 
Trotting Horses," says of the trotting horse of to-dav : "Tho combined 
A1)dallah-Bellfounder is a horse of the teens; Goldsmith Maid, 2: 14; 
Dexter, 2:17; Gloster, 2:17; Bodine, 2 : 19i ; St. Julian, 2:22A; 
Gazelle, 2:21; FuUerton, 2:18; Mountain Boy, 2 : 20f ; Jay Gould, 
2 : 2U ; Nettie, 2:18; Startle — . Joe Elliot would, in his opinion, have 
stood as a bright star in the firmament." We can add to this our own 
opinion as a breeder of descendants of Messenger and Bellfounder many 
years ago, that we never had a disajjpointing colt. They Avere mighty 
driving horses, of great bone, muscle and sincM', of great lung power, 
and, of course, of great endurance. 



CHAPTER TX. 
THE BREEDING AND REARING OP COLTS. 



I. IMI'OKTANCE OFACCIRATE KNOWI.KIXIE. II. BREED EKOM MATURE ANIMAL.S. 

HI. NO PROFIT IN INFEKIOll HORSES. IV. HEREDITY IN ANIMALS. V. PECU- 
LIAR ORGANIC STRUCTURE. VI. HEREDITY OK DISEASE. VII. AVATISM OR 

BREEDING BACK.— BREED TO NONE BIT THE BEST. VIII. VARIATION AND DEVEL- 
OPMENT. IX. TRANSMISSION OF QUALITIES. X. THE IMPRESS OF COLOR AND 

FORM. XI. RELATION OF SIZE IN SIRE AND DAM. XII. BREED ONLY FROM 

PURE SIRES. XIII. THE BEST ARE CHEAPEST IN THE END. XIV. SELECTION 

OF STALLION AND MARE. XV. SERVICE OF THE STALLION. XVI. THE PERIOD 

OP GESTATION — TREATMENT. — — XVII. TREATMENT AFTER FOALING. XVIII. 

now TO KNOW IF A MARE IS IN FOAL. XIX. HOW TO KNOW THE FOALING TIME. 

XS. THE FOALING STALL. XXI. ABORTION, OR SLINKING THE FCETUS. XXII. 

HOW TO RAISE A COLT. 

I. Importance of Accurate Knowledge. 

'I'lic l)rccding and raising of farm stock is one of the most interesting 
liranchcs of agricultural art, and it is one requiring judgment and ac- 
curate knowledge in a high degree. In the preceding chapters we have 
therefore, carefully gone over the ground covered hy what pertains to 
the anatomy and physical condition of the horse, to the end that 
any intelligent person may become so thoroughly master of the subject 
that he may not only know what constitutes a good horse, but may also 
decide Avitli tolerable accuracy as to the age and constitutional ^igor of 
an animal, and be familiar with the characteristics of the principal breeds. 

Know what You Breed For. — A hor,se should be bred with a view solely 
to the labor he is to perform. The first thing for the breeder to do, 
therefore, is to decide what he wants with the horse. If the animal 
is intended for the turf, there is but one course to pursue ; breed only to 
horses of the most approved pedigree, for the distance, whether it be 
one, two, three, or four miles. It is well known that but a moiety of the 
colts, even of the best blood, ever arrive at high eminence. So many 
are the contingencies to be met, and so many the risks to be taken, that 
our advice is. Do not undertake the breeding of this kind of stock, un- 
less you are amply able to provide all the varied requirements, including 
the most perfect stables, and a training track. Above all, do not waste 
money on the so-called thoroughbreds, that travel country districts, ex- 
pecting to breed high-priced horses from common mares. You would be 
quite as likely to be struck by liglitning as to succeed in getting any- 
thing l)ett-er, from such parents, than a quarter nag for a scrul) race. So 
with t lotting horses, do not expect to get a crack trotter unless the blood 
of trotting thoroughbreds is strong in the veins of sire and dam. Nor 
can you get a fine carriage driving horse from some Avecdy, dancing, 

144 



THE ]u:r.i;i)iN(; and kearing of colts. 145 

liigh headed sire, whose nervousness comes from timidity, and whose 
blood is made up from guess-work breeding. Kead carefully what is con- 
tained in the preceding chapters, and l)reed from stock, already improved, 
rather than seek to make a Ijrced yourself. 

If 3'ou desire to breed up from the stock you already have, the object 
is a laudaljle one. provided you want horses only for general use. In 
this case, breed from the best sires you can lind, and those which combine 
the characteristics you seek to perpetuate. 

n. Breed From Mature Animals. 

Maturity in breeding stock is indispensable, since it is futile to expect 
to get the best development from animals undeveloped themselves. Wo 
believe the wcediness of many thoroughbreds, which means want of de- 
velopment and lack of constitutional vigor, to be the result, in part, 
of too early and fast work, and also of breeding their parents while yet 
too young, or after they were broken do^^ni for service on the turf . To 
get the highest e.xellence in the offspring we nmst have the highest de- 
velopment in the parents. Degeneration will surely result, if we breed 
from immature or broken down animals. Another important requisite is, 
that the sire be given plenty of exercise during the season of service ; 
and after that, and until the next season begins, he should have constant 
work, except for a period of rest with a run on the grass immediatelv 
after the service season. The mare also should not be idle, nor confined 
to the stable ; exercise is as necessary to the dam as to the sire. 

III. No Profit in Inferior Horses. 
The best and purest stock, well adajjted to the end sought, is alwavs 
the cheapest. This is a fundamental principle, to be kept constantlv in 
view. It costs no more to feed, shelter, and properly care for good 
stock, than it does to feed, shelter and care for inferior stock. The first 
cost of good animals is, of course, more, but this is the capital invested, and 
for which j-ou expect to get adequate returns. It costs no more to raise 
good stock than it does to raise inferior stock. It costs no moix'to fit and 
train the one than the other. After you have secured the female stock, 
smooth in movement, of undouI)ted constitutional vigor, and of the 
proper blood for the lal)or intended, if you do not own, or cannot afford 
to own, the sire, you need not fear to pay liljcrally for such blood as you 
require ; you may, moreover, safely incur the expense of sending your 
mares considerable distances to procure the proper sire. This, however, 
will rarely be necessary unless you wish exceirtional colts ; for, in all well- 
settled districts, there are plenty of good sires, outside of the highest- 
caste thoroughbreds, and trotting strains. In thinly-settled districts 
the breeding of high-caste stock should not be undertaken unless the 



14() Till-: AMKiiicAX )Ai;Mr;i;"s stock i'.ook. 

l)rc(>der rsui iifford to kocp the .sires at liis own expense orliv cd-dpcratioii, 
or in i)iii'tiK'rsliii), with othei's. 

Taking it for granted that the reader accepts, as true, the foregoing 
propositionts, wo will next in((uiro into some points that should be borne 
in mind by every one wlio ho])es to win success as a breeder, whether 
from the staiid-])oint of protit or with a view to the pleasure of doing a 
thing well. 

IV. Heredity in Animals. 

We have dwell with some emphasis upon the imporlanee of l)reeding 
from sound, vigorous parents ; for like produces like, and the rule is 
constant even in the case of phenomenal animals. p]xtraordinary devel- 
opment is by no means the result of chance, though it may be the bring- 
ing out in an extraordinary degree, of qualities that have been dormant, 
perhaps for generations, for the want of wliat breeders call nicking. 
By "nicking" is meant the development of dormant traits through the 
union of a sire and dam of peculiar qualities, of the most excellent 
traits perfectly blended together, and conferring vigor of constitution, 
soundness and tinencss of bone, along with great muscular developnu-nt , 
good digestion and excellence of the respiratory organs, and of the nerv- 
ous system, and nerve force. With these, au animal must l)e good ; and 
how to have them good is the object of this work. 

Let us now see what goes to make up that (pialit}' called heredity, 
which is carried in the breeding of an animal. Charles Darwin has writ^ 
ten A'oluminously and conclusively on this subject, as have many others. 
Dr. INIiles, late professor of Agriculture in the Michigan State Agricultu- 
ral College, in a treatise on the laws of development and heredity, in rela- 
tion to the improvement and breeding of domestic animals, has collected 
and arranged nnich valuable matter bearing upon this subject; and he 
cites heredity of normal characteristics, atavism, variation, the relative 
intluence of parents, influence of ])revious impregnations, and vai'ions 
other matters, as being well worth the study of the breeder. Tlie 
l)osition we have assumed is, therefore, founded upon correct and long- 
continued observation by the most (>minent minds of this and other ages ; 
for more than a glimmering of the laws of heredity was had even by the 
ancients. In classic times thei-e were families of athletes among the 
Greeks ; and the extract ah'cady given from Xenophon shows that he no 
less understood what a horse should be, than he did how to conduct the 
memorable retreat of the ten thousand, and to fight successful battles. 
Later researches by Galton have shown that the b(>st wrestlers and oars- 
men belong to a small number of families in which strength and skill 
have become hereditary. The most successful of oiu- trotting hoi'ses are 



THK BUEEDINC. AND liEARING OV COLTS. 147 

derived fioiii three families ; of these the descendants of Messenger are 
most sti-ongly marked in hereditary trotting qualities. Among running 
horses Eclipse l)egat 3;>4, and Ilerod 4i)7 -winners. The hereditary trans- 
mission of strongly marked peculiarities in races is conspicuously shown 
in the Jews and in the Gypsies, who intei'many, each, only, among their 
own race. Hence, says Kibot, "their distinguishing characteristics have 
remained the same for centuries." So, certain breeds of sheep, as the 
Spanish ^lerinos, certain breeds of cattle, as the Devons, like certain 
l)recds of horses, are strongly characterized >)y their hereditary traits and 
tendencies. 

V. Peculiar Organic Structure. 
No less remarkable is the tcndeiuy, sometinu>s seen, to inherit abnor- 
mal organic structure. A peculiar structui'e of the ear, nervous system 
and vocal organs, gave to the family of Sebastian Bach, that power which 
in eisi'ht generations produced no less than twenty-mnc eminent singers. 
Fecundity, length of life, abnormal peculiarities of members of the body, 
day-blindness, total l)lindncss, peculiar forms of intirmity, and of disease, 
are well known to ])e hereditary in some human families. Accordingto 
Finley Dun a tendency to consumption and dysentery iii cattle is indicated 
by certain well marked signs ; the most obvious of which, he says, are a 
thin and long carcass, narrow loins and chest, flat ribs, a hollow appear- 
ance at the flanks, extreme thinness and fineness of the neck and withers, 
hollowness behind the ears, fullness under the jaws and a small, narrow 
muzzle. All these are indications of defective nutrition, and will apply 
generally, not only to cattle, but to other animals ; and defective mitri- 
tion is the parent of disease. 

VI. Heredity of Disease. 

Of 1000 cases of insanity noted in France, .">;>() were hereditary. In 
the family of Le Conipt, thirty-seven children and grand-children became 
blind like himself, and in this case the lilindness, for three sucees.sive 
generations, occurred at iibout the age of seventeen or eighteen years. 

Blindness is well known to Ijo hereditary in horses. Spavins, curbs, 
ring-b(mcs, strains of the back tendons, swelling of the legs and grease, 
roaring, thick wind, chronic cough, partial as well as total blind- 
ness, niahgnant and other tumors, epilepsy and various neiwous affec- 
tions, are also distinctly hereditary in the horse, and often do not appear 
until mature age. Hence, it is necessary to know that the stock you 
breed from is not only sound, but that it came of sound ancestry ; for 
disabilities may lie dormant for one, two or three generations, and then 
appear. 



1 is TMK AMKUK'AX KAUMKu's STOCK ItOOK. 

Tlic jirt'dispositiou most to be guarded against in horses, is licreditarv 
disability m tlie bone, sinew, xiscera, anil espeeiaily in tiio sight. Defee- 
tivo siiilit h-ads to siiying, fright luni (•onse(juent unnianageal)ility, and is 
therefore dangerous in the extreme. 

VII. Atavism or Breeding Back. 

In breeding, if an abnormal eharacteristie appears in any of the young, 
and this is found to be valuable, it should be sedulously preserved and 
fostered. What is called breeding back or throwing l)aek, may oeeur after 
the lapse of many years. The occasional ajjpearance of horns in (lalloway 
cattle is a case in point. Mr. Darwin mentions the occurrence in two of a 
litter of Essex pigs, of marks of a Berkshire cross, that had lain dormant 
for twenty-eight years. The rei)roduction of a ))eculiarity of an ancestor, 
near or remote, whether of form, color, mental trait or predisposition to 
disease, is termed atavism. It is a valuable trait when good qualities arc 
thrown, and they are likely to be, if the good qualities are inherent. It 
is to be guarded against, if the qualities transmitted arc ])ad. Hence wt- 
have laid it down as a rule: Breed to none 1)ut tiie best. 
VIII. Variation and Development. 

Variation is among the rarest of the occurrences that the bi-ceder ever 
encounters. It is in fact not susceptible of proof that distinct and well- 
marked variation of a race is possible. Its occurrence is probably due to 
the thi'owing back to some long dormant quality of a remote ancestor. 
Wild animals do not change ; among them one is like the others. If 
transported, tluy may be dwarfed in size, and acquire a more abundant cov- 
ering of hair, while their stomachs iind other organs may become modi- 
tied to suit the changed conditions in a rigorous climate, or, with ■warmth 
and abundant food they may be increas(>d in size and gciu^-al develop- 
ment. But this is not what we understand by variation, which is not 
some sudden change in the species. Variation is rather tlu^ departui'e of 
the individual from the well-known traits of his spi'cies or family, and is due, 
as already stated, to avatism or breeding back to some ancient ancestor, and 
to some remote cross or mingling of blood. Species may acquire certain 
traits by development, but the process is gradual, and when once attained 
the traits may he perpetuated. This development is most gradual in 
horses, somewhat quicker in cattle, yet faster in sheep, and still more so in 
swine. Horses breed but once a year, mature the most slowly of all farm 
aninuds, and rarely produce more than one A'oung at a birth. Cattle 
mature faster, breed younger and frequently produce twins. IShee[) ma- 
ture still faster, and often produce two or nu)re at a birtli, while swine 
mature rapidly, breed young, and produce many at a birth. 



Till': lillKEDlNC AM> KIOAIUXa OF COI.TS. 14i) 

IX. Transmission of Qualities. 
Ill breeding, there are two points to he taken into consideration, in 
relation to the transmissiou of the qualities of the sire and dam. As a 
rule the sire of pure blood, coupled with a "cold-blooded" mare, by 
which we mean a mare of mixed blood, will get a foal more strongly 
resembling himself tiiaii the mare. Some sires have this power of im- 
pressing tlu^ir characti'ristics upon the progeny in a r(Miiarkal)le degree. 
A fact that is still more striking is that some females have the faculty of 
bringing young remarkaljly like the sire. This is a species of atavism. 
If a mare possesses this peculiarity, she is invalu!i})le, and if of pure 
l)lood should never be served by any but the best sires. If of cold blood 
then she should be served by a sire of like peculiarity as to the transmis- 
sion of blood, and possessing the qualities which are wanted in the foal. 
Again, the oftener a female is served by the same sire, the stronger will 
be the likeness of the progeny to the sire, as a rule ; and the ofti'iier the 
sire is changed, the greater will bo the danger of variation in the progeny. 
Hence, the absolute importance of lireeding in such manner that the blood 
souglit will bo more and more impressed with the characteristics required ; 
and, hence, again, the imperative necessity that the first time a female, 
especially one of pure lineage, is allowed to breed, it be not only to 
an animal of known purity of blood, but to one bred in the same line, 
that is, having the same qualities as herself ; for, not only is the dam 
impressed with the blood of every sire with which she has had contact, 
but the first impress is stronger than any succeeding one. It is not nec- 
essary here to go into a demonstration of these facts. They an^ so well 
established that they may be taken for granted. 

X. The Impress of Color and Form. 

Breeding to color is also an important point to be considered. Never 
use a parti-colored stallion, but always use one of self-color. Bays and 
chestnuts Avith darker manes and tails are the best colors, as a rule. These 
colors may be broken with white at the fetlocks, and by a star in the 
forehead; ])ut too much white should be avoided, while "calico mark- 
ings" are the least desirable of all. Certain breeds have characteristic 
colors, as the gray in the Percheron, bays and browns in the Clydesdales, 
and black in the English cart horse. Adhere to definite colors, whatever 
they may be ; if others incline to crop out, especially marked ones, be 
sure they are due to atavism, from some near or remote cross. 

With regard to form, the rule more generally acknowledged to l)e cor- 
rect, and the one borne out by many facts, is, that the sire impresses 
outward form and color to a great degree, and the mare the inner and 
jihysical form to a corresponding degree. If the sire be of the pui'est 



150 Till': AMERICAN I'AiniKlfs STOCK HOOK. 

lineage, liis inipref^.s, all tlirough, will he the stronger, and if the mare l)e 
the purest, her cluiracteristies will predominate. In breeding up to a 
higher standard, be sure, therefore, that the sire is of the purest and the 
most strongly marked eharacteristies, as to impress of blood. 

XI. Kelation of Size in Sire and Dam. 

In the production of full-formed, vigorous and symmetrical animals, if 
it is desired to increase the size, the mare should be relatively lariicr than 
the horse. But if the size is correct, according to the breed, select sire 
and dam of relative size ; that is, select a sire proportionately larger than 
the dam, according to the breed. In Devon and Hereford cattle, for 
example, the cows are smaller than the bulls, wherein they contrast with 
the Short-Horns, where the relative size between male and female cor- 
responds more nearly with the relative size of horse and mare. Above 
all, never make the mistake of attempting to breed-up the size by using 
overgrown males. Such an ex|ieriment must always end in disaster, as 
many farmers have found by breeding snuiU mares, which they huppen 
to have, to some coarse, large-l)oned horse, with the idea of getting large, 
able-bodied colts. At the time Avhen overgrown horses were fasliional)le 
in En<rland, for coach and carriage teams, the farmers of Yorkshire 
attempted to In-eed such animals from overgrown stallions on small mares. 
The result was a dismal failure. The converse of this has been seen in 
this country, in breeding pony Morgans upon much of the farm stock 
with a view of getting fine horses. The outcome was stock too 
small for labor, and not good enough for anything like roiid horses. 
The results of this mistake may yet be seen in some parts of the country, 
in undersized animals. 

XII. Breed Only Prom Pure Sires. 

In-and-in breeding, as already stated, as the breeding together of ani- 
mals closelv related, as the progeny of one sire and dam or members of 
the same distinct and closely related lineage. Cross breeding is the 
union of two distinct sub-families of the same tril)e. Hybrids are the 
produce of two distinct tribes of a family, as for instance in the 
genus equus, of the mare and ass, or tiie mare and zebra, or of the 
mare and quagga. Cross-bred aninuils :ire fertile ; hj'brids ai'c not. 
Breeding in line is the union of animals closely enough related to pos- 
sess similar characteristics. In this connection it will be sufficient to state 
conclusions founded ui)on experience and facts. The data may be found 
in the records of herd and stud books, and in works dealing in special- 
ties relating to i)hysiology, anatomy and breeding. 

If it be desired to keep a stock absolutely pure, and to retain the well- 
known eharacteristies of a breed in their best form, the proju'r ])lun is to 



THK BREEUIXO AXD RF:ARIX0 OF COLTS. 



151 



lireed to line with individuals hsiving the distinct points required. If the 
object is to breed-up, to found a breed, or to refine certain points and 
characteristics with a view to their perpetuation, it will be safe to 
breed in-and-in, or closelv, for three ^generations, and then take an out 




cross, or breed to line, as the case may be. For ordinary purposes, 
where stamina, strength of constitution, and not exceptionally constant 
characteristics are required, crossing is not objectionable, though violent 
crosses, as hei'etofore stated, must not be allowed. Breed your females to 
the best male vou can find, having due regard always to tlio point that the 



152 TIIK AMKIMCAN 1 AKMKU's STOCK HOOK. 

female inu.st not l)e l)red to a nmlc widely different from herself. (lood 
mares of the eonmiou mixed luced niny he bred to staunch thorough- 
breds to retine, and to give style, symmetry and speed to the foals ; to 
Pereherons, or Clydesdales, to increase the size and strength for draft ; to 
the Cleveland Bay, to beget handscnne, al)le horses for the farm and car- 
riage, and to well-bred trotting stock to get good horses for tiie road, and 
for all work. 

As illustrating our uu'aning, if the reader will turn to the portrait of 
Gold Dust, a horse of mixed blood, got hy Vermont jMorgan, out of a 
dam nearly or (juito thoroughl)ri>d, it will serve to show a result of cross 
breeding. The i)rogeny partakes more of tiie tliorough tiian of the 
mixed l>lood. Tlie cut of Siiales, a iiaif-lu-cd iiorse foaled in England, 
early in tin; century, and noted during his whole lift' as a most wonder- 
ful trotter, shows the residt of a tlioronghl)red sire, with a dam of nuxed 
lineage. Here the preponderance is in favor of the thoroughbred sire. 
The cut of Dervish shows an example of pure breeding, and probably of 
close, or at least line, breeding. lie was a little bay Arab, of great style 
and fineness, remarkable for his darting, square trot ; that is, for throwing 
out the fore-leg, and straightening the knee bcfoie the foot touched the 
ground. 

vril. The Best are Cheapest in the End. 

The highly-bred trotters of to-day, those (pdte or nearly thorough- 
bred, show the value of breeding in line, that is, we repeat, the l)r(!eding 
together of animals of close descent, or those having ehai'aeteristics in 
conunon. Many of our best thoroughbred racers show examples of in- 
and-in breeding, and, as a rule, those bred in the same line of descent are 
more uniform in their (lualities, than those w'hich havc^ been produced by 
the luiion of many sub-families of the same original blood. The objec- 
tion to close in-and-in breeding is, that, if persisted in, it M'ill ultimately 
result in weakening the constitution, while at the same time it retines. 
To establish a breed it nuist be closely followed, departing from tiie rule 
only when undue delicac}' of constitutional vigor is feared. In the wild 
state, gregarious animals, such as horses and cattle, breed in-and-iu for 
two or three generations, or >nitil the strongest males become enfeebled 
with age, or arc obliged to suceiunb to younger and more vigorous ones ; 
which is in accordance with the princi[)le of tiie survival of the fittest, 
and may l)e called a moditication of in-and-in breeding alternated with 
breeding to line. The same rule would be a sound one, if modified by 
careful selection, in the artificial breeding of (If)mcstic animals, alwavs 
keeping in mind that in sheep, and especially in swine, the rule nnist not 
be so closely followed. But in all this, remember constantly tiiat the 



Ti:i', i',i!F.r.i)i\(; ani> ];f.arix<} of coi.ts. 153 

Lest are always clieapr.st in the end. Jt is true that the breeder's jjiirse 
must l)e considered ; but, be he rich or poor, it is always a iiioiiey-losing 
business to ])rec(l to an ill-forni(Ml inal(! because he is cheap. 

XrV. Selection of Stallion and Mare. 

Tlie sel(H'tion of the stallion, while it will <lci)ciiil ]>i-iniarih' u[ioii what 
the colts are intended fin-, should always bo for the good there is in him. 
lie should be of full medium-size for the breed, and should possess the 
characteristics we have previously stated, in -WTiting of Ijreeds. He 
should bo masculine in every fiber, with the distinguishing beauty, 
strength, fire and courage of the nuile. Never breed to a feminine-look- 
ing male. The outcome -will always be a failure. 

Selection of the Mare. — The selection of the mare is no less important. 
It is she that is to noui'ish the fcetus, and after birth give suck to the 
young. The mare, whatever her size, should not be coarse at any point. 
Her beauty needs to be feminme, just as that of the stallion must be 
masculine. She should cany more muscle or flesh than the horse, be 
more rounded in outline, but be iincr in head, neck and limb, and thin- 
ner in mane and tail than the stallion. Her strength should be that of 
flcetness, her fire that of docnlo playfulness, and her courage that of am- 
bition to perform. She should have a larger pelvis, relativelv, than the 
horse, and her barrel should be rather rounder and more roomy. Her 
milking rpialitles should of (iourse l)e good, for upon them depends, in a 
great measure, the future usefulness of the colt. 

XV. Service of the Stallion. 

The mare may be ser\ed just as she is coming into heat, but better 
just after her greatest passion of heat has passed. The lii-st time for 
service is early in the morning. After being served let her remain quiet, 
or, if she seem fretful, walk her slowly about, and, after fifteen minutes, 
turn her into a pasture that she may amuse herself eating gi-ass ; but not 
in a pasture where there is other stock. A mare will usually receive the 
horse on the eighth or ninth day after foaling, even though she exhibit 
no particular sign of heat ; if not, she may conn! into ht^at MJien the colt 
is about four weeks old. 

Treatment after Service. — After being served, try her with the horse 
on the ninth day ; if she refuse, try her again on the seventh day follow- 
ing ; upon a second refusal, try her again on the fifth day after that ; if 
she then refuse, she may be fairly conceded to be with foal. Above all 
things, the mare should be kept away from teasing horses ; from l)adly 
castrated geldings ; from ridglings, or horscsimperfectly gelded, and bear- 
ing ono testicle in the bod}' ; from yearling colts, and from other mares in 
heat. When once the time of heat is known, and service gi\-en, the 



ir)4 llll'; AMI'.KICAN lAl.'MI-.li's STOCK HOOK. 

iniiro should !»' rclunuMl (otlic lior-c ms iccdiiiiiu'iuliMl, so llmt tlio time mav 
nol run ()\t'r wlicii llicinan' slinuKl rccc'ncllio hursc. Forty-four weeks 
Ihmuu; tlu" UMial liino (lie uiaro goes wilh t'oal, if the service of the >l:il- 
liou is delayed it will liriu^' the hirtii of the ne\l foal too late, [)ei-hai)s, in 
tlie next \i-.w : and, possilily one year may have to he iiilenuil let! in lireod- 
in<i'. 

XVI. The Period of Goatation. 
(ieslation, the ean\ iui;' id' the youny, eoulinues, on au a\eraj;e, eleven 
months or foil \ -four W('ek>. This period may, howevei', aeeordini!; to 
the (ilisi'r\atious (d" Mr. Vouatt , he diminished l>y ti\ i^ weeks, orexteuded 
h\- six week^. Thus it will he seen that there is a variation of nearly 
eh'\eu wei>ks, or nearly three months. .M. l''essier, a l-'reneh ohsei'X'er, 
count ing .'">''^l' mares, finds the lonii't'st pei'iod Nil days, the shortest '-'ST 
davs iind the jiverae-e iVM days. In au ohservation hy M. (iayotoii 
(wenty-tivo niari"s,(ht> average was ;> I.'! days, thelongost [UM-iod 'Mu tlaysand 
liio shortest period .'>:? t days. SnudI mares, as a rule, go a shorter time 
liian large ones, and a mare is apt to carry a horse colt longer tlian one 
which is a female, 'i'he oliservations of M. Fessier m.iy he taken as 
(lie nuiNt eonclusi\c, since they were extended oxer a period of forty 
ye;ir>. 

Treatment During Gestation. — Tho n\are should not he worked inune- 

dialcU' after hcingscrxed. Once (|uietcd, it is pi'opei' that she ha\-e ordi- 
nary work until within al)ont three months of thetinu> of foaling. .Vfter 
tills slu> mav do light work, not fast work, with l)enetit lo herself and the 
foal, ('arc, however, must he taken that she do not slip or strain herself, 
iiiU' fall down 

XVII. Troatmont After Foaling. 

After foaling, and until the e(dt is ainonth old, the maro .shoidd do no 
work. In fact, no valuahle mare should do any work, certainly not more 
than enough for exercise, until the e(dt hegins to eat gra.ss and grain 
freelv. 'rhei-i> art" more colts dwarfed, and mares injured, hy the dam 
being worked hard while sueklingtho eolt, than at any other time, and hy 
all other means w hatc\er. She is then weak, liahle to hecome overheated, 
and any disal)ilit\' ex[>ericuccd hy the mare will >urely lie participattnl in 
by the foal. 

XVIII. How to Know if a Mare is in Foal. 

As .dready >tatcd, if the mare refuse the hoix' upon the third trial, on 
tlie twcnt\-tirst Aiw after service, she may be considered to bo with 
foal. Uetween these trials, however, if the mare bo not gra\id, or in 
foal, llu' lips of the vagina will be moist, bright, and of a fresii tlorid 



TIIIO KliKKDI.Vd AM) ItKAKINO OK COI/FS. 155 

Jippcuniiicc, and with ii fio.sh droj) of fluid iit tho lower purt, which ])eiiig 
tou('li(!d will iiicHiKsto extend. If hIk; iM^gnivid, tiio .surfaco of the vai^ina 
will 1)0 dry and of a dirty brown or rusty color, wliilo tiie drop that 
l)cfore wan ch^ar fluid, will bo dark and brown. After tlu; thii'd month, 
the belly will l)egin to swell, and at th(! <!nd of tlu; liftii or sixth month the; 
movements of the ffjetus may bo ween by watching; or l)y .standing the 
marc at retst and pres.sing up wharply in the flank, with the thumb and 
fore-finger dosed, IIk; firtiis may be distincly felt l)y the relionnd. 

XIX. How to Know the Foaling Time. 
From one to three; months before; the time of foaling, theud(Jcr begins 
to fill and swc^li, more; or lc;ss, and this will continue increasing. During 
the thrive weeks immcHlialely i)re<-(;ding thi; time; of foaling, a furrow-liko 
appearance is seen, reaching from the haunch to the tail on each side of 
the spinal extcinsion, as though the pelvis was scpai'ating its parts. This 
will be more and more; apparent as the time approaches. The udder will 
fill, ;iM<l two days, generally, though sometimes only one, l)efore foaling, 
a gummy sul)stancc will exude from, and stand at tiio end of, each teat. 

XX. The Foaling Stall. 

Whatever the pla(;e provided for foaling, it sliould be so tigiit that the 
mare caimot get her limbs through the interstices. If should be warm 
and well-littered with short, fine straw, and the mare should be left 
entirely to herst^if, cx('C!pt in tiioso i-are cases whenslu; may need mechan- 
ical assistance in foaling. This, however, should not be resort(!d to unless 
the size of the fo'lus i-e(|iiir(^s it, or a false j)resentation is made. 
XXI. Abortion, or Slinking the Foal. 

From tlie time when gestation has pi'oc(!eded threes months, and up to 
the fifth montii, tlnire may bo danger of abortion. To prevent this, the 
inare should not be expos(Ml to foul smells, nor to the sight of ])lood or 
dying animals, nor should sIk; be aiiowc^d to bo frighteiuid. She should 
have better feeding, and less work, sin<;e from this time on her s^'stem 
will bo called on to nourish the fast^growing fo-tus. There iirc many 
causes of abortion. AniouL'' fiie most i)rolific are, allowing her to sec 
food given others, that she; docs not get hers(!lf , and which she likes ; 
sudden fright ; sympathy with tin; distn^ss of other animals ; and above 
all, the germs arising in a stable in which there has beiman abortion. 

The prevention is to avoid all flicsc things, and to allow the animal 
plenty of fresh air. If an anim.ii onc(! aborts, uid(!ssit is broughtonb\- 
strain or acute disease, oi- if omc; tlu; tendency is established, it is some- 
M'lint difficult to overcome tli<! predisposition, which ;rcnei-ally Jiriscs at 
about a concurrent period of gestation. Hence, great pains should be 
taken to prevent anv lialiiiitv to tiiis disaster. 



ITii'i TIIK AMKIMCAN TAUMKIl's STOCK IinoK. 

XXII. IIow to Raiso a Colt. 

'I'lic ccill slioiild lie .■illowcd ti) run willi tlir dam iiiilil il is about si.x 
moiitlis old. 'I'lio lllili'O slioidd have plcul y of i;r.iss, and Mich ul licr food 
as iiiav lit> iicccssarv to kcci) up Iht ((ludilidii. If, at wiaiiiiiL;' tiiiir, tlu' 
marc do not drv off kindly, tlic milk should lie di-aw n liy hand, often cnouirli 
lo lu'cvcut. inllammation ; kccpinj; licr on dry food will assist in the l»ro- 
fC'ss of drviujj;, cspcciallv if slii> he put to steady l)uL lii^ht wnik. Al all 
I'Vent.s slio should have ])lenty of walking' exei-eise daily. The coll shonhl 
1)0 handled luul fondlcil fi-oin Ihc time it is a week old, if si ii mi;-, and a 
lili'lit lialler should 1)(! put on, lo lead it liy. 'I'hus i( carl\' hccnmcs ac- 
(■Ustomc(l lo Ihc master, and if kindly trcalcd will somi come lo seek the 
foiidlinn' hand. .Vs soon as il will ea(, say al thi-ce months ohl, il- should 
he accuslomcd to a lillle crushed o.ils daily, and the mess may he in- 
creased from tim(> to time, until il i;-c(s a full ration, al six mouths old. 

Many jjersons suppose thai a colt ni'cds no walcr. NothiniT <'oul(l he 
further from the trulh. .\flcr il is a week old, the colt should he offered 
water onee a day, at noon, ami as il increases in a^e, oflener. Wheu ready 
lo wean, it will already have been accustomed lo lead hy the halter. Tie 
it .securelv where it may not hurt itself, prefer iMy in siuht- of the mare ; 
feeil it generously, jiive it plenty of water, and allow il to run al play 
evurv day. 



CIIAl'TKR X. 
ASSES AND MULES. 

I. THE MII.E AND IIINNV lIKKINED. II. THE ASS. III. ANTIQIHTi' OK TIIEMrLE. 

IV. IMIEKDINU-JACKS. V. 1.0N(;EVITV OK TIIK. MUI.K. VI. THE VAI.IE OK 

Min.KS FOlt I-ABOU. VII. MILKS AltE NOT VHIOUS. VIII. TIIIC HUKEKINO OF 

MULES. 

I. The Mule and Hinny Defined. 

TIk! woi'd iimli^ siifiiifics :i liyhrid, tlint is, IIk^ ofrs])riiiir of ;iiiiiiial.s 
hcloii^^iiii;; to \\\t' siiiiKf <^(:ims, and fertile one witli tlio otlKsr, Imt of dif- 
fcii'iit ^ijxM-ics. Mules or hyhrids ai'o usually inf(^rtil(!, oiio with aiiotlicr, 
and arc always iiicapahli! of iH-op.-if^atiug the K[)eeios iiide(iiiitel\-. As now 
iijenorally a<'cepted, IIk! word niiilo is used to dosiirnato the on's|)iin;^ of 
the jnalo ass with the mare. 'rh(yha\(! hcen known and Iti'ed siiiee the 
time of r(!rnot(!st history, havin;^; always been prized for their loiiiiovity, 
sur<'-footedn('ss, and al)ility to labor in e.xirenie heat. 

The Hinny. — Tiro hinny is the produce of a sli(!-ass, bred to a hors(!. 
'I'hey were; called Jiiniiiis by the Romans ; — hencu!, our name, hinny. 
They i-csemble the horse more than the ass, just as the inul(!, spruii;^ 
from the mare and ass, ros(Mnbles the male parcMitmost. Ilinnies are 
handsome, round-))odied lik<^ the horse, l)ut ('.xceedinj^ly small, and are 
also said to be slow and more difficult to Tnana<;e than the mule ))roper. 
The\' have, therefore, seldom lireu l>r(<l, and when so, soon j)asse(l info 
disuse. 

II. The Ass. 

The wild ass is said to liav(! b(!en indigenous to Arabia Descnta, and the 
countries Avhich formed the Bab>'lonian Empin^ Those; now found in the 
northern region of India are said to bo so fleet, in the liill country, that 
no liorso can overtake them. Four different races s(!(^in to ))e indicated 
in tiie II(0)rew Scriptures, where thc^y ai"e named Para, Olianior, AIoh 
and Oritd. Of the wild ass Para, Scott's version of the description by 
,Iob is as follow> : 

'■Willi Iciiaiit of llic; uiislc, I .-lilt him tlirn- 

AiiKing the slinitts, to breath in l''i<'ciloin'H iiii-. 

Swift as an arrow in his speed h<! tliiw; 

Sees from afar tin! Hinoliy city rise; 

Scorns tlie lliron^jM street, wiiens slavery (lra;;s her load, 

'I'ho louil-voieed driver and his wv^iw^ ;;oad : 

Wlieie j-'er thi^ Inounlain waves itH lofty -wood, 

A boundless range, he seeks his verdant food." 

157 



158 I'll''- AMKRICAX FARMF.n S STOCK HOOK. 

III. Antiquity of the Mule. 

Muk's wore u.sod and iiiucli i)rizcd from a remote antiquity, and are 
mentioned both in sacred and i)rofano history. They were introduced 
into the eliariot races in the 7()tii Olympiad, or about 500 years before the 
Christan era ; and in the time of the llomans, Q. Axius, a Roman Sena- 
tor, paid, according to Pliny, 400,000 sesterces, or more than $1. '5, 000, 
for a male ass, for the stud ; and he also states that the best female asses 
were worth a like sum to breed sires. AVhen wo compute the difference 
in value between money then and now, the price was greater than that 
now paid for the most celebrated racing and trotting horses. 
rv. Breeding-Jacks. 

The best jacks now are those of Spanish origin. They are large, 
strong-boned, long-bodied, and, of course, long-eared. The cut will give 
a good representation of the Poitou ass, an animal similar to the Spanish 
jack. The jack, whatever the breed, is sensitive to cold, and to the influ- 
ence of st<n-ms, and, if not warmly housed in winter, soon becomes useless 
and disabled, from rheumatic and other affections. Of the jacks imported 
at an eai'l}'' day mto America, as a jircscnt to ({eneral Washington, Mr. 
Cast is has written as follows : 

"The Royal Gift and Kniglit of Malta, were sent to General Wash- 
ington about the year 1787 — the G^^yif with a jennet, a present from the 
King of Spain ; and said to have been selected from the roj-al stud. The 
Knight, I believe, Wiis from the Marquis do Lafayette, and shipped from 
Marseilles. The Gift was a huge and ill shapen jack, near sixteen hands 
high, very large head, clumsy limbs and to all appearance little calcula- 
ted for active service ; he was of a gray color, probably not young M-hen 
imported, and died at ]\Iount Vernon but little valued for his mules, 
which were unwieldy and dull. The Knight was of a moderate size, 
clean limbed, great activity, the tire and fcrocit}^ of a tiger, a dark brown, 
nearly l)lack colour, white belly and muzzle ; could onl^Hje managed by one 
"Tooni, and that always at considerable personal risk. lie lived to a great 
a^e, and was so infirm towards the last as to I'cquire lifting. He died on my 
estate in New Kent, in the state of Virginia, about 1802 or 1808. His 
mules were all active, spirited, and serviceable ; and from stout mares 
attained considera])le size. 

" General Washington bred a favorite jack called Compound, from the 
cross of Spanish and Maltese — the Knight upon the imported Spanish 
Jennet. This jack was a very superior animal; very long bodied, well 
set, witli all the qualities of the Knight and the weight of the Span- 
ish, lie was the sire of some of the finest nudes at Mount ^'(■rnon, and 
died from accident. The General bred mules from the best of his coach 



ASSES AND MULES. 



159 



mares, and found the value of the mule to bear a just proportion to the 
value of the dam. Four mules sold, at the sale of his effects, for upwards 




of $800 : and two more pairs at upwards of $400 each pair ; one jjair of 
these mules Avere nearly sixteen hands high each. 

"From these jacks a compound breed were produced, that, wlien bred 
to large mares, M'ere unexcelled for size and activity." 



160 



THE AMKltUAN 1 AKMEI! X STOCK liOOIv. 




A8SES AND MLLES. 



161 



The hroedin<r of jacks and jt>iinets, as the female of the ass is called, 
is confined to l)ut few hands. These breeding studs are mostly located in 
Kentucky and Tennessee, though some are found in Ohio, Indiana, Il- 
linois and ilissouri. Up to the time of the late war the breeding of tliis 
stock was an important industry', the jacks produced l)cing distrib- 
uted for service all over the Southern and Western States. Since 
the war, with the bi-eaking up of the great breeding studs, the industry has 
languished, owing to the decreased demand for mules. A new impetus, 




YOrN(! SPANISH JENXET. 



however, has given rise to the breeding of jacks again in considerable num- 
bers in the South, and this branch of husbandry will undoubtedly asain 
assume more than its original importance ; for the agricultural interests 
of that section are steadily growing, and a constant improvement is noted 
in the quality and numbers of the live stock. 

What tiic jacks should be may be seen in the illustration of a Poitou 
ass, a modification of the liest form of the Spanish jack, on page 1.t9, 
and that of the best form of the nuilo in the cut on page 160, sho\\-ing 
the manner of trimming, (I'oaching) the mane and tail. The cut of 
a Spanish jennet g_iven above will also convey an accurate idea of the best 
form of jennet. 



162 THE AMERICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK. 

V. Longevity of the Mule. 

The longevity of the mule is proverlnul. It wus a common saying dur- 
ing the civil war that "mules never died;" they might sometimes bo 
knocked over by a shot, but if one ever died a natural death the army 
wags refused to credit or I'ecord the fact. Pliny gives an account of one, 
taken from Grecian history, that was eighty jcars old ; and thougli past 
labor, followed others, that were carrying materials to build the temple 
of Minerva at Athens, and seemed to wish to assist them ; which so 
pleased the people, that they ordered he should have free egress to the 
grain market. Dr. Rees mentions two that were seventy years old in 
England. Mr. P. S. Skinner says, "I saw myself, in the West Indies, a 
muleperfoim his task in a cane mill, that his owner assured me was forty 
years old ;" and adds, writing nearly twenty years ago, "I now own a mare 
mule twenty-five years old, that I have had in constant work twenty-one 
years, and can discover no diminution of her powers ; she has within a 
year past often taken upwards of a ton weight in a wagon to Boston, a 
distance of more than five miles. A gentleman in my neighborhood has 
owned a very large mule about fourteen years, that cannot be less than 
twenty-eight j^ears old. He informed me, a few day since, that he could 
not perceive the least failure in him, and would not exchange him for any 
farm horse in the country. And I am just informed, from a source enti- 
"tled to perfect confidence, that a highly respectable gentleman and eminent 
agriculturist, near Centerville, on the eastern shore of Maryland, owns a 
mule that is thirty-five years old, as capable of labor as at any former 
period." 

VI. Value of Mules for Labor. 

It is be3'ond dispute that mules will continue to lalior for at least dou- 
ble the period of the usefulness of the horse. They endure extreme 
heat better, but are pinched with cold. It is a mistake to suppose that 
the mule will subsist on far less food than the horse. In pi-oportiou to 
size, they require about the same quantity ; but, weight for weight, they 
will draw a heavier load ; and, for the reason, that they take little notice 
of what is going on about them, do not fret and seldom scare. As pack- 
animals, they are far superior to the horse ; while, in sure-footedncss and 
freedom from disease, no farm animal, except the goat, can compete with 
them. The impression that mules can get along with little or no care, and 
that they may be turned out in the winter to shift for themselves, has led 
many people to be disappointed in their use. In summer, when a horse 
would seek the shade, we have seen mules lie prone in the sun and enjoy 
th(! heat. For ordinary farm labor and all teaming purposes, mules 
Ijecome more and more valuable as we go south of 40 de<i;re(>s. As we 



ASSE.S AM) MILES. 



163 



j)rocecd north they bccoiiio less and less serviceiihlo, and few are found in 
use north of 45 degrees. 

VII. Mules are not Vicious. 
It is generally supposed that the mule is naturally vicious. This is a 
mistake. He is resentful and never forgets an injury ; and if subjected 
to a long course of ill usage he at length becomes A'icious. On the other 
hand, no animal is more susceptible to kindness, or will exert himself more 
strenuously for a kind master. Nevertheless, the mule must have a mas- 
ter, one firm and yet kind. The mule, as some of our readers pro))abIy 
know, has a most perfect means of offense and defense, namely, his heels. 




PERCHEKON MARE AND MULE KOAL. 

These he knows how to use to far better purpose than does the horse. 
They arc not used, however, except under the impulse of fear or revenge. 
If kindly used the mule is at once amiable, tractable and Milling to per- 
form any flue amount of labor. On the contrary, if ill used he becomes 
sullen, vicious and often l)alky in the extreme. 

VIII. The Breeding of Mules. 
In the breeding of mules, as of all other animals, attention must be 
paid to the use for which they are intended. If for packing in the moun- 
tains, small, compact mules, such as are bred from small, tine Spanish 



1(U 



THE AMERICAN rAHMEU S STOCK HOOK. 



,11 i((; h'''l" --CJ 




m i 



ASSES AM) MULES. 



Kif) 



jacks, are required. These are at onee iigilc and sure-footed. For work 
ou Southern phiiitations medium-sized mules are most souglit. These ari' 
bred from mares of ordinary size, by good-sized jacks. In breeding 
nudes for the road ;uul for heavy teaming, large, roomy mares are used. 
These are served with the largest jacks, and at three years old command, 
when well matched, from $300 to $()00 a span. The treatment of tlie 
marcs and of the mule colts should bo precisely like that described in the 
preceding chapter. The colts should be handled young, gently treated and 
made completcl}' subordinate to the will of the master. At two 3'ears old 




WINTEIiING IN THE WOOUS. 



they may l)e l)r()ken. They should he carefully harnessed, without fright- 
ening them, and hitciiedtoa strong wagon, when tluy will generally move 
off without much difficulty. Thereafter they may do light work until 
they arc four years old, when they may be put to full labor. Their denti- 
tion is similar to tiiat of the horse, and the rule for telling their ages is 
identical with the advice for that animal. The illustration on page 1(53, 
shows a roomy Percheron nuire and mule foal. Above is seen a group 
of mules as wintered in mild climates. 



CILVrTKU XI. 
HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. 



I. THE OLD SYSTKM AND TIIK NKW. 11. THE AMEKK^AN VAYBETTICll THAN THE EN- 

GLI.SII. III. PIFFEUENCE BETWEEN BKEAKINC} ANDTKAINING. IV. FlK^iT LES- 
SONS. V. LEAKNINGTOLEAD. VI. TO MAKE A COL T C'OMETO VOL". VII. LES- 
SONS IN SOIND SIGN AI.S. VIII. FLEXIONS. IX. THE PKOFER A<;E FOB WOUK. 

X. IIAKNESSINO ANDUHIVINO. XI. THE A<iE FOll REAL WORK. XII. HOW 

TOSLBDl E A WILDCOLT. XIII. IIANHLINd A VU'IOIS COLT. XIV. SIBI)riN(r A 

VICIOIS OR TRICKY HORSE. .\V. TRAINING A STALLION FOR SERVICE. XVI. 

TRAINING FOR KRAFT. -.XVII. HOW TO HAVE A (iOOl) PLOW TEAM. XVIII. 

FORMING A (JOO!) .SADDLE HORSE. XIX. THE DIFFERENT CJAITS. XX. TRAIN- 
ING TO TROT IN HARNESS. XXI. FOUMIN(} A TROTTER. XXII. TO IRAIN A 

KACER. .XXIII. SADDLING. XXIV. HARNESSING. 

I. The Old System and the New. 

Under the old system of tniining, au animal was siilnlucd by main force. 
What ho learned \vas aeijiiired under the impulse of fear. Under the 
new system, an animal is taught to depend upon and trust his master, by 
convincing him that ho will not be injured. Under the old system, the 
whip and spur, and "terrible voice," were the means used to drive and 
force him up to, and beyond, an object that might be terrifying to a 3'oung 
and inexperienced horse, however harmless in itself. Under the new sys- 
tem, the young horse is allowed to see for himself that steam, harsh 
noises, great crowds, locomotives, the beating of drums, the thunder of 
cannon, and the various sights and sounds that, even to the savage and bar- 
barian, would be terrible, are quite innocent, when the master's hand di- 
rects. Hence, the horse, tiained to obedience and made familiar with 
the various sights ho is to encounter, fears them as little, and is as eager 
to witness them, as a child. The habit of entire dependence upon the mas- 
ter prompts him to go forward, even into the most imminent danger, with- 
out other siijn than that of eager curiosity or of oliedience to the will of 
the rider or (b-iver. 

It is true that all this iiiay be accomplished by tlie whip and spur, 
which arc, even now, frcelyand needlessly used by some brutal teamsters, 
as well as by many really humane persons, who have never sought to im- 
derstand the intelligence of the horse, and far less that of the other do- 
mestic animals under their care. Hence, to persons of tiiis latter class, 
the horse is a slave, whereas, to t!ie intelligent master, he is a servant anx- 
ious and eager to do his will. Tlio element of fear cannot, of course, be 
untirclv dispensed with in training. A wilful animal must be subdued at 
any cost of ])unishment ; but this punishment should be as intelligently 
and hiimanelv administered as in the case of a child. Those who train 
animals should tirst, themselves, learn to know what the animal means 



now TO TRAIN A IIOKSE. 167 

by his mute language ; in the case of the horse, for instance, they should 
know at a glance what is meant by the play of tiie cars, the arch of the 
neck, the expression of the eyes, and the attitude generally. These 
things once understood, more than half the difficulty of training is over- 
come. 

n. The American Way Better than the English. 

It has often l)een remarked that English horses are wilder, more dan- 
gerous and difficult to subdue, have stronger resisting powers, and are 
more liable at any time to exhibit freaks of temjier, than American-bred 
horses. This is quite true, and for the reason that, in England, the old 
system of horse-breaking is more in vogue than in this countiy. In 
England, colts are not raised on every farm, as in the United States and 
Canada, to be the friends and the pets of the children. Their keepers are 
generally ignorant servants, who seem to think that horses have but two 
impulses — to eat and to injure. In America, colts are the pets of the 
boys of the family, and, while running with the mare, they become 
habituated to all the sights and noises of the farm. They never come to 
know tlicir real strength as a resisting power against man ; that power 
lies dormant, because on the farm, as a rule, they have no occasion to 
exercise it. Via have accordingl}' insisted, as the result of ex]ierience, 
that the education of animals should begin at a very early age, when the 
power of resistance is small. For, if once an animal finds that the supe- 
rior intelligence of the master is more than a match for brute force, kind- 
ness and careful lessons will thenceforth easily complete the education of 
all farm animals, and especially that of the young horse. 

m. Difference Between Breaking and Training. 

The difference between "breaking" and training must already be appar- 
ent to the reader. The aim of the first is to subdue, and force is 
promptly resorted to as the readiest means to this end. The compara- 
tively-weak but intelligently directed brute-force of the master will, of 
course, generally win, and the animal, broken in sj)irit, becomes an autom- 
aton, performing through fear what he cannot avoid by resistance. In 
those cases where the superior force of the animal wins, he is thencefor- 
ward vicious and tricky, and passes from one master to another, until, 
worn out in the struggle, he either ruins himself or becomes the drudge 
of some reckless and brutal teamster. 

Training, on the other hand, consists in teaching the young animal to 
know that, while the master must be obeyed promptly and imjjlicitly, he 
is truly an indulgent master, requiring nothing but what is necessary to 
be done, and, once the task is performed, that the rewai'ds of care and 
rest will follow. 



1()8 'I'MK AMKUICW I'AimiOK's STOCK ll(K)K. 

No hoi'so hrokcii hy inaiii-slinigtli :iii(l ln'iilo-foiTO is (juito safe for ii 
vvomuii to riilo or drive, imloss she bo a complete liorscwoiuan. The 
luoro wilful of thoiu aro novcr safe for any woman t<i drive. A horse 
carefully trained, however, is always safe for a woman to drive, if she he 
not especially nervous, and has accustomed herself to the guidance of 
horses ; the only exceptions being such animals as l)y defective organiza- 
tions are naturally vicious, cowardly, timid from imperfect sight, or 
tainted with insanity. These defects have already been mentioned iu 
the chapter on breeding, under the head of heredity. 

rv. First Lossons. 

As before stated, the first lesson to be imparted is that of reliance on 
the will of the master. This lesson in obedience should be given at 
weaning time, or when the colt is first haltered to bo stabled. If it has 
been haltered, as iTcommended, when (piito young, there will bo no resist- 
ance. If this has not been done, the colt must be driven into a confined 
space where it cannot escape. Take the halter in both hands, and keep 
holding it to the colt until it will touch it with the nose. Do not hurry. 
The important thing here is to show the animal that there is nothing dan- 
gerous about a halter. When the colt ceases to fear, j)lace the halter on 
the heail (piickly, and fasten it. If it show no serious fear, lii' it u|) at 
once. If it seems frightened, allow it to wear the halter a liltle time 
before tying up. When you fasten it, do so securely, for at some time 
or other it will try to break away. AVheu this occurs, halter and strap 
should bo strong enough to resist every effort. AVhen it ceases to pull, 
it is thoroughly halter-wise, so far as standing ([uietly is concerned. It 
will have ceased forever to pull at the halter simply to free itself, 
v. Learning To Load. 

The next lesson before the colt is learning to lead. You should have a 
small yard, into which j'ou can take the colt. Provide yourself with a 
light switch, and also with a line about ten feet long, to be tied to the end 
of the halter. Let the colt play around in a circle, if it chooses, for a 
time. Approach him gently, take the halter by the nose-band with the 
left hand, while holding the switch in the right hand. If the colt rear, 
support yourself with the right hand, by grasfjing the top of the neck to 
keep the colt down. Use no undue violence. Do not strike it. AVhen 
it ci>ls through fioundcring, it will thereafter bo quiet. Next take the 
halter in the right haiul, and bid the colt go on. If it refuse, tap it 
under the belly with the switch, luitil it moves. If it roars again, again 
subdue it. So continue until it moves forward. Then talk to it, and 
pet it, and it will soon lead kiiuiiy, turning to the light or left at will 



HOW TO TKAIX A IIOKSK. 



Id!) 



IIilV( 



VI. To Make a Colt Come to You. 
loiiir il('xil)l(' wliip. I'lacc yourself just so fur alicad of tlif colt 



that you can easily touch him in tlio ilank, and then hid him "come here," 
at the same time pulling on the halter. If he will not come, tap him m 
the flank, or on the fore legs, and .so continue until he obeys. Jf hv. pulls 
back, check him, and continue touching him until he comes up. Then pet 
him and give him a small taste of sugar, or something he likes. Continue 
in this wa}' until he conies readily at the word. The colt will not always 
l)ecome perfect under the tirst or secoiid lesson. Perseverance will accom- 
plish each and every other lesson more easily than if violence were used. 
VII. Lossona in Sound Signals. 

We have showm that the lirst lessons are to accustom the colt to 
prompt obedience to the will of the trainer, as expressed by the voice or 
signals. The voice, however, nmst be the chief reliance. The signal by 
soimd, should precede tiie signal by sign, or the check by thestrai) or rein ; 
and should always precede the tap of tiie whip, when the whip is necessary. 

A child is taught to speak thi'ough its po«er of imitation. If it 
nevei- heard spoken language, it would never learn to articulate 
speech. So, the same word should always be used, to induce the perform- 
ance by the colt of a certain act, as : Whoa ! Back ! Go on ! Conic here ! 
"When this has been accomplished, and tlie colt has been taught to stand 
at rest, to lead quietly or to circle about the tutor, at the end of tlie 
rein, he should next be taught to follow the master about the yard with- 
out leading, first with the halter strap in the hand, the tutor backing as 
the colt follows, and afterwards with the strap over the neck of the colt. 

The preliminary lesson in backing may be taught, l)y taking tiie colt 
by the head, standing in front of him, and using the word "))ack," at 
the same time, pressing in the proper direction, and tapping it on the 
breast, if neci'ssarv. After a time the animal 
will back promptly and continuously at the 
word. Tills lesson, and all others of flexions, 
must 1)6 taught with the bridle and l)it, since to 
back easily and properly, the iiead must be 
raised. 

In ail tirst lessons the form of the halter 
is important, ^^'e give that of a good one, 
which will not hurt the colt unless ho pulls 
strongly on it. Upon ceasing, the halter will 
let up of itself. When once the animal is taught 
to stand quietly, an ordinary halter may bo 
used. .\ <;oo:) i'okm ion a n ai.tki.. 




170 TIIK A.MKK1CAN IAUMKK's STOCK BOOK. 

Vni. Flexions. 

'rii.it till' (dU may hi- alilc promptly to turn in any dire, t ion, what 
are I'alloil (loxions siioiikl 1)0 praoliocd. Tln' mon- simpli" of these are, 
raismi:' the head iiiiiii, puttinjf it down ilose to the grouiul antl then I'ais- 
m<r It, turning the head to the riglit or the left side, with the nose elose 
to tlu^ hody, hut ohli(|uely to it, etc. l''ull instruetion in these tlexions 
need not he perfeefed until the animal is two or three years old ; and, in 
fart, hut little of this exereise is actually neeessary, except with the-sad- 
dle horse. For saddle horses, flexions are especially imi)oi-tant, since tiie 
ohject of them is to render the head, neck, hody and liml)s sujjple and capa- 
ble of varied action. A curb-bit is neccssiiry to their i)roper performance, 
!Uid lience only preliminary and simple lessons should he jiiveu the colt, 
for the curl) should not be used until the animal is nearly ready for work. 

At tlie proper age, put on a bridle with a curh-hit, taking care that it 
tit^ pniperh' in every part. Between the chain and jaw, the tinger >lmuid 
sHp easily, and the bit should just touch the upper part of the lips, and 
that only in the slightest manner. Stand in front of the horse, take the 
off oi right rein with the right hand al)out six inches from the branch of 
tlie hit, and the near or left rein with the left hand, at al)oiit half the dis- 
tance from the brunch. Draw the right hand to the body, and press with 
the left, so as to turn the hit in the mouth. If the horse hacks, follow 
him up, pressing steadily until he lowers his head, and flexes his jaw. 
Then slii) the left hand along the rein until it is opposite the right hand 
and press tlie head to the lireast, holding it curbed perpendicularly but 
(ibli(|nelv to the right, until the horse will maintain the itositioii himself. 

'riieii Ilex the jaw to the left by a reverse action to that above given. 
Teach the horse to raise his head high and perpendicularly, by taking 
each rein, six inches from the branch, and raising, and pressing slightly 
back. Teach him to lower the head by a contrary action. \ext teach 
him to sway the head to the right and to the left, to raise ami lower 
the head alternately, l)y means that will readily suggest themselves. It 
will surprise you to find how soon the average horse will understand. 

in all this, use no undue violence, and above all bear in mind that a 
curb-bit is a jjowerful lever, and must be carefully handled. When the 
animal is perfect in these flexions, take the reins in the left hand, near 
the branches of the bit ; and standing close by and facing the shoulder, 
holding the head fairly uii, and to you, induce (he animal to move his 
hind feet, in a circle from you, the fore feet remaining stationary, as a 
pivot. This lesson perfect, make him stand linn behind, and move his 
fore parts from vou in a circle. There are many other tlexions taught 
in the meiiaue ; l)ut the foregoing are sufficient fora saddle horse or light 



HOW TO TKAIX A IIOKSK. 171 

driving horse ; and these are not necessary unless tiie aniniiil Ix! intended 
for this kind of work, or for racing or trotting. Remember one thing, 
teach only one lesson at a tim(^. 

Again, let us repeat the caution, never to use undue violence, and 
never lose your temper, never speak loud, or jerk the reins, or ac^t upon 
sudden impulse. Keep cool. Your object is to train, not break the 
will. When the animal understands the wish, and performs it, reward it 
with something it likes, and let it rest ; a bit of carrot, or sugar for 
instance, goes a great way with a }()ung horse. 

IX. The Proper Age for Work. 
Thepreliniinary training may go forward from th(! time the colt is six 

months old, until the age of two years is reached. It will by this time 
be <|uite 8ubniissi\e to the will of the trainer, and without fear. A l)ad, 
with light stii'rup-Ieathers attached, may be put oti, and the colt be 
allowed to play about the yard with it, at the end of the rein. A well- 
fitting bridle may bo put on, with keys attached to the center of the 
bit, with which the colt may amuse itself. When the colt is one year 
old and over, the crupper-strap may be j)ut on, and the little animal may 
be reined loosely to the top of tiie pad. Later, the side reins maybe 
put on, and the head gradually brought into position. 

The colt, if stabled, should bo regularly cleaned. His feet should be 
raised, and the hoofs lightly tap})ed with a hammer. lie; should be 
taughtto lead, walk and trot, beside the trainer. Thus at the age of two 
years, if w(!ll-grown, he will be ready to bo trained to light work, or, as it 
used to be put, "broken to harness." 

Under the course of treatment we have laid down, he will have learned 
the use of the reins, — to go back, or forward, and to turn to the right or 
left at tilt! word ; and above all, he will have confidence in himscilf, and 
no fear of his master. In nine cases out of ten, if the colt has been 
taught to lead beside a well trained team, and used to the rattling of the 
wagon, he will go off pretty nmch like an old horse, excej)t for his super- 
abundant life, the first time he is harnessed. 

X. Harnessing and Driving. 

Two years is the best age for putting the colt to light work. He has 
better tei'th then than at three years old, and has arrived at the ])eriod 
when careful driving will assist to spi-ead and develop the frame. 

The colt will, of course, first have been taught to allow himself to 1)0 
harnessed and unharnessed kindly. Put the hariiess on carefully and 
hitch him up beside a well-trained horse, usually on the off side, and 
start the team ; then, if he plunge, he can do no mischief. Tie the dou- 
ble-tree of the old horse, so that he can \ni]\ all the load if nicissaiv. 



17:.' TlIK AMERICAN IAi::\l IM;" S STdClv liOOK. 

and l)'ul tlioin go. If the colt pliuigo and rear, kcop the steady horse in 
motion, and talk to the colt. If he show too niiuh temper, a few sharp 
outs of the wdiip Avill bring him to terms, but in punishing him strike but 
once, and repeat if necessary. This discipline, administered vith care, 
and driving to make them way-wise, is all the difficulty one need ever 
have with colts. 

XI. The Age for Real Work. 

Having performed light work, when from two to three years of age, 
let the colts have rest during the twelvemonth from three to four years of 
age. They are then shedding their principal teeth, and should be allowed 
to grow. At five years they may be put to real work, and they Avill then 
go on getting better and wiser, until they are eight years old, at which 
age a horse should be kind and without fear under any circumstances, and 
fit for anv one to drive, who can hold the reins, and has judgment enough 
to keep from running against obstacles. 

This may seem lik,' a long course of training, and one accompanied by 
much trouble. It all, however, comes in the regular routine of farm 
life, and must be undertaken in one way or another, unless the animal 
])e intended for mere drudgery. 

XII. How to Subdue a Wild Colt. 

The narrative of how the writer once subdued, and rendered i)erfectly 
amenable to the will, a pair of wild, high-bred four-year-old colts, that 
had never even been haltered, may prove interesting. The colts had been 
l)urchascd from a person Avho was a capital and humane horseman, but 
believed in never handling a colt until four years old — and this is cer- 
tainly better than imperfect handling. The two were driven together, 
into a dose stall. From the outside of the stall, after many trials, in 
which no violence was used, but, on the contrary, soothing words, strong 
cavosson halters, such as are shown in (he illustration, were put on the ani- 
mals and buckled. A rope twentv-four feet long, and with a powerful 
snap hook in the middle, M-as attached to tlie ling of the halter, leaving 
the ends twelve feet. Two men were placed at each end of the rope, 
whose only duty was to keep it s])read, and, so accommodate themselves 
to the movement of the colt, as to keep it as nearly within bounds as 
possilde. Our horseman friend superintended one colt, myself the other. 
The colts were allowed to find their way each into separate j-ards. The 
men picked up the ends of the rope, and the struggle began. 

The nnisters' part was simply to direct the movements of the men, 
and talk, each to his own colt. In ten minutes the rearing and plunging of 
one colt was over, and in less than fifteen minutes the struggles of the 



HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. 173 

otltor had ceased ; in less than twenty minutes each of the colts, ex- 
hausted, allowed the hand of the mastei" to be placed on the nose, and 
himself to bo gently fondled. 

Standing a short distance before the colt, with a flexible whip in hand 
and a cord attached to the ring of the halter, the men still holding the 
ends of the rope, but slack, I bade the colt come forward, tapping it on 
the knee after every word, with the end of the whip. The colt did not 
fear the master, only the assistants, and soon first one, and then the 
other, came forM'ard promptly, and within an hour would follow like a 
dog. 

They were led home and put in the stable. The next day they were 
bitted, and their training proceeded steadily. Within a week each of them 
was ridden, and in ten days they were harnessed together and driven. 
Tiiey were broken, during the season, to light driving under sharp curb- 
bits, accustomed to various odd sights, and having first been rendered 
submissive to the voice and will of the master, never showed fear that 
could not be quieted by a word. 

xm. Handling a Vicious Colt. 

Some colts are naturally vicious. The head of such an animal is rep- 
resented in one of the illustrations given with Chapter III. If you un- 
fortunately have one, get him into a close stall, fasten him securely in, 
halter him and get him in the yard, using ropes to the halter-ring, not 
less than twenty feet at each end. After he has struggled and exhausted 
himself, proceed to make him lie down. This can be done in the follow- 
ing manner. Ha\e ready a strong bridle with a snafilc-bit, and put it 
on him ; also fasten around the refractory youngster a good padded sur- 
cingle, with a strap for the fore leg having a loop that will draw tight 
around the fetlock. Raise the leg, buckle the end of the strap securely 
around the arm, and you have him so he cannot kick. Fasten a longer strap 
with a similar loop, but no buckle, around the off fetlock ; pass the end 
under the surcingle, taking the end in the right hand, while the left grasps 
the bridle by both I'cins ; cast off the hampering ropes, and as the horse 
rears to free himself, pull tight the strap that has been passed under the sur- 
cingle, and when he comes down it ^y\\\ be on the knees. As he strug- 
gles, press his head from you, bj^ jDuUing the off rein tight over his neck, 
and he will fall over on the side. When he gives uj) entirely, and lies 
still, the horse should be fondled, the straps taken off, and after a time, 
he should be allowed to rise. If not entirely subdued, the same thing 
must be gone over again. 

This is essentially Mr. Rarey's ])lan. It need never be resorted to ex- 
cei)t under extraordinary circumstances, and the operator must have 



Ill Tin; AMi;i;ic.\.\ fakmki! s stock uodk. 

lii'cii ;u'rust()iiu'(l to Imiulliiiii; horses, jiiul uiidrrstaiul tlic iiio\i'in(Mits nec- 
essary in overcoming vicious and rearing animals. 

Another phm is to hopple the horso and throw him down, hnt tlic one 
we have described is the best and most successful. It sliouhl never he 
a( tempted, however, except in a yard so thorouglily eovcred witli sonic 
soft material that the animal will not liiirt itself in falline-. 

XIV. Subduing a Vicious or Tricky Horse. 

No person who is not well assured of his own power, should havi> anv- 
thing to do with a vicions horse, especially if the animal be vicious from 
some physical infirmity, such as partial insanity, wicked temper, vtv. If 
the horse has been made tricky hy a previous timid owner, the case 
is not so bad. (Jo into the stable where he is tied, and speak to liim in a 
lirni voice. Put a strong snatHe bridle on him, take it by the bit, and 
order him to back. If he do not obey, strike him sharply with the whip 
on the fore limbs, holding him withthe left hand, yourself partly facing to 
the rear, but so you can see every motion of the eye and ear. If he kick, 
cut him sharply with the whip (a rawhide is best) just above the hock, 
over the Heshy part of the leg. If he rear, cut him over the fore legs 
— n(>ver, however, giving more than one stroke at a tinii-. 

When he backs, take him into a small, close yard, and make him obey 
you, coming forward, backing, or standing, as you ordei-. If he again 
show signs of temper, or unruliness, proi'ced to make iiini lie down, as 
before directed. 15ut a horse that has been in the habit of having his 
own way with a jn-evious master, is thereafter never safe for any one to 
dri\ e, except him who has become his con(iueror. 

In making a horse lie down, never use undue violence. Once the 
straps are fastened, you have him com|)letely in your power. Let him 
struggle ; it will do him good. You have simply to watch, kecj) him 
from hurting you, and seize the pro[)er moment for subduing him. 

Once you have him down, and (piict, show him a buffalo robe, or any 
other t)bject he dislikes ; touch him with it, and let him touch it with his 
nose. When he at length smells at it, let him satisfy himself that it will 
not hurt him. At the tirst attempt at i>utting him down, if ho get tlie 
advantage, let him rise and then try again. When, however, you have 
him in vour power and (|uict, soothe him ; pass your hand repeatedly 
over his body ; breathe in his nostrils ; open his mouth ; gently stroke his 
ears and nose, and let him taste of something he likes. Thus, by using 
judgment, knowing your own power and ability to manage an animal, the 
most vicious can be subdued to your will, if not to that of other drivers. 
l^ut, once von undertake to sui)dnc a horse, do not l(>ave him until he 
gives u[> completely. 



HOW TO TUAIN A IIOUSK. 175 

XV. Training a Stallion for Service. 

For till' reason (liat a sliillioii is stronger, nion; courageous, liiglicr in 
nervous force, and more self-willed than the gelding, it is absolutely 
necessary that his actual training begin from the time he is a year old. lie 
must be stabled, unless a pasture be providi^d where he may run every 
day. The ordinary training to halter, and in the Hexions, learning to go 
forward, to back, to stand, to go kindly under the saddle and in harness, 
may be proceeded with much as in the case of any other colt. In addi- 
tion to these exercises, he should 1)0 taught to circle at the end of the 
long bridle rein, to the right and to the left at the word of command, to 
descril)c the figure eight, to kneel, to sit on his haunches, and to I'car and 
to come as suddenly down at the word of connnand. These lessons being 
acquired, he should l)e exercised in them frequently, and bo also tauglit 
to come instantly to his master at the word, without bridle or halter- 
rein. 

It will take time, all this, but henceforth he will not be found dragging 
his keeper about as though h(f were a toy attached to him. ^^'hcn IIk^ 
actual season of service is at hand, it will save many an accident, when 
in contact with imruly marcs. 

Sooner or later, there may come a time when the stallion will resist 
authority, and then there nuist be no hesitation. The whip must then 
be used sharply and strongly, to subdue him. If he comes at you with 
mouth open, strike him suddenly a stinging blow across the nose. If he 
rears, cut him across the fore legs. If he kick, strike across tin? hind 
legs, just under the stifle. The whip should be strong, long, flexible, of 
the best workmanship and loaded with lead at the handle. W(^ ha\i' 
known its use, in striking a frantic brute behind the ears, to bring him 
down . 

Remember what has been said about not striking more than once. Let 
there be a distinct intci-A-al between each sharp stroke, accompanied by as 
distinct a word of command. There is really little danger, to the cool 
horseman. 

The horse and master should never lose temper at the same time. If 
so, the strongest brute-force ■will certainly conijuer. After a stallion is 
once thoroughly trained, never trust him to any but a thoroughly compe- 
tent groom, and one of calm courage. Ho is too valuable an animal to 
be either abused or spoiled. And during the season of sei-vice, never allow 
him to be ridden from one station to another. Ho should be led beside 
another horse, even Mhen taking his daily exercise. This exercise should 
be thorough, out of the season of service, except for a period of rest of 
a month's duration immediately after the season. During the season. 



17(i TiiK AMi:i;i(\\ i'\i;mki;"s snicK hook. 

till' fxnriso iiuitit 1)0 suliiiknil to kocp tlio iimsi'iilar iDiulition well up, 
ami tlio digestive organs iu perfect onKr. Thus only can you oxpoit to 
have the most jierfect colts as the produce of your sire. 

XVI. Training for Draft. 

A liorse to he used safch' for draft, reciuires less training tlian any 
otlu'r. He has hut one thing to learn ; viz: to <'\erf his strciii;tli to the 
hest ailvantage when occasion requires. To acconiplisii this, he should 
he chdlv exercised at a dead pull, heing cari-fnl always not to overload, 
until he has aecinirod his niaxiniuni strength, which will not ho until the 
aire of ciulil oi' nine \i'ars is reached. 

Training to the Wagon. — I'he wagon-liorse should h(> trained to trot 
steadily with a light load, and to walk fast with a medium load, lie 
must turn readily to the right and left, and descrihe short circles ; he should 
also he taught to stop suddeidy, by throwing himself in the hrei'chings, so 
as to hold a M-agon steady in going down hill, and last, hut not least 
important, he should he taught to hack all that he can draw forward. 

XVn. How to Havo a Good Plow Team. 

A plow team should be thorougiily under control. The animals should 
be trained to the word, fully as much as to the rein, and taught to obey 
promi)llv the slightest signal. They nnist he evenly matched for 
strenulh and agility ; for a fast, fresh horse, and a slow, dull one, 
to>;ether, are bad enough anywhere, but worst of all at the plow. AVith 
suehateam, no plowman can do good work, and without good i)lowing we 
need not expect good crops. The team should be taught to move forward 
without crowding together or pulling ai>art ; at tho end of the 
furrow, the horse describing the least segment of the circle, should keep 
a little behind the other when connng about, so as to avoid being step- 
l)ed on ; and in the case of coming short -about, as in turning corners, ho 
should make the turn by a series of short steps. To accom})lish this, the 
team nuist be talked to, though few take tho trouble to do it, and hence 
wo seldom see a really perfect plow team, one that can aecomi)lish thoiv 
task with the least labor to tlu'mselves and liieir dtivcr. 

XVm. Forming a Good Saddle Horse. 
The formin;: of a saddle-horse, perfect in all his gaits, and anuMUihle 
to the slisrhtest sign of the bridle, voice, or heel of the rider, is more 
didicult than any other special training. It can only be done under a 
sharp curb-bit, and, to use this properly, the rider must liave perfect 
command of himself in the saddle, and the lightest possible hand in 
using tho reins. He must first l)eeome a horseman himself, before lie 
can train a horse to the saddle. The animal should be perfectly flexed. 



now TO Tl;\l\ A IIOItSK. 177 

to render s\H)l)le. eveiy poilioll of tlic body :ili<l liiiihs. Ilc' iiiu>l he 
tauglit lo <r(> with licad wcU-up and haunches W(!ll under him, 1o desiiilie 
short cii'ch's and tlio figure eight, to turn, uwing tlie liind feet as a pivot, 
and also with tiio fore feet as a pivot ; and he should know how to wheel 
suddenly without danger of unseating his rider. This latter is acconi- 
plished by a turn of the hind feet, tin' for(^ feet lieing in the air, and 
just after the impulse is partially given for the forward movement. 

A saddlohorse should also be taught to ehange the leading foot, while 
in motion ; and under whatever gait. The idea will 1)0 caught from llie 
manner in which a person changes the leading foot in cateiiing tlie step 
of another jjcrson. The horse's head is to be turned soinewhat out of 
line by jjressure on the bridle-rein, and also by jn'cssure of the opposite 
foot of the rider. 'J'his will throw the head and crouj) out of the natural 
line of prog^(^ssion som(^what, as is done at starting, and then by a pecu- 
liar movement of Uu- limbs their motion is changed. Thus, if the horse is 
leading with tli(! right fore-leg, turn the head to the right, and, with the 
heel turn tiie erouj) to the left, and virp, vt^r.sa. Once learned, it is never 
forgotten. 

Xrx. The Different (Jaits. 

The natural gaits of the lujrse are walking, trotting and galloping. 
Walking is jjerformt^d in 1-2-3-4 time, and in regular cadence. The 
ordinary trot and the jog trot are but modifications of the walk. 

Galloping is pei-formed in 1,2-3,4 time, and the faster the stride, the 
more nearly sinmltaneouslyare the fore feet and hind feet brought down, 
so that when the horse is ruiniing at speed, the movement is ap|)ai'entlv 
in 1-2 time. Then the animal is extended to the utmost, witli head and 
tail straight out. The gait is truly a succession of leaps, ami socjii 
exhausts the animal. 

The slower tlie gallop, the less should the animal Ix; extended, and tjje 
more should the; head be raised and the haunches thrown under tlie body. 
Thus when an animal ac(juires the distressing, but fashionable, jiromen- 
ade canter, if he is handsome and has other coi-responding accomplish- 
ments, he is almost priceless. The promenadi; canter is taught by rein- 
ing the horse in to get his head well u]), and then restraining him to the 
l)ace required. Thus the slower he goes, the more upright he holds hini- 
S(!lf. To teach this, the spur nuist be used, but with discretion. 

The canter then is a slow gallop. Tlie hand-galloi) is faster and is an 
easy gait for the horse, since ho goes at lialf speed and in a natural man- 
ner. The running gait is not distressing until the violent exertion begins 
to tell on tlie wind and bottom. 



178 



TIIK AMKRIC'AX KAUMKU S STOCK I; 



Besides tliese, aiul otluT iirtiticial moiiilications of the gallop, tlir puce 
and its modi ticat ions, are the only other gaits wliieh :i horse may he taught ; 
for leaphig, wheeling, rearing and springing forward or from side to side, 
are all forms of the gallop. The amble is s )nietinies classed as a modified 
pace. It is, in reality, a slow gallop, easy and smooth, and, like any 
other saddle gait, must be taught under the curl). 

The true pacing horse lifts the fore and hind feet simultaneously on a 
side, first on one side and then the otlicr. Like running at speed, it 
is performed in 1-2 time. The rack is a modiried pace. Instead of two 
feet being lifted simultaneously on the one side and then the other, the 
feet are lifted in 1-2,3-4 time, l)ut not regularly as in the walk. 

Single-foot, again, is a trained rack. Some horses t:ike to it easily, 
and in fact almost naturally, just as some horses take to pacing natui- 
ally. But it often takes time to instruct the horse therein, though once 
ac(iuired, it is not soon forgotten. 

No written instructions can be given for adapting all these gaits, except 
such general rules as are laid down for rendering the animal amenable to 
training. Once, by practice, you have imparted the gait, be sure to give 
the animal a kind word, and a rewarding caress. 

XX. Training to Trot in Harness. 

If a horse have the trotting instinct, all that is necessary in order to 
develop it is perseverance and training. The head should be carried toler- 
a])lv high, but not unnaturally so. The conformation of the horse must 
be studied, (see Chapter IV), and to assist the reader further, two cuts 
are given, one showing a horse's head, strained unnaturally and unduly 





AN ANNATIKAL POSITION. IIKA1> CAKKIKH NATIKALI.Y. 

1)V tlic bearing rein, the other showing the head drawn up naturally with 
the l)it. In the one case the head is strained up by both check rein and 
curb, while in the other it is simply liold in proper position by the curl). 

There is no objection to the use of the check rein if it be not improp- 
erly used. It serves to keep the horse in shape under a slack rein, and 
from putting his head to the ground, when standing at rest 

A matter in relation to driving in light harness, under the curb, may 
here be worth relating. We once trained a pair of fine roadster colts to 



ItOW TO TRAIN' A HORSE. 17i* 

dnvc together iu Lanio.ss, solely under a pair of sharp curb-bits. This 
was thirtj"^ jcars ago. We were told that we could get no speed out of 
them, and that there would be danger of their falling. The last we knew 
to be nonsense, and the first we found to be a mistake. There were few 
teams that could out-foot them on the road ; and, trotting at speed, they 
seemed to be going upon a slack rein. Not so, however; their mouths 
had never been calloused by the sawing of the "pulling bit," and they 
wt-re amenable to the slightest sign. In fact, they were kept in perfect 
form, but it required delicate handling to do it. How much more ele- 
gant was this than the "g'lang" style adopted by too many persons Mhen 
driving for pleasure on the road. Train, therefore, a pair of hoi'ses or a 
single light-driving horse, under the curb always, and, then, if you wish, 
vou may drive them handsomely under the snaffle. 

XXI. Formirig a Trotter. 

All that is required in a horse for trotting a race, is that he go fast 
enough. Tlie training of trotters is a fine art, and one in which l)ut 
few persons gain eminent success. Yet, a fair amount of the speed that 
is in a horse, may be gotten out of him, by strict attention to feed, wa- 
ter, grooming and proper work. He must be exercised every day to 
bring his muscles into proper condition for fast work, and at some jjcriod 
in each exercise, he must be made to trot as fast as he can, without break- 
ing into a run. Thus his speed may be gradually increased, until at last 
he will forget the impulse to run, and if, in urging him strongly, he goes 
f)ff his feet, he can readily be made to catch the stride again, by chang- 
ing the bit ; that is by pulling him a little out of line, as in making a 
horse change his leading foot. It is not necessary that you pull him hard 
to make him trot fast. The pull should only be hard enough to keep 
him steady and up to his gait. 

The real work is done by long continued di-iving, and l)y lengthening his 
stride, by means of every persuasion jjossible. Do not ex^^ect to suc- 
ceed the first or second jt'ar with a colt. A horse seldom comes to his 
full trotting power, until he is seven or eight A'cars old, and often not 
until he is eleven or twelve. Hence, the large prices the fast ones bring. 

XXII. To Train a Raeer. 

With running horses, as with saddle horses, it is necessary that they first 
be trained into perfect obedience ; and the lessons in flexions must also 
be attended to, so that their limbs and bodies may be rendered supple. 
This part of the training having been thoroughly accomplished, all that is 
required is to keep them in perfect nuiscular condition, by proper feed- 
ing, grooming and exercise. They are then taught to increase their stride 
by daily speeding them, extending the trial from time to time until they 



1,S0 THK AMIOUICAN FAK.MKU S STOCK HOOK. 

ntt:iin tlu'ir host speed. This tniitiiug should liegiii at two years old. At 
three, tiiey should he given an extended stride, and they wU reach their 
full powers at four, live or six j'ears of age. 

The training of colts to run fast races at two years old, is severely to 
be condemned, if the future usefulness of the animal is to be considered. 
Nevertheless, as long as it is found profitable by breeders and trainers, it 
will no doubt be practiced. The training of running horses, like the 
training of trotters, is a fine art. Yet the general principles, we have 
given, may be understood by all. A diet of oats and hay, the best of 
stable care, and daily work upon a proper course, under the eye of an 
intelligent master, ai-e the things necessary to get the speed out of well 
bred horses ; and no other than properly-bred animals should ever be 
trained for great speed. It is not in them. 

The horse being in motion, the rider throws nearly all his weight in the 
stirrui)s, steadying himself Mith his knees and thighs. The rear of the 
l)ody is thrown back and the loin arched, so as not to carry the weight 
too far forward. The trainer must know how to ride with the greatest 
ease to the horse, and to assist the movement by ever}' means in his power ; 
thus, the leg, from the knee, will be slightly thrown back, so that by 
stiffening the leg, the rider's center of weight may be easily changed, 
without his ceasing to bear firndy in the stirrups. 

These directions are for riders or jockeys of medium weight. Lighter 

ones ride with longer stirrups, supporting themselves more by the thighs. 

The best race-riders scarcely, if at all, touch the seat of the saddle. 

This gives a good command of the horse, but is only used in race-riding, 

since it soon tires out the rider. The same position, however, will ease 

any hoise in galloping over bad or rough ground, or any space that must 

be (juieklv ridden over. 

XXUI. Saddling. 

It will only be necessary to add some general directions to this chapter. 
In saddling a horse, for Mhatever purpose, do not use muhu^ haste. Do 
not tiirow the saddle on, especially if the hors(i l)e young, or in the least 
inclined to nervousness. (Jo about the matter quietly and in a business- 
like way. Sec that the saddle fits. If it do not, make it fit. See that 
the girths are properly adjusted, and tightened, and that tiie crupper- 
strap, if there be one, is smooth and well fitting. The bridle must also 
!)e looked to ; see that it is strong, properly put on, and of the right 
leniith from the head-piece to the bit. Before mounting, look again to 
the girths. They may need tightening another hole. 
XXIV Harnessing. 

In harnessing a horse it is also necessary that the gear be perfect in its 
tit, and not heavier than oeeasion recjuires. See that tin? back band does 



HOW TO TKAIX A HORSE. 



ISI 



not pinch, that the hames lit the coUar, aiul tliat the collar fits tlic horse. 
For draft, espetially, there should he room enough betweeu the lower 
pai"t of the collar and neck for the hand to he easily thrust between. If 
it is a breast collar, see that the draft-band is at the right place on the 
breast. For light Avork, a horse may have a closer-fitting collar than for 
heavy work, but whatever the work, the collar should be made to lit the 
horse, and not the horse to fit the collar. A horse may, indeed, work in 
u badly fitting harness. So may a man with an ill made tool. But in cither 
case, it is at the cost of much discomfort, and loss of j)ow('r ; and, this is 
but another M'ay of saying, a loss of money. 

Pulling at the Halter. 

When a horse accjuires the ha])it of j)ullingon the halter, it is verv dif- 
ficult to l)reak him. We have already stated the prevention ; the first 
halter put on the colt should be strong enough to resist all attempts at 
breaking. The cure may be effected by the device shown in the cut. 




DEVICK TO (TUK THE HABIT OK PULLING. 



A strong Ifitting harness and fastenings that cannot be broken are 
arranged so that, when the horse pulls back, the whole weight of the 
pull will come on the jaw. One effort will satisfy him of his in- 
ability to break loose, and the punishment will be such that he will not 
pull thereafter. 



(II AFTER XIT. 
STABLES AND OTHEK SHELTER. 



I. THE ECONOMY OF COMFORT. II. HOW TO BUILD STABLKS. III. WIIEIiP: TO KEKP 

HARNESS. IV. TEMPERATURE AND VENTILATION. V. THE AKKAN(JEMENT OF 

STALLS. VI. CONSTRUCTION OP MANGERS ANU RACKS. VII. THE HAY AN1> 

.STRAW LOFT. VIII. AN ECONOMICAL GRANARY. IX. THE •\VAGON AND CAK- 

KIAGE FLOOR. X. THE HARNESS ROOM. XI. THE STABLE-YARD AND OUT-SHEDS. 

XII. (iRASS LOTS NEAR THE STABLE. XIII. A GOOD SUPPLY OF WATER. XIV. 

CLEANING THE STABLE. 

I. The Economy of Comfort. 

Ill Imildiiij^" a .stable, or other structure for housing animals, however 
rough it may be, the economy of comfort .should be as carefully .studied 
as though the building were intended for the famil}'. Even tiie wealthiest 
do not always do this. Everything may be elegant and costly, and yet 
there is often less real comfort and economy, in the arrangement of their 
.stables and barns, than is found in the j^oor man's buildings which, though 
rough, may, nevertheless, be arranged with an intelligent aptitude for 
making a place for everything needed and proper facilities, crude though 
they be, for doing the work and providing for the comfort of the occu- 
pants in the easiest but most thorough manner. 

The selection of the site is of importance, since much depends upon 
this, when drainage and ventilation are considered. A commanding situ- 
ation is generally selected for the dwelling house, and there is no reason 
why the next -best location should not b(^ taken for the stable. The horse- 
stable should, if possible, be a building separate and distinct from the 
barn. In a suburban place, it need not be entirely hidden from the house. 
Neither, on the farm, is it proper that it be glaringly exposed to view, to 
save steps in the morning. In either case the stable nuiy be somewhat 
hidden by planted trees, but not so much so as to cutoff the free circula- 
tion of air. On the farm, if there is a chaiu-c for a I)ank-l)asement, 
breeding-cattle, requiring extra care, may occuj)y the basement ; but 
never put horses there. Like birds, they I'equire an abundance of air, 
but must not be exposed to drafts. The stable should be comfortably 
warm in winter and cool in summer. Attention to this point not only 
secures economy in feeding, and perfect health, but promotes that pecu- 
liar In.ster and softness of the hair, which all the grooming possible can- 
not give without it. 

II. How to Biiild Stables. 

The stable floor should not be less than sixteen feet wide. The walls 
should be at least eight feet high, though nine is better; and the horses 

182 



STAHLES AM) (ITIIF.U SIIKI.TER. IS.) 

sliould stand in a single row, when l)ut few arc kept. The iieads 
of the animals should be toward the wall, so that the ventilators may 
atiniit air directly to them, and as near the top as possible. If more 
horses are kept than a single row will accommodate, in a barn of the size 
wished, they may stand in a double row, with sutficient space behind each 
1-1 >w that they cannot kick each other. Thirty-four feet in ■rtidth will be 
ain[ili'. 

HI. Where to Keep Harness. 
Kor farm or draft horses, the harness may hang in the stal)le on pegs 
seven feet high, at the rear of each horse. But carriage harness, or other 
tine gear, should be hung in the harness room, out of the way of dust 
and the effluvia of the stable. The harness room is, indeed, the proper place 
for all harness, but few persons will take the trouble to carry it there, 
and it is, on the whole, economy to hang it as we have stated, especially 
wlu'ii there is abundant light admitted to the stable of draft horses from 
proper windows, and the ventilation is perfect. 

IV. Temperature and Ventilation. 

The proper temperature for the stable is tifly degrees, ranging to sixty- 
tive in summer, but never below forty in winter. The reason is obvi- 
ous. The horse is especially sensitive to cold, and when the temperature 
is less than fifty degrees, the system becomes chilled. This may be obvi- 
ated by clothing; and, here again, is one of the most important matters 
in stable management, both on the score of economy and of comfort, 
though it is one too generally neglected. The proper heat of the bod}' 
must be kept up in some way. It is cheaper to do so ])y means of cloth- 
ing, than by extrsi feeding. So, in summer, a thin sheet keeps the l)0(ly 
cool, and is esi)ecially useful in ^jrotecting the animal, measurably, 
from flies. 

Ventilation, again, is all-important, since by this means not only is the 
proper supply of fresh air constantly admitted, and without undue drafts, 
but it is also an important means of regulating the temperature, espe- 
cially in winter. If the stable be made with hollow walls, the ventilation 
may come up through these. In any case, however, the air should be 
admitted as high up as possible. 

A simple means of admitting air is liy the use of sliding panels, which 
may ])e moved easily up and down, if hung with sash-weights, as in the 
case of windows. If the ^nndows themselves are the ventilators, the 
same rule will apply. 

Not the least important, in this connection, are the pipes for conveying 
the impure air up through the building and out at the roof. The main 
ventilating trunk shf)uki be not less than four feet scjuarc, bi'giiniing at 



im TIIK WIKIMCAN FAKM I'.l;' S STOCK lldOK. 

llic ccnlin' of tlic stiihk- nm\ Icailiiig ti) llic pi^ak of tlio I'oof. Fuiiiu'l- 
sliaprd l)r!inches, opcuiiifj; lu'liiiul cacli two or throe hordes, sliould comicct 
with tlio main trunk. If the iiuiiu vi'iitilatiiifz; trunk ho provided witli 
liroper doors, it may serve lo con\-ey straw down fi'oni al)o\e for 
hedding, and also iiay, if open inauiicrs are used : and it may I)e 
reinai'ked, in jjassinir, liial open niaiijiers are altoiictlier the best, to our 
\\:i\ of lliinlcinii'. 

An exeellenl additional means of ventiUition to supply cool uir in sum- 
mer and warm air in winter, is Mr. Wilkinson's plan of suh-oarth vonti- 
hition. This consists, simply, in laying an eight or ten-inch tile tube at 
a depth of four to six feet under ground, and extending for HOO to 400 
feet away, to an out-lot. The air coming from this pipe will always be 
eool, or about lifty degrees in winter, and seldom more than that in sum- 
mer. If four funnel-shaped op(Miings are provided at the upper end of 
the upright lube, it will always catch air from whatever direction the breeze 
comes. This means of ventilation is especially valuable in country dwell- 
ings, cellars and dairies. 

V. The Arrangement of Stalls. 

Large stalls are best, and each lu)rse should have a separate stall. 
AV'hether built cheaply or elaborately, the stalls should vary in width 
from five feet, to tivo feet six inches, according to the size of the liorse, 
and should bo ten feet from front to rear. The partition-posts at the I'ear 
should 1)0 rounil, not less than five inches in diameter, with a gain cut 
on the inside, to admit the ends of the plank forming the sides of the 
stalls. The j)artition })lanks may lie betw(H'n cleats. The jjosts may in- 
cline inward or not. If they do so incline, the bottom should be ten feet 
fi-om the wall, and the top eight feet. The sides should be four and a half 
feet high, of two-inch plank, and if on the top of this there l»e placed a 
strip of strong woven-wire cloth, two feet higher, it will prevent ugly 
horses from biting or gnawing each other, and at the sanu' time allow 
good-tempered ones to get their noses near together for companionship. 

The tloor should be double, and the upper one should be in throe parts ; 
that is, the tirst three feet in front, of liard-wood, two-inch jjlaidc should 
be laid close and nailed solid ; the other two sei'tions, of narrow, hard- 
wood |ilaid< -.iw nailed on strong end-pieces, and with half-inch spaces 
between. These are to be hinged to other plaidi nine inches witie, next 
the sides of the stall, so as to shut together at the middle, to within half 
an inch of each other. Thus, all the rKjuid matter ])asses directly through 
to the solid and water-tight floor beni>ath, made of i)laned and grooved 
jilaidv, and ending just inside the posts, in a narrow gutter, whence it is 
»'onveved awav to a tank. 



STAHr.KS AM> (ITIir.i; SlIKI.TKi;. 1H'> 

Thus the animals arc always clean, and the iii)|)( r floor is readily i-aisi-d 
for the daily washing it should receive. The solid dung and litter may 
he wheeled outside, or if there is a liasemcnt, throw it down through a 
trap door, to be made into compost. 

If the expense of such a floor, as that described, is deemed loo 
great, the floor may be made of hard-wood plank, or lieft(n-, of smooth 
cobble stone laid in sand. Hard-rammed clay makes a most eonifurtaMe 
floor to stand on, if it be kept repaired, and straw enough is used for 
bedding to keep the animals clean. Plenty of straw must be used, what- 
ever the floor, where the animal lies down. 

The Economy of Bedding.— It is mistaken economy to stint the bed- 
ding. \\ith a full bed, so that the animal may not only lie clean, but 
comfortably in other respects, there is no moi'e straw soiled than with a 
thin ])ed. What remains clean can be used again. And, if it be an object, 
nuich of the soiled straw may be dried and used again. On farms where 
there is much straw wasted, it is incomprehensible that an animal should 
lie scantilv bedded. The soiled straw, contains the nu)st valuable por- 
tion of the manure — the urine — and is a mine of wealth to a careful 

farmer. 

VI. Construction of Mangers and Racks. 

The construction of the manger should be such as to allow plenty of 
room for hay. It should be liuilt from about eighteen inches above the 
Hoor, with a slat bottom or a tight bottom as preferred. It need not be 
more than two feel four inches wide at the top, by eighteen inches at the 
bottom, and about three feet four inches high. It should extend clear 
across the stall, the top rail being of sound, solid oak, with a feed-liox 
two feet wide, for grain and cut feed, and as long as the manger is wide ; 
sixteen inches will be depth enough, and if it slopes to about ei<j:htcen 
inches at the bottom, so much the better. 

On the other side may be an iron vessel tiiut will hold a i)ail of water, 
and so arranged that it may be fastciuid in and removed at pleasure, 
for cleaning. An iron feed-box similarly arranged is better than one of 
wood, on the score of cleanliness. If there is to be a hay rack, the 
manger should not bo omitted, and this should !)(• largerat the top than at 
the bottom, and so arranged that the hay may Ix! thrown in from the loft. 
The bars of the rack should be about six inches apart, and these also ina\- 
be bought, of iron, if it can be afforded, ajid hung so as to open and fall 
back against the wall, for ease in ])uftiiig in Iiay. The manger should 
have a substantial ring at the lop, with not less than a two-inch openinLf, 
to fie lo. 

The manger may be liuilt of yellow pine or oak, an inch and a half 
thick for the front, back and cn(l>, and the bottom of two-inch plank. 



IStj THK AMKIiKAN 1 AU.MK.K S STOflv HOOK. 

unless it )je inudo of iron and liiiigcd at tlic l)aek, to U't down for flcan- 
in", in which case a secure catch nni.st he used in front. The top-front 
of the manger should be protected with two and a half inch iron bands, 
rounded at the edges, firmly screwed on, so as to project slightl}^ over 
the top bar. They prevent the manger being gnawed and disfigured. It is 
also better that a post be placed from the ground to the under-side of the 
top bar of the manger, and midway from the sides of the stall. In this 
case a ring may be screwed by the shank, or stapled into the post, in 
such a way that it may play freely. The tie may have a light weight 
at the end, so that the bight of the halter will be in no danger of get- 
ting under the fore legs of the horse. 

VII. The Hay and Straw Loft. 

Every stable should have a loft for hay and for straw, with chutes, or 
tubes, for easily throwing it below. The chute for straw may be the 
tube used for ventilation and, of course, must have a tightly-fitting door 
to prevent effluvia from entering the hay loft. The ventilating tul)e may 
be used for hay, even if the hay has to be carried from the floor to the 
man<Tcr, hut it is better that the hay-chute connect directly with the 
manner. If a rack is used, the chute should connect therewith. 

Tlic lloor of the loft should be of tightly-fitting, planed and grooved 
floorino-, to prevent the sifting of seeds and dirt below, and especially to 
keep the eflluvia of the stable from rising into the loft. 

VIII. An Economical Granary. 

The <n-anary of the stable should he in the loft or floor above the 
stable. This should be a tight room, rat proof, with bins for oats, bran 
and cut-feed, with chutes from each running to a feed room below, each 
bin being provided with a proper slide, for giving out or shutting off the 
'n-ain. The bottom of the bins are better if funnel-shaped, so that the 
entire contents will run out when necessary. The chutes for grain should 
be four inches inside. There should also be a roonifor cut hay and straw, 
each with its chute, these being not less than twelve inches in diameter, 
though fifteen is better. ThusitAvill always be easy to get either cut 
hav or "n-ain, and it is certainly easier to put the supply at once where it 
is safe and easily come at, than to take many steps each tinu; you want 
feed. Besides, it saves grain. 

Below them should be a suitable trough for mixing feed, and also a 
sieve, with a mesh small enough to save any feed grain, for winnowing 
and cleaning the grain before feeding. The regular feeding of absolutely 
clean sirain lias often saved the stable-man the care of serious disorders in 
his horses. 



STAULES AND OTIIETl SHELTER. 



187 



The cut of stalls we give, and those we have described, are the very 
Hbest that can be made. It does not follow, however, that they must be 
made in a costly manner, as written. The good sense of any intelligent 
farmer may so modify them, that while they are .strong, a large outlay 
need not be made, and yet the pi-inciples of utility may be retained. It 
is the same here as with building. The cheap structure, if strong and 
economical in the design, may be fully as safe and comfortable as the 
most expensive. A thing well done is economically done. Illy done it 
causes waste and loss. If you have no hunl>cr, poles and puncheons, 
carefully smoothed, answer every purpose. If you are not an adept at 
framing and must do your own work, strong stakes set in a pretty deep 
trench, or driven solid, and quite close together, evened at the top, and a 
cross-piece nailed securely on the top will serve as a manger. The rack 
may l)e made of two polos, bored lialf through with a two inch auger at 




A DEVICE TO CUKE THE UAlilT <)1' KU KING. 



the bottom, and clear through the top piece, with au inch and a half 
auger, to receive the slats, which may be straight saplings, properly shaved . 
So, the rear posts may be young trees, six inches in diameter, properly 
dressed. Thus any inside tixture may be easily arranged, and at light 
<()st by any one ordinarily handy with axe, saw, drawing knife and ham- 
mer, as ever}^ farmer should be. The device for kicking horses shoMu, 
is the one in common use. It is illustrated to show how faulty it is. A 
far more sensible plan for a kicking horse, if you are so unfortunate as to 
have one, is to replace the log with a good compact Ijuuch of osage orange 
brush. This will punish without injuring the horse. 



188 Tin; amicimcan iai;:mki:'s stock hook. 

IX. Tho "Wagon and Carriage Floor. 

It is good ocononiy lo liavi' ample space in ihv liorse-liani in wiiicli to 
keep the carriage, Imggy and other more eostlyvcliicles. No on(> should 
own u vehicU^ for pleasure, or even ii spring wagon, without j)roi)er 
nutans of sheltering ; and it is needless to say that fowls, pigeons or 
other birds, are never to l)e allowed inside the horse-stable and carriage 
house. 

The ordinary farm wagons may be kept under a proper shed, when not 
in use. If the habit were formed of putting every vehicle in its jilaee, 
even if to bo used again soon, it would be found not to take any more tinu! 
than to have them left wherever the driver may think jiroper. In nine 
cases out of ten they are left just where they are in the way, or else they 
are exposed to the heat of the sun, or to sudden storms. 

X. The Harness Room. 
The harness room should be near the carriage floor, and easy of access 
from the stable, but separated from each by a tight partition. This 
room, besides containing pegs, or hooks for hanging each harness, should 
also contain a table for cleaning and oiling harness, and a cupl)oard for 
oil, l)lacking brushes, sponges, tools for mending harness, needles, 
thread, wa.\, a saddler's horse, pieces of leather, buckles, etc. 

XI. The Stable Yard and Out-Sheds. 
The stable yard should be dry and tiriu, and large enough to ])roperly 
exercise and train an animal in. It should l>c j)rotected on every side by 
a tight fence six feet high. On one side, but not facing in th(\yard, will 
l)c found a good place for the wagon shed. Along one side, and opening 
into the yarti, n\ay be a shed containing feeding troughs at the wall. It 
will be useful for many ]Kirposes. 

XII. Grass-Lots Near the Stable. 

At least one grass-lot should be near the stable, and, if large 
enough to be divided into pasture and meadow, so nuich the better. The 
pasture -will often bo wanted to turn a lame or partially disabled animal 
into, and it is also a good place for the colts to have a run. If there is 
no spring or stream in thei)asture a trough, under .shelter, nuist 1)0 pro- 
vided, and this may be connected with the house-pump by an underground 
pipe. 

XIII. A Good Supply of Water. 

It is essential that a constant supply of fresh water Itc had at the 
stable. The best stable buildings are provided with a windmill at the lop, 
and a tank in tho loft, to secure the needed water from the nearest well 
or stream. The tank should bo closed tight and should be provided with 



STAHLES AM) OTltKI! SIIKLTEH. IS'.) 

a waste i)ipe at the top. Aiiotlier pipe, from the bottom, leads to the 
stable, with a bnuu'h to the pLiee where the carriai>es are washed. A 
hose will thus eiuibk» you to wash vehicles thoroughly and easily. Tiie 
windmill and tank may be placed anywhere on an elevation, from which 
the water may be carried by underground pipes to the stable or to any 
other part of the premises where it may be wanted. 
XIV. Cleaning the Stable. 

This should always be done at the proper time, twice a day regularly, 
and oftener if waste matter accumulates. A s[)lint broom will easily 
sweep away the accumulations of manure, that gather from time to 
time during the day, and the satisfaction of seeing everything neat and 
clean will more than compensate for this light extra labor. A stable- 
man should always be held to account for any neglect of this duty. 

The tools necessary in a stable are two good manure-forks, a hay-fork, 
brooms, a scraper for pulling aM'ay manure, strong pails, sponges, 
brushes, curry-combs, a card-comb, scrapers for taking the sweat from 
the body, and plenty of cloths for rubbing the body and limbs of the 
horses. There should be also provided a thin sheet for every horse in 
summer, and warm blankets ff)i' winter. There should be a full set of 
tools for cleaning the animals for every two, or at most three, horses 
kept in the stable. 



CIIAlTKli XIII. 
FEEDING, WATERING AND GROOMINQ. 



1. THE GOOD THAT A SIEVE WILL UO. II. HOW TO FEED. III. WHEN TO FEED. 

IV. WHAT TO FEED. V. CONDIMENTS. VI. HOW TO MAKE MASHES. VII. 

HOW TO MAKE GKUEL. VIII. THE Ql ANTITV OF GRAIN TO FEED. IX. HAY AND 

STKAW. X. GKOOMISG. XI. WHEN TO GKOOM. XII. GENERAL STABLE 

CAKE. XHI. BLANKETS AND OTIIEK CLOTHING. 

I. The Good that a Sieve Will Do. 
There is, of course, such atliiug us l)ciiig-too iiiethodieal, but more fail- 
ures result from want of proper atteutiou to the little things that go to 
make up the whole, than from too minute an attention to details. A com- 
petent knowledge of the requirements in every case, combined with accu- 
rate judsimcnt to carry each one out according to its relation to the whole, 
is what marks a man of sensible, methodical habits, l)y contrast with one 
who works at random, or neglects some detail that may be of the first 
importance. 

How few farmers, for instance, think it necessary to have a sieve for 
cleaning the grain which is fed to horses ! And yet, this is one of the 
most important of the minor implements of the stable. The use of a 
sieve saves cleaning the dirt from the feeding boxes ; saves horses the an- 
noyance of swallowing l)its of wire and other trash, quite common in 
these days of automatic binders ; saves the teeth of the animals from 
being broken on gravel, or other hard substances in the grain, and gives 
one the satisfaction of knowing that the horse is enjoying a meal, clean 
and wholesome as that of his master. Many careful men wash the grain 
after it is cleaned from trash in the sieve ; which is a most sensible opera- 
tion, and an easy one, since you have only to drop the sieve partly in 
water and shake it, or pour a bucket of water over it and let it drain. 
n. How to Feed. 
A horse must be fed with reference to what he is to do. The horse 
doinir slow but hard and exhausting labor, should have all the clean, 
sound grain he will cat three times a day, with as much clean, sweet hay 
at ni'dit as he will consume, though we seldom find hay so tine and good 
that all will be eaten. The grain, during the heat of summer, should be 
oats, in cooler Aveather oats and corn, while in winter the corn may con- 
stitute fully half the ration. 

If cut feed he used, half oats and half corn, ground together, may be 
used, and this mixed with one-third its bulk, not weight, of bran. When 
the animals are fed whole grain, this mess should be given two or three 
times a week, at evening, as a change. 

I'.in 



FKEDIXfi, WATEKIXC AND (Uii )O.MING. • IHI 

The ordinary fanii-horsc should \w given as mucli oats a.s he will eat 
three times a day, in summer, and l)e allowed grass or hay at night, in 
their proper season. When not at work, on Sundays, they are sometimes 
put upon pasture, and we have known farmers turn out their horses at 
night to feed. This plan we dislike. The farm-horse has exhausting 
labor, and should rest in the stable when not at work. The grass at 
night is good ; let the farm-horse have it by all means, Imt cut and carry 
it to him. 

Horses kept for drivmg, light pleasure horses, and the business-man's 
horse, should l)e fed on sound oats and hay, with a sweet mash of bran 
once or twice a week. Many ^lersons of this class, turn their horses out 
to pasture during the summer. Nothing could be more injurious. The 
animals are eaten up by flies and moscjuitos ; they get out of condition, 
and the owner blames the person who has grazed them at so much a 
week. If they are turned out at night and sheltered during the day, and 
get half rations of oats, it is not so bad. 

The proper time for a horse to have a run at gi"ass is in May and early 
in June ; but the animal should have a little oats daily. A month at 
grass is amply sufficient. 

The full feed for driving horses is from four to six quarts of oats, 
three times a day, according to size, and as much sound hay as they will 
eat. Musty grain, musty or dusty oats, gives rise to heaves and other 
disorders, and should never lie fed to any horse. Hence, in using ground 
feed, be sure that it is made from sound grain. Washing and kiln-drying 
does not cure musty grain, though it may deceive the unwary. Hence, 
again, the best plan with all driving horses, and horses for other fast 
work, is to feed whole grain to them. 

III. When to Feed. 

A horse should get his feed as regularly as a man. His stomach, like 
that of a man, is small, and the size has been reduced by artificial 
breeding and care. Horses doing fast and exhausting work, should lie 
fed grain four times a day ; at six and at ten o'clock in the mornin<r, at 
two in the afternoon and again at night. Carriage horses should also 
be fed four times a day ; but the morning feed need not be until seven or 
eight o'clock, since the animals are not required to be used, as a rule, 
before ten. They should be fed again at lunch-time, or as near twelve 
as possible ; also before going out in the afternoon, and again upon their 
return in the evening ; if they bring the family home late, they should 
also have a feed before being left for the night. 

Trotting horses and racing horses should l)e fed with gi'ain four times 
a day, and light-feeding animals should have every inducement held out 



1!(2 TiiK AMKincw i\i;mi:i!'s stock isook. 

to get them to eat enough. It is sokioin th;it iiiiinials of this kind arc too 
Hreedy. Their feeding is so reguhir and their care is so good, that they 
are seldom inelined to oveHoad tlieir stomachs. If an animal he a ghit- 
ton lie must 1)0 restrained to sueh a quantity of food as will sni)port the 
labor he is to perform. No horse driven at fast, or to exhaustive work, 
should he taken out in less than an hour and a half, or two hours after 
finishing the meal ; and it is hotter for any horse if lie liavo an hour of 
rest after eating, before returning to work. 

IV. What to Feed. 

What the food of liorses should ho, has been partly stated in the pre- 
oeding sections. It may be varied somewhat, aeeording to the price of grain. 
As a rule much cut feed is given to teaming horses, ex})ross and dray 
horses, in cities, especially in large stables, where the a metliodical sys- 
tem is followed, and intelligent foremen have charge of the different 
departments. If corn is given as a substitute, in part, for oats, bran 
should be nsed with it. Cut feed at night, with oats morning and noon, 
makes excellent provender for any draft te;'m, including those for farm 
work. On a luimbor of farms where many horses are used, this is the rule, 
and u most excellent one it is, during the season of hard labor. In winter, 
more corn may be fed than oats ; and when corn-meal and bran are nsed, 
a heaping measure of bran to a stricken measure of meal, is a good pro- 
portion. 

The intelligent reader will be able to judge, from the suggestions here 
i:ivi'n, how to regulate the messes. A horse, regularly antl fully fed, will 
seldom eat too much. Now and then it will be necessary to restrain a 
irrcedy one. If a horse is given to bolting his grain whole, ho should 
have chopped food, or it must be so managed that ho can only pick it up 
little by little. It is the half-fed horse that founders himself when he 
gets at the grain bin. 

V. Condiments. 

It is well to avoid horse condiments, condition powders, and nostrums 
warranted to cure. On the farm they should not be needed ; and if the 
animal is really ill, the proper treatment of the case will be found fur- 
ther on, in the chapters devoted to diseases. In the cities and larger vil- 
lages, the advice of a competent veterinary surgeon can now-a-days gener- 
allv be procured. Arsenic, stryehnine and other violent drugs, ospeeially 
the first named, are much in vogue to give an animal fire and a sleek 
coat, especially by ignorant persons who pri-tendto know all about horses. 
They are ruinous unless used as prescribed by a competent veterinarian. 
If a horse lacks appetite, rest and a few bran-mashes will generally rem- 
edv the trouble. Condition powders are beneticial, if the system is out of 



FEKDlNfi, WATEltlN'i; AM) (illOD.M I\( ; . I'.'H 

order. Their use, and liow (o prepare tlieiii, will lie given in the chap- 
ters on the treatment of diseases. Salt is the only true condiment for 
herbiverous animals. This they should have always before them. They 
will then take just what is needed and no more. 
VI. How to Make Mashes. 

A sweet mash is made; by taking four quarts of good bran, moistening 
it gradually with hot water, and then adding enough boiling water to 
bring it to the proper consistency. Cover with a ch)th, and when eool 
enough give it to the horse. A small teaspoonful of salt may be added, 
if desired. 

Another good mash is made by boiling two quarts of ground oats, a pint 
of flax-seed and a little salt, for three hours. Then mix with it enough 
l)ran to bring it to a proper consistency for eating. A half pint of 
molasses may be added to the water. Cover with a cloth and feed cold. 
This is the quantity for a horse, and is a good Sunday morning meal 
when the team is kept on dry food during the I'c^st of the week. 
VII. How to Make Gruel. 

There is nothing better for a tired horse than gruel ; every horse should 
be taught to drink it. Stir a pint or more of oat-meal gi-adually into 
four quarts of cold water. If you have no oatmeal, use half a pint or 
more, each, of fine corn-meal and flour, according as it is liked, thick or 
thin. Then fill up the pail, in which it is mixed, with water ; stir and 
give it to the animal at once. Sometimes a dainty horse may be induced 
to take it, by lirst giving him a single swallow of water. 

Never giv(^ a horse solid food when exhausted. If he will not take 
gruel, try him with hay tea, after having first turned down a quart of 
good stock ale. Kul) him, in any event, until dr}', and then give him his 
feed. ]'>y tiiis time Ik; will prol)al)ly have taken some hay. 

Hay Tea. — To make hay tea, fill a bucket with the l)est of hay, clean 
and bright. Pour over it enough boiling water to fill the pail. Cover 
closely to keep in the steam, pressing the hay down occasionally, or put 
it on the stove to keep it hot while pressing. In fifteen minutes it will 
be sufficiently steeped. Turn off the water into another bucket, and add 
enough cold water to make six or seven quarts, and give to the horse when 
cool enough to drink. It is nourishing and an excellent stimulant for a 
tired horse. 

Vm. The Quantity of Grain to Feed. 

Grain should always be fe(| by weight. If a team require a bushel of 
oats a day, tills will be 3(j pounds of scjund, ck^an oats ; if the oats are 
not clean, the bushel will weigh only 32 pounds, or less. If coi-n is to 
be substituted, give only a half l)ushel, or 28 pounds of shelled corn 



194 TIIF. A.MKKICAN lAi;MKi;"s STdCK UOOK. 

to the team, at throe feeds. If this is not cnougii, the allowance may be 
iuereascd to thirty-six pounds. If the corn be on the ear, thirty-five 
pounds is the weight of the half bushel. In every case a half bushel of 
corn is the equivalent of each bushel of oats fed. In other words, the 
stable lises seventy pounds of ear corn, or fifty-six pounds of shelled corn, 
for every two bushels of oats discontinued. The change, however, should 
never be made suddenly, but gradually. Barley, rye and wheat are not 
injurious to the horse, but we must not feed more pounds than the regu- 
lar ration of the grain previously fed. If ground feed is given, one-lifth 
less in weight will be rocjuired. 

rx. Hay and Straw. 

As fx'fore stated, none l)ut sound hay should be used. Timothy, Blue 
grass, (poa pratensis or poa compressa), Vowl meadow, {poa sero(iiia). 
Orchard grass, (dactylis glome ra ta ), awd Red Top, all make excellent 
hay. Clover should never he fed to horses ; it is always dusty, and gen- 
erally badly cured. Hungarian grass, if cut just when in blossom, may 
be given once a week ; if fed constantly, or if too ripe, it acts strongly 
on the urinary organs. 

Straw should always be used for bedding — oat-straw is the best ; and 
a feed of sweet, clean, bright straw is relished occasionally by the horse. 
We once kept twenty pairs of farm mules all winter on bright straw and 
corn, with a feed once a week of Hungarian hay, and never had them 
come through better. 

X. Grooming. 

IStable tools are to be used, not al)used ; nor is the animal to be tor- 
tured with them. The groom who strikes a horse on the hocks, or othei 
part of tiie l)ody, with tlie curry-comb or other stable tool, should be 
discharged instantly. The groom who uses the curry-comb to the posi- 
tive discomfort of a horse, or about the joints, should be admonished, 
and if he persist he should be discharged. The use of the curry-comb 
is simply to loosen the scurf and dirt, and to clean the brush. The 
curry-comb should be carried lightly and in circles over the body, and 
then a good bristle brush should be used to clean the horse. The brush 
should bo used with firm, long strokes, and after every two or three 
strokes it should l)e drawn over the comb to free it of dust. Vcrj' short- 
haired and tender-skinned horses require little more than the brush, to be 
followed with a damp wisp of straw, finishing with cloths. The wisp 
and doth should always be used to finish a horse. 

If the legs are dirty and wet, they should be washed clean and rul)bed 
div ; if they are dirty, clean them with the brush. Be particular al)out 



FEEDINC, WATEUIN<> AND (iliOOMIXCi 



1!»5 




1!I6 THE AMEiaCAN 1'ARMER's STOCK BOOK. 

the fetlocks, and the Iniijf lisiir of tlie Inwcr ]inil)s. They must he h'ft 
both dry and elcan. 

The mane and tail should never be touched with anything except a 
coarse-toothed horn comb, and the brush. Brushes are made especiallj' 
for this purpose. 

The feet sliould always be looked to and cleaned when the horse comes 
into the stable. lie may have picked up a nail, or graveled himself. 
Whatever injury of this kind he may have sustained should be promptly 
treated. 

XI. When to Groom. 

Every day, i)efore going to work, the horse should be thoroughly 
cleaned. If he comes in dirty at night, he should certainly be cleaned 
before the master goes to bed. It is an open question among horsemen, 
whether a horse should be washed when dirty. Our plan is to scrape the 
body as dry as possible immediately, l)lanket in cold weather, bandage 
the legs to keep them warm, and clean when dry. The tired horse should 
never be placed in a draft of air t<> cool. If he do not cool kindly, he 
wants a stimulant, hay tea or gruel. If necessary, he may be walked 
about in the air ; it will both dry and refresh him, unless he be l^adlyused 
up. 

XH. General Stable Care. 

Of a'('ii<^i"al stable care we have previously written. The animal should 
have done for him what ho cannot do for himself. It is poor economy to 
l)e without any necessary article to properly care for the horse. The 
ordinary tools have been already indicated. Proper tools for cleaning the 
stable must be had, and proper implements for cleaning the horse are 
quite as necessary. The drinking bucket should never be used for wash- 
ing the horse. When not in use, both drinking and washing buckets 
should be prevented from falling down. Keep them full of water, and 
change when necessary, but never mistake the wash bucket for the drink- 
ing bucket. 

A wheel-barrow is a most useful thing in the stable, and its uses are 
also various al)Out the place. The list of cleaning tools is a long one, 
but a horse may be cleaned in the most thorough manner with a good 
curry-comb, a brush, a wet sponge, a wisp of straw and rubbing cloths. 
A scraper should always be near for use upon sweaty horses. A section 
of a flat barrel-hoop will do very well at a pinch. 

xm. Blankets and Other Clothing. 

The driving horse siiould have a summer and a winter stable-blanket, 
and a summer and winter blanket for the street ; also a hood for the head 
and neck, and other appliances for protecting the limbs, as bandages, etc. 



FEEDIXG, WATERING AND GROOMING. 107 

The farm horse requires only a summer and a winter blanket, and a hooded 
sheet, or good fly net, when driven in summer. Each horse should 
have his own blanket, plainly marked. If you have them, you will of 
course use them Avlieu necessary. A l)lanket is of but little use without 
a surcingle. See that the surcingle is properly buckled, and protected, 
so it will not hurt the horse. Each blanket should have one or two 
breast straps and liuckles, and a proper cord to jjass across the buttocks, 
under the tail, to keep the blanket from moxang to one side or the other. 
We repeat : proper horse clothing is among the most necessary and prof- 
itable investments for the stable. 



CHAPTER XIV. 
HUMAIOTY AND COMMON SENSE. 



I. THK ECONOMY OF IHIMANE TKEATMENT. II. COMMON SENSE IN ALL T IIINC.S. 

111. THRIKT AN1> INTIIUIFT CONTKASTED. IV. CUIELTY AX1> I MI'UOV!I>EN('E VS. 

THRIFT AND KINDNESS. V. WIIV THE HORSE REQIIRES INTELLIGENT MANAC.E- 

MENT. VI. HOW TO KNt)\V AN INTELLIGENT M.ASTER. VII. I'lOTlRES FROM 

REAL LIFE. VIII. THE KIND MAN WILL HAVE A WILLIN<i TEAM. IX. THE 

" GOOD FELLOW'S" CRUELTY. X. HOW TO USE ONE'S MEANS. 

I. The Economy of Humane Treatment. 
Ih the trcatiuent of unimal.s, luiin;uiity and ooiumon sense are one and 
tlie same thing. For, the humane treatment of the.se dumb creatures 
not only contributes to their comfort, but promotes their physical wel- 
fare, and enables the owner to got from them the largest amount of labor 
that they are cajjable of. The farm animals, and especially the horses, of a 
cruel, slovenly or miserly farmer arc rarely in condition to perform the 
most efficient labor. A master, so unthrifty or penurious as to begrudge 
the proper care and feeding of his animals, is also apt to over-work and 
under-feed his laborers, and an emplo^'er who does this never has efficient 
help. His hired men, while at work, shirk every duty they can, and at the 
first opportunity they ([uit him ; and the ^rork that they cannot shirk is 
done in the most inefficient and slovenly manner. Even if inclined to do 
their duty they cannot work to the best advantage becau.se the team is 
unfit. Here, then, we see two causes operating against the grudging or un- 
thrifty farmer — inefficiency in his help and in his animals ; -whereas, the 
farmer who has common sense and humanity enough to keep his animals 
in ijood condition, has only one possible cause of inefficient labor to 
guard against, viz : inefficiency in the men he employs. A man of the 
latter kind, however, will have little difficulty in securing efficient help ; 
whilst the grudging or unthrifty man seldom secures the best labor, l)e- 
cau.se good men will not work for such a master, unless obliged to. 
Hence, the want of common sense or of humanity always reacts against 
the individual, and at a loss to himself. The horses of a good farmer 
are not pampered. His workmen do not expect to be ; but the connnon- 
sense man will see to it that they are made as comfortable as circum- 
stances will admit ; that neither horses nor men are overworked ; that the 
food, both for man and beast, is given in sufficient quantity, and that it 
iij of good (luality. Plain, but substantial food, well-cooked, .should be 
provided fin- the men, and sound grain, plenty of water, careful groom- 
ing for the horses ; and the eve of the master should also see to it that 
the animuls are not abused by beating. If the horses have not been 

198 



IITMANITY AND COMMON' SENSK. 199 

broken in spirit, they will not need whipping ; for the intelligent master 
will not long keep dull, lazy brutes, any more than he ^v^ll employ lazy, 
shirking men. 

n. Conunon Sense in all Things. 

It would show as great a want of common .sense to put a pair of colts, 
intended for fast road-horses, or trotters, or a young animal intended for 
a high-priced saddle-horse, to continuous and hard draft, as it would to 
expect extraordinary speed from an ill-bred brute, or from a horse bred 
solely for draft. Does not the same rule hold good in all transactions? 
Is it not the result of ignorance, or of a penny-wise and pound-foolish 
disposition that an inferior animal, of any kind, is ever allowed to be bred 
for any purpose? Whatever maybe the labor that is to be performed, 
none but the most superior animals for the use, should ever be bred ; 
just as none but the most perfect seed should ever be planted or so\vn. 
If the rule were universally adopted of In-ecding none but the best ani- 
mals and sowing none but the best seed ; and if, in addition, the proper 
care were observed in the I)reeding of animals and in the cultivation 
and saving of crops, the productions of the country might be doub- 
led in three years, from the same acreage, while the average value 
of farm animals might be more than doubled in ten years. This is the 
direction of our thoughts when we urge the importance of common sense, 
intelligence and humane care upon the farm ; their exercise brings the 
largest profit to the master at the lowest cost. 

In 1879, which was a season of unusual productiveness, the average 
yield of wheat in the various states comprising the Union, ranged from 
7 bushels per acre, in the case of North Carolina, to 20 3-10 bushels per 
acre in the case of Indiana. The average for the whole United States 
was less than 10 2-10 bushels per acre. Is the average farmer satisfied 
with ten bushels to the acre? Taking the country through, does it pay 
to raise wheat at such a rate of production ? How many worthless acres 
must be sown to reduce the general average to ten bushels ! 

Again, the average price of horses for the whole United States in 1879 
was $54.7.5 per head. Can any farmer expect to make money by raising 
and fitting a common horse for labor at less than $100? How many 
al)solutely worthless brutes must have been sold for a song, to reduce the 
general average to half the price at which common work horses should 
be sold ! 

m. Thrift and TJnthrift Contrasted. 

In the one case we see a shiftless and at tlic same time cruel and per- 
haps drunken owner, with a miserable nude and a still more miserable, 
one-eared and one-eyed horse for a team. They would sell simply fov 



200 



Till'. AMlCliUAX I'AUMKU S STOCK liOOK. 



the priro of tlu-ir hiilos. Of oourso, tlioy do not cat as nuK'h as an al)lo 
team would eat, heiaiisc tlu v i-aunot get it. Scant feed is certainly not 
economy in their case, for the result of their day's work would l)o not 
more than an acre scratched cucr. So nuich for the unhappy team of a 
reckless master. This man ami his famii}' do not live. They simply 




CUl KLTY AM> i.MCKOVIllKNCE AND I'MEIK !SlKKOlM)LXGS. 

exist, and their only mission in life seems to l)c to reduce the average 
price of live stock, and the average yield jjer acre. 

Look at the other picture, if you wish to see a thrifty and al>le master 
with a handsome and alile team, going off as though they meant business. 
There, also, are the happy children, just come out with tiie lunch basket ; 



HUMANITY AND COMMON SENSK. 



201 



tliorc is nothing miserable here. The master is hard at work increasing 
the average yield of wheat, and l)y the exercise of humanity and common 
sense, raising the average price of farm stock. 

rv. Cruelty and Improvidence vs. Thrift and Kindness. 
The cruel or improvident man's team stands exposed to tlies, or shiv- 
ering in the street of the village, while the man is guzzling Ijeer or whis- 




KlNDNESS AND COMMON (SENSE E.XEMPLIKIEU. 

key close l)y. They stand in their own filth at home, uncleaned, as they 
are half fed. The team of the kind and thrifty master stands in the stii- 
l)le at home, eating generous provender, when not at labor on the fjirm, 
or hauling heavy loads of produce to the market. The animals do not 



'202 THE AMEKIf'AN' FAUMEU's STOCK liOOK. 

lack blankets when uoeessarv. They have no bony shonldcrs to be galled. 
They are not jerked about by the bits, nor are thej' lashed or beaten with 
a club while at work. They have simply been trained to obedience, and 
have been taught something of the English language. 

In the streets of our large cities we can sec plenty of such teams as we 
have describetl, teams both of the cruel and the provident master. On 
the average farm, we see none of the first kind. They arc, happily, con- 
fined mainly to a rare class, shiftless, drunken squatters on waste land, 
though occasionally such masters are found, as renters, with their worth- 
less brutes on the lands of a landlord too greedy to give an industrious 
laborer a fair rental for his labor. Do such landlords thrive? Unhap- 
pily yes. Sometimes, by denying themselves and families the connnon or 
decent necessaries of life, and by cheating even the poor knackers whose 
imiirovidencc has thrown them in their way. 

V. Why the Horse Requires Intelligent Management. 

It is because horses are intelligent animals. They have a sense of 
reason, which may be improved by training. They are naturally dis- 
posed to rely upon their masters, and this disposition should never l)e over- 
come by the fear of injury. They are courageous, and at the same time 
timid. Their courage should be fostered, since it increases their spirit 
and decreases their timidity. They fear objects with which they are unfa- 
miliar. Once they learn that an object is harmless, they cease to fear it. 
Thus they may be accustomed to the sound and sight of a locomotive, 
one of the most fearful oljjects to them naturally, and if allowed to satisfy 
themselves that a locomotive is not dangerous, they will at length 
want to touch it with the nose ; for this is the last means a horse uses to 
fully satisfy himself that an object will not injure him. Thus satisfied, 
all further fear of that object is passed. 

VI. How to Know an Intelligent Master. 

An intelligent master, however poor he nuiy be, will not drive a 
broken-down, rat-tailed, spavined team, with ears toi"n away, eyes knocked 
out, ill-kept and ill-fed. He will not have rusty tools, nor keep a hog- 
wallow by the side of his door. His wife M'ill not be found pulling down 
and burning the remnants of a fence, for want of better firewood. His 
team, indeed, may not be in high flesh. The necessity of extraordinary 
labor, and plain food, may keep master and horse thin, but there will be 
intelligent care shown even in poverty. Cunning is not intelligence, neither 
is brute force power. Tlie intelligent man, however unlearned, may be 
known by his surroundings, and by the care of his horse, if he is for- 
tunate enonudi to own one. 



HLMAXITY AND COMMON' MCXSE. 



20.3 



All horse owners eamiot have tine teams, butaio man can afford to own 
a ijoor team. They must be kept in proper condition for labor, else the 
owner is losing money on them constantly. All farmers cannot have fine 
houses and barns, but no farmer should have either cold, or, in 
other ways, uncomfortable buildings. By studying chapter XII, one 
may ea''il\ leain how to make the die ipc^t stiuctuit comfoitable. The 




illustration on this [) i_,c tull\ illusli itcs <ui idc i of tomtoit ui fum ani- 
mals. The horses are not specially tine, but they are in good ilesh and 
well cared for. The master has no fear that they will run away. They 
are well trained and know they will not be abused, hence they drink con- 
tentedly, preparatory to the half-day ' s plowing cxiiccted of them . The barn 
is a rough structure, but it is well built and thoroughly warm in winter. 



201 



THE AMK.KICAX 1 AK.MKl! S STUCK HOOK. 




HUMANITY AND COMMON SKXSE. 



205 



Vn. Pictures from Real Life. 

The suiTounding.s of ;i nmn, in any condition in life, are an index U) 

his eiiaraeter. The iviiid master may have only a stable huilt of poles, 

the sides filled in with ha}-, and the roof of the same material ; but it 

will be eomfortal)le. Health, thrift and care, in the end, willenal)le him 




nil IIH.rivKOl nil- VUOVll>I-M M\S A.S I.MI UO\ II 1M M \N 1 akn. 

to build better. However poor, there will be method in his labor. He 
will sow no more crops than his team can properly prepare the ground 
for, and himself can carefully tend. His debts Avill not be for useless 
trumpery, and what tools he has will be in good order. His animals 
will be no more than can be properly cared for, so that, in the end, his 
barns and 3'ards may look something like the picture of the shelter of 
the provident man. 

The barn of the improvident man w ill l)e dilapidated. The door will 
be off the hinges, and propped up with rails. There may be some 
attempt at chinking up cracks. His wagon will stand anj'^vhere in the 
storm, while his harness will lie handy, perhaps on the tongue 
of the wagon, or else be flung on the floor of the hovel he calls 




An Untukifty Home. 

a barn. His animals will be unsheltered, and allowed to shift for them- 
selves at aneighl)oring hay stack, yet he will be so fully employed, that 
he will have no tune to do better He will have no barn filled to the 
ridge-pole with fodder, no horses, cattle and sheep enjoying themselves 



206 



TIIK AMEKICAX FAKMEU S STOCK HOOK. 



ill the stiihles. His pigs csiii (if course shift for thoinselves entirely, 
'riiey will 1)0 so thin that they can easily slide through any fence near hy, 
within which, indeed, all his stock have prohahly helped themselves, 
unless his careful neighbors have made their fences "horse-high, hull- 
proof and j)ig-tight."' 

As to his home, it may look sonicthing like the picture, airy 
in sumTiier, but not comfortable in winter — for a brush-pile, eked (Uit 
with bark torn from the fences, does not make generous fuel. Dear 
I'cader, have you not recognized the picture in your travels? Have not 
some of us seen the same thing uear home? 

The home of the intelligent and thrifty man will in time come to look like 
the one shown in the illustration of kindness and connnon sense exempli- 
fied. At all events, however humble, neatness and good care will be 
apparent everywhere. 

VIII. The kind Man will have a Willing Team. 

The team of the considerate man, if they unfortunately become chafed 
hy the harness, when away from home, in a storm, are immediately at- 
tended to. They are kept warm, dry and clean ; and jiowcvcr tired at 





A Kim'.Man"-; Ii.am. A Ckiki. M\\^ li \m 

night, are always ready for work the next day, because tiiey have rested 
in plenty of clean straw, with ph'uty to eat. If the master's nu-ans will 
l)ermit, they will be lordly looking animals, not uidike the picture of a 
kind man's team. 

At all events, they will luit resiMnl)le a cruel man's team, with ribs show- 
ing like bean-poles, and thenisidves the pictures of hunger, gazing at an 
<'inpty bucket, — or at least, a bucket empty except for the air it con- 
tains. 

IX. The " Good Fellow's" Cruelty. 

There is aiu)ther class, known as good fellows, whose tinu> is so taken 

Uj) helping their friends, that they never have leisure to care for anything 

at honu'. They have time to hunt and fish, to play cards and driid<. AVhen 

they work, they work very hai'd, and are generally so used up, both man 



IIITMANITV AND COMMON' SKNSE. 



207 



!ind team, that they re(iuirc rest for seveiiil days. These "good fellows" 
often own but one horse, and borrow some other "good fellow's" horse 
to "splice ateam." Their borrowings are extensive, and their more intel- 
ligent, because more careful, neighbors lend, for the sake of the poor 
family at home. Some people would call them lazy ; perhaps this is as 
good a name for it as any other. They certainly do not work when they 
can avoid it. They do not tiiink themselves cruel. Are they not? Yes, 

cruel in their neglect at home. The 
"good fellow's " surroundings may 
be shown in three pictures. First 
is seen his barn, if he has a barn, 
with his sorry old horse mournfully 
contemplating the chances for the 
coming winter. He has a house ? Yes, 
«we show a corner of it, and his door 
ryard gate. He has, perhaps, a farm, 
or has hired a part of some richer 
good fellow's farm. Here is the 
other good fellow's tield gate, and himself coming home after having had 
a good time. If too tipsy to open the gate, it will not be difficult to 
push it over. 

X. How to use One's Means. 
This chapter may not, perhaps, be altogctlicr i)racti('al, except in the 
sense of .showing the impractical, and the folly of neglecting to use the 
means which any man may have. All cannot own fine teams ; all cannot 
own strong teams, but every man who owns a team of any kind, should 
keep it in a condition for labor. The man who is improvident in the neg- 
lect of his farm and stock, is improvident in the underlying princi])le 
ui)()n which all else rests. Hence, the pictorial story of thrift and 
unthrift may not come amiss ; and the thrifty man who buys this l)ook. 




• (iooiJ fellow's"' barn. 




HIS 1)(j(m;-vakj 




IIS KIELD-GATK. 



may become an angel in disguise, if he willlend it to his unthrifty neigh- 
bor. It may l)e the means of mending his ways. The unthriftv man we 
have depicted seldom sees ])ooks — his family almost never, unless they be 
loaned to them. May-be it will teach the use of means at his command. 



2().S THE AMERICAN I'AI!:MEI; S I^TOCK BOOK. 

to improve his condition. If t<o, it •will boa beneficent work tlnit will 
give comfort to some animals, by improving their masters. 

All bad masters, however, are not improvident, in the sense we have 
last shown ; but -whether improvident, niggardly, selfish, cruel or brutal, 
the amendment cannot but do good to themselves, their families, and to 
the dumb animals under their care. The improvement M-ill put money 
in their pockets, because none of the vices arise from intelligence prop- 
erly directed, though manj^ of them proceed from perverted intelligence. 

In preventing the growth and spread of vice, every man may increase 
the measure of intelligent endeavor. And intelligent endeavor is always 
the easiest road to success in anj'' -walk in life. And, again, the intelli- 
gent treatment of brutes is not the least of the human virtues. 



CHAPTER XV. 
HOW TO Bxry amd sell a horse. 



1. ACCURATE KNOWLEDGE NECESSARY. 11. Bl'YINC, CHEAP HORSES. III. A GUAR- 

ANTEE OF SOUNDNESS. IV. KNOW WHAT YOU BUY FOR.- V. THE PROPORTIONS 

OF THE HORSE. VI. DESCRIPTION OF ECLIPSE. VII. WHAT CONSTITUTES A 

GOOD HORSE. VIII. MODELS FOR BUYING. IX. THE RACING AND THE TROT- 
TING FOR.M. X. THE ROADSTER. XI. SADDLE HORSES. XII. A HORSE OP 

HIGH FORM. XIII. BrYIN<; FOR BLOOD. XIV. CHOOSING THE BROOD MARE. 

XV. SELECTING THE STALLION. XVI. HOW TO DETECT VICES AND DEFECTS. 

XVII. SOME FAULTS AND IMPERFECTIONS. XVIII. WHAT IS UNSOUNDNESS ? 

XIX. BLEMISHES. 

I. Accurate Knowledge Necessary. 

The value of correct information in trading is no where greater than 
in buying a horse, with a view to his future use. There is so much to be 
guarded against in selecting an animal of good physical proportions for 
the labor intended ; so many vices, the result of ])ad breeding, or of abuse 
by previous owners ; so much unsoundness occasioned by hereditary trans- 
mission, by overwork, hard driving, or neglect; so many defects which 
dishonest intelligence may cover up for the time being, that the purchaser 
must have been a close student and a keen observer to be able to guard 
against them all. In fact, no man can do so without a trial of the horse, 
in addition to the exercise of critical judgment. 

In Chapters II, III, IV, and more especially in Chapter V, we have 
given illustrations and directions covering many important points. In 
the chapters relating to veterinary, others will be found. In this chap- 
ter, we shall go thoroughly over the ground not elsewhere covei-ed. 
n. Buying Cheap Horses. 

The mania for buying cheap horses, or ratlicr for getting an animal for 
much less than his actual value, is a weakness of such a large number of 
persons, that it is no wonder there are so many bad horses in the hands 
of farmers. Their means are often small, and, desiring to get as much 
as possible for their money, without being prepared to judge correctly 
the parts of an animal, they are often duped by designing men. And, 
having thus been taken in, the animal, as a rule, must indeed be a sorry 
one if the victim docs not in turn practice the same deceit upon another. 
To avoid being swindled, it is a good and safe rule to distrust any hoi'se 
that is offered for much less than his apparent value. An animal thus 
offered has generally been dishonestly come-by, has some unsoundness, 
is vicious in some way, or has some defect known to the seller and not 
represented. Hence, a guarantee should always bo taken, unless 
the price paid is suiEciently low to cover all possible defects. Moreover, 



210 THE AMEUKAX KAKMEU'S STOCK BOOK. 

never buy a horse of a man whom you do not know to be respontiibk', for 
unless the seller is a resident, and solvent, his guarantee is, of course, 
worthless. 

III. A Guarantee of Soundness. 

AVhen a horse is bought on a guarantee, the article Dhould be concise, 
and yet comprehensive. Unnecessary verbiage often causes litigation, 
and long forms are frequently wi'itteu by scoundrels to deceive. A form 
like the following will cover the ground : 

Received of Mr. , Dol/ar.i for 

warranted years old, and under j/ears, sound, free from vice, and 
quiet to ride or drive. 

Signature. 

The place and date of purchase, the name of the })erson who pays, the 
amount paid, the description of the animal with pedigree, if any, and 
reference to the proper stud book, and the age, should be filled out and 
signed by the seller. Insert the nanu's and tlu' guarantee might read 
as follows : 

Received, 8t. Louis, Mo., January 1, 18S2, of James Cashman, 
Eight hundred and fifty (850) dollars for the dapple bay imported stal- 
lion Fearnought , black inane and tail, and two white hind fetlocks. Sire 
Stakeholder, dam Sitrp7'ise, etc., as contained in the stud book. Said 
stallion is ivarraiited five years old, and under six years, sound, free from 
physical defect, and safe and quiet to ride or drive. 

(Signed) Alexaiider A. Horseman. 

This form clearly covers the ground, and may be altered to suit any 
transaction in buviug a horse. 

A bill of sale may read as follows : 

St. Louis, Mo., January 1, 1881 . 

For and in consideration of the sum of dollars, [or, if a note 
is given for the whole or part, state this fact.] I have this day sold to 
James Cashman the horse, etc., etc., [as in the other form.] 

IV. Know What You Buy For. 

The buyer must have a detinite idea what he is buying for. If for 
work, the horse should be large, able, a good walker, and strong all over. 
See cuts of draft horses, and horses of all work. If for the carriage, he 
should have fine style and action. If for speed, this must be known. If 
for breeding, the particular use to which the offspring is to be put must 
be duly considered ; if for breeding racing horses, the i)edigree must 
be without a flaw; if for use where speed of any kind is desired, the 
pedigree should not be neglected ; if for trotting, the pedigree should 
trace to trotting blood. And so of particular breeds, the genealogy of 



HOW TO BUY AND SELL A HORSE. 



211 



the horse must be distinct, autl the l)uyer must have accurate knowledge 
of pedigrees, or else must know that the seller is solvent and a man of 
his word. There must be no guess work or anything left to chance, in any 
animal bought for breeding a particular strain. For, once a mistake is 
made in breeding, the eradication, theoreticalh', can never be compassed. 
Practically, it will take a long time so to work out the false trait that the 
peculiarity will not 1)6 apt to appear again. On this point, the reader 
would do well to refer to what is said on Atavism and Heredity. 
V. The Proportions of the Horse. 
To assist in judging the horse, we give an outline indicating the propor- 
tion of the several parts. This, says Mr. J. H. Walsh (Stonehenge) 
one of the most graphic and correct of English authorities on the horse, 
combines the average of six horses selected for jjcrfect synnnetry, and 
taken, two of them from celebrated stallions, two from thoroughl)red 
hunters, and two from chargers of great value. This, therefore, 
will not apply to draft horses, yet it will be found that the nearer the 
general utility horse comes to the measurements, the better he will be. 




Measukements 



Inches. 



Height 63 

Length from shoul Jei-point to quarter 00 

From the lowest part of the chest to the ground :i(> 

From the elbow-point to the ground 3it 

From the withers to the poll, just behind the ears, in a straight line 30 

Tlie same measured along the crest 32 

Length of head 2'i 



212 THK AMEKICAN IAK.MKK's STOCK BOOK. 

Inches. 

Width aoross the forehead '> 1-2 

From the wilhcrs to the liip 2'2 

From the stille to the point of the liock, in tlie attitude sliown in tlii' 

plan 211 

From the root of the tail to tlie stille-joint 2i> 

From tlie point of the bocli to the ground 22 1-2 

Length of arm from tlie elbow to the pisitoi-m bone (the rear bone of 

those forming the upper articulation of tlie knee) • 11) 1-2 

From the pisiform bone to the ground 1!i 1-2 

( iirtli varies from "s to 7'.» 

(Mreiimfereuoc of fore-eannon bone (large metacarpal or shauk bone, 

extending from the knee to the fetlock) 7 1-2, 8, 8, 8, 8 1-2 and 9 

( 'ircunifereiice of arm just below tlie elbow IG 1-2 I o 18 

VI. Description of Eclipse. 

That wondci'ful horso, Eclipse, differed essentially from this model. His 
head was of the average length in the six horses above, but was of 
extraordinary width across the eyes — said to have been twelve inches. He 
was very low before and yet was (it! inches in height. As Mr. Percival 
sums him up, "he was a big horse in every sqnse of the word ; he was 
tall in stature, lengthy and capacious in liody, and large in iiis limbs. For 
a big horse, his head was small, and partook of the Arabian character. 
His neck was unusually long. His shoulders were strong, sufficiently 
oblicjue, and though not remarkable for, not deficient in, depth. His 
chest was circular. He rose very little in his withers, being higher 
liehind than before. His back was lengthy, and, over the loins, 
roached. His quarters were straight, square and extended. His limbs 
were lengthy and broad, and his joints large. In particular, his arms and 
thighs were long and muscular, and his knees and hocks broad and well- 
formed." As a weight-carrying, swift, long-distance racer it is not 
probable that his equal will soon again be seen. Ho was a phenomenon. 

For racing, and especially for leaping, and for saddle horses, select the 
superior points of Eclipse, as many of them as you can find, leaving out 
the low withers. P^xcept for draft, the horse that will come nearest 
to the points we have named, will be sure to give satisfaction. 

VII. What Constitutes a Good Horse. 

It is the ability to perform in the best manner the particular labor for 
which he is intended, that constitutes a good horse. "\\'ithin the last 
fiftv vears, and especially within the last thirty years, particular atten- 
tion has been paid to the lireeding of animals especially adapted to draft, 
to the road, to use as fine carriage horses, and to trotting. The race 
horse, the saddle horse, and the hunting horse may be said to have 
attained about as higii a degree of perfection as man is alile to give them. 



HOW TO BIY AND SELL A HORSE. 213 

The fine roadster, the trotting hor.se and the horse for general utility, 
may 3et be much improved. Within the last ten j-ears the speed of the 
trotting horse has been greatly developed. In 1880, ]\Iaud S. made a mile 
in 2 : lOi, thus beating the record of 2 : 14 nuide by Goldsmith Maid in 
1874, and in 1881 we saw her trot two heats in 2 : 11 and 2 : llf, the 
fastest two heats ever made.* AVe also saw Little Brown Jug pace a mile 
in 2 : 13. There are now a number of horses that can trot the mile in 
2 : 15, and not a few that can do it inside of 2 : 20. 

Where the limit of speed for trotters is, or how near they may yet come 
to the fastest ruiming time, no one, of course, can tell. In buying a 
horse to breed colts for fast time, great attention must be paid not only 
to form, but to the pedigree as well. You may breed fast horses from 
those of good pedigi'ee, though they do not themselves possess extraor- 
dinary speed. But you cannot breed fast horses from those which have 
no pedigree, however good their apparent form niav be. 
Viii. Models lor Buying. 

For reasons heretofore given, we have insisted that, to judge correctly 
the merits of a horse, one nmsthave accurate knowledge — knowledge not 
only of what constitutes general excellence in horses, but minute and 
familiar knowledge of the qualities which fit them to perform in the best 
manner, the various services requii-ed. Knowing the great value of object 
lessons, we have not only presented numerous general forms, showing 
proportion, muscular development and anatomy, but have also given 
faithful representations of the more celebrated breeds. If you find an 
animal of the particular Ijreed, conforming to the standard, do not fear 
to buy if you wi:?h fine from wliMi to lireed. 

TJL. The Racing and the Trotting Form. 

As a model for study in racing form, the illustration we give is 
good. The illustration of the American thoroughbred in Chapter VII, 
may also be referred to in this connection. In Chapter VIII, some of 
the best trotting forms are shown, and exqilicit information about trotting 
horses is there given. The racing horse should be from 1.5i to 1(5 hands 
high, muscular all over, short-backed, round-bodied, with long hips and 
deep and oblique shoulders ; the head clean and the neck rangy and well 
set on. The limbs should bo clean-cut, sound and firm in the lionc, — 
not small and slender by any means, — and the eyes especiallv should he 
full, bright and clear, but mild, denoting, with the broad forehead, high 
CO irage and energy, combined with docility of temper. 
X. The Roadster. 

Roadsters must possess so many valuable qualities, good size, fine 
action, elegant carriage, high form, docility, and undoubted bottom, that 
* Maud S. has since trotted a uiile in 2 :10i,. 



L>1'4 



Till", .\:\1K1M(AX FAUMKU S STOCK HOOK. 



it is (liffieult to define their distinet points, seriatim. A sixtoen-hand 
mare, handsome and fairly bred, f^encrally brings first-ehiss roadsters, 
when stinted to good trotting sires. If j-ou arc going to l)recd them, select 




those that come nearest 1o Die forms we give. Tf you are going to l)ny 
for use on the road, selcet the form to correspond to the models, and 
then insist upon a thorongli and extended trial, and take a guarantee 
before you pay a high price for one or a pair. 



HOW TO lUY AND SELL A HOUSE. 



215 



XI. Saddle Horses. 
The saddle horse is the most difficult of all to get in perfection, except 
the fastest turf and trotting horses. They must be handsome, large 
enough to carry the weight easily, be perfectly trained ; and then the 




better the breeding, the more valual)lc they are. The illustration on 
the next page shows a good form for a model, if the horse is to be used 
both for driving and for the saddle — one thut M'ill perform well, look 
well and not easily tire. Such a horse will, upon marcs of high style 
but rather light in the limb, and perhaps with the pasterns somewhat 



210 



TIIK AMKCKAN KAUiMKU S STOCK liUUK. 



too weak, get hijili-ea.ste, ea.sily-tniined, flexible troers, that will sell 
anywhere. And those not of i)crfect form for tin; saddUs will make 
good driving horses, oi- good horses for general utility ; foi- it must l)e 
rcnienibcred, that, ^\hatl'\■er the breed, only comiiaratiN cly a few may he 




trained to a degree a])proaehing perfection. But, the better tiie stock, 
the more |)erfcct animals tlie l)reeder will secure. 

XII. A Horse of High Form. 
Fortine action, higii form, ability to carry weight and good perform- 
ance, espi'cialiv in the hunting tichl, a horse at least three-(|uarters 



now TO RIV AXU SELL A IIOUSK. 



217 



bred is to be preferred. The taste for hunting is largely indulged in 
in the Soutii, and, as wealth increases, it will become more and niorefash- 
ional)le in the A\'est. In fact, the demand for horses of hiuli form and 




breeding, for saddle use, is increasing in the West, and many Kentucky 
and Tennessee horses are bought for tins purpose. It nuist be con- 
fessed, that as a rule they are not as good as they ought to lie, many of 



218 THE AMERICAN FAKMEK'S STOCK BOOK. 

tliciu laiiii'iiiix as iiiuliT-sizcd. Colts from ii "horse of good form and 
ai'lion," (111 iirojx'r mart's, stauiu'h, handsome and well-hrcd, will turn 
out to l>o \\\i\ animals dosh'od. 

Such ii horsi! will have a great stride, lino leaping powers, and the 
bottom to carry weight at high si)ccd. It must 1)0 admitted, also, that 
such a stallion, when fouiul, would cost a rather large sum of monev ; but 
the eolts would sell correspondingly well. 

Why should not every well-to-do fai'iuer, who breeds horses, breed 
good ones, and for a particular purpose ? 

There is no reason why he should not have a well-trained and well-))red 
saddle horse to sell, M'hen called for. 

There is no finer country for training than the West and the South- 
west, and the training could easily go on during the use of the colt . If 
tiie reader has given close attention to tho chapter on training, the ;.bil- 
itv to succeed will come with practice. But do not try to maUe a good 
saddle horse out of a "plug." It cannot bo done ! 

XIII. Buying for Blood. 

A person who buys blooded horses with a vie\T to bi'ceding must not 
only understand the form and tho various other (pialitics that go to make 
a good horse, as wo have described them, but ho must also understand 
l)edigrces, or else depend upon some friend who does. There aro about 
as many chances of raising a crack colt from the ordinary thoroughbred, 
even of unstained lineage, as there are of drawing a prize in a lottery. 
The sire and dam must not only be of perfect lineage, but tho descent 
must bo direct through a lino of winning horses. Such sires aro not 
numerous, and aro in the hands of but few breeders. The well-to-do 
farmer cannot expect to compete with them, but he can secure blood tliat 
will ini[)rovc his stock yearly, and give him many fine saddle-liorscs ; 
and, those likely to fail as saddUs nags will make handsome and fast-sell- 
ing horses for general work on the road. 

XIV. Choosing the Brood-Mare. 

In buving a brood-mare the first tiling to be considered is her blood ; 
next her developnient ; next her freedom from disability and disease, 
which latter is calked soundness. Last, but not least, her temper must 
1)0 carefully looked to. A fretful, ill-tempered mare is totally unfit to 
breed from; and yet, undoubtedly, a majority of farmers consider a 
mare good enough to breed from, even when worn out with work. A 
well-bred nuire of this kind is certainly more fit than one of ill breeding 
and badly developed, or one balky from ])ad temper, or suffering from 
hereditary disease. A sensible breeder will reject all mares of this kind. 



HOW TO lUY AND SKLL A IlOliSE. 



21J> 



The Value of Partly-Bred Horses. — The ival vuhic of all draft, as well 

a.s speed, horses lies in tlieir crosses and grades. When l)red on roomy 
mures the half bloods make magnificent animals, losing, it is (rue. 




HALF-ISUED CLYDESDALE GELDING FK<JNT VIEW. 



mueh of the wonderful apjiearaiu'e of strength, as shown in the original 
breed, whatever it may he ; but if they lose in this respect, they become 
finer, as the uncritical would view it — really so, when bred upon 
jjood blooded niai-es. 



220 



•I'll I'. AMKKICW rAKMI'.l! 



OCK HOOK. 



Ill tin- li:ill'-l>rcil ( 'lydrsdalcs, iis seen in tin' .■iccoinpiiiiyin^- illiislralioiis, 
tlin liiiil)s arc liner ami iiiiicli of tlic sliai:i:y covi'iiiiL; <>f the limits is l.i.sl. 
'I'Ik! In'oadlli of the forclirad is well |)rcscr\('d, also llic stroiifi, hand- 
soinoly supported neck, the line shonlder and hreasl, tin- leniith of arm, 
tlie short h'j;' below the knee, the stroiifi fetlocks and hoofs, and tho 
I'oiiiid-ltan'cled, wcll-riiilied liody and liiii' loin. 




MAl.l'-ltltKl) CI-YltESUALK — KKAl! \ I !■ \V . 

In the roar view of tho samo goUlinj?, is shown ek'arly the exeellenl 
oye and proinineni hrow, the tine neek, tho active, pointed car, tho groat 
power of liiiih, the broad (inarlers. the imiseular thighs, and liandsoino 
tail. Such animals will sell am' wiiere. 



now lO lUY AM) SKI.t, A IIOIiSK. 221 

XV. Selecting the Stallion. 

In addition to what has already 1)i^(mi said on tliis sni)jcct, tiio following, 
from "StonclKMigc,'" ono of tlie ablest of lato British writers on (he horse, 
will he pertinent as reinforcing our position : "TIk; stallion re(|uires sev- 
eral essentials — (irst, his I)lood ; secondly, his in(hvidnal sha])e , tlnrdly. 
his health : and, fourthly, his temper. But there is this diflicuUy in 
selecting the stallion, that he must not only he suitahh^ perse, hut he 
must also l)c adapted to tJK^ particular mar(( wiiicli he is to scrv(\ 
Thus, it will h(^ manifest that tlu; task is more dillicult than the fixing 
upon a l)roo(l niaic, l)ecans(' ( leaving out of considcsrations all other [joints 
but blood) in the ono case, a mare only has to bo cliosen which is of good 
blood for racing purposes, while in the other there must be the same 
attention paid to this parti<;ular, and also to the stallion's suitability to 
the mart^ or to "hit" with her l)lood. Hence, all the various theories 
coniKM'tcd with gcMicration, nuist be investigated, in onh^ to do justice to 
tiie subject; and the bre(?der must make up his mind wluither in-and-in- 
J)re(!ding, as ii rule, is desirable or otherwise ; and if so, whether it is 
adapted to the particular case he is considering. Most men make up 
their minds out) way or the other on this subj(M-t, and act a(!Cordingly, in 
wiiich decision much d(^pends ui)on tlie prevailing fashion. 'J'ho rock 
upon which most men s[)lit is a bigoted favoritism for some ])articular 
horse ; thus, ono man puts all his mares to Orlando ; another to Surplicio 
or the Flying Dutchman ; although they may every ono bo different m 
l)lood and form to the others. Now, this cannot possibly l)o right if 
there is any priiicipl(! wiiatwcr in breeding; and however good ahorse 
may be, he cannot ht\ suitc<l to all mares. Some, again, will say that any 
horse will do, and that all is a lottery ; but 1 think 1 siiall be ablo 
to show tiiat there is some science i-e(juired lo enable tlie l)reeder to draw 
many prizes. That the system generally followed of late is !i bad one, I 
am satistieil, and with constant crossing and re-crossing it is almost a lot- 
ter>' ; l)ut upon proper principles, and with careful management, I am 
ternpt(Hl to believe that there would be f(^wer blanks than at i)resent. I 
have already given my own theoretical views upon the cas(!, illustrated l)y 
numerous exiimples on both sides of the question. It will now be niy 
objiM't to apply these views ])ra(^ti(^ally by selecting ])articular instances. 

Adapting the Strain. — "In choosing the ])aiticiilai- l)l()od which will 
iiuit any given mare, my impression always would be;, that it is desirable 
«> fix upon the Ix^st strain in her pedigree, if not already twice bred in- 
■.ud-in and then to put to her the best stallion available of that blood. In 
euiiiO CiiS(!s, of ('oursc?, it will happen that the second best strain will 
answer better, because there happens to lie a better iiorse of that l;lood 



222 'iiiK AMi;i;i(A\ rAi!.Mi:i;".s stock hook. 

to he had than of the sii|)cri()r strain, which wouhl otherwise l)e j<ro- 
fei-rod. if, oil the otlior hand, the mare has already been iu-bred to the 
extent of two degrees, then a cross will be advisable ; but I am much 
inclined to l)elieve, from the success of certain well-known cases, that 
even then a cross into blood already existing in the mare, but not recentl}' 
in-bred nor used more than once, will sometimes answer. Upon these 
principles I should, therefore, look for success. It is surprising to me 
that this very common occurrence of in-breeding among our best modern 
horses has so generally escaped observation, and the only way in which 
I can explain it is l)y sujiposing, that having frequently begn through the 
grandani on either side it has l)ecn lost sight of, because the knowledge 
of the sire's and grandsire's blood is generally the extent to which the 
inquiry goes. 

Traits of Sire and Foal. — "The choice of particular stallions, as 
dependent upon their formation, is not less difficult than that of the mare, 
and it must be guided by nearly the same principles, except that there is 
no occasion for any framework esjjecially calculated for nourishing and 
containing the fo'tus, as in her case. As far as possible the horse should 
be the counterpart of what is desired in the produce, though sometimes 
it may bo necessary to select an animal of a breed slightly exaggerating 
the peculiarity which is sought for, especially when that is not connected 
with a preponderance of fore or hind-(|uarters. Thus, if the mare is very 
leggv, a more than usually short-legged horse may be selected, or if her 
neck is too short or too long, an animal with this organ particularly long, 
or the reverse as the case may be, should be sought out. But in all cases 
it is dangerous to attempt too sudden alteration with regard to size, as 
the effort will generally end in a colt witliout a due proportion of parts, 
and therefore more or less awkward and unwieUlly. 

Sound Animals. — " In constitution and general health, the same 
reninrks exactlv ai)i)ly to the horse as the mare. All hereditary diseases 
are to be avoided as far as possible, though few horses are to be met 
with entirely free from all kinds of unsoundness, some the effects of 
severe training, and others resulting from actual disease, occurring from 
other causes. With regard to fatness, there is an extraordinary desire 
for horses absolutely loaded with fat, just as there formerly was for 
over-fed oxen at Christmas. It is quite true that the presence of a niotl- 
erate quantity of fat is a sign of a good constitution, but, like all other 
good qualities, it may l)e carried to excess, so as to produce disease ; and 
just as there is often hypertrophy, or excess of nourishment of the heart, 
or any bony parts, so is there often a like superabundance of fat causing 
obstruction to the due performance of the animal functions, and often 



HOW Tf) UUV AND SELL A HOUSE. 223 

ending in proniatuv e death. This is in great measure owing to want of 
exercise, hut also to over-stimulating food ; and the breeder who wishes 
his horse to last, and also to get good stoek, should take especial care 
that he has enough of the one and not too much of the other." 

XVI. How to Detect Vices and Defects. 

The danger of buying a horse imsound, A'icious or with some serious 
defect is to be carefully guai-ded against. For another Mork on the 
same subject, we prepared the following rules which are here reproduced 
as being to the point. 

1 . — Bone spavin, curb, king-bone and splints. — To detect these, look 
at the horse from before and behind, for spavin and curb at the hocks ; 
for ring-l)one, at the fetlocks ; and for splints, below the knee. Feel the 
bones at all these parts for tenderness or enlargement. If they appear, 
reject the horse instantly. He will be worthless as a sire, or for riding 
or driving. 

2. — Stumbling. — Examine the knees to lind if they are scarred, or 
show the marks of previous injuries, or have been operated upon 
for callosities. Then walk him over somewhat rough ground, and at a 
slow pace, with entirely loose rein, to see if he trips or goes ^veakcr on 
one leg than on the other. If he is a stumbler, he is the most dangerous 
animal a man can own, unless it be a kicker ; in fact, more so than the 
latter, since kicking may be guarded against, when knowing the vice. 

'6. — Kicking. — If this is suspected, the animal will lay back his 
ears if approached in an apparently careless manner, though horses do 
this sometimes from mere plaj'fulness. If they are vicious, they will lay 
their ears more coini)letely back, and the eyes will also denote their 
intention. Examine the stall where it is known they have stood for 
mai*ks of their hoofs, and above all, give the animal a chance to show his 
propensity when the groom is not near. 

4. — Pulling at the halter ok bridle when tied. — Tie him u\) in a 
close yard, with a halter he can easily break, leaving him quite alone for 
about half an hour, to exhil)it his propensity, if he will. 

5. — Crib-biting. — If the horse is a confirmed crib-biter, his teeth — 
the central incisors — will show wear where he has grasped oljjccts to 
enable him to get leverage to perform the operation. Tie him out to a 
stump, or at a post about three feet high, and watch him, no person 
Ijeing in his sight. 

D. — Balking and backing. — Horses seldom balk under the saddle ; 
when they do, they are dangerous in the extreme, often stopping sud- 
denly when in motion, or backing into dangerous places. It is diffi- 
•cult to detect for they will sometimes go days, weeks and even months 



224 'I'lIK AMi;itlC\N I'AltM Kit's S'l'OCK HOOK. 

iill riiilit, and tlu'ii siuUlfiilv sIkiw Uu^ vice. As a rule, it is cxliihitcdljy 
bud tciiiporcd, l)adly li-aiiicd liorscs. A warrant from u rcspci'tahlo 
owiuT is tlui Ix'st giiaraiitcc. I( may soinotiiiics ho detected, if a person 
striin<j;e to tlie lioise iiioimts and attempts to start liimsnddeidy. In hiir- 
n(>ss it may oftiMi he (U^teeted h\' the manner in wiiieh the animal starts 
iind travels. 

7. — 'I'm; lv()(a:i;. — The i-oiiiie is the iiorse of vices ; he may taUe the 
hit in ills iiKiiilh and run a\\a\-, he will rear, hack, kick, Htriko, hito, and 
do Iweiily odier unpleasant tricks, not always from i)uro vice, hut often 
from cMiliciance of spirits, or from hein<f crossed in some way. They 
i^encraliy perform well euom;ii after they have found out that th<>ir rid(M' 
is llieir master. They arc diilicuil to detect in their vices, except hy the 
thorouiih horseman, who is well \-erscd in every expression and act of the 
horse. 

H. — Uisiioi'Ki) Tkktii. — So named from tho sc()undre4 who invented 
filing an old horse's teeth to mak(^ him look young, evi'u to huruingaml 
hlackening the en|)s formed. A earful study of the chartof tho horse's 
tei'th, given in this hook, will enahh^ any |)erson to detect this, since it is 
impossihle to eovertho shrinking of the gums, hy which the teeth show 
narrow, and are i)eculiar in shape. 

!•. — Wkak Kvr.s. — Whatever the occasion, have nothing to do with a 
horse with had eyes. Bring the animal from a rather dark stable just 
inside tiie door whci-e tile full light may strike the I'yes. Examine the 
lids and pupils cai-efully, to see if there is any c'onsidorahlo shrinking ; 
the e\(' should lie;ilile to hear the full light, llorsi's aro sometimes near- 
sighteii, and also far-sightt>d. AVrnV// a// sln/iu<i liorsm Jicromc so either 
fnnn ilvfcct of vision or from cowardice. 

10. — Moon Kyks. — This is a spocilic ophthalmy, from which on^i or 
both eyes periodically ehangi^ color, and during tho jiaroxysm it may 
become eutii'ely blind. Ouring the intei'val the eyes look natural. It is 
belter, if the i>uyer suspects this, to take a warranty against it. 

11. — IJlinonkss. — This is sonielinu-s dilKcult to detect by the ordi- 
nary obser\t'r by looking at tho eyes. In rare cases the eyes may seem 
natural. A blind horso, however, may be detected by his nmde of i)ro- 
gression. As an exami>l(> we give an illustration showing the mode of 
progression of a totally blind horse. 

XVII. Somo Faults and Imperfections. 

The tlisabililies notiet'd in the i)rt"vious sections are those of positive 
unsoundness, or else of determined vice. Sonu' others, that should not 
be overlooked, aro easily discovered by careful examination and test. 
These are : 



now r(» lU'v AM 



SKI. I. \ IIOHSI 



1. (ii. ASS Kyi;. — Tliis, if ikiI coiiiiiliciitcd wit li spccilii- disease, docs 
not iiilcrfVrc with sij;lit in iiiiy respcel. It is a serious defect, simply so 
far iis looks are concerned, rsually one eye lias this peculiar white 
illassv apiioarance, the pupil perfect, and tiu^ iris (piite natural. It siitudd 
affe<t tho price of the animal, only as detracliiifi- from ele<rance. 

2. ^^'lHTK SroT. — Somelimcs a small, white spot will appear on liie 
oye of a youn*:; horse, generally after three year.<; of usjo, and usually 
near the outer corner. It lias a peculiar cloudy appearance, somelinu's 
increasiuij to the size of a hcin|) seed, and occasionally larger. Tin! 
duration is variable, sometimes lastiiif? for years, and again disapiKiaring 
in a short time. It ri-allv impairs the vision hut little, if any. Unless 




EXAf:<".Kl!ATIM) iLLl'STltATION OK A I?I.1M> IIolt^K IN ^foTION. 



its history is known, a veterinary surgeon should decide wiicliicr i( is 
incipient cataract or not. Some veteriuariaiis hav*' (eriiied il spurious 
cataract, hut this is I'litirely a inisnomer. The name while spot decrilx's 
it perfectly. 

.'5. I\()AKiN(i. — This is the result of ohstruction in some })art of the 
larynx or trachea, iiiii)ediiig the hreatli, and causing a peculiar roaring 
sound when the animal is in motion. It is rarely found in the irnited 
States, and is chiefly confined to draft horses. It is often the result of 
chronic cough. In England it is (|uite common, and when |)reseiit in a 
horse of fast work, will render him worthless for tiie road. It may he 
discovered li\' ui-jjing the horse to a fast irail. 



22t) Till'. AiMl'.UICAN l-AliMI'.ll'.s STOCK ItOOK. 

4. Oiii.iQUK 'I'aii,, oi! \\'i£V Taii,. — This is caiiscd hy contnicliou of 
tlu! nuiscli's of llu" tiiil on Olio side. It may soniotiiiu'S he improved 1>\' 
a .suifrical opcnitidii, and should l)c considered a serious defeet in uiiy 
horse, ami espeeially so in a driving horse. 

T). 'rinjNiN'd TiiK ToK OK Till': Hook oi t oit i.\ Unduly, 8am) Ckaoks, 

QlAIiTKU CuAClvS, DlSII IIoOl'S, OvKUUEACIlINO , I NTKUKIOlUNCi , etc., !Ue 

all to he looked for heforo filially haying a horsi'. They are all disahili- 
tics that should not l)e present when the jjurcliaser pays full price for the 
animal. They are, however, all so apparent that the purchaser is to 
l>lame if he fails to see them. 

C. AVoi.i' Tkktu. — These rudimentary teeth which are found in some 
horses hut not in marcs, and M'hich have heen supposed hy ignorant per- 
sons to produce hlindness and other diseases, are entirely harmless, except 
for the ahrasion they sonn^tinu^s oeeasion to the tongue and checks. If 
they do so they are easily taken out hy any sensihle blacksmith. In fact 
it is quite well to extract them, not that they will produce serious disea.se, 
hut .simply because the^^ are not of any value, arc useless to the animal, 
and may occasion slight iueonvenienee. 

7. SiiYiN(j. — This is one of the most dangerous habits a horse can 
have, whether it be occasioned by cowardice — seldom the case ; injudicious 
l)unishment — more eonnuon ; or from defective eyesight, ov from all 
these combined. If you are so unfortunate as to have a shying horse 
endeavor to break him of the vice by aUowing him to examine objects of 
which ho is afraid, by speaking soothingly to him, liut nevi'r by whipping 
or spurring him. When he shows a disposition to shy, turn his head to, 
rather than from, the object. Stop him ; let him approach the o])ject and 
touch it with his nose, for soon he will approach it himself . If simply 
caused by nervousness, he may thus be cured. If caused by being short 
sisrhted there is no nunuis of relief. Before you bu}' a horse be certain 
that he has not this intirmity, as dangerous a one as it is disagreeable. 
Such an animal is only tit to be driven by the side of another horse who 
will kcc|) him to his work, and upon which he at length will conic to 
depend, or of being driven as a wheeler in a team of four horses. 
XVHI. What Is Unsoundness? 

Unsoundness is aiiv disability that interferes seriously with the 
proper labor of the horse. The most serious are : 

1. Ajj^ifn'/;;, whether it lie /iixj sjHtriii, hlond spavin or hone sjxivin, 

when sufficient iy developed to be known. 

2. — O.tNi/irdfion of any of the structures adjacent to any of the joints 
and als() without doubt ossification of the lateral cartilages. 

;^. Corns are considered as constituting unsoundness, but they must 

!>e discovered within a short time, say a few days of the purchase. 



HOW TO HI V AM> SRI, I, A HOUSK. 227 

■I. — C'urlis constitute uiisouikIiicss, l)ut tlicy imist he shown to exist at 
till' tinu^ of t he s.ilc. 

."). — Foiinilrr or Lam/'ni/is, is unsouncliiess vvliotlicr it iji-oduccs lanu^- 
ness or not, for if it lias existed the liiiiiinie will have hccn injured and I lie 
horse will be lame when worked. 

6. — Putniccd Foot is unsoundness as evidence of laminitis. 

7. — Quittor may render the horse permanently unsound. 

X. — Ring-honeii and side-hones constitute unsoundness. 

!'. — A Nerved Horse is unsound as showing; the existence of disease 
for Aviiicii the op(!ruti()n was performed, and also from the division of the 
iicr\ es. 

10. — String-Halt is unsoundness. 

1 1. — 'riiriish is so when severe. 

12. — lireakimi down, even tliouii'h tlu^ horse has i-ecovered so a^ not to 
lid lame. 

lo. — 77iiekemii(j of the linek Sineins, or sus])iui,';orv ligament, if 
known to exist, is unsoundness. 

14. — Brokiii Wind, Thiek Wind, W/iislliiu/ and 7»'o«/v«7 ari; ail con- 
sidered as constitutiiiii' unsoundness, as formiiiij impediments in Wreathing, 
injuring the animal for drawing or other active service. 

1.5. — Fdvej/ and Glanders. 

16. — Greaxe and Mange. 

17. — Cough, if it lasts. A horse with a chroiiit; cough is clearly 
unsound. 

18. — Megrhn'<. if il can he siiown that the horse has had an attack 
liefore the sale. 

I'.l. — Ophthalmia, if it occurs soon after the purchase. The evidence 
of a \eterinary surgeon may bo necessary to show the previous pi-escncc 
of tile disease. 

20. — Cataract, however slight , constitutes a hoi-sc unsouiid. 

21. — Broken knees, wlieii the joint is injured. 

There are also vices for which a lioi'sc may 1><' returned. Thesis iiri- : 

1. — Biting, when clearly vicious. 

2. — Bolting, or running away. 

;5 . — Crih-biting. 

4. — Kicking, when shown to be vicious. 

.5. — B(dking. 

(!. — Rearing. 

7. — Shi/ing, when habitual. 

8. — Weaving in the stable ; ihixt is, the horst^ throwing iiis head and 
body from side to side with a peculiar motion. 



'22>< TIIK AMKKHAX rAPiMEH S STOfK HOOK. 

XrX. Blemishes. 
The following defects would not he considered :is eonstituting unsound- 
ness unless they should become so serious as to interfere with the useful- 
ness of the aninnd. Some of them, however, are ))lemishes, and in the 
case of broken knee, it would be well to know how it came. They arc. 
1 — iSJiff/tt bog upavin ; 2 — broken knee, when the joint is not injured : 
3 — capped hocks, or elbows : 4 — contraction of the foot, unless the result 
of disease, laming the horse ; 5 — curby hocks; 6 — splints ; 7 — thorough 
pin, and 8 — fhrvsh, are not unsoundness in their incipient stage, or in a 
mild wav. But the buyer should refuse all such except, perhaps, in the 
case of thrush. 9 — Cutting is not unsoundness, except the horse l)e 
lame at the time of sale, neither 10 — soreness of the joints from labor, or 
] ] — windcjaUs. 



PART II. 
Diseases of the Horse. 

HOW TO KXOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES, PREVEN- 
TION AND CURE. 



Diseases of the Horse. 



CIIAPTEK T. 
SYMPTOMS AND GENERAL TREATMENT. 



I. INTRODUCTION. II. Ot'TWAKll M AXl FKSTATIONS OF DISEASE. III. SYMP- 
TOMS OF IJvTEHNAL DISEASES. IV. l.AU'OUTANCE OF I'KOMFT TREATMENT. 

V. KNOW WHAT YOU ARE TUEATING. VI. Nl'USING AND FEEDING SICK ANI- 
MALS VII. EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED. VIIl. GRADUATION OF DOSES. 

IX. MOW OFTEN TO GIVE MEDICINES. X. FORMS OF MEDICINES AND HOW 

TO ADMINISTER. 

I. Introduction. 

' Tli(^ hoiso, espeeiiilly wlu'u subject to artificial care aiul conditions, and 
moi-e cspcciallj' in cities and large .stal)les, is liable to pretty nuicii the 
same diseases, or, at least, to diseases similar in their nature to tliose of 
man. Besides various epidemics, such as lung diseases, colds and influen- 
za, — diseases arising from injuries, and ))ad care, involving diseases of 
the skin and its integuments, and of the ligaments, muscles and l)ones, 
arc <|uitc coinnion in horses. Such diseases are comi)aratively rare in 
the human family, for the reason that horses arc often put to terrible 
strain in running, leaping, drawing heavy loads in the mud, and on rough 
pavements, etc. These, from the want of proper knowledge, or from 
negleet, assume the most serious forms, and often totally unfit the horse 
for active labor, if they do not entirely ruin him. 

The importance of common-sense treatment and training lias been 
fully elucidated in the preceding pages. The importance of proper care, 
sufficient elotliing, grooming, good ventilation, and kindness in their gen- 
eral treatment has also been insisted on. If the information to be given 
in the succeeding pages, relating to proper care in sickness, is observed, 
much tr()ul)le and loss will l)c saved to the farmer, who is often necessarily 
precluded from calling in the services of a competc>nt veterinary sur- 
geon, because, in many country districts , there are none. 

The ol)ject of this work, therefore, is to give, in plain hiiiguagc, the 
necessary treatment of sucii tliscn.scs as may lie cared foi', bv other tlian 
the professional surgeon ; anil to give such advice as will prevent the oc- 
eurrence of many disabilities, which, if taken out of the list, by tlieir 
prevention, would very much lighten the task of the veterinarian. These 
should be well known and larefully studied by e\-ery horse owner, for 
thus might often be prexciifed -^(lax in : riirli : splint : liuLibone : caries. 



2;J2 TIIK AM!;i;l( AN IWK^ll'.lt's Sl'OCK ItOOli. 

in its vinioiis lortiis ; swcUinns ol' (Ik- iim^rulai- iiitctiimicnts, cMusini'' se- 
rious troiiWic ; injuries to llio siiunvs, cnusiiii; Itivalviiig down ; poll evil 
iind odicr fistulous iiff(!ctioiis ; fi-aduri's ; founder; <rro:ise ; intianuna- 
ti(uis of tiui glands und veins; eraekod lioofs ; quittor; hernia an<l nianv 
other tliseases, nol recoguized by the horso owner, as a rule, until tiicv 
have become serious. 

A eiireful attention to syni|)lonis wliicli will !«> given in phiiii language, 
and the application of approi)riate rcnu'dies, will save the; owner nu)ney, 
and at thesanu- tinu' will also savci (he most intelligent servant, and if 
allowed to be, tlit^ faitlifid friend of man, much terril)le toi-lurc. Tlic 
feet and limbs are most liabhv to disease. Those who have suffei'cd from 
the torture of a tigiil boot, can oniv form a partial idea of the agony of 
II horse suffi'ring from disease of the feet , and I'specially from navi<ular 
disease, attacking, as it does, the most delicate organs, encased in the 
horny I'overing of the foot . 'I'he (7/«.x( x of disease, therefore, Imio /q 
kmyw it by outward symptoms — for the horse cannot tell his distress, 
extiept h\ mute signs, and irlnd la do, will be told in the following pages. 
In eases where tlanger is pi■c^enl from contagious and utterly incurable 
diseases, as gland(>rs, or incurahlc infectious diseases as hydi-ophobia, the 
animal should be (juickly and mercifully killed, and buried deep out of 
the way of dangci'. 

II. Outward Manifostations of Disease. 

'i'o make plain what wiuild otherwise not lie readily <'ompicliendcd, the 
diseases will he illustrated by cuts. Tlicsc cuts will oft(-n jn-escut the 
disease in its strongest forms, whereby the same difficulties will be the 
more easilv recognized in their lighter manifestations. Many of the (hs- 
cases of the skin, and esiiecially of the boiu-s, may go on for a long time 
vvilhoutthe cause being suirly known. Ilcncc the ilhwtration of some 
internal diseases, as shown outwardly, will be viry instructive. 'I'lic 
most of them aic caused by neglect or abuse. Their treatment will be 
given inthcir proper places, as, for instance, those of tlu' feel, in the next 
chapter. The condensed dcscriiition of t heir origin, wit li references to the 
illustration on the next page, will enable tlicni to be readily rccogni/cd. 

A — Car'ns oftlic Jim-. riceration of the lower jaw, somctinu-s ends 
in nmrtilication. Caused liy bruises from barliaron-^ bits .and curb chains. 

/>' l-'!slnlti of Ihc I'tirollil Ditii . I'"is1nlas are caused by bruises or 

undue compression of the jiarts, producing intlammalion and abscess. 

(J — Bony Exert m-t lire. ( Kxostosisof the jaw). A blow upon a bone 
will [irodnce inflammation followed by exostosis (bony growth through 
increased nutrition) — that of the joints being fearfully painful. 

D iSircl/iiiif by pi-essun" of the bridliv causing intlaiumat ion. and soiue- 

tiines tumors. 



iiisi'iAsi'.s (>!■ rill': ii()i;sK. 



■IM) 



/J — /'„// h'ri/. A ].;iiiifiil lisliiluus (liscMsc, (.flcn (litlinill. lit run-. 

A' — /ii /Innittf I'aroliil (ihtml, cMiiscd hy ;i l)|-iii-;c or roiiipn-ssion. 

(t — I II llaiiril -I K'litlitr I V/», (•;i',i>i('(l in xMrioiis \v:i\'s, ol'lcii hy ciiroldss- 
lioss iiftiT hk'ciliiiii' 

If — Caflonsif yintmr, from (■(iiii])rcssi()ii of t lie c-i)llar. 'I'ln^ ri'-iuK of 
LTillls anil siihsciiiicnt waiil of care, ami inaUciilidii. 




l—Fis/ii/a of/li, ll7///c/'N,cMU>c(| ovii.. rally !,y pressure of 111.- sa(l(ll(>. 

f/ — Siii/)/Jr <rill, caused liy a liail lilliiiL;- saddle; soinelinies eiidinj;- in 
.sit fast s. 

I\ S7/<< />'()//, caused i;-eneraily liy iiilerrcrenci' uI'IIk' shoe in lying 

<loun. 

// — liiiliifdtidii of llir A'/icr, caused i)y blows in falling. 



234 



TIIK VMKIMCAN lAliMKKS ST< ICK llouh. 



M — Sjudin (if till Ihirk TiitdonK, ("austMl hy scvtTt' cxeitioii in riiii- 
niiijr ami IcapiiiiLr. tlcsti'Dviiii^ llu' into<ri'ity of llic sinews nf the Ici;. 

N — .l/a//( nr/rr.s-, Scm-fv manifestation at flexions of liie l^nee, sonic- 
tinios l)eeoniin<i; eraekeil and itcliy. 

O — Splint, ("ansed liy l)lo\vs, {■iieks, and sprains on llie >iiins. I'iiev 
are to l)e dreaded as interferinij with tlie aetion of tlio sinews. 

/' — I}iu(/f)(iin \ Cansed liy slai'tinii; lieavy loads, or excessive pullini;in 
going np hill and li_v sprains cif the joints. 

Q — Tnnd upon (he Coromt, the contusion of the shoe of one fool \i\ 
treading on llie other, causing laceration of the coronet and of the horn 
of the hoof. 

li — Qiiitfor, Breaking out of pus at tiie top of the lioof fi-oni pi icU of 
the sole, corns, or injury to coronet. 

-S' — Qu(ir((r (^r(ic/,\ Imperfect seci'clion caused li\- dr\iic--s of the hoof; 
rupture of the lamina'. 

7' — Con(l-<irtc(l Jf<)(>t\ (U- ringed iioof of a foundered horse. The 
result of Lannnitis. 

U — Cappal Uttck. Swelling on the point of the iiock. 

V — ASft/A^f/cr.v, Scurfy erii|)t ions on the seat of tlexion of the hock. 
Similar to mallenders. 

M' — Spariii. hillammation causing painfid liony enlargement, some- 
times stiff joint. Caused liy Mows, slijiping and hard work, often from 
weak iimli>' and sprains. 

A' — Curl). Intlammation and lameness of the posterior part of the 
hock, I'uding in liony formation. Caused hy wrenching or straining the 
ligaments. 

1' — Swvlhil Siiu'irs, Caused liy strains or hruises, pioducing intlam- 
mation, and ending in enlargement. 

Z — T/i/tk fjiii. Caused i)y various injurie-- to the joint. .Vny intlam- 
mation max result in a tiiickcning of the integuments. In ail inflam- 
matorx ditiicultics of this nature, including, spavin, curl), etc.. cold water 
faithfully applic-l at the outset will he indicated, hut often the trouhle is 
not known until too late for cold water, 'i'he warm wat<'r fomentations 
will then he indicatt d. 

/ — (rndsi , Caused l>y deliility, excessive lahor and neglect, tilthy sur- 
romulings, from stoppage of the secretions, surfeit and impurities in the 
Mood. Scratches are from the same cause, as working in tiie mud with- 
out proper cleaning, etc. 

2 — Sand ('r(irk\ Caused hy the same ditlicully as quarter crack. 
.9 — Qua rtt r ('rack — J/oriznii/al. These are occasioned generally hy 
severe laliorof animals not stron<; in tiie fi'ct. li\' wiiich the walls are 



DISKASES OK TIIK IIOIJSK. 235 

ruptured, hy liic:il<iiii: the hoof with the rulk of aiiotlier foot. False 
(jiiiirtcr is ocr,ision<'<l hy the ;il)sciicc of th<' outside and harder portion of 
till! iioof. 

4 — Ventral Hernia, Kiipture hy whicli the howel lies next the skin. 
Wiien hernia is accompanied wilii stranirtilation it IxK-omcs dangerous. 

5— Rat Tail, Loss of the liair of tiie tail. 

in. Symptoms of Internal Diseases. 
Internal dise.'tses cannot Ix^ illustrated except to depi(!t the actions of 
the animal when sufferiui^ with d<'rangeineiit of the internal organs or tiieir 
connei'tions. Theiractions, such as position, standing, lying, rolling, kicU- 
iiig, jumping, running etc. ; inclinations, such as the appetite, either rav- 
enous or lost ; thirst, either excessive or non(!, etc., arc all condensed 
into on(! word, Hymptoms. They express the feelings and ajipearances 
of the animal, and these, along with a few scientific ohsiM-vations, arc all 
W(! have to rely u[)on to diagnose (recognise) the disease. Hence, it is 
of vital importance to ho cognizant of the actions, habits, constitutional 
condition as to pulse, respiration, digestion; color and (luantity of the 
excretions ; natui'e, <|uality and (jnantity of food ]'ei|iiired ; characteris- 
tics of age, length of tinn^ in nlini, (lcvel()|)ment and longevit\' ; in fact 
all th(^ characteiMstics of liealth, in order tol)eai)leto know when an ani- 
mal is sick. The sooner sickni'ss is recognized and given the proper 
treatment, the sooner health will he restored and tin; less will he, the lia- 
hility of death and loss ; and fiom a Inunane ])oint of vii^w, the less 
the animal will suffer from extensive lesions. 

IV. Importance of Prompt Treatment. 

A stitch in time sa\-es nine. There is nothing in which this true saving 
applies mor(! forcibly than in tht! tr(;atmi?nt of ailments of all kinds, 
eithci- external or internal. For instan('e, a horse goes lame from acorn; 
if attended to properly it is cured in a week; if neglected it festers, 
s[)rcads, woi'ks up through the foot and breaks out at the. top of th'c 
hoof, forming a (juittor, which takes from one to three months to cure 
the animal necessarily Ixing idle nearly all the time. Or the horse 
catches cold, has catarrh, running fi'om the nose and eves, sore, throat, 
cough and loss of appetite ; and if promptly and properly t reated he may be 
curedinfroni two totcn days. IJut if neglected for a dayortwo, to see if 
he will get well without any l)()thcr or expense, tln^ dis(;ase is almost sure to 
run down onto the lungs and cause; a sickness very jjainful, of long dura- 
tion, considerable expense and possible fatal termination. 
V. Know What You are Treating. 

Therefore Avi; would urge as a mutter of xcry great impoilance that the 
course adoi)ted in case of sickness or lameness ))e applied j)romptlv and 



•J'Mt Till', VMI'.I.MCW r'AKMKIj's SIlXMv ItnOK. 

1 lioroiiu'ilh', yi'l willi siitlii'n'nt cMuliun to lie comiiiciMl thai yoii aw oh llir 
ri^lit tracU, so a^ not lo lie treating an aiiUlo bot-aust- it is cocked wlicii 
every pai'ti<'l(' of tlie l.iiiieness is in the foot, or (losin<f a horse for l>ot.s 
when tlie froiiMe is plem'isy, or _<;ivinir a doi:' inedieiiie for inllanmiatioii 
of the hi-ain when he is snfforiiijr from rahies. 

These anil ni:ui\ ot h.c similar mistakes have come under the ol)Sorv!i- 
tion of the writer. ( )ne notahle ease, in which many might iiave liecn 
decei\'ed, was si'en not very long a^o ; a iiorse was lilistered from one 
knee up the leg, over the shoulders and withers and (h)wu ou the other side, 
to the knee for sprain and soreness in the shouUlers, when ovory l)it of the 
disease lav in the feet. It \\as a ease tif acute fonucU'r. We relate this 
to impress upon the reader the necessity of careful, dcliherate study of a 
case before taking action ; lint when the derangement is couclusivoly 
located go ahead and apply promptly the renu'dies prescribed. 

VI. Nursing and Feeding Sick Animals. 

Much ingenuity can be displayed in nursing a sick animal. In ordei- to 
do it intelligenth' the nurse nnist be familiar with tiie habits ami reipiire- 
nu'Uls of till' animal in health. .\ few simple rules will assist the ama- 
teur. M.ike the animal as comfiirtaMe as possil)Ie, warm in winter and 
cool in summer. Ciivt^ plenty of fresh aii- to breathe, but in ail cases 
a\(iid a draft ; ventilation without drafts is the rule. Clothing for horses 
is often necessar\', woolen blankets in winter and linen sheets antl nets 
in sununer. Hoods to cover the head and neck are often needed if the 
stable is not sutlicicnt ly warm. The i)roper tt'mperatun^ for the stable 
that is used for the hospital is frmn •>'> - to (10 ^ F. This is warm 
enough for all animals exce|)t wvy weak lambs and sick ih)gs ; they 
require a warnu'r room, from (ii' ~ to 70 - F. A iiart of the dwelling 
house is the best for them, if they are iu)t too numerous. 

See that the pl;ue is dry and the drainage good. An elevated location 
is better than a low-lying one. 

The food wants to be simi)le, clean, nutritious, easy of liigestiou l)y 
being cooked, changed occasionally and administered often and in snudl 
<|uantities. Give green food, always, mIicu it can be got. Oats, corn, 
barley, bran, -shorts, etc., nuiy i)0 scaldeil with boiling M'ater, covered and 
left to steam till cold, and Ihen given. It is a great advantage to have 
the grain ground. Hay and water should always be given in liberal 
quantities; and see that they ari> clean and pure. A\'arm milk for calves, 
and tlie same diluti'd and sweetened a little f(U- lambs and foals ; ))eef 
lea, raw eggs, porridge of either oat or corn meal and milk for dogs, and 
ibosame for pigs will be found to be tlu- best diet. In feeding sick ani- 
mals give a little, often, but lie careful not to over-feed, as that is li.ible 



KISF.ASKS <PK TIIK IIOKSK. 237 

to tlii'dw the patient hack and iiu-reasc fever. IIdtscs, cattle, etc., nee 1 
to \)Q fed three oi' four times a day: foals, calves, laini>s, doijs, ctc.,eveiy 
two to four liours. 

F(!vcr patients should have pure water lu^ar, so they can help them- 
selves when they wish it. Those suffering from diarrhoea or excessive 
purgation sii()uldl)e watered four or five times a day, l>ut in smaller (|uaii- 
tities. 

Rest should always be given to sick animals ; many cases [jrove fatal 
from working too long after being taken sick, or from being put to work 
too soon aftir iccovery. 

VTI. Explanation of Terms Used. 

To some leaders a few words of ex|)lanati()n may be lUiccssary in nrdei- 
to the proper understanding of the drugs and their doses. 

Alteratives change the conditions and functions of organs. 

Anm^helics deprive of sensation and suffering. 

Anodi/nes allay or diminish pain. 

Antacids are antidotes to acids. 

Anthelmintics kill or expel worms. 

Antiperiodics arrest or retard the return of a paroxysm in periodic dis- 
eases. 

Aniiscplirs prevent, arrest or retard putn^f action. 

Antispasmodics prevent or alia}' cramps. 

Aperients gently open the bowels. 

Aromatics, strong-smelling stimulants, disjxl wind and alhni)ain. 

Astringents cause contraction of vital structures. 

(Jarminatives, warming stimulants (Aromatics). 

Cathartics, Purgatives, freely o[)en the, bowels. 

Cholagogues increase the seitretion of bile. 

Demulcents sheathe and protect irritated surfaces. 

Diaphoretics, Sudorifics, cause perspiration. 

Discutients dispel enlargements. 

Disinfectants destroy infecting matter. 

Diuretics increase the secretion of urine. 

Ecbolics, JParturients, cnuse contraction of the womb. 

Emetics induce vomiting. 

Expectorants increase the secretion from the air tulies. 

Febrifuges counteract fever — lower temperature. 

Laxatives (Aperients). 

Narcotics allay pain and produce sleej). 

Refrigerants diminish heat. 

/Sedatives depress nervous power or lower circulation. 



Sas 



rili; A.MKKKAN KAUMEl! S STOCK liOOIi . 



Soporifics iiuliuf slcc|). 

Stiinit/tviln tiMiiporarilv <'xc'ito tlie nei'vous or circulatorv svstciii. 

Siii/<>;)(>'jni:s iurn'ii^v \Uo sorretioii of sali\a. 

StoitKtc/iicfi improve tlijjjvHtioii. 

TbH/c.s- gradually and poriiiaiu'iitly iiiipr(i\c digestion and nutrition. 

V('r))iif»;/('K k\\\ anil t'X[)i'l worms. 

VTI. Graduation of Doses. 

The relation of (|uantity of medieine to the ago of the patient is thus 
given hy Prof. Low : The doses given may he hold upplieahlo to full 
grown animals of nu'dium size, therefore some allowuneo must be made 
in any ease in whieii the patient o.xeeeds or eomes short of the average of 
his kind. A similar modifieation must ho made as regards j'ouug anim- 
als, not only on aeeount of their smaller si/.i' hut also of their greater 
suseeptil)ility. The following talile ma\ serve as a guide : 



H018SE, ETC.' 


OX. 


SlIKKP. 


1 SWINK. 


no(is. 


llO.-iK. j 


H vi-ars. 


■J vt'iirs. 


1'., v.>:iis. 


I.'i 111 '111-. 


',. vc;i|-. 


1 iiurt. 


n^-:\ •• 


l--i •• 


II-IS iiiMi-. 


s-i.-. ■■ 


:!-(! mollis. 




ll-lS nrtlis. 


i-li Ill'tlK. 


:i-.-. •■ 


ll-S 

j ■^-^i ■■ 


1 1'-^! ■• 
1 20-4.-. iliivs. 


'i- 


1-5 •• ^ 


i-:i •■ 


1-3 •• 


\ l-:i ■• 


10-20 •■ 


A- 



Allowaneo must also he made for a nervous teni|)i'rament which usually 
renders an animal more impressihle. for hal)it or eontinued use which 
tends to decrease the su.scei)tihility for iiulividual drugs, for idiosynera.sy 
which can only ho discovered hy ohs*'rving the action of the agent on the 
particular suhject, and for the inHuonce of disease wIumi that is likely to 
affect the action. Thus in most diseases of the lii'ain and spinal cord, and 
in some impactions of the stomach, douhl(> tiie usual <|uantities of pur- 
gative medicine will he necessary, while in inthu'iiza ami other low f»'vers 
half the usual doses may prove fatal. In acute congestion of the brain, 
stimulating!: narcotics (opium, l)(>lladonna, hyosiyanius, ) would aggravate 
the sym]>t()ms. etc. 

IX. How Often to Give Medicines. 

Febrifuges, or doses intended to reduce fever, such as aconite, iielhi- 
dona, spii-its of nitre, solution of the nitrate or ehlorate of potash, or 
any form of ammonia should lie repeated as often as every two hours in 
bad cases, and from that to thix't; or four times a day in mild cases. 
Alteratives may l>e repeated once ov twice a day. Purgatives may bo 
repeated after twenty to thiity hours in bad cases, and after forty to 
forty-eight hours in mild cases. Tonics should lie repeated onee, twice 
or thrice a day. Stinudants, especially alcoholic, may bo repeated after 
two to six hours. Kcbolics may be repeated after half an houi- ; ano- 
dynes after half an hour ; other remedies as recjuirod. 



uiskanios of •iiir: iioiisi;. 



239 



X. Forms of Medicines and how to Administer. 

Medicines sliould alwavs l)e given in the food or drink, when possible, 
to iivoid woriTinii' tlie patient and also to avoid the danger of choking from 
the licpiid running into th(^ lungs. When the medicine is nearly inodor- 
ours and tasteless it can l)e mixed with hi'an masiies, or other soft feed. 
Aloes should be made into a roll the size and shape of your finger and 
wrapped in thin paper or put into a gelatine capsule, and passed back onto 
the root of the tongue of the horse. 

Li(]uid medicine, in large doses, is given as drenches out of a strong- 
necked bottle or iiorn, the head Ixiiig elevated and the neck of the bot- 
tl(^ inserted at tiie side of the mouth and 
poured \rvy siowh' in, the head being 
kept raised till all is swallowed. Jf the 
palicnt roughs while l>oing drenched, let 
the head down instantly, regardless of the 
loss of tiie medicine, for, if kept up, it is 
apt to run into the lungs, and cause death 
in two minutes. 




MANNER OF GIVING A DRENCH TO 

A HOUSE. 



Small doses are l)est given with a >\i- 
inge ; open the mouth with the left hand 
iind in.seil the syringe in the left side of the mouth, and shor)t the con- 
tents well ])aek into the throat. A syringe or spoon may l)e used on 
all small aninuds. 

.Medicine for cattle and and sheep needs to be more bulky and watery, 
on account of the great size, comparatively, of the stomach, and when 
not practicabl(! to administer it in the food, it should be dissolved in 
from one to two quarts of water for cattle, and one to two pints for 
sheep, and given as a drench from a bottle or horn. 

Care should be taken to avoid letting the animal bite the bottle ; keep 
the neck of it firmly up again.st the rf)of of the mouth between the 
two rows of upper teeth. If the animal should break the bottl(>, let the 
head down instantly and I'emove the broken glass as quickly as possible. 



niAPTKR TI. 
FEET OF THE HORSE AND THEIR DISEASES. 



1. tOHN.S. II. (,)i:ni()lt. 111. yl Ain-KIt .<M>. SAM) (HACKS. 1\-. SKKDY TOK. 

V. PK1CKIN(; h-llO.M NAILS VI. ACIITK FOUNDKlt OK I.AMI.NITIS. VU. 

CMUONIC FOl'NDKR OK 1-AMINITIS. A'lll. TI^MICKl) FEET. 

I. Corns. 

'I'licrt^ is IK) .'lilliUMil so coimnoli to lioi-scs" feel ;is i-onis. Fiillv liiiir- 
t<'iillis of the laiiK'iicss in the f'fft arc from this source. 

Causes. — 'Tlicy arc tiir result of uui'vcu |)rcssur<' of tlu'siioc, toonuuh 
heui-injj; on tiiu (jiiartcrs, csjx'cially the inner one, and lno iieavv iK'ariiig 
on tlii^ licels. 'I'lii.s results fnnii tiie shoes heiii^- left on too loni;' without 
heinj!; I'cset, and the feet parcel tlown and the lieejs openetl to roinovo tlio 
.siiri)lus srrowth of hoof, that wouUl lie worn off if the foot were not 
sliotl. Corns ari^ often caused l)y eontrai'tion of the feet, thepressui'c 
on the walls of the quai-ters, by the contraction of the hoof, heini^ ver\- 
great. 

yf?^-;^:\ !• is neccssaiy, as a ruh', to shoc^ horses' feet, and in order to 
IATaT^ keep them healthy the slux's siiould i)e reset, al)oul once a 
f ill "ii)lith, th(> sole and wall rcdnce<l to theii- pioper size, lu'cls 
^ 1/ opened, and the ragged surface, if any, t rimmed off the frog. 

^^^ riic effect of till' too heavy bearing on the ([iiartei's and heels is 
soi.KOF A ^^^ liruise the soft parts uiiderm^ath, giving rise to soreness, and 

Showinija after a ihiV ov two a reddish or pui'ple spot will appear, varying 
^po1','fn.lic" ill si/.e fnmi a ten cent piece to that of a (piartcr of a dollar. If 
corn." '"" the biuising is light, tiic corn may become caloused and remain a 
constant source of lamenesi- , l)ut not very severe, for a long lime; but, 
if it is bad. the corn soon festers, matter forms and increases, spreading 
in all directions, till it gets vent eitliei- by !)eing opene<l at the bottom, or 
lii'caks out at the top at the junction of the hoof and hair, forming a 
(juittor. 

How to know it. — l>amcness appears, slight at lirst, but in<'i-easing 
very fast from dav to dav. The horse will show an iix'lination to favor 
(lie sore cpiarter, and will not wear the shoe (piite so much on that heel. 
\\\ api)lving the hand to the foot, you will notice heat in tlie sore ])art . 

240 




FEET OF THE HOKSE AM) IHEIK DISEASES. 241 

Tappiug the fool goiilly with ;i luiiiuiu'i- w ill iiiaivi' tiic horse Hinoh when 
the sore spot is reached, and lie will i)oiiit the foot (thrust 
it out forward) restingitou the toe, raisiiigthe lieels com- 
pletely off the ground. If there are corns on both feet, he 
will change feet, ^vi\\ point first one, then the other. If 
the corns are small and not very sore, the lameness may 
diminish with travel, so that when well warmed up ho will 
go ((uite sound, till he stands at rest again. Then he will 
go off lamer than ever. When tlu^ corn is festered, he will posiuo"ifof Tcorn"" 
be very lame, indeed, will only touch the toe to the ground, will move 
with the greatest difficulty and reluctance. AVhen the shoe is removed, 
you will rind the purple spot in the cpiarter, between the wall and the 
bar, near the heel. 

What to do. — Remove the shoe, pare out the quarter well, so as tore- 
move all i)ressure, and let out any matter that may be under the sole ; 
then put the foot into a linseed poultice made up soft with hot water. 
Leave it on twenty-four hours, then renew it. While the poultici' is 
off, examine the foot to see if it needs any more paring; if the hole is 
deep, you will need to cut the hoof well away to allow the matter to escape 
freely ; for if you do not, it will work up through to the top of the hoof. 

Before jiutting the poultice on again, pour into the corn a little pure 
carbolic acid, or turpentine, or dilute nitric acid — diluted one-half with 
water. Dress it in this way once a day till all soreness is gone, and the 
horse will stand on the foot as well as ever. Then leave oif the poultice. 

If proud flesh comes up in the hole, burn it down with powdered blue 
vitriol. The hoof you have pared away will soon grow again. When it has 
stopped running, apply the vitriol once a day, which will dry and heal it. 
When it is all dr\', and the horse walks sound on the foot, put on a bar 
shoe to protect the weak quarter, giving the frog gentle pressure ; pour 
warm tar into the hole, and stuff oakum or tow soaked in tar under the 
shoe. When shoeing afterwards, Ijear in mind to avoid too heavv bear- 
ing on the heels. When that (piarter has gi'own out again, and is strong, 
the bar shoe may be replaced by an open one. 

If the foot is much contracted, take the bearing off the quarters by- 
reducing the walls a little, so as to have the appearance of the shoo hav- 
ing been sprung off the heels, but let the shoe be perfectly level. Open 
the heels well up towards the hair, so as to give the feet a chance to 
spread while growing. 

When a foot is much inclinctl to have corns, the shoe should bo reset 
often — every two or three weeks — and the quarters well cleaned out each 
time. 

Extra care will have to be taken of the feet that have once been affec- 
ted with corns, to keep them soft. Soak them in a tul) of either cold or 



24: 



rill'. A.MI'.I.'UAN lAlJMKi; S STOCK 



warm water. Sonic add sail, soda, (>l('., Iml it is lictlcr cifiii', astiic oii]\- 
virtue lii's in tiu' moisture. Many of {\w sul)slauoes used are injurious 
to llie liool', l)v maUiu;.>' I.Ihmu liritllo. Or pack tlio hoof with linseed meal, 
or oil-i'aUe meal, Met uj) M'ith hot water. If tliere is iiuieh heat aiul 
fever, put on swabs, either made of felt or pieces of old hlanUet or 
wooh>u cloth, folded and tied around the pastern, and left (o liang' down 
over (he fei>l, and wet freinu-ntly with hot water. 
II. Quittor. 

(Juittor is tiie name i;ivi'ii to a disease of the foot, when the festei'in<i' 
of any other sore works up tiirouiih, and breaks out at the top of the 
hoof at the junctiou with the hair. 

Causes. — K i« usually the result of a ueuh'cted corn, prici; of a nail, 
gravel licttiuii' into a nail hole, or a festered corn workinu' up tlifonu'h 
to the lop of the hoof. 

How to know it. — It usually occurs ou the quarters, anywhere from 
the heels to t 



ner quarter, 
iippeiiraiice, 
tho coronet. 




A QUITTOK. 

In nclive Bup]) 

tlon, bflou'llu-push 
broken cml ut llic li>i: 



WO or three inches forward, but is ofleuer s(>en on llie iii- 
becaitse corns are nio^l often found tlu're. It niakivs its 
iftcr tlu> horse has been lame for some lime, by swi'lling at 
Sometimes tiic tirst .actixc swelliiii;' of the part is as largo as a 
hen's egg. lu the course of ;i day or two it breaks and 
discharges matter, when the horse will l)e relieved of some 
of the pain, wiiieh has l)eeii very intense during the for- 
mation of llie sore. Sometimes the foot can scarcely l)i' 
put to llic lloor at all, and may be ki>pt paining much of 
„r,,. the lime. 

After the quittor has been running two or three days, 
the llesli around the opening will luru purple and get soft, and Ihe mat- 
ter will spread, extending each way, but more towards the front. Inaeou- 
jile of weeks pipes will have formed, pointing downwards in all directions, 
havinii' one commcin center in the opening at the top. 

If let alone, llie walls of the pipes M'ill thicken and harden, and the 
enlaru'cment at the lop will increase sometimes to the size of a maifs list. 
All this time the lameness eontiuucs very gre.it, and, if 
allowed to inn on for three months or more, the foot be- 
comes so full of pipes and so large, hot and painful as to 
require very jiersislenl and Ihorough trealmcnt to slop the 
disease, and can never be redneetl to ils natural size and 
form. In extreme cases lameness is ))ermanent, with n 
tendenev of llie loe to lurn up, and the hiu'se walkson 
his heel". 

What to do. — If taken as soon as it breaks open at the top, ponltii'o 
the r.iot for Iwentv-four liours, to .soften all the parts. Then give the 




A QUITTOK. 

Alter It hns broken 
out ut the top. 



KKKT Ol" 'rilK lIOItSK AM) 'I'llKIl; I )ISKASi;s. 243 

diseased pari vent at tlie hottoiii, to allow llii^ inatl(n', if any. In lun out 
tluu'e if it will ; liut if none is foniid at IIk; liottoni, do not cut, tiu^ iioofto 
make it bleed, iis llial would only make anotliei'sore, and woidd do no 
jfood. Open it fi-(!(;ly at the top; ])rol)(! it witli a piece of .sinoolli, 
r()illi(le(l wlialehouc^ to find Iiow deep tJie liole li'oes, and in wiiat. diree- 
tion. TIk II follow t he pi-olie (low 11 with the knife, and oiieii right out 
and down I Ik; hoof, as far as the hole lioes, takintj' out a V shaped ]iieee 

of tli(^ w;ill to allow the mallei- lo esea.p(^ at, the l.olU inslead <if 

inakiiii;' it conn' out at the top. Scaiil'y tint purple llcsh to set up a 
lieallhy, ai'lilicial inlhininial ion in I he pari. Then spiiiii;'c il out with 
warm water In cleansiMl, and follow wilh a lolioii made as follows: 

N'd. 1. '2 Dr.icluiis siilpliali' i>\ copiicr. 

}j I'illl, WllIlT, 

Mix. 

Inject it well down into Iho wound, twicn; a day. If it hmns and 
causes ii seal) to eonie on tln^ flesh, dilute it a littli; aft<'r nsinu' it t luce or 
four days, if aflcia week or ten days tlu^ wound does nol appear to 
1)0 getting' well, change to the following : 

No. 2. :( Diaclims siilplialo of /.iiiu, 

;., I'illl Wilier, 
Mix. 

By being careful that the opening is down to the bottom, all the time, 
to h't the matter out, you will have lU) trouble in curing it. Keep the 
shoe off till tlio foot is well enough to work ; then jiiit on a bar slio(! so 
as to protect the weak (|uart(!r. 

In Vi'vy bad eases, in which there are several pipes riimiini;' in as main' 
directions, it is absolutely necessary to open up each one fearles.sh-. 
Then go on with the lotions given above, and change occasional ly to 
the following: 

No. I!. I l)nii-liiii con-osive siililiiii:ilp. 

ji> I'illl uairr, 
" Mix. 

Ill long coiiliiiiicd Ircatmeiit it is advis;ible to allcrnate I he lolinns, 
one wei^k on, and one olT. 

The hoof will grow faster on account- of the iiillaininal ion in il , so 
that it will 1)(! necessary to have the footjiared down occasionally. AVhen 
the discharge is all dried u[) and the disease is cured, 1)listei- the enlarL''c- 
nicnt to reduce it. After the blister has taken hold, grease the ])art oiic(! 
11 day, till it is nearly well, then repeat tlie blister. Soak the foot often, 
and pack it with oil-cake meal, lo keepil sofl. 



244 



■riiK \MKi;i(\\ lAKMr.ws stock isook. 



III. Quarter and Sand Cracks. 

k^ ill llic liiKif, ii^ii.'ilU' Iciii^'tliwisc of till' lihrt's of 

>oiiicliiii('s I lie hoof lircaUs iicross tlic tihi'iis for ;i dis- 

of .III iiicli or so. IWil ilic cnick rarely extends througli 

lof into tilt' lamiiiac, or i)uick, c'oiis('(|ii<'iit h' it docs not 

cause lameness. 

l^nartcf cracks come on the (juiirtors, usually on the in- 
side, oil iic(!()unt of that <iuiirter beinjjj thinner and wi^aker 
QUAHTKU than the outer one. 

wall of the foot, anywhere forward of the 
)ii arcoimt of their beini; more common in 




niditioii of the hoof, aiK 



It of 




FALSE QUAKTEK 
Or deficiency of the 



CKACK. 

Sand cracks I'onic on the 
(juarters, and are so called 
jj^iindy i)arts of the <'ounliy. 

These cracks are due to a I nit I h 
elasticity in llu' tibrcs. 

Causes. — I'lior a-similation, or faulty dist riI)ution of the food and a want 
ol' proper nutrition to the hoof, are i)i-iiicii)al causes givinji' rise to a slow 
lirowth. \\'hat docs i;ro\\' is hard, brittle iiiid iiiela.stic. Sometimes the 
hoofs become enicUed from the heatinu:, drying inliuences of sandy roads, 
stony iiuvenients in cities, anil long continued want of 
moisture to the feet. When the feet are in this condition, 
any severe work or pounding of tlu^ hoofs is liabk^ to break 
them. Racers and ti'otters are particularly suliject to tlx'tii, 
because the tracks are sometimes very hard, and the tre- 
mendous exertions of the horses, and the iioundiiig of the 
feet on the track, are peculiarly trying to the hoofs ; and 
unless they are in tirst-class condition, they are a]>t to cra<k. 

How to know it, — A track or split in the hoof, it may be only at the 
top or al the lioitoin, and very short, or in the centre, from top to bot- 
tom ; or it may extend clear from the top to the bottom. It may exteiul 
inward but a little way, or it may be deep, clear into the tpiick, so that 
the soft parts are pinched between the edges of the crack, making it bleed 
and causing great lameness. The lameness may come on gradually or 
suddenly. It depends u[)on whether the crack starts on the surface and 
iiu'reases in depth with every strain, or whether it breaks right through 
to the quick at once, in the latter ease, the horse will go dead lame 
inimediatelv. anil oftentimes the blood will run from the crack. Rut in 
the former case lie will not be lame till the craik doc- extend through to 
the (juick. 

.\s in all cases of lameness in the foot, where tlurc is pain, he will 
point the foot, that is. tliru-t it forw.ird, to rest it. 



I'KKT OF TllK IIOUSK A.M> TIIKll! DISICASI' 



245 



)uiid 




<ilJAl!TEK CUACK 

Cut across the lop, the 
bearing taken off at 
the bottom, and 



What to do. — Remove tlic shoo and luduce the wall of tliat (|uai-ter, to 
take oft" tlu! ht'ariug. If it is broken tlirouji'ii into Uic (]uick, take ;i 
sharp .shoeing knife and pare down the edges of the erack tiie whole 
length, enough to relieve the pinciiing, and for a distance of half an inch 
on each side of the crack, to make it more pliable. Then take either a 
sharp knife or a red hot iron, witii an edge to it, and cut or burn across 
the crack at the top, right through to the (juiek. Make the cut at least 
an inch long ; this is to start a new iioof and make it grow down 
and naturally. 

If the crack does not extent! clear tln-onghthc iioof, it 
is not neeessary to pare away the edges. If tliere is no 
lameness, you may be certain it is not broken througli into 
the quick, for if it is tlie horse will go lame. It is a 
good plan to cut or l)urn across flic ci-ack at the toj), and 
take oft" the bearing at the i)ottom, but do not cut oi' bmii 
so deep as in the more severe ease. Then have a plate 
either of brass, copper or iron, half an inch wide, and 
an inch and a half long, screwed on across the crack ; have the screws 
about a quarter of an inch long, and screw them into the hoof, while an 
assistant draws the edges of the crack together with a 
pair of pinchers, the horse at the time standing on the 
other foot to take the weight off the one operated on. 

As the foot grows, the plate will have to be moved 
down, about once a month or six weeks, or, perhaps, not 

., ,, . , ,, . ,. il 1 .• <v>lAKTEU CKACK, 

oitener than once ui two months'^, aeeordmg as tiie hoot 
grows fast or slow. 

If flesh grows up lietwccn the (^dgcs of the crack, burn and shod 
it down witli ])owdered blue viti'iol, applied once .-i da\-. AVhen it is dry, 
and the soft parts are healed l)y the vitriol, dress il 
with pine tai' once a <lay. 

In all cases blister the coronet at the junction of 
hoof and hair, clear around from lied to heel, l)ut 
do not blister back of the het 
the pastern. Let the 
(Spanish Hies. ) 

If the Clacks are b; 
bar shoe, which shouh 
weeks. 




showing the 
broken 
up: d 



ken only partway 
■essed, pared 



blistei- b 



hollow .,f 
lilt liarides 



il is best to shoe with a 
r reset eM'r\' three m- four 




Cracks that break crosswise of Ww hoof seldom 
amount to disal)ilitv. If there is an\- tlesh cxik 



CLOSINOAHOOF CRACK. 
By the useof thin wire. 

d, dress it with 



24(5 



I'lll". AMICliU'AN rAUMKi; S STOCK BOOK. 



|)()\vd('r(^il l)luo vitiiol oiuc :i day, till it is diy, then with tar. No 
clianiic will be made in llie shociiiir. 




FALSE QUARTEB. 




ilso metl ou of 
shoeing with clips 
to support sides of 




SAND CRACK. 



Dressed, shod and 
b:ind;iu'cd fo r 
work, when rest 
cannot be j^ivcn. 



IV. Seedy Toe. 

Sci'dv toe is a dry, mealy coiiditina of tlu^ wall at the toe. 
Causes. — 1' '"^ causod usually l)y liruisiny of tiictoc, by the (lip 



)f th 




SEEUY TOE. 

lowinc: the scpnrat 
of the Willi Irom 
soft )):irts undclnc: 



shoe bi'iuii- I'ouiidod into the toe too tightly ; and the 
I)ruised part takes on a sort of dry rot, or jiangi-ene, 
which extends up between the wall and the huninae. It 
eausi's tenderness of the foot when bad, but is rarely met 
with. It is a sei)aration of (he two layers of horn which 
i„„ compose the crust of the hoof, resultinu; from disease 
,\'i','; due to bruises or faulty condition of the l)ody. 



How to know it. — When the shoe is removed, a mealy, whitish-looking 
subsiance will lie seen immediately under the wall, at the toe, running up 
towtirds the hair, sometimes for an inch or so, and ma}' be picked or 
bi-oken down easily Avith a nail, leaving a hollow Itcneath the shell. 

What to do. — Pare away the w.iU at the toe after taking off the .shoe, 
so as to remove the bearing then^from. Pick out all the mealy substance 
that breaks down easily, and turn in warm tar, and press in a little wad 
of tow. Ke])lace the shoe, ;uul apply a mild blistt'r of cantharides to the 
coronet. 



•'EET OF THE HOUSE AND TIIEII; DISEASES. 



247 



Prevention. — Avoid poundiiig tho c\\\) of the >Iioc into the toe, I)ut cut 
away a little of the wall to fonu a hollow i)lace for it. 




KIAGltAM OP .SHOE. 



clip that is 
:d into the toe, 
m e s causing 




edy toe. 



VIEW OF A FOOT. 



Showing toe pared to receive 
clip to avoid sei-ciy toe. 



V. Pricking from Nails. 

Causes. — Pricking may come from a nail running into the quick when 
shoeing, or a nail may be picked up in the street. It is often done by the 
horse stepping on a piece of board containing a nail, and the nail is often 
pulled right out again when ho steps off the board, or the nail may be 
broken off inside. 

How to know it. — Sudden lameness will tell you that something serious 
is wrong. Tull off the shoe and examine the foot carefully. If one of 
the shoe-nails has punctured the quick, it will be moist and black. If a 
nail is found anywhere in the foot, pull it out carefully, so as not to break 
it off. If it f</iouhl bo l)rokon off, pare away the hoof around it, and get 
hold of it with nippers and pull it out. 

The lameness will bo gretitei' or less, according to the amount of injury 
done : if the nail wounds the tendon, that phws over the navicular joint 
in the foot, ov i)ierces the navicular joint, the 
himencss will be very great, long contiimed and 
sometimes permanent. In many of these cases 
there is high fever, great pain, restlessness, l)low- 
ing, redness, of eyes, and the horse will not lie I 
down. He will paw or continuously raise the I 
foot. There will bo loss of appetite in some cases, i 
and not in others; the flanks will be tucked up,' 
and every evidence of intense pain will be shown, ; 
especially if the wound is in the hind foot, and 'C^ 
more especially if the navicular joint is punctured, i-kickixg fko.m nails. 
In that case there will be a discharge of joint oil, showingthesho.partivruiiedofl 
a yellowish watery matter, which clots like blood ^h.^vv^i'llu^cSm^dV^^^^^^ 
soon after running out. When dressing it, 3'ou will tind clots of yellow- 




1>4S 



Till', .\>li:i!l(AN I \KME1! S STOf'K l»)i)K. 



isli, :inil)i'i-(()loro(l ni;itti'i- on llu- poultice. In lnul cmsos tin- h'g swells, 
somi'linit's (o tlic lioilv. (Jrcat hoat is in tUo foot and loj>, and pain is 
shown if (lie foot i> t.i|i|K'd. 'Piicro will also he a hard, hot swcllinji' in 
tlic hollow of the |)asloin and around the iiccls. with jifoat teiuleriu'ss to 
the touch. 

All these synii)t(>nis will he noticed to a greater or loss extent, aeeord- 
ini;- to the amount of injury done. Cases in which the nail does not 
wound the joint are usually simple. 

What to do. — \\ hen you have reniov(>d the shoe, and found where 
the prick is, pare out the hole, and aronnd it a little, to thin the hoof; 
this will relieve the pressure when it I>ei;-ins to swell. Then turn in a 
small ([uantity of solution of carholii' acid, one i)art of acid to twenty 
of water, or use a little turpentine. Either will tend to prevent suppur- 
ation. Tiien put the foot into a hoot, (U- liair of linseed meal poultice. 
Clianae it once a day and examine the wound each tim(\ to sec that any 
matter that forms can escape. This is mmv inii)ortanl. 

If it is a mild case, it will li'ct well soon and the 
aincuess dis.appear, wlu'ii the luu'sc <-an he shod and i>"o 
o work. IJiit if it is a had case, and much matter 
forms, it will extend under the hoof and spread. In 
ijj order to prevent this it is best to remove that part of 
jy tiie hoof which has matter under it. The sanu' rule 
applies to the frog-; sometimes the matter works uii- 
ilcr the entire frou', and it has to come off, luit a lU'W 
one forms r(>atlily. 
Showing nnii wmin.innii A liot poulticc is hcst , cxccpt wlicii tlicrc is au o|)eii 

and how to p;uf il onl. ....i . ii • i i K t 1 

joint, then put on a i-old one instead. At every dress- 
in:;' apply tlu' carholii- lotion, and poulticc right o\cv il. 

If proud llesh comes u|i, keep it down with powdered lilue vitriol, 
ai>plicd once a da^• : if it comes up suddenly, as large as your thunil), 
you can cut it off with ptM'fcct safety. Then, when it stoi)s hieeding, 
dress it with till' vitriol. As soon as there is no more matter, and the 
lameness is ueailv gone, leave off the pcuiltice and dress it once a day 
with pine tar. 

If the joint is opened, in addition to the treatment given aho\c spread 
over the injured part of the foot, and also in the hollow of the pastern. 
Solid Kxtract of Helladonna, a piece as large as your little lingcr-nail, 
once a day and let the poultice goon cold, right oxer it. Continue 
this as long as there is much lameness. If there is much fever, give 
Tincture of Aconite Hoot in ten-droi) doses, in a tahlc-spoonful of cold 
water e\cr\ two luuii's until the hoi'>i' is lictter. 




KEIVr Ol' 'I'lll'. II()I!SE AM) TIIKIlt UISEASKS. 



249 



No clKUHiC need he made in 1ii<' slioeiiitr, ('Xi-('|)t to stiifT taf juid tow 
ovci tlir iiail-liolc, luidci- tlic shoe. If nail wounds arc nciilcctt'd lock 
jaw is \<'i-y ajjt to follow. 

VI. Acute Founder or Laminitis. 

Founder is of two kinds, acute and chronic. It is acute where, when 
it first takes i)lacc, all the; syniptom.s arc aggravated and the disease is 
attended with more or less fever. It i.s clu-onic when it has hccn of long 
-stiinding and the disea.sed condition has taken an organized form, will 
i-(^main as it is and hecome a jjurt of the organized system, hut is nt)t 
attended by any fever, otln^r than a slight local heat. 

The iinier siu'farc of (he wall of llie hoof has iiorny leaves or laminae, 
\-ery line and near together, running up and down. On the outer surface 
of tiie hone of the foot are sensitive, tleshy leaves that dovetail, ns it 
wei-c, into the heaves on the wall of the hoof. On these leaves is home 
the weight of the enlire Ixxly. 

Causes. — Sometimes it is caused hy overwork, in which the feet are 
poimdcd, and sored up, causing iidlainmation in the leaves. But founder 
is usually a metastatic disease — one that originates in some 
other part of the, hody and goes to the feet by a peculiar trans- i 
ference called metaslasis. ll may originate in congestion of | 
the lunffs, j)li'urisy, intlamniMtion of the bowels or periton- 
eum (the membrane hoUling the bowels in place) or in almost 
any part of the body, 
.standinfr in a draft when heated will cause it. 

How to know It. — The acute form is easil}' recognized hy P'f^''J^5°^^'=''^_J5 
the Inn'.-c being in great pain, pei'sistontly standing in one P"""«<ifo'"- 
place, as if riveted there, it being almost impossible to move him an inch 
in any direction, especially backward. He ai)solnt<'ly caimot back, but 
will hang the; body back, throwing most of the weight on the hind logs, 
and stretching the fore legs as far foi-ward as ])()ssible. If the animal 
tries to lift a foot it fails and acts as though the foot were fastened to the 
tloor. 

The j)ulse is (|uickene(i, temperature raised, tln' niucons meinl)ranes 
become red and inject e(l ; the breathing is (|uickened as though there were 
some lung trouble; sweating is pi-ofnse, he will not lie down, and the 
ap|)etite is lost foi- the time. The cliaracteristi(r symptom is the inability 
to back : if you try to I'oi-cc the animal to back, it will swing the body 
back, without moving the feet. When thoroughly exhausted from stand- 
ing, the horse will drop down, and will lie much of the time afterwards. 

The inflammation in tlu^ bones of the hoof is followed bv an effusion of 
water wliich severs the connection between th(^ leaves by maceration, 




Drinkinj); cold water when warm, or f'oox witu 

A W IC A K 



2'>n 



THK AMKinCAN l-'AraiEI! S STOCK HOOK. 



lotting: tli(> toe of llu- foot diiip down, forniini;' i)uini(-iHl foot, if il is not 
l)roni|itiy liciited. I'umircd foot is incninhlc. 




POSITION TAKEN IN ACUTE FOUNDEU. 

Sometimes the intlannnationiiocs on to suppuration. ^Matter forms and 
extends around the hoofs, often causing tlieni to drop off, wliich will 
take phice in the course of three to six weeks. 

Acute founder is often fatal by the excessive fever, hy the absorption 
of pus into the system, causini'' pyemia, or l)y tlie extreme weakness that 
foHows a h)ng, lingering case. 

What to do. — <'ive a dose of Raw Linseed t)il, one Pint, then pull off 
all the shoes and pare down the walls of the bare feet, so as to let him 




A CONVENIENT WA'i OI SOAMNOTUl 1 LI T IN HUT M VlHtlNCA^L; 
OF FOVNDEK. 

stand on the sole and frog. If the feet cannot be raised to remove the 
shoes, lay him down and then remove them. Then, if standing, put liim 
into a hot foot l)alh all around, one or two feet at a t'r.ic. Let tlie water 



FEET OF THE IIOKsE AND TIIEII! DISEASES. 251 

1)0 hot for each oiio, and with a little mustard in it. Bathe the legs with 
it as high as the knees and hoeks. Leave them in as long as the water 
remains hot ; then take them out and put eaehfoot into a liusccd poultice, 
hot and soft, and bandage the legs with tlannel. Repeat this morning 
and night for tMO or three weeks, or until the soreness is nearly all gone 
from the feet. Then stand him in a clay puddle, daytimes, and take him 
out of nights, and continue this as long as there is any stiffness. It will 
need to l)e continued, in most cases, for a month or more. Leavethe shoes 
off till he is ready to work again. As soon as the feet are well put into 
poultices, ])egin on the following mixture : 

Xo 4. 1 Ounce sweet spirits of uitre, 

1 Di'iiebm tr. aconite root, 
1 Ounce potash nitrate, 
3^ Pint water. 
Mix. 

Give a tablespoonful every two hours, until the fever abates and the 
patient becomes comfortable ; then drop off to three times a day. Con- 
tinue this for about a week, or in a very bad case, ten days. Feed lightly 
on warm mashes, scalded oats, grass, &c. 

VII. Chronic Foimder or Laminitis. 

How to know it. — The chronic form is a moditication of the acute. 
In l)ad cases you will notice the difficult backing ; lameness ; pointing of 
the feet, first one and then the other; the horse goes with a short, 
shambling gait, as though the legs were all stiff, and the shoulders are 




THE MOVEMENT OF A HORSE SFFFERINrf FROM SCB-ACtJTE 
OU CHKONie FOtNI>EU. 

thrown forward, gi\'ing the chest the ap[)earaiice of being drawn in. 
Hence the mistake some make, in supposing the horse to be chest-foun- 
dered. There is no such thing, it is alwavs in the feet. 




■J-)Z THE AMKIUCAX FAIJMKI! S STOCK liOOK. 

Tiie shoes will ]h' worn off more at tlie liccls, and when pohiting them 
he will extend tlie feet and rest them on the heel, turning the toes a\) 
as much as possihle, beeause the trouble nearly all lies in the toes. 

Horses with chronic founder will choose the soft parts 
of the road, l)ut ^x\\\ avoid the water and mud holes as 
much as possible. In feeling of the feet you will notice 
them very hot nearly all the time, and there will be 
rings on the hoofs, from uneven growth of horn. The 
feet will very soon become much contracted and the 

A DEFORMED •' 

HOOF. hoofs brittle. 

^tin" IXacute^'^or What to do. — You cauuot do auvthing to cure it, but 

chronic founder. j^ ^,.j,j ),g jiHeyiated by keeping the feet as cool and soft 

as possible with poultices, clay puddles and foot baths. 

In addition, rul) a little fly blister around the coronets once a month, 
and reset the shoes often. 

VTII. Pumiced Feet. 

Causes. — When the inflaiiiniation in the feet, from acute laminitis, is 
neglected, or allowed to run on several days Ijefore the proper tre;itnient 
is applied, the connection l>etween the sensible and insensiljle laminae, 
or leaves, is destroyed by the effusion that accumulates between them 
and soaks them apart, letting the toe of the bone tip on to the sole, 
pushino' it down to the ground, or nearly so, and making the lower sur- 
face convex instead of concave, as it should be. Sometimes the toe of 
the bone will be punched quite through. 

How to know it. — Take up the foot, and instead of seeing a nice, cup- 
shaped sole, you will tind it bulged down towards the ground, making it 
ov.ll the wrong wav. If the bone is punching through, you will notice 
it. and it will leave no doubt in your mind as to what it is. The horse 
will be lame with all the characteristic symptoms of chronic founder. 

What to do. — Nothing can be done to cure it, but if it is not very l)ad, 
careful shoeing, to keep all pressure off the sole, by means of a shoe, 
well concaved on the bearing surface, will lielp to keep him on his feet; 
then, bv keeping the feet as cool as possible, he can be made serviceable for 
easy moTa. 

AVhen the toe of the bone puslies through, he is of no more use, and 
might as well be destroyed, to nurcifully put him out of his misery. 



CHAPTER III. 
FEET OF THE HORSE AND THEIR DISEASES, CONTINUED. 



I. THRUSH. II. NAVICULAR IlISEASE. III. CONTKACTION OF THE FOOT. IV. 

GKAVEL. V. TANKER. VI. CALKS. VII. FRACTURE OF THE BONE OF 

THB FOOT. VIII. STONE BKUISES. IX. SIDE BONE. 

I. Thrush. 

Thrush is the n:iiiie given to a disease of the frog. It is a rotting or 
ulceration of the frog, and is attended with a very offensive, hlaek, wat- 
ery discharge. The frog rots completely off sometimes, and extends 
down in the cleft between the heels, to a depth of from half an inch to 
two inches. 

Causes. — Uncleanliness, standing in a filtliy stable, especially in their 
own excrement. The filth remaining in the foot a long time and exclud- 
ing the air, sets up decay which runs into ulceration. 

How to know it. — The ragged frog, offensive smell, l)lack discharge, 
deep cleft lictwccu the heels, which causes them to droi) in tf)wards each 
other, making them look very much contracted, are evident signs. In 
bad cases tiio animal sometimes goes lame, but not in mild cases. Still, 
great harm results from neglecting it, on account of the injury to the 
shape of the foot. 

What to do. — Trim off all the ragged parts of the frog, clean out all 
the holes and crevices with a case knife, or some similar instrument, then 
apply a linseed poultice, with charcoal powdered over the surface. After 
twenty-four hours clean it all off, and dress the affected parts with calo- 
mel well introduced into all the cracks, with the case knife. Repeat this 
once or twice, letting a day intervene between the applications. Wiien 
it is all dried up, dress the part with pine tar. 

Prevention. — Pick out the feet well, each day, to let tlie air in around 
the frog, which is necessary to keep them liealthy. 

II. Navicular Disease. 

One of the tendons of the leg (^the flexor pedis perforans) passes 
down the back of the leg to the foot, and around beneath the navicular 
bone and joint of the foot, that lies directly above the frog. The tendon, 
passing between the bone and the frog, attaches itself to a rough hollow 
on the sole of the coffin bone. Disease in that part of the tendon, l)one 
or joint is navicular disease. 

253 



■2^>[ TIIK AMKItlCAN lAIiMKi; S STOCK HOOK. 

'I'lu' tendon is intlaiiu'iU soiv and swolou : tlic inrtauiiiiatioii extends to 
the joint and from tliat to the bone, Avhieh becomes rough and porous 
from having its fatty portion al).sorbed. The edge sometimes gets so 
sharp and rough as to saw through the tendon. This will let the fetlock 
down onto the ground, and the toe will turn up. 

Causes. — It is caused ]>y a very severe sprain of the tendon in its lower 
portion ; any severe l)ruise on the; frog or Ihm-Is ; the jjrick of a nail en- 
tering tile foot far enough to wound the tendon or joint ; or it might be 
caused by great contraction, tiie hoof ])ressing on the ends of the navi- 
cular bone, interrui)ting nutrition, thereby selling up disease. 

How to know it. — There will be lameness of a peculiar kind. In tlie 
earlier stages the horse will go out (juite lame, from a dryness of the 
joint, but will improve as he goes farther, though not so as to go sound ; 
for the tendon being injured it would be impossilde for the lameness to 
disappear altogether with exercise. lie will wear the shoes most at the 
toes, will point the feet when standing, alternating them if both are af- 
fected, and rest them on the toes. 

As the disease progresses, the gait l)ecomes short, and the horse islialilc 
to stumble, going too much on his toes, forming lameness known as 
groggy lameness. 

Upon pressure of the tlunnb ilown into the hollow of the pastern, l)e- 
tween the heels, tenderness will be noticed , and usually some swelling ; the 
hollow will be tilled up, and the jiastern will be straightened up, nearer 
the pei'pendieular than is natural, and liie knees will soon begin to go 
over. 

What to do.— When the tirst symptoms arc noticed, viz: slight lame- 
ness, with inclination to stumble, going out a little lame and soon wai-ni- 
ing out of it, tenderness to pressure in the hollow of tlie pastern and to 
tapping on the frog and heels, take off the shoes, pare out the feet well, 
oi)en the heels, reduce the frog a little, and put on a wide-webbed, oi)en 
shoe with the heels raised half an inch, to take off the bearing from the 
heels and frog, and to relieve the tension on the tendon. Then put the 
foot into a hot, soft, linseed poultice : change it once a day, and continue 
it right along for a couple of weeks. 

If matter sliould show itself anywhere, you may be sure you have 
made a mistake in the disease. The matter must come from a nail or a 
corn, for mallei never shows itself in navicular disease. Trace the pus, 
if anv, to its origin, and treat it as pivscribed for Pricks from Nails, and 
Corns. 

After ten days or a fortnight, if tiic horse is better, take off the poul- 
tice and apply a lly l>lisler to the iiollow of the pastern, if it is swollen ; 



I'KK.T Ol' I'llK llOlisK .\M> IIIKIK DISKASKS. 



•2->f) 




it'ii()l,K'l it nloiic. yVI'Icr llir lilislci' lias hccii on lur t wcUc hniirs, 
f-iucai- frcsli lariloNcr it. ContiiiiK^ tliis oiici^ a day, till the scalis cuiiic nlT ; 
tlicii imn liiiii out to jiras.s, witli tlu* siioi^ on, Imt I'oscit. it once a niDiitli, 
wilii till' saiiio ilircctiniw carried out as L;i\i'ii aliovc. 

IC it is iiiipnic;U('al)li' to turn to n'lass, \<^'l•\^ (lie foot soft I'or a rouplc 
of months, by soakiiiii' in ii fool-Natli, oi' ixudtirc-lioots occasioually. 
lie iiad hetter not be, worked or (ii-i\-en <linin!i' tiiis tieat- 
nicnt. Even iift(!r you think in' is well, tiie iiiuli heel had 
bottor be continued for a couple of months. 

If this does not cure, the next tliiuL;' to l)e done is to 
ha\c a fi'off .si'toii inserted. This reipiircs the skill 
of a (pialifi(Kl vi'terinary suriieon, and the foot nnist 
bo kept in a poultice boot- si.\ weeks. A long 
rest and proper shoeing iifterwards will also be neces- 
necessary. 

In all chronic cases, or those that will not yield to 
trontnient, all there remains to be done, is to ])erforra 
neurotomy. This also nMpiii-es the skill of the surg((on ; uiacuam. 

it never slioidd be dom\ except as a last resort, and when showintf thii.iursf 

ill • 1 i' • III (• J I ■ *>l tilt-" m-rvc tliat 

the horse is useless troni meuralile lameness, Iromtliis or is ncvcrcd in neu. 

U,. • J 1 I* , rotoiiiy. (I in the 

ler disease iii tiieleel. i.urvo irad.ni. to 

III. Contraction of the Foot. 

Causes. — ('ontractiou is thought liy many to be an original disease, 
coming on without, any departure from a heailliy foot jirt^viously ; but 
this is a mistake, except in veiy rare instances. It, is nearly always tiie 
effect of some oIIkm" disease, csi)eeially when l)a<l. (lontraction accom- 
j)anie8 navicular disease, coi'iis, foiuider, sprains of tiie tendons, liga- 
ments and muscles of the leg or shoulder. Any long-standing lame- 
ness, of liie foot or leg, is always accompanied by contraction (if that foot 
from tii(^ colli, iimal rest it gets in being favored eviii'y time the horst; 
stojis ; when standing, he always points (hat foot, and rests it till 
compelled to start again. At the same time, the healthy foot expands on 
a<coiinl of getting more than its share of the work ; so it is only a (|ues- 
tion of a, short time for the feet to become very unevtMi, one small and tlii^ 
other large ; and tlu^y will no longer be mates. WIkmi you S(!0 this eon- 
dilioii yon mav look for ehronii^ lameness ; it is most likely to be in tiie 
feel, eitlier navicular disease, or chronic founder. 

But contraction, to a certain (^x(ent, is the inevitable result of shoeing. 
A (H)lt's foot, btd'ort^ being shod, is large, round and optMi-hetdcd, tlie 
(|uarters spread out iil\(^ wings, and the \\liole foot on tlie under side has 



25() 



VMKIJUAN lAKJIKI! S STOCK HOOK. 



llic appoanmco of a lai'jio saucor. In sliociiiii', ihv qiuirtcrs have to he 
narrowed more tlian tlic toe, heeausc tl)t>v are spread more, and in their 
expanded eondition eannot l)ear weijjfht on a shoe ; tiie toe gx'ts broken 
and worn off, wiiile rininin<r, so it never sprcsads to the sanie extent as the 
(juarters. 

'riie cause of the eolt's foot being so round and open is, tliat he has 
run on tlie turf witiiout shoes, the feet have gathered so nuieh moisture, 
l)een kei)t so soft, stejjjjing on tlie earth or into tlie mud. that they 
aet like a sponge, being compressed when stepped on, and expanding as 
soon as the weight is relieved, so that the hoof spreads a little every time 
the foot is raised. Another reason is, the foot being in moisture nearly 
all the time, the hoof grows faster, and extra fast growth is inclined to 
s})reading, whereas a slow growth is incMned to contraction : antl as soon 
as the colt is shod and |)ut to work the slower growth of the hoof begins, 
and with it contraction. 

(iootl shoeing will do a gn'at deal towards j)reventing contraction and 
keeping the feet in good condition ; and bad shoeing will ruin a foot in 
very little time. 



There is no more prolitic cause 
than leaving the shoes on six, 
eight or twelve weeks without being 
reset, for the shoe, lieing nailed to the 
hoof, compels it to grow down in tiic 
form prescribed by the shoe. And 
when it is removed, and the hoof pared 
down to its natural size, you will find 
the heels very much contracted. An- 
other common cause is standing on 
llowinir the feet to bccouu' all dried up. 




SHOE' LEFT ON TOO LONG. 

inff the lioof to prow over the shoe at tlie 
irUTS, and to contract. 



haril floor; 

What to do. — AVhen there is lu) otiier disease in the foot, and con- 
traction comes from bad or neglected shoeing, pull off the shoes, pare the 
feet down liberally, so as to be able to press the sole with the thuml), 
open the heels right up to the soft parts, rasj) off the (juarters ([uitc tliin, 
leave the frog as large as possible, in fact do not toucii it at all. I'licu 
rub in a little Hy blister to the coronet, smear the (juarters with hoof oint- 
ment once a day, and turn out to pasture on .soft ground. If ytui do not 
wish to turn the horse out, tlie shoes maybe put on again; in doing 
so, let them be ])lain shoes with no calks, medium weight, perfectly level 
on the bearing surface, and beveled off to avoid bearing on the sole. 
Reduce the quarters so as to relieve them of any bearing on the shoe. 



FEET OF TJIE HORSE AND THEIR DISEASES. 



257 



and let the frojT conie right down to the ground. Set the shoes once ev- 
ery three or four weeks, and repeat the above treatment each time, and in 
the course of throe or four months, you will have a decent foot. There 
are several methods of spreading the heels by force, but in the long run 
they arc all impracticable, and cannot be recommended. In addition to 
the above treatment, the feet may be packed with any soft packing, or a 
wet sponge held to the sole by any one of the many devices for that pur- 
pose ; or the horse may be stood in a soak tub of either hot or cold water 
a couple of hours in the forenoon, and the same in the afternoon ; or 
stand him in a clay puddle, as prescribed for founder. 





A LOW HEELED, FLAT FOOT. 
Seldom afflicted Willi contraction 



A STRONG, UPRIGHT, 
HIGH HEELED FOOT. 



Predisposed to c 



IV. Gravel. 

Causes. — Gravel is ai)t to work up into a sore of any kind in the foot, 
and cause great pain, irritation and lameness. It often gets into a corn, 
or into a nail hole, made either l)y a prick in shoeing, or by a nail picked 
up in the road. It may get into a quarter crack, calk, or any wound 
whatever, and always causes an increased inilammation, and aggravates 
any existing difficulty. 

How to know it. — Examine the wound carefully, to avoid pushing the 
gravel farthci' in. It will be readily detected by feeling hard, grating 
grains in the wound, or by the dirty appearance of the wound itself ; it 
will look black and unhealthy. 

If neglected, it will work up through and break out at the top, forming 
a quittor. It sometimes gets into a crack that forms between the wall 
of the quarter and the sole, either from the sole shrinking away from the 
wall, or the wall being broken away from the sole. 

What to do. — Trim the hoof away around the opening, so as to have 
plenty of room, then wash it out, rinse it out with a syringe, by shooting 



258 



THE AJIEUK AN FAKMEK S STOCK HOOK. 



the water into the hole with f<ome force ; tiien dig it all out carefull}', and 
inject into it cail)olic lotion : 

Xo. 5. 1 Part carbolic acid, 

30 Tarts water. 
Mix. 

Then appi}' a poultice, hot and soft. Repeat this once a day till the hole 
is filled np with sound, healtliv flesh. Then ai)ply the treatment pre- 
scribed for corns. 

V. Canker. 

When any extensive disease of the feet necessitates the exposure of 
much of the soft structures, mstead of the flesh becoming nicely covered 
Avith hoof, and coming out smooth, it sometimes sprouts up into a shreddy, 
leathery substance, that will not grow together and form hoof, but remains 
spongy, enlai'god, soft and tender. 





CANKEU OF THE SOLE. 



CANKEl! OK TUE FROG. 



The horn laid back to show 
the diseased parts. 



Causes. — Neglected or badly treated wounds, they being also affected 
bv the air in which the horse is kept during the healing of them ; low, 
damp, dirty stables, without drainage or ventilation ; and the horse 
standing in his own excrement during their treatment. 

It is more common among draft horses and those of a phlegmatic 
nature. 

How to know it. — By the uneven surface, growing up in leaves that 
extend down, sometimes from a half to three quarters of an inch. 

What to do. — Bad cases are usually considered incurable ; when such 
exist, the foot never can be made to grow into a fine, solid hoof. But in 
most cases the disease will yield to proper treatment. 

Pare away all you can without l)leeding it ; then dress it witii pow- 
dered blue vitriol. Keep the sole and all diseased portions dry ; this is most 
important, as moisture prevents a solid growth, and promotes a fungous 
growth. If anv pus comes out between the leaves, insert, well down into 



FEET OF THE HOUSE AND THEIli DISEASES. 259 

the hole, a stick of lunar caustic. Dress it in thiswaj' once a day till the 
leaves are all reduced to a solid surface, then, if it is raw flesh, and not too 
pj-oininent, apply burnt alum or air-slacked lime, alternating them 
occasionally with the vitriol. Keep the sore part perfectly dry all the 
time. 

When it is well started, and good quality of hoof is growing, dress it 
with pine tar and tow. The horse may be shod as soon as it is well 
enough to be dressed with the tar ; before that time the shoe is better off, 
the foot being in a canvas bag and the horse running in a box stall. 

VI. Calks. 

Causes. — Calks are cuts and bruises on the coronet, or .soft parts above 
it, caused by one foot stepping upon the other, and the calk of the shoe, 
if sharp, cuts into the flesh. It is most common in fall, winter and 
spring, when mud and snow are deep ; the horse getting stuck is almost 
sure to step on his own feet. 





CALKS OR TREADS ON THE CORONET. 

What to do. — If the wound is in the skin, and of any length beyond 
one inch, take a stitch in it, or more if needed. Put the stitches half an 
inch apart, first clipping off the hair along the edges of the wound. If 
any artery is cut, so as to bleed a stream, put a dry sponge over it and 
bandage with a coarse cotton bandage, tight ; leave it on ten or twelve 
hours, then remove and dress with the car])olic lotion : 

No. 0. )-2 Oiiuoe carbolic acid. 

1 Pint water. 
Mix. 

Sop it on and bandage just tight enough to keep the parts in their proper 
position. Remove the bandage twice a day, wash the wound with warm 
water and castile soap, and dress Avith the above lotion. 

AVhen the edges are united, or if the .stitches tear out, which they are 
very apt to do, and expose a raw surface, apply the White lotion : 

No. 7. G Drachms suliiliate of zinc. 

1 Ounce sugar of lead. 
1 Pint water. 
Mix and shake. 



2()0 Till'; AMKIMCAN I'.VK.MIOK's STOCK HOOK. 

Dress ihc woiiiid willi this three times ;i day, washing it as often as 
necessary to keep it elear of pus. If the wound is inclined to gape opiMi, 
continue the liandage a few days. 

If the calk Is in the coronet, running down luuler the hoof, it will fes- 
ter, and pus will accumulate and cause great lameness ; the part will 
swell, and will bo rod, hot and tender to the touch ; the lameness being 
so great in some cases as to prevent the animal putting the foot to the 
ground at all. 

Pare away all ragged edges, and as much of the hoof, following the 
sore down, as conlincs any pus ; remove any hair or other foreign matter 
that may have got into it ; then apply a poultice, after dressing with the 
carbolic lotion. No. (!. C'hange the poultice twice a day, using the car- 
bolic lotion each time, and examine the wound carefully to ascertain if 
there is a sack or pocket containing pus below where it is pared out. 
The hoof needs to be reduced to the bottom of the wound and kept so. 
Continue the poultice until the hole fills up, and the lameness is nearly or 
quite gone ; then discontiiuie the poultice and dress three times a day 
with the White lotion, No. 7. 

Lay the horse u[) till the wound is well enough not to be injured by 
sand getting into it. If any j)roud tlesli springs up, l)urn it down with 
burnt alum. 

When the hoof is growing down, apply a mild blister of flies to the 
coronet, and trim the new growth from time to time to keep it smooth. 

The flesh which fills up the hole in the hoof must be kept down even 
with the deep edge of the old hoof, otherwise the edges press against 
the flesh and prevent it from healing. 

VII. Fracture of the Bono of the Foot. 

Causes. — This does not occur very often, but we see it occasionally. 
It is caused by striking the foot with great force against any hard sul)- 
stance, especially if the foot receives the blow on the quarter. The bono 
of the foot may also bo fractured by being run over with a loaded wagon ; 
or by l)eing stepped on by a heavy horse, the foot coming on the toji of 
the hoof in front breaks the pyramidal process, (the point rising from 
the center of the coflin bone.) 

How to Know it. — Extreme lameness comes on suddenly, soon after 
the accident, and increases with time. The foot swells around the coro- 
net, and is very tender, and the horse will not put any weight on it at all. 

What to do. — Remove the shoe and ascertain, if possible, the location 
of the injury by pressure, tapping and pinching; then pare or file away 



rEET OF THE HOUSE AND THEll! DISEASES. 



2(51 




the hoof over the spot, so as to give it a chance to swell and relieve the 

pressure. Put the foot into a poultice ; change it once a day, and relieve 

the pain as much as possible by paring away all the 

hoof you can over and around the part ; it will 

grow again long before the horse is fit to work. 

If any hole forms for the escape of the pus, you 

may be sure there is a broken piece of bone that 

is acting as an irritant, and must be removed. 

Follow down the hole, paring away the hoof as 

much as is necessary to remove all detached pieces, 

for every piece that is separated from the main 

body will have to come out. 

When all the pieces are removed, dress with the (•ar1)oIie lotion. No. (!, 
twice a day, letting the poultice come over it until the discharge is stop- 
ped, and the hole tilled up with flesh. Then dress it with the White lo- 
tion. No. 7, three times a day. Trim the new hoof as it grows to make it 
gi-ow down as evenly as possil)le. When sufficiently healed to be safe to 
turn him out, do so, and let him run two or three months. In most cases 
the wound will All up and heal with very little trouble, and the foot will 
be nearly as good as before. 



DIAGRAM OF FOOT. 



showing the position of the 



VIII. stone Bruises. 

Causes. — Bruises are often found on the feet, especially around the 
heels. They are usually caused l)y stepping on round or pointed stones, 
or other hard substance. Sometimes they are slight and get well without 
any treatment other than a day or two of rest. 
But sometimes they result seriously, when the 
bi'uise is so deep that suppuration takes place, and 
is liable to spread or woi'k up through and break 
out at the top, like a corn. Sometimes the bruise 
is so severe as to destroy the life of the soft 
IDarts underneath, causing them to slough out 
bodily as soon as the hoof over the spot is 
removed, leaving a hole large enough to put your 
finger into. Sometimes it comes by a very hard 
blow on the heel of the shoe, which bruises the 
quarter, and all of its attachments, from the bone, 
so that a core as large as the end of your thumb 
sloughs off the wing of the coffin bone. When the injury is so great it 
must be promptly treated, or it will break out at the toj) and form a 
quit tor. 




BOTTOM OF FOOT. 

; between 



■2i<-2 



Tin: AMKKic.w rAiniK.i; s stock hook. 



How to know it. — I'Iumc will l)e lamciu'ss, jn-corilinii to llio i-xtont of 
the injury. Upon exainiiuition a tender spot is found on tiio sole or frog, 
or on one of tiic heels. Lameness increases from day to day. When 
the shoe is removed no nail iiolo is found, nor any discoloration denoting 
a corn ; 1)ut the tender spot exists ; it is not where tenderness from luivic- 
ular disease would i)e found, therefore you come to the coiiclnsion that 
it is a hruisc. 

What to do. — The shoo being removed, put the foot into a poultice for 
twenty-four iiours. Then pare down on the bruised spot and liherato 
any pus that may have formed; if none is found without cutting too 
deep, replace the poultice and try again the next day. A pair of pinch- 
ers will hell) to locate the bruise by pinching all arounil the foot. If the 
tissue is lu'uised off the wing of the coffin bone, it will come out liUc a 
core when it is sufficiently I'ottcd and the sole is cut away underneath ; if 
it is not cut away the disease will go on and lireak out at tiic top of the 
hoof. 

Whi'u the core is f alien out. dress it 
M'itli the carbolic lotion, A'o. (i, antl replace the 
poultice. Continue this treatment till the hole 
is tilled up with sound, healthy flesh. Then dry 
it up with pondered blue vitriol by applying it 
once a day ; omitting the i)Oultice andleavingthe 
solo dry, but keep the foot cool and soft with 
swal)s tied aroimd the wall of the foot, and wet 
iv^bruiMd ^^''''^ ^■"'*^' water several times a day. When dry, 
dress with tar and tow and jiut on the shoe so as 
to protect the weak spot : do not have any bearing on that portion. 

IX. Sido Bono. 

Side bone is a hardening of tiie lateral cartilages of the fore feet. 
These cart ihiijes are situated in the (inarters of tiiefect, one on eacii 
side, and are attached to the wings of the coffin bone. They extend 
above the ([uarters of the hoof, are covered only with the skin, and can 
be felt readily ; they are found to be very pliable in health, but are \k'v- 
fectlv solid in cases of side bone, being ossified. They are the result of 
intlammation in the lateral cartilages. 

Causes. — Any severe injury to the quarter, by the horse stepping on 
his own feet, getting the foot caught inuler a root in a Avoody pasture, 
contraction of the heels setting up inflanunation l>y undue jn-essure, quit- 
tor, very severe nail wounds, or severe bruising of the heels :and it often 
accompanies navicular disease. 




IlIAOKAM or A I'OOT. 

Showing positii 
fin bone, often badlv^b 
and sometimes fractured. 



FKET OF TIIK IIOKSH AM) TIIKIK UlSKAiSES. 263 

How to know it. — Tlic i|itii iters aro ciiliirgcil upwards from the hoof, 
arc as hanl as bone, and perfectly intiUistic. lu the early stage there 
will be heat, soreness, pain upon pressure, and lameness. 

What to do. — Wiicn the quarters have been bruised or injured, in any 
way, fi)ineii( with hot water in eold weather, and cold water in hot weather. 
Apply the water as continuously as possible, and wrap them in woolen 
cloths saturated Avith water between the times of bathing. When the 
soreness has left them, and there is no more lameness, discontinue the 
water treatment, and apply a Hy blister over the spots. This will cause 
any remnants of inflammation to bo absorbed. After they are once thor- 
oughly hard they seldom or never cause any further lameness, but there 
will always be a chunsy, stiff action, due to a want of elasticity. 



CIlAl^TEli IV. 



SHOEING AND CABE OP THE FEET. 



I. WHAT A SIIOKU CAN DO. II. HOW TO I'REPAUE THE FOOT FOR THE SHOF,. III. 

•WHEUE THE ISEAUING SHOl'LU UEST. IV. WEIGHT OF SHOES AND HOW TO FIT 

THEM. V. C.\KE OF THE FEET IN THE STABLE. VI. THE FLOOR OK THE 

STALL. 

I. What a Shoor Can Do. 

Horso shoeing is a tnulo in wiiich a great deal of skill can bo exhibited. 
A good shocr can keep the feet in the very best condition as far as shoe- 
ing is concerned, and a poor one can ruin a set of feet in a very short 
time. 

II. How to Prepare the Foot for the Shoe. 

The foot should be carefully prepared by being rasped down to its 
proper size and all superlliious growth of Avail and sole removed. To do 
this requires judgment, for there are scarcely two feet alike. Some grow 
faster Ihan others ; some are high-heeled and some low, some have thick 
.soles and are very concave, while others liavo thin soles and are Hat. Flat- 
footed horses have the latter, and the e.\trcmc in the other direction is 
seen in the club-foot. In Hat feet the toes are long and thin and are 
spread out, the heels low and soles thin. In dub-fcet the toe is short, 
the wall straight, almost perpendicular, the heels high and strong, and 
the soles thick. The flat foot needs very little paring and is seldom 
afflicted with conti-action, while the strong foot is very prone to contrac- 
tion and needs considerable trimming to prepare it for the shoe. The 
flat foot is more subject to laminitis, bruises, prickingand gravel ; the 
strong one to corns, quittor, contraction and navicular disease. Both the 
Hat foot and the strong foot are objectionable ; the medium is the best 

foot. 

264 



StIOEING AND CARE OF THE FEET. 



265 



III. Where the Bearing Shoiild Rest. 
Ill paring the foot for the shoe, the wall wants to receive the most of 
the bearing, though the sole near the wall can take some of it. The 
heels ought to be lowered the least trifle to reduce their bearing, and 
should be opened about half way up to the hair in a V shaped manner to 
allow the foot to expand a little every time the weight comes on it, so as 
to avoid as much as jjossible the evil of contraction, which, as already 
stated, is the inevitable accompaniment, more or less, of slioeing in all 
cases. If there are any ragged edges on the frog, trim them off, other- 
wise the frog need not l>e touched. 

IV. Weight of Shoes and How to Fit Them. 

In making the shoe it should Ije perfectly level on the liearing surface, 
beveled off gently all around fi'om aliout three-eighths of an inch from 
the outside to the inside, so as to avoid giving any bearing on the sole, 
and to facilitate the removal of any gravel that might work in Ijetween 
the shoe and sole. Let it be of good length, and of a weight to suit the 
horse ; some require heavy and some light 
.shoes. Fore shoes vary in weight from 
ten to twenty ounces ; hind ones, from 
eight to twelve ounces. On the 
ground surface it is well to bevel towards 
the centre, thereby widening the web 
which protects the sole from bruises and 
pricking from nails. Let the toe be 
rounded off for driving horses to prevent 
stumbling, and give them as little calking 
as their work will allow. The driving- 
horse is usually better on a plain shoe, 
while the draft horse needs calks to give 
him a purchase on the ground so as to 
pull heavy loads. The hind shoes are 
best with a small toe calk, and the heels 
raised by leaving the shoe a little thicker 
to level it up to the too calk. 

Shoeing for diseased feet, (pathalogi- 
cal shoeing, ) has been treated on in con- 
nection with the diseases of the feet in 
the two preceding chaiitcr.s. 

In finishing off a foot with the rasp, after shoeing, the wall should not 
be rasped above the nail clinches, as it destroys the oily, unctions co\-cr- 
iiig that is there to keep the fibers tough and plialile, and prevent sand 
cia;'k. 




THE CKAMPON, TO PREVENT HORSES 
SLIPPIMG IN FROSTY WEATHER. 



2(36 



THK AMKIMCA.V FAiniKI! S STOCK l!(}OK. 



V. Care of the Feet in the Stable. 




A I'l.AIN SIIOK 



Giro of the feet in the stable has a greiit 
inthu'iico on their health. Horses that arc 
kept on floors and pavements continualh', 
and even toiuitry horses in dry weatii- 
cr, slioidd have the feet either soai^ed 
out in a foot hath or clay puddle, or 
pacUcd with moist sponge or oil-cake meal 
two or threes times a week. If it is not done, 
they dry and contract from want of moisture, 
oct ')rittle, and have sand and (|uarter cracks, 
and lose nearly all touuhness. When the iioof 
is brittle and inclined to crack, in addition to 
the ai)ove, a hoof ointment, made and ap- 
plied as follows is l)cneticial: 



4 KhiUl ounces pine tar, 
4 Kliiiil ounces whale oil. 
Mix. 



Rul) a little well into the coronet and upper part of the hoof onceaciay. 
If tlic ointment gets too tiiin in warm weather, a couple of ounces of mut- 
ton tidlow may l>e added to give it a l)ettcr consistency. 

VI. The Floor of the Stall. 



Confinement to the stable, even luider the most favorable circumstan- 
ces, has a tendency to i)roduce diseases of the feet, such as are comjiara- 
tively I'arc among farm horses which enjoy constant exercise at work or 
running in the pasture. The anatomy of the 
Ikm-sc's fool is such that exercise is absolutely 
necessary to keep up the circulation of blood 
under the hoof, and the bad effects of inaction arc 
only aggravated by re(|uiring the animal to stand 
on an unnecessarily hard surface. The confined 
horse endeavors to supply the lack of outdoor 
exercise by stamping and pawing, and should have 
a soft surface of earth or sawdust to paw upon. 
Pawing and stamping serve the specitic |)urpose of 
keeping the blood moving inulcr the hoof; crib-biting on the other hand 
is often mcrclv an exhibition of the restlessness an active animal 
feels at being cooi)ed up. 




)F TUK house's 

FOOT. 



The network of veil 
valves situated ir 
under the secretive 
of tlie hoof. 



'ithout 
iiatelj 



SIIOKIX(} AND CARE OF Til 



267 



In I'onstructing the floor of the stall the health and comfort of its occu- 
pant will also bo promoted, if care is taken 
to avoid having his fore feet rest upon a 
higher level than his hind feet. The 
opposite pi'actice, that of building the 
stall floor to slope from the manger 
backwards, is too often resorted to for 
the purpose of securing surface drain- 
age ; but it is a blunder to do this. 
When in the open field and free to 
choose his ground, the horse will select 

for rest a gentle slope on which he will '''"' i'itinc 

stand with his fore feet resting on a lower level than that 





EESTING WITH THE HIND FEKT HKUIKK THAN THE FOKE FEET. 



pied by his hind feet. It is the position in which there' is least strain 
upon the back muscles of the foot and leg while standing — the one 
in which the horse rests easiest. 



CHAPTER V. 
LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AITD DISEASES. 




I. ISONK M'AVIN. 11. lux; SPAVIN. III. OCCIILT SPAVIN. IV. HLOOD SPAV- 
IN. V. TIlOUOrOllPIN. VI. CUHB. VII. KING BONK. VIII. SPLINT. 

IX. SPRAIN OF BACK TENDONS OF THE FOUE LEGS. X. BROKEN 

KOWN. 

1. Bono Spavin. 

Spavin is an arbitrary nauu' jiivcii to disease of the hock joint, in whicli 
inflaniination is an early syinpton. Effusion follows it, and ossification 
of the exudate forms a hoiiy lump on the joint, usually on the inner 
.•^ide near the front, l)ut it may oeeur on any part of the joint. It always 
j-.ffects the joints more or less and causes great lameness, which is usually 
susceptible of a cure, but sometimes defies treatment, and permanent 
lameness is the result. 

The hock joint is composed of ii (rue fiock joint that works like a hinge, 
and three flat gliding joints below it before we come to 
the cannon bone, and on each side of the cannon is a splint 
bone the same as in the fore leg. The connection between 
the splint and cannon bones is ligamentous. The 
spavin usually takes its origin between the cannon and the 
inner splint l)one, and extends up to the joint and around 
it, and sometimes involving the whole hock, except the 
true hock joint, stiffening it and interfering with the action 
Lock joint. very seriously. 

Causes. — It is often caused by a sprain of the ligamentous connection 
between the cannon and inner splint. iSome- 
tiinesthe siirain may affect the ligamentous con- 
nection between the cannon and the outer splint, 
but usually it is on the inner side, on account 
of the line of the center of gravity being 
more to liie inside, bringing more weight 
to the inside than to the outside. It is sometimes 
caused by a bruising of the joint itself by kick- 
ing, jum[)ing, running, pulling heavy loads up 
hill, bringing great .strain on the hind legs ; by 
slipping when the weight is on that leg ; by 
blows, kicks from other horses : by getting cast in the stall. In fact any- 
thing that seriously injures the joint, may run on and form a bone 

spaviu. 

2()8 



BONE M'AVlN. 

Showing the bonv 
tumor on the in', 
nrr Mfle of the 




POSITION TO TAKE WHEN 
FEELING FOR A SPAVIN. 



LK(JS OF THE IIOKSK, THEIR ACCIDENTS AM) DISEASES. 2()9 

How to know it. — In the early stu^o there will I)e hiincness, more or 
less acute, ueeording to the iuiiount ofiiijury to the joint. The lameness will 
he distinguished b}' a stiffness in moving from side to side in the stall, 
liy backing out and going off on tiic too of the foot for a few steps, Imt 
soon improving with exercise till he will go all right after having gone a 
few steps, and remains so till stopped and allowed to cool off, when he 
will go off worse than ever, until warmed up again. The cause of this 





Position of a foot tliat cannot be raised from Position of a lieallliy fuel raiseil from 
tlie ground by reason of spavin. tlie ground in iui easy Irot. 

is : By standing the joint beccnnes dry, and great pain attends the flex- 
ion of it, but the exercise excites the secretion of synovia, (joint oil) 
which lubricates it, and the horse is comfortable till the joint gets dry 
again. 

Upon pressure, a soreness and heat will \w. found, usually just at the 
bottom of the joint on the inside, but well to the front. A slight amount 
of swelling may bo noticed, but not much until the second stage is 
reached, when a hard, bony enlargement will spring up and extend moie 
or less, sometimes only involving the splint, cannon and the first bone of 
the gliding joint. But at other times it extends clear around and in- 
volves all the gliding joints, the calois and cuboid parts of the joint, and 
it leaves bony deposit around the tendons between the splint bones at the 
back of the hock. The enlargement is best seen by standing at the side 
of the horse, about a yard from the shoulder, when, instead of the 
smooth, straight declination of the inside of the hock, you will detect 
the lump just above the end of the camion. Sometimes the lump is 
farther back ; then it can be seen better by stooping down in front, and 
looking between the fore legs. Occasionally it will be seen only on the 
hack part of the hock ; then it usually escapes detection even by ex- 
perts. 

What to do. — If taken when it is in the first stage, before any effusion 
is thrown out, it can be cured by treating vigorously to remove the in- 
llannntition. This is best done by continuous applications of hot water 



27(1 



riiK AMi:i;i(\N i-aumki; s stock kook. 



<)!■ ixiulticfs ; i;ii>c tlir licrU i>t' llirl'di)! ;il)(Hi( all inch ami L:i\c alisoluto 
I'cst till nil laiiu'iit'ss and soivncss ari' iionc. 'Ilirii lurii liini out lo 
frrass Of straw yard for tlinui or four iiiontlis. 

iJiil if llic s|ia\in runs on to ijn' second stajrc, in wliicli effusion is 
lliidwn ont and u-.siliralion is l(ci;un, a j^ood smart blister, well nil)l)ed in 
after the soreness is taken out hy the hot ai)pli<'ations, will iierforni ji'ood 
work in some instances. If it is not impi'oved liy tlietiist ai)i)licati()ii 
repeal it. The Mister is made as follows: 

Ne. 11. 



.\l>() prep.-in 
No, 111. 



'.. (Imicr |mi\ii1.tim1 c'iiiilli:ci-iil<'s, 
•2 ()liiii-r> liinl, 
MK. 

•J IHmiImii- nil iddiilc ef iiicn-lirj . 
•2 (iiiiirc«l;iril. 
Mis. 



Mix the two l)li>ters toiiel her and riili it well in. first cutting off the 
hair. Alter twelve hours, smear fre>li lard oxer the place. Kcpeat 
III.' lard once a day till the scalis are :ill olT and the skin is nearly healed ; 
then repeat t ln' lilister, and so on till ln' isciiicil. 'i'liis t real iiieni is effec- 
tual if lieoiin in time and Nigorously applied, and siillieicnl rest uivcn 
afterwards. it ma\' alisorli nearly all of the enl.-irL;('meiits. If this fails, 
or if the ease is allowed to run on to the third or coiitirmed staii'c, in 
which the lump has liccome thoroughly ossilied and the gliding joints moi-o 
or less i lie lira I il\ affected, the only hope of tloiug anything to any advantage 
is to produce anchylosis (stiffness ) of the joint . l'"or when tin- articul.ir 
surface of the joint is MUU'li iiffiM'ted it cannot lie eiiied and resldicd to 
soundness, so the only thing to do is to stop the lamelios. The iim^t 
idfeetual wav to do this is to .apply the .actual cautery ( tiring iron ), w liich 
produces so great an amoiiiil of artiticial inllaniniatioii, cairses such ;in 
increased How of nutrition to the |iarl, tli.at, when ;(ccompanie<l \i\ rest, 
it destro\s till' joints that are affected, liy stiffening them. There are 
several \va\s of ap|il\ing the tiring iron, imt the most eommiiii is to pa>s 
the iron, with a dull ( dge, o\er the part affected, in lines running 
<)l)rK|iiel\' each \va\, forwards and liackwards, from a cent re line drawn 
])crpen(lii'ularl\ fnuii .-ilMint tln' centre of the hock on the inside to a point 
on the cannon ahoiit an inch and a half lielow the hock. Draw similar 
lines on the front and hack of the hock, and then di.iw the oliliipu' lines 
from one to theotliei', gixiiig it a feathered appearaiH'c. lii had eases it 
is advisahli" to lii'e on the outside of the hock, too, as a suri-r ini"an> 
of removing the lameness, liut, on account of the iion K'aving.-<cars where- 
over it lou<'iu's, this outside application is usually ohjeeted to, unless tiio 
first tiring fails and it has to l>e repeated ; then it should always lie car- 
ried clear around. It is the opinion of some authorities that every case ciui 
be cured of Lameness liy repeating the tiring, if nece-sary. half :i do/eu 



LI'XJS OK Tin; IIOUSK, llli;!!! ACflDK.N is AM) 



1^71 



tiiiios, l)ut it is acci'iitrd ;is a fuel, \>y luosl siiriicoiis, thai wluMitlic 
iirliciilar ciids of (lieboiies iiri'iilccralcd llicri' will ])v iJiTiiiiiiicnt laiiu'iioss. 

iV|)])ly tlic l)listcr, Ko. t), well ru))l)('tl in with flic^ Iiaiul, iinincdiatcl}' 
aflcr firing. Sonic o|)i'riitors deliiy Hk' lilistcr 111! luxt day. Iiiil it is 
jinvfcrahlc to nil) it in before the leg gets sore and swdllcn from the 
tiring. Tie up I he liorse's hciul for twelve hours t(» prevent him biting 
il. .'M'ter twelve hours, grease over, and repeat the application oiiee a 
d.iy till i)us begins to form uiuler the scabs; then wash il once a day 
wilh warm water and soap lo ])revent blemishing by the pus burrowing 
under lhescal)s. W'iien dry, rub the grease in. (Ji\c iiiin alisolutc rest 
in tiie stable for four weeks; then give him a three or four inonllis' run at 
grass; and when bogiiiiiiiig to work again, lot it be gently for soiih' time. 
\^'hile this treatnicnt is going on, it is advisable to have a high-hecled 
siioc on tile fool n( the lame leg; let it be raised an incii. \\'iieii shoe- 
ing, al'Icr he is well, continue tiic higli calks for a month or two. 

Tlici-c are ininicroiis patented spa\in cures in the market , some of 
which ha\c more oi- less mciil ; but as a rule, the aboxc is the onl\- relia- 
ble treatment . Some of t he nostrums claim to be able to cui'c a spavin 
in twenty-four hours \\ it liout breaking the skill, but they are hunilmg.s of 
the worst kind. Sometimes very strong corrosive blisters are recom- 
meiuled, such as corrosive siibliniate, etc., but they are cruel in the 
extreme and not as likely to euro as the treatment laid out al)ovc, which, 
being the most huniaiie, although ])retly severe, is the best to inirsue. 
A\'lieii tiring, it is advisable to cast the horse to keep I'ontrol of him and 
be aiih^ to perform a better operation, and the hair sli(Uild be shaved (dT. 

II. Bog Spavin. 

This is the name gi\'cn to an cnlargemcul of the hock b\- distension of 
tli<' synoxial bursa, 'i'lie synovial membrane of the joint becomes in- 
llamed and secretes a sujierabuiidaiit amount of joint oil w hidi distends 
the membriine and enlarges tlu^ ji'inl sonu'tiincs to the size of achild's 
head. It can lie alleviated by good treatment, but when once well-dis- 
tended it can seldom be radically cured, and \cr\' main' uufortiinato 
animals c,ai-ry the big joint with them to the bone yard. 

Causes. — It is (■•■insed by sevcic spiain of the joint, tlu^ inllainmation 
extending to the synovial membrane, and sometinies even 
to the joint. Sometimes the origin of it lies in the joint itself 
from soverebruisingby eoiicussion when jumping, kicking or 
beingkicked. It is also caused by wounds from being stabbed 
with the fork by nnikless grooms, or i)ricks from nails in 
the stall, wlieii a restless horse deniolishcs it by kicking. 

How to know it. — There will be a large, soft swelling 
on the inner and front aspect of the hock. The swelling 
is of the same character as wind ii.ills ; it seems to lie tilled 




110( k JOIN I 
Shewing tilt- ea. 



•212 TlIK AMEKKAX FAKMEU S STOCK HOOK. 

it is synovia. In mild rases tliore is littlo, and, soniotiinos, no lanu'ncss ; 
bnt in bad oases there is lameness of a general eharacter, stiffness in the 
iioek, more pain evinced when starting than after a little excrci.sc, heat, 
soreness upon pressure, and a tendency to get worse rather than better, 
even with treatment. 

What to do. — Bathe it as contiiuu)usly as possible with either hot or 
cold water for twelve hours, then apply an oil-meal poultice, hot and soft. 
Continue the poultice for several days, changing it once a day, and bath- 
iuii" with hot water at the time of changing. When the soreness and 
lameness are gone apply the following liniment twice a day: 

Xo. 11. 3 Ounces tincture of iodine, 

1 Ounce aqua annuoiiia, 
1 Ounce turpentine, 
1 Ounce glycerine, 
Mix. 

l\iil) well in witii tlie haiul till the skin is (juite sore ; then grease it once 
a day till it is healed, then rei)eat. Keep it pretty sore for a few weeks, 
giving perfect rest. Then turn the horse otit for a long time. 

Some recommend baiulagcs, but the}' are not practical since they are 
very ditKcidt to keep on and always chafe the skin above and below, 
necessitating their suspension from time to time to allow the skin to heal. 
Puncturing the sack is prescribed by some, but it is very dangerous and 
cannot be recommended. 

III. Occult Spavin. 

Occult spavin is similar to l)one spavin in all respects, except that there 
is no enlargement, and no external evidence of any lesion whatever. The 
lameness is severe, persistent and of the same character as in bone spavin, 
the horse going off on the toe, working out of the lameness with exercise 
in the earlier stages, but the lameness is often permanent through all the 
subsequent stages. 

Causes. — Severe concussion on the ends of the bones in the joint 

How to know it. — There will be the characteristic bone spavin lame- 
ness, but the disease will show no outward marks. A very sure test is to 
drive the horse cnotigh to warm him u}) and get the spavin to working 
well, then let him stand half an hour, then take the toe of the foot of the 
lame leg in your hand and raise it as high as possible so as to flex the 
hock joint. Hold it there two or three minutes, then drop it and rush 
the horse off on a smart trot. If it is spavin he will go off on three legs 
for a few steps, and bring the toe down first as he wtiruis ii[) again, and 
after a little will go all right until stopped and allowed to cool. 

What to Do. — When it is satisfactorily located give it the same treat- 
ment jjrcscribcd for bone spavin. 



LEGS OF THE HOUSE, THKIK ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 273 

IV. Blood Spavin. 

Causes. — Blood spavin is a distonsiou of the saphena major vein as it 
pufiscs uvf !• the enlargeinentof hone spavin. The vein is constricted and 
the hh)od dammed ap to a certain extent, causing a distension of tlic 
coats of the vein and giving the leg the appearance of having a very large 
ht)ne spavin on it. It seldom does any liarm. 

How to know it. — Stand at the shoulder and view the hock as directed 
lor hone s[)aviH, and you will see the enlargement in the same position as 
llic lione spavin. 

What to do. — Upon examination with the hand, the enlargement will 
he found to he soft and readily ruhbed down, which should be done often. 
This is the only treatment of any virtue. 

V. Thoroughpin. 

Tliis is of the same natui(> as l)og spavin ( distension of the syno\ial 
l)ursa ) but occurs between the os calcis, forming the point of the hock, 
and the rest of the joint. It seldom does any more harm than to form an 
eyesoi'c. Lameness from it is very rare. 

Causes. — It is produced by many of the same causes that are ascribed 
to bog spavin, though tlie princii)ai cause is hard woi-k, consequently it 




ENLAKGEMENT. DIAGRAM. 

Forming: thoroughpin. Showing dissection of thor- 

ouphpin iind bo<; sp.ivin ; al- 
so the junction of thetwoaifec- 
tions. 

is often seen in draft horses, hack horses, stage horses, and animals for 
general utility. It is also often seen on stallions that are used for serv- 
ing mares, the sti'ain thrown on the hind legs being very great. It is 
often seen in young growing colts when large and hea\y for their age, 
owing to the immense weight brought upon young and tender joints. 

How to know it. — Unsightly puffs are seen just in front of the point 
of the hock. Th(>y are soft and ;ii)pear to be filled with air but it is syn- 
ovial Huid that distends them. Thoroughpin usually accompanies bog 
si)avin, but it may exist witliout tlie latter. 



274 



THE AMEUICAN I AUMEK .S STOCK I500K. 



What io do. 

\o. 12. 



-'NMicii lirsl seen, apply ;i cooliiij:' lutiini, made as follow.- 



rf^ 



1 ( liiiKi' iiuuiate of aiiiuiuiiia, 
I Oiiiu'e saltpetre. 
1 (juait water. 
Mix. 

Batlic the part with hot water, ml) dry and api)h' the lotion throe times 
a dav, iiivinii" ahsoliite rest. Follow this up for a week, then, after hath- 
ing with the hot water, apply the liniment No. 11, well rul)l)ed in, twieca 
day. AVhca the i)art gets sore from the liniment, hold up a few days and 
"•rease the part Avith lard till nearly healed, then repeat. It eannot be 
permanently cured, for, when made to absorb by the treatment and rest, 
it will return with work. 

In case of a young colt getting thoroughpin, shorten his allowance of 
feed a little for a couple of months, and the puffs will become absorbed. 

VI. Curb. 

Curb is an enlargement on the b-iek of the hock and a little l)elow. It 
is seen in the form of a bowed section about four inches in length ; some- 
times it is swollen up as thick as an 
inch from the healthy foi'in, and some- 
times the enlargement is so slight as 
to be hardly noticeable. When in the 
inflammatory stage the swellings eause 
lameness, l)ut Avhen once well hai-den- 
ed they seldom do. The seat of the 
injury lies in the calcaneo-cuboid 
ligament and others lying near it. 

That form of hock kn(>wn as curljy 
hock is most liable to it. The form 
that merits that name is curved from 
the foot to the stifle, extending back- 
ward outside of the peri)endicular line 
drawn straight from the posterior point of the hip to the ground. It is 
sometimes called sickle or cow hock. On account of the curved out- 
lint! of the le!f there is a greatly increased strain on the back of the leg at 
the point of the greatest curvature. This is found at the hock, hence we 
freipiently have curbs on such legs. 

Causes. — A sprain of the ligaments of the back part of the hock, fre- 
quently produced during severe exertions in jumping, running, trotting, 
pulling heav}' loads, etc. 

How to know it. — Standing at the side of the horse, opposite the hind 
parts, and lookiiiLi' across the legs you will notice a curve on the bai'k and 
lower portion of the hock, instead of a straight line, as there ought to be 




SICKLE on cow HOCKS. 

Most liable to curb. 



LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIK ACCIUEXTS AXD DISEASES. 275 

ill !i licultliv leg, from the point of the hock to the fetlock pad. lu recent 
cases there is lameness, heat, soreness to the touch, and, like all sprains, 
it jii-ows worse with exercise. 

What to do. — In a recent case when the .sprained tendons and ligaments 
are sore, swollen and hot, apply the cooling lotion, No. 12, bathing the 
part with hot water three or four times a day for half an hour at a time. 
Raise the heel an inch, continue this treatment till all soreness is gone, 
alidiit a week or ten days, then apply the blister, Nos. 9 and 10, mixed. 
When the Ijlister has taken well, grease it once a day for a few days till it 
is healed, then blister again. Give three or four weeks' rest. If this 
does not cure, or, if there is no improvement in two weeks, resort to the 
tiring iron. Draw a line down the back of the leg, over the curb, and then 
draw lines obliquely tQ it in the form of a feather. The lines should be 
burnt about half way through the skin, but in no case burn clear through, 
for that would make a bad blemish. Rul) the blister. No. 9, well in over 
the firing. Grease that the same as in the milder treatment, and wash it 
occasionally to remove scabs that may have pus underneath, -which must 
be liberated. In old, chronic cases that have been neglected or have not 
j'ielded to other treatment, resort immediately to the firing iron, as rec- 
ouHnendcd above. 

Prevention. — Avoid l)reeding animals that have curby hocks, for they 
arc Xi'vy objectionable, and the form of the leg, in most cases, is trans- 
mitted. 

VII. Ring Bone. 

This is an exostosis (bony enlargement ) on the pastern, around the 
upper or lower pastern joint. It usually runs clear around the leg in the 
form of a ring, hence its name. It usually forms around the upper pastern 
joint, but sometimes affects the lower one. In the latter case it is under 
the coi'onet, and is then worse, as it cannot be got at to be treated, and is 
more likely to cause permanent lameness from its extension to the navic- 
ular joint, involving it in the infiammation and anchyolsis. When the 
ringlione comes under the coronet, it often grows so large and extends so 
much as to make a large, ugly, stiff, club-foot of the handsome, elastic 
pedal extremity of the horse, and gives rise to permanent lameness. But 
when it forms around the upper joint it does not usually grow very large, 
and is quite susceptilile of treatment. 

Sometimes the bony deposit is only in front or on one side, or on both 
sides and not in front, in either the upper or lower forms. 

Causes. — A sprain, a i)low on the bone from a kick, stumbling and 
striking it on a stone, stab from a fork tine, in fact, any severe in- 
jury setting up inflammation on or near the bone, is apt to result in a riiig- 
lione. For the nutritive material sent to the le£js and feet is of a bonv 



27 (j 



TUK AMEinc.W FAiniEi: S STOCK liOOK. 




Showing Pastern 
am) Pedal Boneot 
a h.H^e aflfccted 
with Severe King- 
b<me. 

. The joint between 
the pastern bones, 
showing the 
groove in which 
me tendon of the 
extensor pedis 



iiiaUcs hoiic, SO wlicn an cft'iision is tlirown out it l)t'- 
loiues organized or forms part of tlie living systoni, 
and ossitios, the size of the deposit depending upon the 
extent of tile iiiHaniination. There is ;i tiieory among 
seientiHe men, that iialiility to throw out l)oiiy <'nlarge- 
ments, especially around joints, is hereditary in the form 
of an ottfiifi'c diaf/n.sis, whieh is l)oriie out hy actual ex- 
perience in breeding ; mares or stallions affected with 
spavin, ring-bone, splint, enlarged knees, etc., are apt 
to transmit them to the offs))ring. We frequently see 
foals two months old with ring-bones, and sometimes 
with spavins and curbs, making it very conveincnt for 
dealers to excuse their presence by saying the eolt was 
foaled so, and that it never will hurt him. AVhich may 
be true enough in one sense, for the affected parts be- 
come solidly anehylosed, and as strong as any other part, 
scie reposes. aiul pcrliaps stronger, for the extra deposit acts as a sup- 
tween the lower p,)it to the Weak part ; the part being naturallv weak, in- 

pastern bone and * « , i "^ i • ' 

the bone of the hovitcd froiii ouc of the parcuts, the deposit is an effort 
of nature to strengthen it. Therefore, the practice of breeding from 
stallions or mares that are unsound from any bony deposit, except those 
caused bv some known accident, is to be most eniphaticaily condemned. 
How to know it. — In the acute stage, (when it is beginning to grow) 
there will be lameness that works off with exercise ; and also soreness, 
heat and swellius when examined carcfull}- with the hand. "When it has 
run on to the second stage, and become hardened into bone, it will be felt 
around the pastern joints in lumps, or in a ring running clear around the 
ijasteru. Or it maybe spread over the surface of the bone as if plastered on. 
Nature may effect a cure by anchylosing the joint, whidi will stop the 
lameuess, but there will be a certain stiffness always ; or ulceration of tli:; 
heads of the bones may take place and cause permanent lameness. A.s 
Ion"- as it is in the stage in which the lameness works off witii exercise, 
there is a chance of curing it by stiffening the joint. Hut when there 
is permanent lameness the chances of a cure are small, al- 
though it is best to try, and repeat the trial too. 

What to do. — I" l^'i^' ''I'st stage apply hot baths, and fol- 
low them with tlie cooling lotion. No. 12, threeor four times 
a day till all active inflammation is gone ; then blisttn- with 
Nos. 9 and 10, mixed. After the first blister has healed, 
repeat it. But when the ringbone will not yield to tins 
treament and goes on increasing in size, hardnessaiu! lameness 
or when it has reached the second stage without treatment, 
there is nothing so effectual as the actual cautery (firing 
iron.) It is api)lied in lines ruiming up and dov.n parallel with each 




FOOT OK A 
lIOliSK. 

Affected with 
ringbone. The 
pastern joints 
being entirely 
stiffened. 



I.KliS (>!' TIIK IIOKSE, 'illEIi: ACCIDKNTS AND 1)ISEASE>. 2lt 

otlier, beginning iit the cornel' of the pastt'i-ii and extending iuound the 
front of it to the opposite side ; but do not draw lines in the hoUow of 
the pastern, as the flexion of the leg would keep the part eternally sore. 
•Apply *^li® blister, No. 9, immediately after firing. Kemove the shoes 
and give absolute rest (no exercise at. all) for four or five weeks; then 
turn to pasture for a couple of months. If the lameness is not cured, or 
shows no prospect of curing, in four or Mvc weeks, repeat the opcralior., 
drawing the irons in the same lines made by the first applications. 'I'lie 
lines may 1)C made from the coronet to the lower edge of the fetlock joint, 
ii distance of from two to four inches, according tothe lengtli of pastern. 
A short pastern is more liable to ringlionc from the greater amount of 
concussion it sustains through its lack of elasticity, which the long pastern 
has. The foot will always grow faster after the leg has been fired for 
ringlionc, therefore the shoes will need to be reset of tener than on a 
healthy foot, and the hoof reduced. 

VXn. Splint. 

Splint is an enlargement on the cannon lione just below the knee, 
usually on the inside, but it is sometimes seen on the outside. Splints 
are quite common on the fore legs ; in fai't, nearly all horses that have seen 





DIAGRAM. 

jhowing^ Ihe different locations 
of splints. 1. Hi;,li splint 
near the knee. a. Low splint 
far below the knee. 3. Ilony 
tumor, often miscalled a 
splint. 



SPLINTS or \ sKKIOUS KIND. 

1. Splints involving the knee joint. 2. Splint 
interlefin^ with the back tendons. 3. 
Small splint under the tendon of the ex- 



much service have them, but they are occasionally seen on the hind legs. 
The usual seat of them is between the cannon and inner splint bones. 
Sometimes they attain to the size of a hen's egg, but usually are quite 
small. They genei-ally cause some lameness when growing, but rarely do 
so after they become hard. 

Causes. — Slipping, jumping, running, kicks, bruising the bone, etc., 
anything that may sprain the ligamentous attachment between the can- 
non and the splint bones. Sometimes the splint comes on the surface, 



27S 



TIIK AMKIMCAN KAKMK.I! S STdCK HOOK. 




DISHING ON THE 

TUOT. 
Thought by some to 
indicate splints, but 
it is nn erroneous 
idea ; for as many 
dish the fore teet 
when trotting that 
have no splints, as 
there are that have 
tliem. 



iimi tlioii it dot's not t-auso iiukIi laiiioncss, l)ut when it foiuos iiiuler tlie 
piTiostoum (tiie covering of tlie liono) it is very jiaiiiful. AVIhmi spliiils 
eomo from bruises they may come on any part of the leg. 

How to know it. — In the early stage there will lie lameness of a peeu_ 
liar kinil, in that the horse will go-sound on tlic walk and will trot lame. 
L^))on examination a sore spot is found helow the knee 
on the inside of the leg. By feeling of it, with the leg 
flexed, you can locate it immediately. In the later 
stages a bony lump will form on the leg, adiiering di- 
rectly to it. "When tiie iumj) is an incii or more below 
the knee, it is no permanent detriment, but if it is 
closer to the knee than one inch, it is objectionable, as 
it is apt to interfere w-ith tiie action of the knee. AVhen 
it does affect tiic knee it usually causes permanent 
lameness. 

What to do- — If noticed when the injury tirst occurs, 
apply either hot or cold water with the cooling lotion, 
No. 12, till the soreness is nearly gone and then apply 
the blister, Nos. 9 and 10 mixed. (Jive a couple of 
weeks' rest. Feed on light, soft food while idle. When 
the lameness and soreness to the touch are excessive, especially if the 
nodule is small, the troulile lies beneath the periosteum and recjuires the 
operation periosteotomy to split the covering of the bone to allow the 
exudate from the inflammation to escape, Mhich will relieve the tension. 
Tt is done by cutting a small hole in the skin and pushing in a thin, long 
blade and cutting the periosteum over the lump. No change need l)e 
made in the shoeing. 

IX. Sprain of Back Tendons of the Fore Legs. 

Sprains of the back tendons are very common on account of the severe 
strain they are put to in all cases of unusual exertion. In such cases, 
a large amount of the effort is made by the forelegs, es[)ccially in racing, 
where the strain upon the fore legs in grabbing the earth and i)ulhn<i: the 
body exceeds that of the more powerful hiiiil legs in pushing it, hence 
the fre(iuency of these sprains. There are four ligaments and tendons m 
the leg below the knee, and the degree of injury to the horse in case of 
sjjrain, depends ui)on whicii tendon is most affected. That of the one 
nearest the bone being the worst, the next one to it being next, and 
so on to the last on the posterior surface, injury to that one being of least 
account. 

Causes- — Sprains received during severe exertion in running, jumping, 
trottiuir fast, slipping on uiicxcn ground, stepping on the edge of a hole 



LEGS OF TIIK HORSE, TIIEIK AfClDE.NTS AND DISEASES. 



27!) 



with the toe, lotting the lu!cl drop, niid sometimes outs or l»-uisos !>)' si 
blow aoross the \r.\ck of the leg, overreaching, etc. 

How to know it. — S<'vere himeuess will he a prominent symi)tom, tho 
more so tli(; more important the tendon is in the log. The suspensory 
ligaments lie next to the bone, and sprain of them can be felt on either 
side of the leg according to which l)ranch (the inner or 
outer) is affected, for sometimes only one, especially the 
inner, is si)rained. When it is the suspensory ligaments 
that are affected, the swelling will be upon each side near 
the 1)one, and not far from the fetlock joint. These liga- 
ments are the main support of the log, and when sprained, 
the lameness is far more severe than when any of the oth- 
ers are affected. 

When the one next to the suspensory ligament is sprained, 
the swelling will l)e on the sides between the latter and the 
outside tendon. This tendon, next to the suspensory liga- 
ment, is called the perforans. The outside one is the per- 
foratus, swelling of which is seen on the back of the leg, 
cui'ved backwards, like a bow. Sprain of the latter is of 
the least im])ortance of any of them, as the damage done 
is slight, being easily cured, and not causing much lame- 
ness compared to sprain of the others. 

Sprain of the metacar[)alligament is next in importance 
to that of the suspensory ligaments. They ai'e often af- 
fected in common Avith the perforans. Swelling of it, the 
metacarpal, is found near the bone just below the knee, but 
usually extends to all parts immediately surrounding 
it. 

There will he swelling, heat, pain and soreness; when 
the injured spot is touched the horse Mill rear some- 
times in his effort to draw the leg from your grasp. In 
resting the leg he will thrust it forward and cock the fetlock, 
giving it the appearance of being swollen on the front part, 
and in walking he will not straighten the fetlock back to its natural posi- 
tion Init will maintain it in the cocked position. If neglected and allowed 
to become chronic, the tendons contract and hold the fetlock in that posi- 
tion ever after. 

What to do. — Remove the shoe and replace it with heels raised an inch, 
to take the strain off the back tendons ; apply hot fomentations to tho 
part as continuously as possi])le till nearly all the soreness is gone, wrap 
the leg in a woolen bandage and keep it wet and hot, applying the water 




KLEXOU TEN- 
I> O N S OP 
FORE LEGS. 

I. The pcrloraDS. 
2. The pcrfora- 
tus. 3, 4. Ac- 
ce5Sorvmu5cles. 
5, 6. Restrain- 
ing lij^aments. 
7. The pedal 
cartilage divi- 
ded. S. The 
navicular bone. 



2m 



■nil': AMI'.KICAN VAKMI'.!! S SPI )< K HOOK. 



tlircc ur fuiii' tiiKcs a tlay. IJiitlu- (lu- Icii' liclwccii tiiiu'-- willi tlic cooling 
lotion, No. 12, or iiimUc one as follows: 

No. l:i. I I'inf sUdiii; viiicf-ar. 

I ll:ni<lliil c'oiiiiiiuiisall, 
I I'iril \\:iU'i-, 
.Mix. 

llaiulaiif as tiii'lil as llu' s()ri'iK'>s of tlir icir will allow, willia dry cotton 
or liiiL'ii haudasrc, iiiiiiicdiatcly after aiiplyiiiir tlic liiiiinciit. \\'licn tlic 
soreness is uearh' j^diie a|i|)i\ tlic lollowiiiL;' liniment, well nililieil in afti-r 
batliinjj,' with liot water, twice a day, and increase llio lightness of the 
liandaire from da-\- to da\ : 



No. 1-1. 1 < 'nine liiirliiii' :iniic;i, 

I ( >unrc lini'iiirr opium, 
1 ( )iimi' liiilirinilic, 
I OlIIU'C nU'nIiol. 
1 Oiuu'c rn|U(ii' :iiiiiii(>iiij. 
AV:Ui'r. to lii:il,i' one piiu. 
Mix. 

If till" liniment irritates liic skin nnicli, suspend it for a few days and 
iirease with fresh lai-d till licali'd. 1 lien repeat it. ( iiM' this tr<-atmei:t and 
rest for three or foui- week>., then if llicre i~ a prohaliliM'iire, turn tlic 
the horse out for a run at grass ; if not, clip off the hair luxl blister well 
witli No. !'. When the Mister has taken, smear over it some fresli lard 
to keep till' air from il and ])rcvent pain. After two d ly^ it will need 
washing, and when dry giea>e il. h'epeal this once a ilay till healed, ani: 
ijive a Ion"' rest. If all IIicm- means fail to effect a cure, or [\ the cnse •- 
an old, long standing one thi' tiling ircui mii-t lie rcsortcit to. Clij) off 
the hair and tir(> in lines feathered as directed for ciirli. ^\'e woiihl rec- 
ommeml in this, as well as in all similar cases, that the operation of tiring 
1)0 done l>v a (|nalilied veterinary surgeon, for it is very easy to ruin a 
lidod horso hv tiring too deep ; it is an operation that reijuires experience 
and good judgment. 

It will he found in most cases in which the su>|icnsory ligaments arc 
si)iaiiu'd, that the firing iron will Ikim- to lie u>cd, as they are very 
olistinate and will not yield to mild treatment. Hut In most eases 
in which it is the others that are affected the milder treatment 
will he effectual. To get the thickening out of the hlistered leg, 
after the treatment is done, .shower the leg with cold Mater two or three 
tinu's a (lav, and also give it plenty of hard rnl>l)ing and haudage. Omit 
the hiiih lu-cls as soon as the s(U-eness is gone from the tendons and 
liefore giving the treatment rec|uiring tlu' long rest. 



LlOiJS Ol' TIIF, llOKSK, 'IIIKIK A( ( ' I DKNTS AND IHSKASES. 2>>l 

X. Broken Down. 

Causes. — Broken down is Uic lenn apulicd to rupture of the suspensory 
liiiiuiii'iits. J( is most common among racers, because tlie strain tlicir 
fore legs are put to in a race exc(!eils the strain of all other kinds of work. 
The force of the stroke comes on the fore legs. They gral) the (^artli, pull 
tlic ))ody forward, and when tlu; hod)- is passing the poise, and just hefore 
lifting the forward foot off the ground, they give a trenieuduous push 
that sends llie Ixxly forward and at the same time high enough lo avoid 
falling on the nose while gathering their feet for another s|)ring. It is 
during the spring, just after tiic body has passed the ])oisc, that IjrcaUing 
down tnkes ])lace. 

how to know it. — The liganumts are ruptured, tiie loc turns up and 
the fetlock i)ail comes down to the ground, e()ni|ilctely ruining the 
aninud. 

What to do. — incases of complete break down it is an act of mercy 

111 destroN tiie animal. Uut iiorses are often so neai'ly broken down that 
Ilie\- are ruined for all kinds of aeti\e labor, yet inigiit lie saved for 
breeding pur|)oses by giving tint leg thorough treat nient , and a year's 
re--l . The sauu! treatnu'ut prescribed for sprain of tiie liaek li'udons 
will a|)p]v to this, especially the tiling, wliieii is absolutely necessary. 



(MIAl'TKh' VI. 



LEQ8 OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES— CON- 
TINUED. 



I, CAl'l l.i;r nl; r AIM'KI" ll(>( K AM> I.I.IIUW. II. I'llACTI'liKS. -111. Ol'ICN .lOINI'. 

I IV. llliUKKN KNKKS. V. KNUK SI'KI'Nd. VI. rOCKKU ANKl.KS. VII. 

WINIMIAI.I.S. VIII. SllOll.DKIl LAMKNKSS ANIJ .SWUNI'-V. 1.\. CHAMP 

<ll'' i'MK .Ml'.SCI.ICS Ol'- 'I'llK I'llKillS. 

I. CiipiiUit or Capped Hook and Elbow. 

Tlio i41)(iws and points of iIk^ liocks arc liiililr In iiijiir\ , ;j;ivin;i; rUoi to 
8W(illiiijj;s of llKMiatiiro of limiors. 'I'lu'V nw lillfil with a wati-ry <'xu- 
(lalo, sli<;lilly liniicd widi hlood. If not (Miipticd and properly tfcalcd 
t lii'V licconii' calousfd and or^'ani/.i'(l into a solid lihrons mass in t lir coiirsc 
of a nionlli orso. Wlicn tiiis taUrs plMcr. the callosiiy on tli.' rlliow 
Ix'conns \rv\ heavy and liana's from the eiliow, a very nnsij;lilly mass, 
.sometimes as larii'e as a child's head. 

Tlu' callosity on tlu^ point of liie hock never iicis so larii-e as im the 
elliow, iinl lii'comcs just as hard and nnsii;litiy, and is more nolice:d)le 
beini;- I'ai'thcr from the body. 

Causes. — Hrnisin;;' is liic only cause. It is nsnally loni; eontinned, 
hence I he i^radnal development into n hard lihi-oiis I nnior. The one on 
the clIiow is canscnl hy laying' the point of (he elliow on the shoe or on 
tile liaril lloor. Some horses have the hahif of pawinj;- the lieddinu' all 
hack lud'ore lyiiij;- down, ami lettini;- the elhow eome tlireetly on the tloor, 
wiiile othei-s always lie with liie elhow on the shoe. Kither way of lyinu, 
if eontinned for any lenutii of tinu', will hrni.st^ those points and a watery 
exndation is f(nined, whiih tills the sack. If not evai nated it increases, 
and may sn[ipnrale :nid hn'ak, or it may hi'conic (n'^iuii/.cd ;ind solidify, 
the walls thicken and tin' whole hecoine a soliil mass. 





CAi-ri n nocK. AN iNrsiAi.i.v i.AUiii.; 

CAlTl'li MOCK. 

The one on the hock is usually enuscd by kicking eitlier|in tlie stall or 
harness. It is often seen ou nervous, high-spiriteil horses (hat do not got 



i.i;(;s oi' riiio iioiisi:, iiii'.ii; mciiu'.nis and diskasks. 2K.'> 

work ciioiijj;!!, hfcunu^ rcsllrss in llii' slublf ;iihI l:ii \'i Ivic-Uiiij^ li» 
iiimiscmiul fxi'iriso tlicniNclvcs, aiul tliiis tii-iiisd (lio puints of tlio liooUs 
ajjiiiiist- llio sidos of Hit! slnll ; if kcpl in ;i Imx stall, tlioy arn jitsf, an a[)t 
to do it. It, is also ol'tcii scni on (lr;iri liurscs tliat- art* worUi'd to t.iin 
fart; l(fin<^ liookfd too iit'ur to t 111' Imjx, llicy slriko it with their liofUs 
(ivcry tinit! tlifir 1cl;s arc raised. Sonietiiues it is eaiisi'il \)y runaways or 
liy pieces of tiuil)er falliii;^ on the lioeks. 

How to know it. — In i"iso t)f tlit) ellit>\v a senrfv, \vriiiUli''il apptMiraiitio 
iniiiiales the ilan;j;er, antl if not attentletl to and the cause renu)Vetl, it 
jroes on ^rtiwinjj; day l>y <lay, (ill a lar^e lunu)r is tlevelr)petl. Soine- 
tiines liy a sutitleri sliiftinj^ of tiie, position of tht! feet in lyinj^-, a lari^e, 
harti, hot swelliuif may sprinj; up in out* niLiiit ; it niM\' ht* oid\' a. coiipl • 
of inches thick, Imlinay lit! ei^ht t)r ten in ilianiel<r, \(:\' sort! to (lie 
touch ; liul when tilt! tumor ^I'ows ;;'ratluall\' it is not iiMiall\' very sore. 

W hen on llic hoiks, tiie points are found uuich swnllcn, hut, lender 
anil sore to the loiich. 'I'lu' tnuihle usually conu's on smldculy with tine 
or t \\n ui'jhts" !<ickiu,;j;. 

What to do. -When hot, stilt! antl of short iliiral ion, remove t he cause ; 
givi! a laxal i\<' of out! ami a. half or I \\(i pinis uf r;i \v 1 insect I oil ; I'onicnl 
tlio i»arts w ilh hot water, wit h a hantlful of common salt in it , for an 
hour or so, then ruli dr\ ami rui> m'ully in, tlit! followiii;.^ lininieiil : 

Nt). in. 1 i.j Oiiiicf riiicliirc iiniicii, 

I j.j DiiMi'i' lliiaoi' aiiiiiKMila, 
I Oiint'i- liiii'Ujn' (i|iiiiiii, 
VVaU'i- 1(1 iii;iUi! oiii' (liiil, 
Mix. 

lvepi!at iiiorninjf antl iiiiihl for two or three weeks, ami if the cast! is a 
mild one, this treat iiii!iit will tairi! it. In cast! it is tiit! elhow and tlitirt) 
is a soft (liietuatinif feoliiif,', tap it with a kiiift! anil lt!t the, walt!r out, 
eimkiim till! openiiii; larf^c onouj^li to pass your lingcsr in. Syrinj^ti out 
tlio sack with warm water antl follow it with No. (!. l{epo it it tw'ii!ii a 
tiay, eontinuinj!; tiu! e.xtunial tri!aliufiit tht! sanm as hefort!. After (lit! 
oil has tiperatod, give t)no of tli<! following powders in the feed morning 
and ni^liI : 

Nti. 111. li Ounces I'liHJn, 

2 Ollliccs i.;j|l|M-|n!, 

I'liuilrr mill mix, 

Jlivilli- illld I wclvc jlDWlJlll-B. 

It should he honie in mimi that the cause must 1)eromov<!d alisolntcly , 
in ortler tt) have the treat nicnt of ,niy a\ail, olherwise it will all lie lost, 
;intl the tumor will conlimic lo ;jrow in spile i.l' all you cainio. Whei! h • 



2.S4 . t;ik AMKincAN KAi;:iii:i! s srociv hook. 

lies oil tln' lloor, iiivi' iiioii- hfddinii : if on llu- slioi-, apply ;i rollor to 
tin- pastoni, as largo as your arm, so as to let it tako tlio bearing on the 
arm instead of the elhow on the foot. If it is a. very bad ease, it will l)o 
well to keel) the horse standing a few days. If it still remains large and 
hard, ehaiige the injection to the following: 

No. ir. 1 l>i":n-lini iodine. 

1 l)i:nhm ioiliil.- of pot:i*h. 

1 Ouiui- ulrohol. 
1 I'iiil wnliM'. 
.Mix. 

Injeet a little, twice a d:\\\ after nsinglhchot w.iter as before. When 
drv apply tincture of iodine twice a day, till it gets yery sore, then grease 
i Willi fresh lard till healed, and repeat it. 

If it i)econics hard and solid, the only remedy lies in dissecting it out 
I odily. The operation is quite simple. Cut the opening in the .skin in a 
line running up and down, then cut the cellular tissue around the tumor and 
dissect the whole lump out, being very careful not to cut into the elbow 
joint. If an artery or vi-in is cut so as to bleed a stream, take it up and 
tie it, .-ew the skin together, and dress it three times a day with the lo- 
tion, No. li. If the stitches break out, and the wound gapes open, it is 
no use to vesew it, but dress it three times a day with No. 7, and it will 
draw together as it heals. AVe would urge in this connection the cmi)loy- 
nient of ii qualified veterinary surgeon to perform o[ierations in every 
ca.se, as the use of the knife requires a thorough knowledge of the anat- 
omy of the parts, as well as experience to avoid giving unnecessary pain 
to the animal. 

Where it is the hock that is affected, the same treatment will suffice in 
all matters of detail until you come to puncturing the sack, when you 
must stop. Never cut into a capped hock except in a rare, -xaggerated 
case, and then employ a veterinary surgeon to do it. Hand-rubliing will 
do a great deal towards making it al)sorb. .Vs soon as the iiiHammation 
is well reduced, and all points working satisfactorily, the horse may as 
well be at work as idle. 

Prevention. — Givo the horse plenty of bedding ; do not allow a faithful 
friend to sle('i> on the bare tloor. Give plenty of excrci.se to avoid mis- 
chief in the .stable, that may run on to bad habits and vices. 

II. Fractures. 

Causes. — Fractures of the limbs are very common among horses, not 
that the bones of horses are more brittle, but they are more exposed to 
accidents than those of any other animal, man not excepted. They ar«' 
so active, qiruU-motioiicd, tlcct and heavy, that when an accident occurs 



i.Kcs OK iiii-: iioiisi:, iiiKii; accidknis and diseases. 28.') 

llic crt'ocls lire apt to l)(' disastrous ; for, like a lailway train, ilw iiiiliuUy 
aiiinial docs not have many clianccs to i-onu; out wliolo. All l)ones of 
I lio l)ody urn liable to fracture, but the l)ones of the lejjs arc more so 
from being more exposed. In runaways, the animal often eomes to a 
sudden stop by falling or colliding with some licav\-, solid object. Then 
he is sure to suffer ; iiny one of tiie limbs may be broken, or it may l)c 
the ribs, back, neck, head, jaws, hips, etc. Kicks are very often tiio 
causes of fractures, especially of the legs — the cannons, thighs or arms 
being the bones which most frequently suffer. The bone of the foot is 
often broken '))y striking with great force against a stone, post, or any 
other solid object. The pastern is sometimes split through its entire 
length by jumping. The writer knew of a case of fracture of the can- 
non bone of one of the hind legs l)y catching the toe in the girth of the 
Iiarness when kicking flies, breaking the bone short oif. 

Fractures are divided into the following classes : Simple — when nothing 
else is l)roken but the l)one ; coin[)ound — when the ends of the bones punch 
through the flesh and skin ; complex — when tlie bone is shattered into manv 
pieces, and one or more pieces may prick tlirough ; transverse — when the 
bone breaks short off; ot)li(jue — when the fracture is in an obli(je direc- 
tion across the bone ; green stick — when the bono breaks like a green 
stick, splitting and bending and twisting without breaking directly off. 
The bone may be only cracked, or broken without misplacement. 
The bones of old horses are more liable to fracture than those of 
young ones, becoming brittle with age. 

How to know it. — When the fracture cannot he seen, but is suspected, 
manipulate it a little, listening attentively at tlie same time, and you will 
hear the grating of the ends of the bone together, which is an unmistak- 
able symptom ; for grating or rubbing of rough ends together is never 
heai'd in health. Great lameness is inseparable from a fracture, be it 
ever so slight. When the bone is only cracked, there will be great lame- 
ness, with few if any conclusive symptoms to indicate fracture, l)ut by 
careful examination a sore place can be felt ; the horse will not bear a 
pound on the limb, and will keep lifting it as if in great pain. In all 
cases there will be a rise in frequenc}^ of the pulse and respirations from 
the nervous shock and pain ; more or less inflannnation follows, and the 
temperature will be raised a little. As the length of time increases 
after the fracture, if nothing is done to relieve it, all the symptoms in- 
crease, the nostrils dilate, the countenance becomes haggard, and ex- 
presses anxiety, the eyes become injected, the injured limb swells, be- 
comes hot, and in all fatal cases, Avhen the inflammation reaches its 
height, mortiflcation begins and extends towards the body, when death is 



286 



THE AMKinC.W FAKMEi: S STOCK liOOK. 



oiilv a question of a few liouis. The part gets eold and clanimv, a pe- 
culiar offensive sweat rises on tiie surface, tiie skin, if white, l)eeonies 
purplish, but if lilack, the discoloration cannot be seen. As soon as mor- 
tification sets in the pain ceases. 

What to do. — If it is a fracture of the cannon, arm, thiirh, femur 
(tiu' lione between the hip and stifle), sliouldcr or liack. ninety-nine times 
out of a hundred the case is fatal if displacement taki's place, and espe- 
cially so if it is a compound or complex fractnie. If it is a fracture of 
the back, i)aralysis of all i)arts behind the fracture will ensue. In any of 




SUNOS KOK A nORSE WITH FRACTrRED LIMB. 



the above instances, the horse may as well be destroyed, for it is utterly 
impossible to keep him ([uiet till the bones knit ; they would repair 
as readilv and as substantially as those of man, if we could put him to 
bed nnd keep him there six weeks. I5ut take what measures ^-ou may, 
in most cases you will fail from no other reason than that he keeps mov- 
in"' about, swinging the leg, and behaving in a very restless manner gen- 
erallv, which prevents the ends of the bones from remaining in quiet 
contact Ion"- enough to grow together. The bones of dogs, sheep and 
sometimes cattle, grow togetVier very readily because they are more 
quiet, and favor an injured leg more than a horse. If it is the shoulder 
or thio'h, it is so deeply imbcsdded in muscle that it is very difficult to set 
the bones, especially if the fracture is oblique, for the muscles contract 
and draw the ends of the l)ones past their proper positujns from two to 
six inches, and it is an utter impossibility to bring the ends together 
airain even with tlie aid of ])ulley and tackle. 



LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIIi ACCIDENTS AXU DISEASES. 287 

But if it is a fracture of tlie foot, ptistcm, fetlofk. hip or any otlier part 
where tliere is no disphicemeut, a cure can usually l)e uiade. After put- 
ting the horse in a roomy, comfortable, loose box, put him in slings to 
take the weight off the injured leg, and relieve the weight from the 
others. Make the broken limb as sti'aight as possible, then envelop it 
for a distance of five or six inches in plaster of Paris, or if that is not handy, 
souk a piece of sole leather in water until quite soft, and mould it to the 
form of the leg, and bind it on so as to keep it perfectly tight and solid, 
and in its place. Splints may be put on outside of the leather. A starched 
bandage is very good in connection with the splints. Have the starch 
very stiff, fill the hair with it and then begin to wind, not tight but just 
enough so to keep the parts in their places ; put on a considerable quan- 
tity of starch with each wind of the bandage ; after making about half a 
dozen turns, put on the splints, one on each side, and one on the back, but 
none in front ; then continue the bandage four or five turns. If the leg- 
swells, so as to make the bandage too tight, slit the bandage up a little 
way at either end. Leave the whole thing on about five or six weeks, 
keeping the horse in the sling all the time, just tight enough to give gen- 
tle pressure on the belly and he will lie in it at his pleasui'e. If he acts 
unruly at first, quiet him \)y talking to him, and he will very soon get ac- 
customed to the arrangement, and like it. 

If any pieces of bone become detached they will act as foreign matter 
and must be removed. Any such complication in a leg already done up 
in a starched bandage, or in plaster, will be recognized by increased swel- 
ling in the surrounding parts, and also by heat and soreness, uneasiness and 
increase in temperature, pulse and respiration. The natural condition 
being: Pulse 3(5, respiration 10 to the minute, and temperature 98.5- 
F. The pulse is taken on the angle of the lower jaw, as the artery 
passes around the under side on its way to the face. Temperature is 
taken by a clinical thermometer inserted in the rectum, and allowed to 
remain in two minutes. Respiration is taken by counting the Ijreaths, 
one HI and one out making a respiration. 

When the hip is broken down, making what is known as "hipped," 
there is nothing to do except to give time and what constitutional treat- 
ment is indicated. Fracture of the shoulder l)lade is treated in the same 
way, except that it might be advisable to put the horse in slings. 

In-all cases watch the symptoms and treat them as they require, but 
it would be well always to givethe following mixture : — 

JJo. IS. 1 Drachm tiileture aconite root, 

2 Ounces spirits of nitre. 
2 Drachms fluid extract belladonna, 
1 Ounce niti-ate of potash. 
1 Ounce carbonate of anunonia. 
Water to make one pint. 
Mix. 



288 



Till-: A.MKUICAN lAKMHi; 



-I'OCK HOOK. 



(iivc OIK- oiiinc (two liililcspooiit'uls) cvcrv two, four or six lioiirs, ac- 
oordiug to tlic rociuiroiiu'iits of tlii' t-ast'. Tliis is the dose for a full sized 
adult horse, a A'oung or small one in proportion. Continue tliis as long- 
as there is any fever. Give all the cold water to drink the horse wishes, 
})ut o-ive it little ata time and often. If the neck ishroken, death ensues 
innnediately, on aeeomit of the nervous eommunication to the lieart. 
iungs and stomaeli being ent off, and so they stop working. 
III. Open Joint. 

Open joint is one of the most serious accideiils that horse flesli i- lia- 
ble to, and unfortunately is ([uitc eonnnon. 

Causes. — Cuts, bruises, |)rieks from nails, jjricks from the fork in 
handliuii- the manure and bedding, falling on the road, kicks from other 
horses, etc., are eonnnon causes. 





BAKEK'S BRACE KOR BROKEN 
KNEK WHEN THE JOINT IS 
OrENEO. 



wni-aO' JOINT oil, i?^ 

rhe lines miirk ihc piiiiils wlit-ri- 
(or joint oil) is iiilcrpustii bet- 
difterent slructurts. 



How to know it — A wound, of course, is present, and a discharge 
also is >ccii mIicii it is at all serious. The character of IIk; discharge de- 
termines the extent of the injury; if it is an open joint, in addition to 
ims there will lie a dischargi! of joint oil (s\iiovia). Synovia is inodcn- 
ous ; has no smell ; amber colored when fresh ; whitish yellow when co- 
agulated ; thin and watery, but at the sann^ time is of an oily nature 
when fresh ; coagulates on exposure to the air. A\'licn tiie tlischarii'e 



LEGS Ol" THE HORSE, THEIK ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 289 

piirtiikes of the character given above, especially in the latter particular, 
and is accompanied by more or less fever, good appetite, gradual wast- 
ing of muscular tissues, (though sometimes the wasting of tissue is 
rapid), tucked up appearance, hard unyielding swelling, with great sore- 
ness to the touch, and extreme lameness, there need be no doubt but that 
there is an open joint. 

What to do. — If neglected and allowed to run its own course it will be 
fatal in almost every case ; the horse will die from irritative fever, ex- 
haustion and inanition. Sometimes it is fatal even with the best treat- 
ment, therefore it is of the utmost importance that remedies be promptly 
applied, and vigorously pursued. 

When an open joint is recognized, wash the wound with tepid water with 
a few drops of carbolic acid in it ; if the wound is deep, and there is pus 
mixed with the synovia, syringe it out gently, with the lotion, No. 6 ; gen- 
erally, however, it is best not to syringe, probe nor push in the wound 
anj'^ more than is absolutely necessary ; but let all the treatment tend 
towards filling up the wound with healthy granulations. As soon as the 
wound is nicely washed, make a paste of the following: 

No. 19. i Drachms glycerine, 

1 Drachm carbolic acid, 
Flour to make a thick paste. 

Make a plug of the paste and insert it into the wound ; then smear solid 
extract of belladonna over all the hard swelling around the wound, and 
let a cold poultice made of oil-cake meal go on over the whole. Change 
the poultice and dress it twice a day. When the suppuration ceases, and 
there is^i clear flow of synovia, omit the plug and let the poultice come 
directly in contact with the wound. Keep the horse as quiet as possible ; 
carry food and water to him, so as to avoid the least motion. If it is 
practicable apply apparatus to stiffen the joint during the treatment. A 
convenient appliance will be described in the next article on broken 
knees. 

The most difficult thing in the treatment of open joint is to stop the 
flow of synovia without checking the flow of pus. For whenever there 
is pus in a wound it must come out, or damage will be done ; at the same 
time you cannot wash and syringe an open joint to get rid of the pus as 
you would an ordinary wound, because that would tend to keep the 
wound open and continue the flow of synovia ; consequently there is an 
opportunity, usually, to display very fine judgment. Give, internally, 
tonics composed of : 

No. 20. 2 Ounces pure suliiliale of iron, 

2 Ounces ilihuhona bark, 
Powder and mix. 

Divide into twelve powders. 
IJ 



290 



THE AMEIUCAN FAUMEK S STOCK HOOK. 



(live oiK^ iiiii'lit 1111(1 luorniinx in the food, ('ontiiuic lliis till the wound 
is nearly well. 

rv. Broken Knees. 

Hrokcn knee is a term used to d(!sijj;nate eoutusiou, .-ihrasioii and 
liiseeration of the soft parts — skin, ligaments and menihranes — over the 
knco joints, but not the bones. It is quite eoninion, espceially M'herc 
horse-back riding is fashionable, and fox hunting and steeple ehasingare 
practiced. Sometimes the knees are only bruised or the skin broken, 
and then it is very siini)lo and recovery is (juick. But tliej' are often 
broken right through into the joints, ojjening them comfileteh' and allow- 
ing a rapid flow of synovia. Sometimes they are easily cured, and at oth- 
er'tiines defy all treatnu>nt, and tlu; joints become vuined niid stiffened; 
ami sometimes large spavins gi'ow ui)(>n them. They sometimes prove 





UKOKKN KNEK. 



lUiOKKN KNKK. 

Hanncr of opening the dirt sac of a 
broken knee when it is found 
necessary lo do so. 



fatal by the excessive amount of irritative fever produced; thchor.se 
becomes very much emaciated, tucked uj) in the Hanks, runs at the eyes, 
and -weakness is great. AVhenever the joints are opened, you have a very 
serious case at tiie best, and one that will tax the [)atience anil jiuigmcnt 
of tlii^ attendant . 

Causes. — Knees arc always broken by falling on liieni. The causes 
of t:iirnig nniy differ. A\'()rk horses drop upon their knees sometimes 
when starting very heavy k)ads, and if on stony or gravelly roads, are 
very apt to break their knees. Driving horses stumble and fall on their 
knees when they are sore in the feet, stiff in the legs or lame in the 
shoulders, and often open the joints. Saddle liorses are the most liable 
to broken knees ; if ridden slowly, on smooth roads, the weight on the 
back makes them nun-e liable to stumble : if ridden across country the}' 
often come upon tlieir knees on the other side of a fence or ditch. 



LEGS Ol" TIIK IIOUSK. rili;il! ACCIDENTS AM) DISEASES. 2!)1 

How to know it. — Tlu-rci will he :i coiitusfd, l;isc('i';it('(l, lajrucd wound ; 
tlicj skill li:iii<;iiig ill slircds, hair hruisi'd off, the cuds of (oudous piotnid- 
ing and curling- like l)!inds of white tiipo. A discharge of syno\ la ( nii 
oily hiokiug, ainhcr colored li(iuid) takes place, and in had cascslhe white 
glistening hones of the joint can be seen and felt. 

What to do. — If the wound is dirty with sand, gravel or otiier sub- 
stance, wasii gently to remove it. If the ends of tendons or ligiinients 
protrude, clip them off with scissors close down to the edge of the wound ; 
draw the ends of the skin together and l)ind on a soft piece of old linen 
to keep th(! ))arts ill place and the air from it, w(^tting the wound and 
linen with lotion No. (i. Then proceed to hav(^ the brace made as seen in 
the illustration on i)age 288, for it is absolutely necessary to keep the 
knee stiff" and jjcrfectly quiet, so as to get as small a secretion of synovia 
as possible. Splints are generally used, but they always irritate the log 
where they come in contact, and fail in a great measure to prevent motion ; 
but M'hen Baker's l)race is used, neither the knee nor any joint lielow it 
can lie tlexed a ])article. 

'i'o make the lirare, tal^e a rod of good iron iiaif an inch s(|uare, and of 
a length sutKcicnt to reach from tiie ground to at least three iiiciies 
al)ove the knee ; rivet a band two inches wide and sixinches long on t<» the 
upper end of the l)ar, and l)end it to fit the tleshy i)art of the arm ; then 
bend the rod in its ])assage down the back of the leg to tit a healthy limb 
in its natural position when tlu; w<'ight is (ui it; make a three-<]uarter 
hook at the bottom, bending l)ackward, to hook into the eye in the l)ar of 
the shoe, so that it can l)e inserted and removed at j)leasure with(uit re- 
moving the shoe. Insert two rivets or a staple at the top, and anotluu' 
set midway between the knee and fetlock, to receive the strai)s that bind 
the leg to the l)race. Let the straps be an inch wide, and pad between 
them and the leg, especially over the shin. Pad the band well to ])re\('iit 
jibrasion of the skin. The shoe may be an old one that fits the foot, with 
the heels carried out at least an inch beyond the heels of the foot, and 
turned upward a little ; weld on across the heels of this shoe a bar 
three cjuartcrs of an inch wiile, with an eye in the center to receive the 
hook. The sho(^ needs to be nailed on very strongly, or the horse will 
tear it otT in iiis efforts to flex the leg, which ho will try to do at first, 
but ho will soon get accustomed to it, and walk around, lie down and get 
up the same as a man with a stiff leg. The strap at the top wants to be 
buckled tight enough to keep the brace in place, the one at the center of the 
cannon tight enough to keep tlie leg well straightened back in its natural 
position. The shorter brace is used in the same way in case the fetlock 
or pastern joint is opened ; then it is not necessary to stiffen the knee. 



292 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK HOOK. 

Wlu'ii the braco is adjusted, remove the bandage and linen, and apply 
direetly to the M'ound a soft, (^old, oil-eake meal ])oultiee, wet somewhat 
with the lotion. No. (J, after it has taken up all the water it will. When 
ready to 1)C applied, sprinkle the poultiee over with tincly powdered char- 
coal. This will encourage and promote healthy, solid granulations and 
prevent much suppuration and sloughing. Some sloughing and suppu- 
ration will have to take place on account of the wound being contused in- 
stead of being nuidc by a clean cut, as with a sharp knife. Dress the 
wound in this manner twice a day ; continue it right along till the flow 
of sjMiovia is stopped, even then it is better to leave the dressing on a 
few days more to fiu-ther reduce the inflammation in the part. If the 
ends of the tendons protrude at any time they must be clipped off. If 
there is high fever give the following mixture : 

No. 21. 1 Drachm tincture aconite root, 

1)4 Ounce sweet spirits nitre, 
1}4 Ounce nitrate of potasli, 
Water to make one pint. 
Mix. 

Give a tablesi)oonful every two hours, till the pulse is improved and 
fever abated. Feed lightly for a good while. 

V. Knee Sprung. 

Knee sprung is not a disease, but is the effect of disease. When the 
legs are liealthy, the center of gravity passes down through the center of 
them, and out at the heals ; but iu case of knee sprung, the center of 
gravity passes back of the knees, giving them a very bowed appearance. 
It alwaj's comes on gradually, and may stop at any stage, and never got 
worse ; l)ut sometimes it goes on to so great an ex'tent as to render the 
animal almost useless. Horses often sleep standing, and do it with 
safet}', no danger of falling, as long as the legs are sound, but when the 
knees are so bowed forwards as to throw the center of gravity on a line 
forward of the origin of the suspensory ligaments the horse will fall M'hen 
he goes to sleep standing. 

Causes. — The most common cause is sprain or other injury of the 
baciv tendons of the leg. The ones most often sprained, and injury to 
which is most likely to cause knee sprung, are the suspensory ligaments, 
and the metatarsal ligament. Sprain of these, without proper treatment 
and rest, is sure to be followed I)y knee sprung. Sprains of the other 
ligaments, long continued soreness in the feet, sore shins, soreness in the 
joint, etc., are also frequent (causes. In fact any abnormal condition of 
the foot or leg below the knee, that gives rise to long continued lameness 
and resting the heels or leg l)y knuckling the fetlock, is sure to be fol- 
lowed by a going over on the knees, from contraction of the back tendons 



LEGS OF THE HOUSE, THEIK ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 2ft3 

and ligaments, which liold tiic parts in that position ever after, unless 
relieved by the operation called tenotomy. 

How to know it. — The legs of sound horses are straight from the el- 
bow to the fetlock. Hence, any deviation from that position indicates 
something wrong. Stand opposite the shoulder of the horse, and notice 
the leg ; any bending forward from the straight line at the knee creates 
suspicion. Any bad case, and many mild ones, are accompanied with 
thickening of the back tendons, indicating neglected sprains. 

What to do. — There is nothing to be done, except in recent cases, 
which are rare. A case that has not been longer than two or three 
months in coming may be benefitted by clipping the hair from the back 
tendons, wherever there is any thickening or soreness, and showering 
with cold water several times a day for two or three days, and then ap- 
l)lying blister, No. 9, well rubbed in. Remove the shoes, pare down the 
feet and open the heels. Tie his head up, so he cannot bite the blister, 
for thirty hours ; then grease it once a day till nearly healed, and turn 
him out for a long run at grass. If he is not improved in a month, re- 
peat the blister. 

In old, chronic, incurable cases the operation called tenotomy, can be 
performed sometimes to very great advantage, Init not as often as in 
case of cocked ankles, which form the subject of our next article. The 
operation will be therein described. 

VI. Cocked Ankles. 

The fetlocks are often knuckled forward, but this, like knee sprung, 
is only a symptom of some other trouble. The fetlocks are, however, 
often mistaken for the seat of the.lameness, and are blistered and muti- 
lated, of course without an_y benefit. 

Causes. — Sprains of the suspensory ligaments, when low down around 
or below the fetlock joint ; lameness in the bursa of the perforans ten- 
don, as it passes over the fetlock ; bruises on the heels ; corns ; quittor ; 
navicular disease, or nail in the foot — anything that makes the horse 
rest the heels or lower and back part of the leg. Sometimes in bad 
cases of shoulder lameness, the leg is rested in such a manner as to let 
the ])ack tendons contract so as to throw the fetlock forward. 

How to know it. — It is recognized 1)}^ the ankle joint being thrown for- 
wai'd like a knuckle ; the heels raised slightly ; the tendons contracted ; 
and absence of any soreness or thickening in the joint itself. 

What to do. — Spare no time nor pains to find the cause and remove it, 
and the effect will cease. Ninety-nine times in a hundred it is only 
symptomatic. In a great majority of cases the cause will be found in 
the feet ; treat them, and the ankh^ will straighten up. 



2!14 I'lll'. AMKHICAN I'AKMI'.k's STOCK liOOK. 

In long-staiuliiig cases the toiuloiis hccomo so contnictod as to rciulcr a 
return to a natural i)osition an inipossihilit}' ; in such cases tenotomy is 
sometimes practiced to advantage. A small opening is made in the skin 
al)out midway between the knee and fetlock ; a small blade is run in, 
edgeways, and through to the skin on the opposite side, but not through 
it ; then turn the edge up and cut off the tendons, stopping before the 
skin is cut above them, being careful 7iot to injure the suspensory liga- 
ments. If they are severed, 1 he animal is useless and might as well bo 
destroyed. To perform the oijcration, a knowledge of the anatomy of 
the ))arts is necessary ; hence it is advisable always, when possible, to 
employ a competent veterinary surgeon. 

VII. WindgaUs. 

The tendons, as they pass down the back of the leg, ;ir(> covered with a 
sheath moistened with synovia : and where they i)ass over tiie fetlock 





WINIJGALLS. WIXUCALLS. 

Showing situation and forms As Ihcy appcir upon dissection, 

of Windgalls. 

joint are s^'novial bursas to pi'event friction ; there is also synovia between 
the tendons to prevent them from rubbing against each other. When, 
from hard work, the membranes secreting the synovia become irritated, 
they are excited to secrete more than their natural <juautity, and the ac- 
cumulation of it forms the soft, puffy swellings around tiic fetlocks, either 
fore or hind. They are always causeil by work. 

It is an old, popular idea that these swelling are tilled with air, hence 
the name. They seldom cause lameness, except in the early stage, or in 
the very last stage, when they become ossilied ; in the first stage the lame- 
ness soon jiasscs off ; in the last it is permanent . 

How to know it. — Soft, i)uffv swellings appear after considerable work, 
ai'ound the fetlock. They are usually the size t)f youi- tliuml). I>ut in 
some eases they grow to the size of a hen's o<x>i. 



I.EUS OF THE HORSE, TIIKIIl ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 295 

What to do. — Make frequent applications of cold water, or cooling 
lotion, No. 12; and after a couple of days apply liniment, No. 11, well 
rubbed in, twice a day, and bandage tightly over it, till well blistered. 
Then omit the liniment but continue the bandage, with grease applied to 
the skin, giving the puffs all the direct pressure possil)le. Pieces of cork 
laid over the puffs, and l)andagiiig over them is very effectual. 

When the skin is sutficiontly healed, repeat the liniment. Continue 
this treatment for three or four weeks, and then give the horse a run at 
grass or in a straw yard. This will be effectual if persevered with ; but 
as soon as the horse is put to work again, cither road or heavy draft, the 
windgalls will rciurn. 

VTII. Shoulder Lameness and Sweeny. 

Shoulder lameness is common. Sweeny is rare, but it is often imag- 
ined and severely treated for, when the cause of lameness is very remote. 
Sweeny is wasting of the muscles of the shoulder blade, leaving the spine 
on the blade exposed the whole length, with hollows on each side that you 
could nearly lay your arm in. 

Causes. — Shoulder lameness is usually caused by a sprain ; it may be 
of the ligaments of the joint or of the muscles around the joint. Sprain 
of the latter is most common. 

The sprain may be produced l)y slipping, falling, stepping on the heel 
of the fore shoe with the toe of tlu^ hind shoe, especially in the mud or 
snow, or catching the heel under a rootor railroad track. Sweeny is usually 
caused by the shoulder lieing badly bruised by the collar in hauling 
heavy loads, or plowing, or by the horse falling and bruising the shoul- 
der. 

How to know it. — Lameness is a characteristic symptom ; the shoulder 
and leg are carried forward all of a piece ; no knee action ; the shoulder 
carried forward and the leg swung ; at the time the leg is l)eing taken 
forward the head is nodded down at the start and suddenly jerked up 
toward the finish of the action. There is an inability to raise the leg to 
step over an obstacle a foot high, but he will drag the leg over. Swell- 
ing, heat and soreness are noticed. 

In case of sweeny the muscles are wasted as described above, and 
much the same action of the leg will be noticed. In recent cases of 
either, the horse will rest the leg by flexing the knee and resting the foot 
on the toe without extending it. In mild cases, when he is able to travel, 
rest will seem to cure him and he will go out sound, l)ut will go lame 
after a little, and get worse the farther he goes. 

If allowed to run on without treatment, sprain of the shoulder, espe- 
cially if it IS of the joint, becoine.N chronic, extends to the bones, affect- 
ing the heads of them and causing permanent lameness. 



2SH) rilK AIMIJUCAN 1 AUMICliS STOCK HOOK. 

What to do. — li> !ill »".'i>^t's of slioiildiM- limxMicss w1h"i-(^ thciT iiro Iioat, 
swclliiifj;, soroncss to Hit' loucli iiiul laiiu'iicss, foiucnt witli liol water, 
never witli cold, for half an liour at u time, three times a day. It is well 
to add a handful of eonnnon .salt to a pail of the hot water. When it has 
dried afti-r washinjj:, ruh well iit the liniment, No. 14, niorninu; and night. 
In most eases, if taken immediately and tho above well applied, a euro 
will be effected, if rest is given, in from one to four weeks. If this fails 
lo cure, a blister well rubbed in over tho affected i)!ut will do good ; 
use No. i). In nine eases out of ten, when the lameness is in tho shoul- 
der, remtHlies applied to tho joint of tho shoulder will bo effectual. A 
common mistake is made in api)lying blisters over the shouhU'r blade and 
withers, which only cause pain and often leave blemishes, without doing 
one particle of good, c.Kcei)t necessitating a long rest ; but it is bettor to 
have some other excuse for the rest. 

When these means fail, the last resort is the set on. Wlien well ap- 
plied it produces count (M' ii'rilation, tiial t'an hardly fail to cure uidoss 
there is porcolaneous deposit on tho heatls of tin; bones in tho joint. 
When tho exact source of lanuMiess is located, pass tho seton down over 
it just beneath the skin, lotting it run always as nearly jjcrpendicnlar as 
possible. Let it Jiass eight to fourteen inches under tlio skin, and leave 
the ends projecting three or four inches. The seton is best made of 
strong, coarse, unbleached nuislin, torn into a strip, one inch and a half 
wide. Fasten leather buttons on each end to prevent it coming out. 
Snu'ar it once or twice a week with a little fly blis1(>r to promote a dis- 
charge and increase the irritation. KonuMit and wash thoroughly clean 
with hot water morning and night. If the horse is iucliued to bite and 
pull tho seton, tie one end of n stick to his halter, and tho other end to 
tho surcingle to hold his head and neck str.iight. A needle made on 
purpose is needed to insert the seton ; it siiould be fully a foot long. 

The seton should be left in thiee weeks in mild cases, and four to six 
weeks in bad and chronic cases. Always give from one to three months' 
rest after removing tho seton. 

Sweeny is treated by mild blisters of llics in ointnicnt as in No. !•, or 
in tiiu'turc, rui)bed in gently, and repeated every fortnight for two or 
three mouths. The Inu'se is better at grass while this treatment is being 
given. It will stimulate the muscKv'^ lo re-iicvdop. (ientlc exercise is 
better than absolute rest. 

IX. Cramp of tho Muscles of the Thighs. 

Tho nniscles of the thighs are \-crv sid>jcct to cramp in hard- 
worked horses, especially in old ones. These cramps are often diagnosed 
wrongly, are mistaken f(M' dislocation of flic stifle, arc in fact larcly rec- 
ognized except by an expert. 



Li:(!.S OK TlIK llOItSi:, TIIi;il! ACCIDIvNTS AM) DISKASKS. 2117 

Causes. — Vt-rv .scv(!r(! (ixcrlioii, cspcciMlly if |ir<)l(>n;j;r<l lo ;uiy <jrc;il 
extent ; tli(! niiiselos 1k'(;oiiio fatigued, jiiid tlio iici-ves in tlusin exliiiustcul ; 
then if the horso is forced to (U)ntinii(! working, cruni]) is very iipt to 
lake i)l!i(H!. It is soiiu^linK^s s(!on in cases wlioro horses iire Ix'ing niiido 
(o Hwini ; crjunps soizo tlieso muscles iind rendc^r thcini for tlie tinic! use- 
less, lieing often the ciius(^ of drowning. 

How to know it. — 'I'iic horse is going ahmg iipjiarcntly all right, 'ex- 
cept that he is laboring from fatigue^ wIkmi suddenly om^ or hoth thighs 
cramp and (iraw all into knots; a constriction will be s(!en in th(! hollf)w 
of the tliigli ; the |)oint of tlut hock is drawn up, and th(^ horse ci'ouches 
with his iiind parts ; in fact he is drawn down and is utterly unabic! to 
ni()\e. On accoiuit of the position the liind legs assume, tlKMniulile is 
often mistidicn for dislocation of the stifl(\ When l)oth legs art; affected 
the horse oft(!n falls in the; most intense agony, being unabic to stand 
longer. When only one leg is affcctcsd it is usually drawn ufjward.s and 
l)ackwards ; ho is unable to extend it. If left alone, the cramps may pas.s 
off in the course of a few minutes, or they may last several hours. 

What to do. — <'ct, hot water as (juickly as possible^ and apply it, bath- 
ing the leg continuously till the muscles relax and tlu; leg is hit down, and 
the horse walks as well as ever. Then rub dry and rub well in liniment 
No. l'». In the absence of that high winces, tincture of camphor, arnica, 
hot vinegar, etc., are good. Ciiv(( the patient a few days' rest. 



CHAPTER VIT. 



LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES, CON- 
TINUED. 



;. .STlKLl'.l). II. llir LAMENESS AND IIIPPEI*. III. STOCKINC. IV. ELEPHAN- 
TIASIS OU I-YMIMIANdlTIS. V. SCKATt'llES OK CRACKED IlEEl.. VI. (iKEASE. 

VII. MUD EEVEK. VIII. KUKrNCUl.US OR CAIIISINCLE. IX. DISLOCATIONS. 

X. WOl'NDS. XI. HOKE SHINS. XII. OSTEOPHYTES, FOLLOWING SOKE 

SHINS. ,\II1. I'OKCELANEOl'S DEPOSIT. XIV. STRINO HALT. .\V. INTEK- 

FEKING. XVI. OVEKREACIlIN(!. -WII. KOKUINO. XVIII. RUPTUUE OP 

MUSCLES. XIX. ATltOPIIV OP THE Ml'SCLES. 

I. Stifled. 

The term "stilled" is usiuiliy apfiiied to a liorso sufferiiiir fi'oin any 
doraiigement of the stifle joint, but properly it is only applicahie when 
tiierc is dislocation of the jiulley lionc, (the patelhi). Tlie patella is 
.sometimes thrown out, l)ut not as often as is generally supposed, and al- 
ways on the outside, tiiere being a ridge or Hangc; of bone on the inside 
wiiieh prevents it going that way. 

The ligaments of the stiile are oftou sprained, giving rise to lameness 
more or less severe. 

Causes. — Dislocation is produced by a slip and a twist at the same 
time, the weight probabl}' being upon tliat leg at the time ; the animal r(^- 
covers from the slip andtinds himself with the leg as far back as it lan be 
got, having carried the body forward on it, and when ready to bring the 
leg forward he is unable to move it. The leg remains protruding l)ack- 
ward until help comes to relieve the awkward situation. 

Sprains are caused in the same M'ay, but to a less extent. 

How to know it. — Dislocation is recognized by the position of the leg 
as described above, with inability to move it forward. The horse can be 
made to back, but he will swing himself back over the injured leg with- 
out raising it off the ground. The other legs are moved all rigiit, but 
this one remains with the foot in one position as if riveted to the 
ground. 

Lameness from sprains is recognized by a labored action in carrying the 
leg forward ; the leg is carried fai'tiier forward than in health, and is 
swung outward, flexing the stifle as little as possible. When matle to 
trot, allsymptoms are exaggerated. Ui)on a careful examination with the 
hand there will be found a thickening around the ligaments and sorenesa 
upon pressure. Wlien brought to a standstill he will rest the leg. 

2118 



LEGS OK THE HOUSE, TMEIi: ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. I'iHt 

Whattodo. — 111 t"i>-i' of dislocation tii- a rope to tiic pasteiu and 
pull it forward and a little outward at the same time, the ma'j handlinji: 
the rope standing about a A'iird from the horse's shoulder; thou another 
man standing at the stille shoves the hone back into its j)hu'e, hy pushing 
towai'd the horse's flank. It will slip in with a snap. Then j)ut on a 
high-heeled shoe, (he heels raised two inches, and bathe the stifle as con- 
tinuously as possible with the cooling lotion, No. 12. When the inflam- 
mation that follows is gone, apjjly a blister all around the joint, use No. 
II. CJivc a long rest. If this does not cure in four or fiveweeks, a seton 
may ]w put in over the joint, running up and down about four inches ; 
wash it dean once or twice a day w\{\\ hot water, and leave it in from 
two to four weeks. When entirely well, replace the shoe with an ordi- 
nary one. 




DEVICE FOU A STIFLED IIOKSE. 
Showing the manner of replacing the patella, in case the stille is thrown out. 

Treatment for sprains of the stifle is the same as prescribed for dislo- 
cation. Do not omit the high-heeled shoe, and give plenty of rest. If 
it is a mild case a strong liniment may be effectual ; a[)ply No. 14. The 
more heroic treatment may be applied when the mild fails. 

II. Hip Lameness and Hipped. 

Lameness and accidents are commonly found affecting the hips. The 
]ioiiits()f the hips often knock against door posts, trees, stakes and jiosts 
ill the pasture; and also when falling the hij) is often the first point to 
strike. At such times a jioint is often broken, or the whole hip is knocked 
down, giving a one-sided appearance to the hi[)s, when they are known as 
hi|i|)ed. 

Causes. — Ordinary hip lameness is caused by spraining the ligaments 
(ir muscles around the joint. It may be done by slipping, falling, being 
kicked by other horses, etc. 



300 



tup: AMERICAN FAKMEU S STOCK BOOK. 




Showing appea: 
what is know 



IPPKD IIORSK. 

eof the hips when 
ten down, lorming 
i hipped. 



How to know it. — Lameness in the hip is rather hard to diagnose on 
account of its usual!}- being so deep-seated. A bud case of hip lameness 
is known by a short step, about half the 
length of that of the sound leg, while the 
whole leg is carried together, all of a piece, 
and swung outward somewhat. When standing 
he will not always rest the leg, l)ut may stand 
perfectly sound on it and only show lame- 
ness when moving, showing it entirely l)y 
labored action, the leg being lirought forward 
slowl}' and with ditficulty. 

Manipulation will usually tind soreness di- 
rectly over or near the joint, and upon close 
examination, when standing behind and com- 
panng the two sides, there will be found a 
slight swelling in the region of the injury. 
Sometimes the sprain is in the back jiart of 
the joint ; then the labored action is seen 
more in backing, the horse going forward 
with little or no diiBculty. 

In case of fracture there will be a very 
perceptible deficiency or falling away in that region, accompanied by 
great lameness and soreness to the touch. 

What to do- -111 cases of fracture all that can be done is to make the 
horse as comfortable as i)ossil)le and apply anodyne lotions and lini- 
ments, accompanied with hot applications, either water or vinegar, and 
the Imiment, No. 15 ;and also give a long rest, from one to three months. 
The bones cannot be got at to be set ; so all there is to be done is to let 
nature do the work. The animal will always remain one-sided, and will 
generall}' go a little one-sided, partly cornerwise, in the road ; but he will 
be just as useful as ever for ordinary work. 

Sprain of the hip is treated the same as any other sprain. Rest, hot 
water, and liniment. No. 14, well rul)bedin, twice a day, will generally 
cure in from one to three weeks. But in bad cases a blister is often 
required ; rub No. 9 well in over the affected part. If this fails to cure, 
a scton is the last I'csort. Let it be a piece of strong unbleached muslin, 
an inch and a half wide and ten inches long. Run it upwards and down- 
wards, about four inches, under the skin. Leave it in from three to six 
weeks. Keep the place running by applying a little fly blister to the 
string from time to time. Give absolute rest during this treatment, and 
when the seton is removed, turn the horse to pasture or straw yard for 
two or three months. 



LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 301 

III. Stocking. 

Stocking is the name given to swelling of the legs, usually confined to 
the parts below the knees and hocks, although in bad cases it extends 
above these joints. 

Causes. — Weakness of the tissues of the legs, being unable to support 
tlie pressure above ; weak, Avatcry, impoverished condition of the blood, 
and the legs being the most dependant part, it settles on them. Stand- 
ing still is a very common cause, so much so that there is a good deal of 
it just from standing from night till morning. It is most common in 
badly drained and illy ventilated staliles ; and young horses are more 
subject to it than older ones. It is often a symptom of some disease 
that I'cquires attention ; for stocking in disease is always a symptom of 
weakness which needs tonics and stinudants. 

How to know it. — Swelling of the legs without other sj'mptoms of dis- 
ease ; the swelling entirely disappearing with exercise, but returning 
when standing any length of time. 

What to do. — Give the folloM'ing tonic, one powder night and morn- 
ing, in the feed : 

N,o. 22. 1}4 Ounce pure sulphate of iron, 

2 Ounces nitrate of potash, 
Powder and mix. 
Divide into twelve powders. 

Shower the legs with cold water in hot weather, but omit the water 
in cold weather, give gentle exercise to reduce the swelling, and when 
coming in from exercise or work, bandage them tight; if iu summer, 
use cotton bandages ; in winter use flannel. 

Avoid all strong, irritating or blistering applications. If necessary, 
repeat the powders. Remove the bandages when going out for exercise, 
and give the legs hand-rubbing. 

rV". Elephantiasis or Lymphangitis. 
This disease, sometimes called weed, is more jjarticularly a blood dis- 
ease, but oeing located entirely, by outward appearances, in the legs, we 
will consider it in this connection. It is usually seen in fat animals, 
rarely in poor ones. It is a species of surfeit and indicates a fat, ple- 
thoric condition of the system, more so than the excretory organs can 
take care of. It usually attacks one leg, and that a hind leg, though 
sometimes it is seen in both hind legs, and occasionalh' in the fore legs. 
It comes on suddenly after standing still a day or two or more. It often 
develops between Saturday night and Monday morning. The lymphatic 
glands of the leg become inflamed and unable to perform their func- 
tions, and the superfluous nutritive material is thrown back ; the coats of 



302 



THE AJIEUICAN FAKJIEU S STOCK BOOK. 



the lyinphatic vessels become weak iind the fluid oozes through tlicni, 
infiltrates the cellular tissue and makes a leg something like that of an 
cle[)hant. 

Causes. — To<> high feeding with too little work. "When horses are 
M'orked every day it will seldom dcvcloi), hut when a too highly fed 
horse is left in over Sunday, a rainy day, or from a nail in the foot, etc., 
the big leg will 1)0 found next morning. 

How to know it. — An immense leg is seen on entcrmg the stable. It 
is hot, painful, sore ; if touched on the inside of the thigh the horse will 
raise the leg as high as possible, sometimes so high as to throw himself 
down. It is Avith the greatest difliculty that the leg is moved at all. 
There is a high fever, ac^celerated pulse, temperature raised, breathing 
increased in frequenc-y, mouth hot, great thirst, and usually loss of appe- 
tite. It is as lial)le to happen in winter as in sunnner. 




K^;> :°^-«^ 



lUSCUVElil^G THE ELEFIIANT LEti. 

What to do- — The treatment applied is with a view to depletion, to re- 
duce the system to its proper condition in regard to the amount of fat it 
is capal)le of taking care of. So the first thing to be done is to give a 
ball of Barbadoes aloes : 

No. 23. 5 Di'iioliins B:ub;ulot's aloes, 

1 Di-inluu gt'iitiaii. 
1 Dracliiii fiiiigcr. 

Svi'up oi' s();i|) lo mix. 

Make it into a ball the shape of your linger, and, grasping the tongue 
with your left hand, draw it down between the front teeth and pass the 
ball back onto the root of the tongue with the right hand, keeping the 
hand up against the roof of the mouth ; do it fearlessly, for you cannot get 
hurt so long as you keep firm hold of the tongue with the left haiul. 
The ball being safely down, i)ut a teaspoonful of saltpetre into a gallon 
of water and give him to drink. Kepeat this every three or four hours 
till the urine is increased in quantity and clearer in color; then continue 
it two or three times a day. 



LEGS OF THE HOKSE, TIIEII! ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 303 

Bathe the leg with hot water with a handful of salt in it, for an hour 
or two, having the water as hot as a man can bear his hand in. Then 
bind the leg in woolen clothes to keep it thoroughly warm, let them 
reach clear to the body, and avoid all drafts. Restrict the diet to hay, 
water and bran mashes till he is able to go to work again. As soon as the 
soreness will allow of exercise, give him a walk of a couple of hours twice 
a day, increasing it from day to day. This may be kept up till all sore- 
ness and inflammation are gone, when he may go to work again ; which 
M'ill lie before all the swelling is gone from the leg, but the exei'cise will 
help to reduce it. On coming in from work apply a wet bandage tight ; 
and give i)leuty of hand-rubl)ing when going out. Bring the horse back 
to liis feed gradually, and avoid overfeeding. 

Prevention. — If a horse is working hard every day, and consuming large 
quantities of veiy nutritious, heating food, the regular allowance should 
be cut down one half when he is laid up for a single day or more. He 
should receive a large, wet bran mash for supper on Saturday night, no 
oats or corn at all, and onh' one-half, or two-thirds at most, of the regu- 
lar allowance on Sunday. If this rule is followed no elephant legs will 
be found on Monday morning ; but if the full allowance of strong grain 
is fed Saturday night and all day Sunday, the horse is liable to this and 
many other disorders. 

V. Scratches or Cracked Heel. 

Scratches or cracked heels ai-e simply chaps and cracks around the 
heels and in the hollow of the pastern ; they correspond to chapped 
hands in man. They are usually very simple, but sometimes are quite 
severe and require consideral)le perseverance to cure them. 

Causes. — Exposure to cold mud, snow, slush and ice-water without 
jDroper care in fall, winter and spring. It is unknown in hot weather. 

Kow to know it. — The skin is swollen in the hollow of the pastern : and 
around the heels, cracks and chaps extend in all directions ; and laracr 
cracks will run around the leg where it is the most 
flexed. When dry, they will Ije hot, sore to the touch, 
and painful. Sometimes the flexion in moving will 
cause the animal to raise the feet a couple of feet high 
at first, but with exei'cise the soreness partially disap- 
pears. 

What to do. — When the horse comes in, wipe off the 
parts as nicely as possible, bandage them with flannel 
to keep them warm, and when dry clean them thor- 
oughly with a brush, not touching them with water at 
all. Washing with warm water would do no harm cracked heel. 
if they were well dried afterward, but to be on the safe side it is better 




304 



THE AMKUICAN FARMER S STOCK HOOK. 



not to wash them at all. When clean, apply casinolinc, pctrolina, arnica 
jelly, carbolic salve, or an ointment made of hird and pounded alum in 
equal parts. Any of these may be applied, both Avhen coming in and when 
going out. If they get very bad, give him a few days rest. If proud tiesh 
springs up in the cracks, burn it down with burnt alum. If necessary 
to rest the horse for them, give him a teaspoonful of saltpetre in the 
feed morning and night for three or four days. 

Prevention. — Never wash the feet and legs in cold or wet weather, say 
after November 1st, till April. It is good for themtol)e washed in warm 
weather ; it softens the dry, hard hoofs, and cools off the horse when 
heated ; but it is objectionable in cold weather. "When coming in from 
cold slush and nuid, dry and clean the feet and legs thoroughly. 

VI. Grease. 

(Jrease is the name given to a disease of the lower parts of the legs that 
seems to be aggravated scratches, but it is entirely distinct from 





KIliST SYMPTOM OF GREASE. 

Scratching one leg with the other foot. 



FIRST STAGE OF CONFIRMED GREASE. 
EXIDATION. 



scratches. Scratches lies in the upper or cuticular layer of the skin, 
and grease is inflammation of the deeper layers. It is so called from the 
nature of the discharge, which is profuse, and greasy in appearance. It 
has a very offensive odor. 

Causes. — Neglected scratches often runs into grease, but there must 
be other conditions favorable — impure blood, tendency to surfeit, hide- 
bound and general bad condition. It is just as likely to appear in warm 
weather, when it is the result of surfeit, as it is to appear in cold 
weather, when it results from neglected scratches. 

How to know it. — The legs are swollen to the knees and hocks, and 
an offensive, greasy matter is oozing from the pores. When bad they 
are so sore as to cause considerable lameness. The discharge comes as 
much, and often more, from above the fetlocks as from below, and 



LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 



305 



mostly from the long thick hair on the back of the legs. Draft horses 
are most subject to it. Itching of the part is an early symptom. AVhen 
grease is ueglected, proud flesh sprouts up through the openings made by 
the pus, and after a while the}' become caloused and horny, and then they 
are called grapes. At this stage of the disease the swelling of the leg 
has become chronic, and can never be reduced. 

What to do. — Give the horse a purgative of aloes. No. 23. Feed on 
bran mashes a few days. When the purging has stopped give a teaspoon- 
ful of saltpetre in the feed morning and night for three or four days. 
Apply hot poultices, with powdered charcoal sprinkled over the top, to the 





SECOND STAGE OF CONFIRMED GREASE 
CRACKS. 



The stage of Grease in which horny lu 
are seen, called Grapes. 



legs, changing them once a day ; continue them till the active inflamma- 
tion is nearly all gone, then leave them off and apply lotion 

No. 24. 1 Ounce sugar of lead, 

1 Pint water, 
Mix. 

Apply three times a day. "Wash the parts often enough to keep them 
clean and poultice them occasionally to keep the inflammation out. 
While using the lead lotion, give a tablespoonful of epsom salts in the 
feed once a day. If proud flesh springs up burn it down with burnt alum. 

When the disease is cured, if there is any thickening remaining in the 
legs, work, hand-rubbing and bandaging will remove it. 

Vn. Mud Fever. 

This is fever in the skin of the legs, from the feet to the kuees and 
hocks. The skin is covered with scabs as if it had been blistered, and 
when they come off the hair usually comes with it, leaving the legs bare. 

Causes. — Chilling of the skin by standing or working in cold mud 
and ice-water. The skin becomes thoroughly chilled, almost like frost- 
bitten, and when warmed the reaction is so great as to produce much 



30fi Tlir. AMKUICAN l"Ai;Mi:it"s S'l'iJCK lUIOK. 

fever wliicli 1(>;hIs on lo tlic coiulitioiis s|)<)k('ii of aljovc, ;iii(l soiiu'tiiucs 
to funmclo and (■!irl)iiii(l('. It is most coinnmn on linicslono roads, tlu- 
soil Iicinii iri'italiiiij;. 

How to know it. — Swelling of the legs is seen. After l)eing exposed 
for a day or more (o cold, M'et mud, or iee-water, they will be found to 
hv very hot and sore next morning. After a few days the hair will be 
filled with scabs that cling tightly to the skin, l)nt after a few days more 
thoy will loosen and eonie off, bringing the liair witli tiiem, l('a\ing the 
logs entirely bare sometimes. There is usually more or less systi-mic! 
fever with rheumatii! lenileneies. 

What to do. — If ''•■>d, leave the horse in for a few days, wash the legs 
with warm water and bathe them afterwai'ds with lotion, No. 24. Repeat 
this two or thi'ee times a day. When the swelling begins to g(» out of 
them and the skin gets scaly, greasti them with fresh hud once a day well 
rubbed in. Give internally two tablespoonfulls of (ilauber's salt three 
times a day for a few tlays and follow that with No. 22. 

Mud fever often I'uns into furunculus which will next be described. 

VIII. Furimculua or Carbuncle. 

Furuncidus is the name applied by i'rof. McKachran to w'hal is called 
by many nnid fever in an aggravated form, when it takes the form of 
carbuncle. II attac^ks the legs, but usually is confined to the coronary 
region and |)astei'n. It actsa good deal like a bad boil, swells very laige, 
gets very hard and is awfully painful, so much so that when it comes 
under the coronary band or on the front (d" the pastern it is often fatal, 
especially on the hind foot. 

Causes. — All the causes that belong to mud fcviM- are ajiplicable to 
furunele, anil, in aildition, an unhealthy conilition of the blood which 
always has a tendency to aggravate any malady. 

How tc know it, — Extreme lameness is usually the first symptom 
noticed; a reluctance to put the weight on the foot ; a (Continual raising 
of the foot, inilicating gn^at pain ; the horse does not lie down ; great 
fever in the system ; mouth hot ; (>yi's red ; nostrils dilated and more or 
less blowing ; swelling of the cortmet in the i-egion of the carbuncle, uidess 
it is situated an inch or more above the coronet. When this has run on 
for tw(>nty-four hours the skin breaks in rags and in the course of the 
next tiMi hours it sloughs off and a core goes with it varying in size from 
a cherry to that of a man's thumb. Sometimes the skin sloughs off from 
a sui'face as largo as the palm of a man's hand. When these cases are 
fatal the hor.se dies from irritative fever and exhaustion from pain. The 
appetite is not always affected, the pain being so great a drain on the 
system that the horse will often eat more than usual ; but in all cases ho 
loses llesh fast and becomes thin and tucked up in a M-ry few days. 



I.KdS OK 'rill', IIOKSK, TUKIi: ACC'IDKNTS AND DliSKASES. .'5(17 

What to do. --\\ lii'u lir«t notict'd, ji'ivo a l);ill of imruiilivc nicdiciiu! 
iiiadi: lip iis tliu'cti'd ill iTcipo No. 2;}, i'c'<ruliitiii<^ tlic (iiuiiitity of tlic aloes 
l)y (ho sizo of tlio liors(> ; givo from tliroo to five ilraclims. Tliou jfivo 
tinctui'o of aroiiito root in ti'ii-dr()[) doses cvory two hours til! (lie purga- 
tive l)egin.s to woriv ; then stoi). Api)iy a linseed nouitieo, hot and soft, 
to tlie inllaniedi)art. Ciiaii<>-e it twieo a day till tlin sloughing takes place ; 
tlien wash it with a weak solution of earholi(^ acid — one part of earholie 
acid to forty parts of water — and renew the pouilicc ; dress it in tills way 
till tliii sore begins to granulate; nicely, then oiiiil the poultice, and dress 
three times a day with lotion No. 7, washing it ofleii enough to keep it 
clean. 

If (he swelling comes direclh' under (hecoioiiel the tension will lie im- 
mense, on account of the little elasticity in it ; tlii! soft parts underneath 
cannot swell, and therefore the pain will be unbearable unless it lie cut. 
So we would recuimmeiul in such cases to sever the coronet by passing a 
probe-iiointed knife in under it and cutting outwards. If it bleeds pro- 
fusely, which it is likely to do, tic it up loosely for a whihi with a cotton 
bandage. Siil)se(|uent treatment will be the same as giviMi above;. Vva'\1 
liberally all the time. 'I'he healing of the wound will apjii^ar to be slow, 
iiiit patience is recjuired, as the skin will not form over tlic surface all at 
onccs but must grow over from the edges. If lotion No. 7 is well a[i- 
pliitl there will be no proud tlesh nor other hindrance to the healing [iro- 
cess. 

IX. Dislocations. 

Dislocations are very rare in (lie horse, except that of the stifle, which 
is described in tiie article under tii;it licad. The shoulder and hij) joints 
are imbedded so dee[ily in muscle, and the sockets of the joints are so 
well guarded by the cartilage that surrounds them that dislocation of 
those )iarts is seldom met with. 'iMu> bones, femur and humerus, frac- 
ture (iiiough their necks before tlieii' heads give way from their sockets. 
The elbow, knee, hock, fetlock, pastern and coffin joints are all so well 
guarded by flanges, central ridges, depressions, width of joints, etc., 
that fractures almost invariably take place before ilislocations. In order 
for a dislocation to occur, many of the strong ligaments (hat surround 
and hold tlK^ir joints togt her would have to be ruptured and torn from 
their attachments, which would lie nearly if not (|ui(c as serious as a 
fnicture, and in most cases, except that of the sdfle, destruction of tlu^ 
horse would be (he cheapest treadnent ; for a gi'cat length of time would 
be re(|iiired (o effect a cure, and the result would be vei-\' unsatisfactory. 

Hut in case of a valuable stallion or marc, that niigiil, be used for 
breeding it woukl be well to give them a chance, by putting (iieiii in (he 



308 THE AMERICAN KARMEU's STOCK BOOK. 

slings ami using liot fomentations, and eavef ul bandaging to support the 
injin-ed joint, at tiic sanio time giving internally, mixture No. 21, to keep 
down any fever that might arise from the injury to the SA'novial mem- 
brane. And after bathing with hot water, which ought to he done three 
or four times a day, the following liniment may be used, and bandage 
right over it, applying the bandage middling tight: — 

25. 1 Oiiiut^ tiiicliiri' ariiica, 

1 Ouiico luiiilniniin, 
Wiitcr lo inaki' one i)iut. 
Mix. 

X. Wounds. 

What to do. — Wounds are eommon, and in most cases have to be 
treated, at least for the first dressing, at home by those who happen to be 
upon the premises, owing to the urgency of the situation. Bleeding is 
often profuse to a dangerous degree, and when stitches are required it is 
always desirable to insert them while the wound is fresh. For the stitch- 
ing is not only much more painful and less successful when postponed, 
but after a few hours, when swelling and suppuration have begun,, it is 
useless, for the edges will not unite and the stitches will certainly tear out, 
adding to the soreness and blemishing that follows. Hence it is very 
important for some one about thcplace to act as surgeon, at least for the 
time being. 

When the skin and llesli are laid open by kicks, calks, cuts, collisions, 
etc., the first thing to do is to stoj) tlu! bleeding. Arterial blood is liright 
scarlet, venous blood is dark blue. When an artery is cut ajiply the 
compress above the wound, towards the heart, to intercept the blood as it 
is coming down. If it is a vein that is cut ai)ply the compress below the 
wound, for the veins conduct the blood towards the heart. The compress 
may be a cork bound on the artery or vein, or a wad of cloth, or a piece 
of dry sponge with a bandage wound over it pretty tight. If the wound 
is in a position that will not admit of bandaging and there ai"e arteries or 
veins cut, so as to l>e dangerous, they must bo caught up and tied. In 
the absence of proper instruments an artery can be taken up with a fine 
pair of nippers and the end tied with a piece of silk. But in many cases 
it is unnecessary to tie the artery, since the bleeding may be stopped by 
filling the cut with scrapings from the flesh side of sole leather, cob-webs 
oakum, tow, lint, etc., or a solution of copperas, or the tincture of iron 
may 1)e thrown into the wound. 

If no bleeding is taking place, proceed at once to sew up the wound. 
Use a needle that is strong and not liable to break while being pushed 



LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIIl ACQIDENTS AND DISEASES. 



309 




STITCIIIN<; WITH A KIXED 
8ET()N NKEDLE. 



through the skin, siml silk tlu-c:id, douhlcd to prevent its tearing out. 

Make the stitches about three-fourths of an 

inch apart and tie eacih one l)efore taking 

another. Clip off the hair from the edges of 

the wound so that none will ])e doubled under, 

and ))athe it with the carbolic lotion. No. (!. 

If the wound is on the leg it is best to draw 
the skin together with a few stitches, even 
though they are coi-tain to tear out, and, aftei 
dressing with the lotion, ap[)ly a bandage 
smoothly over the wound just tight enough to 
hold the parts in place. Then let it alone till 
it begins to suppurate, when it needs washing 
with warm water and castile soap to clean it, 
and dress as before with lotion and bandage. 
When the stitches burst, cut them out. 

When the wound is filled up with flesh even 
Avith the surface, change the lotion to No. 7, and leave off the bandage. 
If the wound is on the body and cannot be bandaged use lotion No. G, till 
the flesh has made considcral)le headway towards filling up the hole and 
then change to No. 7. 

If the bone is affected and caries (ulceration) begins, dress it twice a 
day with lotion : 

No. 2G. }2 Oiiiici; hydnx-hlorii: acid, 

1 Pint water, 
Mix. 

Apply it with a swab directly to the caried spot. The flesh in such a 
case may be dressed with the other lotions the same as above. 

If the joint is affected, treatment for it particularly will be found un- 
der the head of Open Joint. 

If tlue tendons are cut off so as to let the fetlock down to the ground 
and the toe turns up, the horse might as well be destroyed ; but if they 
are only partially cut, or if only one is cut, and the ends jjrotrude 
through the wound, cut off nice and clean all that sticks out, with a 
sharp pair of scissors, and draw the skin together and treat as above, 
bearing in mind that any portion of tendon that may protrude from time 
to time must be cut off and the end kept inside in order to heal. 

XI. Sore Shins. 

Young racers are very apt to have sore shins from too much galloping 
before the bones become thoroughly hardened. The bones all along the 
log, from the foot to the knee, become quite sore, somewhat enlarged 



310 'llli: A.MKKICA.V ] Al!:\IEU"s STOCK HOOK. 

iiiul I'aiisc lanu'iioss. 'IMio i.'()iisc(iuon('os of soi'c sliins aro <iuiU' -serious 
iis tlu'V often riMulcr tlio colt unaliU' to ji'o on with liistniiiiiiiii'. TUo in- 
tlaniinatioii is often followed In' an ossitieatioii of the effusion tluit is 
thrown out siud gives the leg the ai)[)eaiaiu'e of having pateiu's of 
hone plastered over the shins under the skin. 

Causes. — 'I'<>'> nuich galloping when the bones are soft and ^•oung, und 
the soreness is often aggravated by too niueh ruhhing when coming 
in from exercise. The bones should never be rubbed hard nor vei-y 
nnich, but the tendons on the back of the legs may have all the ndibing they 
can get. Sore spots on the legs are often produced by bruises, kicks 
from the toes of stable boys' boots, kicks from other horses, etc. These 
last named causes are often followed by bony enlargcinents on any part 
of the legs, or the cnlai'gements may come directly on a joint, when very 
SCI ions results may follow. 

How to know it. — Soreness forward, shown by a short, stiff, stilted 
gait ; if more in one leg than tlic otlicr tliei-e will l)e lameness. There is 
soreness to the touch, mnvc or less swelling all over the surface of the 
shin bones, or at any point of injury when it is the result of accident. 
The swelling is soft at tirst and spungy, but in a few days becomes quite 
hard and has the feeling of bone. The soreness may extend over the 
whole surface, or it may be confined to that part near the joints, espec- 
ially the fetlock and i)astcrn. The animal is inclined to knuckle at the 
fcl lorlv, and go over on the knees. 

What to do. (Jive absolute rest ; remove the shoes; foment the legs 
with hot water for half an hour at a time three times a day, and follow 
the hot water each time with the lotion. No. 12, and bandage loosely, wet- 
ting the bandages and legs with lotion No. '21, as follows: 

No. '27. 1 Ouiici' tiiu'tiiio nrnioii, 

1 Ouiuc tiiii'tiire o|iiniii, 
Water tu in:iki' i>ni' Jiiiit, 
Mix. 

Continue this treatment till all soreness is gone, then, if necessary, apply 
a little of the blister. No. 10, rubl)ed in once a day till jiretty Mcll blis- 
tered, then grease once a day till healed, and repeat. 

In mild cases, where the first symptoms are shown, fre((uent bathing, 
ssiy three times a day, Avitli lotion No. 37, and loose bandaging, will pre- 
vent its full development, especially if rest is given. In bad ca.ses the 
rest needs to bo prolonged to seveial months. The same rules and 
recipes will apply when enlargements come on the bones from kicks and 
other liruises. The tiring iron may be drawn over the spot when near or 
on a joint, if other and milder measures fail. 



LEGS OF THK HOUSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. ,'511 

XII. Osteophsrtes, Following Sore Shins. 

This is the name given to the bony deposits that follow sore shins. 
There are several different kinds. The velvety, or villous resembling 
hoar frost, is usually spread all over the bone in a uniform layer, and is 
seen on bones of young racers, hack hoi'ses and sometimes driving 
horses. The splintered or laminated kind grows more in excrescences and 
splintered as in spavin. The warty or stalactite kind grows like a wart 
with either a pedicle or stem on a narrow base, or may-be a small sur- 
face on a large base, or a large excrescence spread on the bone over con- 
siderable surface; these are seen on any bone as results of bruises, etc., 
and sometimes appear around the hock and knee joints. Many other 
forms may be seen, like tarry matter i)oured over the bone hot, and liard- 
cnt^d while cooling, etc. 

Causes. — Hard work of any kind making the bones sore, inflammation 
sets 111 and then deposits follow as a natural result. Accidents, bruises, 
kicks, etc., contribute their share. 

How to know it. — The bony enlargement can be seen and felt. In 
addilion to that there will, in all prol)ability, be more or less lameness. 
In the absence of lameness there will lie a stiff, short, stilted gait; more 
or less knuckling of the fetlocks and going over on the knees — knee- 
sprung. It is most often seen in hack horses, saddle and buggy horses 
that get much work. 

What to do. — Treatment is unsatisfactory in that it requires a long 
time, continuous rest and considerable attention, and after all, the horse 
is not mucii improved ; liut it is always best to give it a trial, especially in 
young and valuable horses. In the early stages the same treatment pre- 
scribed for sore shins is applicable, which see ; and in the later stages 
repeated applications of the blister No. 10, and a long rest will help liim 
some, if it is an old, chronic case ; and if it is a recent case, it will cure. 

Xm. Porcelaneous Deposit. 

Causes. — Often in bad cases of spavin and ringbone, and in many 
other joints of the body, an ulceration of the head of the bone takes place 
in the joint, the cartilage becomes absorbed andletsthe ends of the bones 
together, and as a result of friction, a bony deposit is made on the ends 
coming together which gets rubbed and chafed till it is polished as smooth, 
hard and glossy as porcelain, hence the name. 

How to know it, — By negative s3'mptoms rather than positive. The 
horse is always evenly lame ; the lameness does not work off with exer- 
cise ; no treatment does any good, and the true nature of the trouble can 
only be determined by a post mortem examination. 



312 THE AMERICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK. 

What to do. — Give the affected joint the treatment prescribed under its 
proper hoiid, t-xli;iust ill! known remedies, and when you utterly fail to 
produce a cure, you may come to the conclusion that there is jjorcela- 
neous deposit in the joint which is incurable. No treatment is of any 
avail. 

XIV. Strmg Halt. 

Causes. — Strinj^ halt or spring halt is a purely nervous affection in 
which the cause cannot be detinitely located, but which may be due to 
any local disorder. It often exists without any visible lesion. 

How to know it. — I'l'" l^'fi is jerked up towards the ])ody with every step, 
sonietiines so slroiigly as to strike the belly with the fetlock. Somc- 
tinu's it is very slight, only showing in moving from side to side in the 
stall, or only when starting forward or backward. Sometimes both legs 




are affected. It is usually worse when stai ting ; sometimes it is so bad 
that the horse has hard work to start at all and will stand and jerk up ilrst 
one leg, then the other ; but once started he goes without hesitation. But 
it is very fatiguing and wearing ; and the horse seldom accunimulatcs any 
flesh. 

What to do. — The treat nuMit is very unsatisfactory, seldom or never 
result mg in anv l)enetit, but it is best alwavs to treat aiiv local disorder 



A IIAI> CASE OK STUINC. HALT. 



of that region as it requires, willi a hope that it will alleviate the ner- 
vous ]crk. 



LKfiS OF THE IIOKSE, TIIEU! ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 



313 



XV. Interfering. 

Iiitcrferinjj; is the effect of :i variety of causes that make tiie horse 
brush the foot that is going forwani against the other leg. It nuiy be 
either fore or hind. lie may brush any part of the leg according to 
the heiglit to wiiich he raises the foot, sometimes the knee or above it, 
the shin or the coronet, but usually the fetlock. 

The fetlock is brushed when the horse is walking or on a dog trot ; the 
coronet, on the walk with very low action ; the shin, on the trot when the 
feet are raised higher than when the fetlock is brushed ; the knee, on the 
trot with very high knee action ; above the knee, when there is exces- 
sively high action. 

The effects of interfering are always bad, but particularly so when it 
is the knee that is injured. Interfering is usually confined to brushing the 
foot against the leg, but sometimes the foot is brought 
against the leg in such a manner as to strike it, causing the 
horse to go off on three legs for a few steps, and doing great 
injury l)y bruising the part. This is sometimes done by 
horses that do not brush hal)itually, but from some mis.step 
the foot is brought forward with a swing and strikes the 
otluu" leg in its passage. 

Causes. — Colts, before being shod, seldom or never inter- 
fere, but often do it as soon as shod, Avhile in other cases the 
fault docs not appear until some bungling shoeing is done. 
The shoeing is a common cause ; the foot is often pared 
down too much on the inner side, tipping the fetlock in so as 
to bring it in the way of the other foot ; the shoe is sometimes left too 
full on the inner side, projecting out so far as to brush in passing ; being 
shod too heavy or too light often causes it. Colts interfering when 
shod first, is due to the increased weight of the feet, but when the 
muscles become accustomed to carrying the shoes it disapi)ears. Mal- 
formation is a conniion cause ; the fetlocks arc sometimes tipped in ; the 
toes turned in or out giving a swinging motion to the fore feet. Weak- 
ness is a comnion cause, and also thimiess in Hesh. 

How to know it. — There is often lameness from it without any visible 
marks on either leg or foot ; in such a case chalk the foot, or smear lamp- 
black on it and move the horse and it Mill be demonstrated. But the 
point struck is usually very plain, also a polished surface on tlic foot, 
and sometimes blood on the hoof. 

What to do. — The first thing to be done, always, is to apply a boot to 
the j)lace on the leg that is brushed. Nicely-titting boots for all parts of 
the leg are made of both cloth and leather, that i)rotect the part from 
injury ; this done, proceed to remove the cause. If it is in the shoeing 




ENLARGED 
KNEE, FUOM 
SPEEDY CUT. 



314 



THE AMEKICAN FARMER S STOCK HOOK. 



take the horse to a shocr who is an artist in the business, and ])y close 
examination ascertain what changes can l)e made. As ti rule no two feet 
arc alike, and it requires an artist and a mechanic to change the jiosition 
of the feet and legs relatively. A good rule to follow in all ordinary 
eases is to shoe so as to tip the fetlocks out, giving the feet room to pass 
l)y without brushing. This is done by leaving the inner side strong and 
paring down the outer side, which will throw the centre of gravity in a 
new line and often prove successful. Instead of leaving the inner side of 
the shoe fidl make it rather scant. If the shoes are too heavy, lighten 
them ; if too light, or too large, change Iheni. If the horse is overworked, 
Jhin and weak, give him a rest and a little 
better feeding. There is no plan much 
more effectual than to spread the legs with 
good solid flesh, making them travel wider. 
If the knee gets larger and the swelling 
tills with liquid, tap it carefully and let the 
liquid out. Other points are not likely to be 
bruised badly enough to cause an effusion. 
After tiie cause is removed foment with 
either hot or cold water and apply lotion, 
No. 12; repeat it three or four times a day. 
Gentle exercise may be given if the swel- 
ling is not too large and sore. When below 
the knee bandages may be used to advan- 
tage. "When the swellings become hard 
and calloused the liniment. No. 11, may be 
rubl)ed in twice a day after a hot bath, 
rubbing the part dry before applying the liniment. 

] 




A OOOl) KOKM. 



lenr view of a horse 
thighs spread th-; legs 
fering. 



lowing ho« 
nd prevent i 






ANKLE liOOTS IN COMMON TSE. 

The cuts above illustrate the application of a few of the most com- 
mon forms of luiots, used to i)rcvent injury by interfering. 



LEGS OF THE HOKSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 315 

It should be remembered that there is no chance of reducing the 
enlargement until the cause is removed. A boot should be worn till the 
tendency to interfere is obviated. 

XVT. Overreaching. 

Causes. — Overreaching is catching tlie toe of the hind foot onthe heels, 
quarters and shoe of the fore foot, often cutting the quarters badly, in- 
juring the hoof and causing it to grow down from the wounded part, 
giving rise to quarter cracks, weak quarters and rough, horny patches over 
the heels and pasterns. 

What to do. — This is a fault that has to be overcome by proper shoe- 
ing. Usually, shoeing (juite heavy forward and very light behind will 
make the horse take up the fore foot quicker, and get it out of the \vay 
of the hind foot before the latter strikes it. But in trotting horses, this 
is insuificient ; for, when trotting fast the hind foot passes by the fore 
foot on the outside to get an extra long reach ; l)ut they often fail to do 
it nicely and cut their quarters badly. This is usually overcome by 
weighting the hind foot on the outer side of the toe, cornerwise, as it 
were, to the foot ; this will have a tendency to throw the foot outward 
and forward at the same time. 

But in slow-going horses tiiis is impracticable, and dependence nuist lie 
placed on shoeing. The heels of the fore shoe need to be very short, 
the toe of the hind shoe set well l)ack under the hoof, and the toe calk, if 
any, set well back on the web of the shoe ; but in such cases, if the 
work of the horse will allow, it is best not to have any toe calk at all — 
let the shoe be plain. While trying different plans to overcome the 
habit, apply quarter and heel boots to the fore feet to avoid ruining 
them . 

XVII. Forging. 

Forgmg is the habit of clacking the hind and fore shoes together 
when trotting. It is not productive of any harm other than wearing off 
the toe of the hind foot ; but it is very disagreeable and annoying to the 
driver, and fatiguing to the horse. 

Causes. — The position of the feet at the time of the clack is differ- 
ent from what it is popularly supposed to be. The prevailing impression 
IS, that the toe of the hind shoe comes in contact with the heel of the 
fore shoe, but that is a mistake. As the fore foot is being raised off the 
ground, with the heel alread}' raised and the foot in the act of rolling on 
the toe, the toe of the hind foot comes flying in under the heel of the 
fore, and the two shoes come together, the toe of the hind against the 
web of the fore, making the clacking noise. It often wears off the toe 
of the hind foot liadlv. 



316 THE AMERICAN I'AUMEIl's STOCK ItOOK. 

What to do. — Tlic object to be gained i.s to increase the action and 
activity of tlm fore leg, to got the foot out of the way of the hind foot. 
Siioc ligiit behind and licavy forward. Let the weight of tiio fore shoe 
be mostly on each side, and the web at the toe as narrow as possii)le, 
setting the toe calk, if any, as far forward as you can. Set the hind 
shoe back from the toe a (]uarter to half an inch, and the toe calk as far 
back on the web as possible, and very small. Leave the toe of the hoof 
projecting over the shoe . 

XVIII. Rupture of Muscles. 

Causes. — The muscles are somcitimcs ruptured across the fibres by 
overexertion, severe sprains, etc. 

How to know it. — (Jreat lameness is apjjarent as an early symi)tom. 
Swelling, heat, soreness and pain are noticed in tlu^ course of from two to 
six hours after the accident. There will be unwiilingness, amounting 
almost to inability, to move. When the intlamniation has entirely subsided 
and the swelling is all gone, there will be a depression in the muscle at 
the seat of the injury from absorption of the injured portion. 

What to do. — During the active inflammation, foment with hot water 
as continuously as possible, and apply in between bathings, the anodyne 
liniment. No. 27. When the inHammation has all subsided and the hol- 
low in the muscle has formed, api)ly the tincture of cantharidcs, liglitly 
rubbed in once a day, till it is pretty well blistered, then suspend it and 
grease the part once a day till it is healed, and then repeat the blister. 
Continue this treatment for several weeks and the muscle will generally 
rc-devclop. Give gentle exercise during the treatment. 
XIX. Atrophy of the Muscles. 

This is a wasting away and shrinking of the muscular tissue, leaving a 
flattened or hollow surface in the place of a full, round muscle. It is 
similar in effect to rupture of the muscles, l>ut is more extended. 

Causes. — Sprains, strains, bruises, severe pressure, etc. 

How to know it. — A flattened or hollow surface will l)e found in the 
place of the muscle. Compare the i)art with the corresponding muscle 
on the other side, and you will notice the affected muscle has wasted away. 

What to do. — Repeated applications of the tincture of cantharidcs 
will usually make the muscle re-develop, but if it does not succeed after 
trying for three or four weeks, insert setons over the wasted portion 
about two or three inches a|)art, the length of the atrophy ; apply a little 
fly blister to the setons about twice a week. Fonu^nt them with hot 
water twice a day. Leave them in three or four weeks, (iive gentle ex- 
ercise. All means frequently fail to make the muscle re-develo[). The 
animal is often just as useful, but the wasted muscle is a constant eye-sore. 



CHAPTER VIII. 
BODY OF THE HORSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 




I. CARIES. II. NECROSIS. III. OSTEOSARCOMA. IV. OSTEOPOROSIS. V. 

EXOSTOSIS OP THE JAW. VI. BROKEN BACK. VII. SPRAIN OP THE BACK. 

VIII. BROKEN RIBS. IX. BROKEN TAIL. X. FRACTURE OP THE SKULL. 

XI. TUMORS. XII. GOITRE. XIII. INFLAMED I'AROTIl) GLAND. XIV. 

FISTULA OP THE PAROTID DUCT. XV. FISTULOUS WITHERS. XVI. POLL EVIL. 

XVII. INFLAMED .lUGULAR VEIN. XVIII. SADDLE GALLS. XI.X. SIT 

FASTS. XX. SURFEIT. -XXI. DROPSY. XXII. CIIORDES. XXIII. IIEI4- 

NIA. XXIV. WARTS. XXV. HAT-TAIL. X.WI. IT(;IIY TAIL. XXVII. 

ITCHY SKIN. XXVIII. MELANOSIS. XXIX. HIDE BOUND. XXX. ECZEMA. 

I. Caries. 
This is molecular dcatli or uk-eration of a bone. It may affect any 
bone in the body. The bones most frequently af- 
fected by caries are the teeth ; the lower jaw, 
from injury from the bit ; the jaw boiie.s, from 
diseased teeth ; bones of the neck, from poll evil ; 
spines of the back, from fistulous withers ; bones 
of the tail, from dockinir — in fact, any l)one sus- caries. 

tainiiiij an injury of sufficient severity to cause a or the lower jaw-The effect 

1 i' . J? i.1 1 1 i of being ii puller. 

slouffliuig ot the bono substance. 

Causes. — Wounds, either contused, lacerated, or clean cut, affectinsj 
the bone, are liable to be followed by infianimation, ulceration, and 
slouirhin;; of the bone substance. 

How to Know it. — A peculiar, offensive odor is the first indication that 
the l)()ne is affected — an odor of decayed teeth ; the discharge that comes 
directly from the bone is small, liut there is sufficient mixed with tlie pus 
from the fleshy surface to give the whole the characteristic odor. The 
surface of the bone is usually rough when felt with the finger, and has a 
tendency to spread if neglected. The surrounding parts always swell 
considerably, and become, in long-standing cases, quite hard and cal- 
loused. 

What to do. — Wash the part, and make an opening on the under side, 
if possible, to allow a free escape of the pus ; scrape the diseased surface 
of the bone with a dull edge, and dress twice a day, with the following 
lotion : 

No. 28. 2 Drachms hydrodiloric acid, 

>^ Pint water, 
Mix. 

317 



318 TIIK AMIOUICAN I'AK.M Klt's SlOC'lv HOOK. 

Apply with a swab directly to the diseased sj)<>t on the bone. This will 
have the effect of arresting the caries, and promoting a health}' granu- 
lation on the surface of the; bone, which will fill up the hole. Continue 
this lotion till all disease of the bone is certainly gone ; then change to 
Ko. 7, which will heal the Hesli wound, or use a little tincture of myrrh, 
or gum balsam. If it is cold we-.ither, compound tincture of bei'.zoine 
(Friar's l)alsam) is probably the best for tlesh wounds. These latter may 
be applied two or three times a day. 'J'l'eatment of parts retjuiring 
particular ai)pliances will be found under their pi'oper heads. 
II. Necrosis. 

This is death of a part or the whole of a l)one ; usually seen in the long, 
harder bones of the body, and quite often in the lower jaw-l)ones of 
horses that i)ull very hard on the bit. Necrosis is sometimes seen affeil- 
ing the cannon bones of young racers, causing the whole bone to run out, 
and a new one to form, but it is very rare. 

Causes. — External violence is the usual cause, setting up inflammation 
of the periosteum (the covering of the bone), and cutting'off the nutri- 
ment of the bone, so that it perishes. 

How to know it. — There will be one or more openings in the skin and 
flesh, through Avhieh the pus will find its way ; the odor of decayed teeth 
will lie present, and occasionally a small piece of dead bone will pnss out 
^\\^h tile pus; tills dead bone is called sequestrum. 'I'iie discharge is 
irritating and excoriates the surface it runs over. 

What to do. — Make the openings large and dci)endent to allow a free 
escape for the pus, and remove the sequestrum as fast as possible, for 
the sooner it is removed, the sooner the sore will get well. Keep the 
parts clean, and dress three times a day with the following lotion, if the 
disease is on the surface, so that it can be got at easily : 

No. 20. }4 Ounce carbolic acid, 

y.i Pint raw liusecd oil, 
" Mix. 

But if the i)us cavities run deep, inject lotion No. 5. If the legs are 
affected, put the horse in slings. 

III. Osteo Sarcoma. 

This is cancer of the bone, and forms what is known as hirf head. It 
is very rare ; it affects the upper jaw bone, side of the face and teeth. 
The bone softens and degenerates into a cheesy substance, and is only 
held together by the skin ; the teeth loosen and arc easily removed ; the 
horse is obliged to chew on the other side : sometimes hay and other 
food collects between the teeth and cheek. 

The enlargement increases very fast, and tiie disease spreads till the 
whole side of the head is iuNoht'd : tiie nose twisted around towards the 



BODY or TIIK IIOKSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 319 

sound side ; eating bet-oiuos piiinful ; sympathetic fever sets in ; emacia- 
tion becomes great and deatii ensues in from five or six weeks to as many 
iiionlii^;. 

Causes. — A predisposition in tlie form of a cancerous dialliesis. An 
exciting cause may exist in the form of a blow or severe bruise; on thi; 
side of the face, but that alone would not cause tiie canc(>r. 

How to know it. — Slow, painful mastication wiMi an iiulinalion lo 
chew on one side of the mouth by turning the sore side up, and twisting 
the head will be the first symptoms noticed. After a few days the side 
of the face will begin to swell in the region of the fangs of the molar 
teeth; great tenderness will be evinced upon pressure; the gums will 
swell and extend down )>etweeu the teeth ; specuhe of bone pierce 
through and make t\w surface rough and cause bloody saliva to How pro- 
fusely from the mouth. After the disease attains to considerable size 
the nose will turn over toward the sound side ; the lining of the nose 
swells so as to almost obstruct the breathing, giving rise to considerable 
roaring. If the skin is pierced Ww bone will be found to be easily 
punctured. 

What to do. — It is utterly incurable, and calls foi- lunnane destruction 
of tlu; animal as soon as the disease is satisfactorily known to exist. 
IV. Osteo Porosis. 

Csteo porosis is the opposite of osteo sarcoma. The bone becomes 
hard, porous and brittle fi'om too abundant deposition of the salty, 
harder portion of the bone. It is very rare in the lower animals, and is 
incm-able. 

V. Exostosis of the Jaw. 

This consists in the growth of bony tumors on the; lower jaw, wlicrc 
they arc (|uite often seen. 

Causes. — It i^^ usually caused l)y some external injury, often \>y 
tlu' cufli chain. 

How to know it. — I'lu^y are sometimes 
spread over a large portion of the jaw-bone 
with a very broad base ; sometimes they 
arc in the form of little nodules tiie size 
of tiic cud of a man's thumb, with a very 
small base. They l)ecome perfectly hard 
and tlo no harm, usually, farther than to 
be an mcwore. 

1*/!. x X J 'P < i ■ 1 • UONY TUMOK. 

What to do. — I rcatment is useless, ownig 
to the late stage of the inflannnation. If the ^'"'""^ ""^ curb.chah,, 

true nature of the disease is known while the tumor is forming, repeated 
blistering with No. 10 will do much good. 




320 THE AMERICAN FAKMEli'S STOCK BOOK. 

VI. Broken Back. 

Causes. — The back i.s sometimes hroUen by heavy objects falling on 
it ; this (juite frequently happens in Northern cities by snow and ice slid- 
ing off the roofs of houses. Sometimes the horse falls through traps and 
holes, and the back is sometimes l)r()kea when being cast for opera- 
tions. 

How to know it. — If the spinous processes only are broken, there will 
not 1)0 much change in outward appearance ; but the crepitation charac- 
teristic of all fractures will be noticed and probably some alteration in 
the straight outline of the back will follow — it will l>ecome depressed in 
the region of the fracture. But, if the back is broken so as to press 




nORSE SUPFEUING FUOM I'AUTIAL PAKALYSIS Of HIND LEGS. 

upon the spinal cord, it will cut off all sensation and power of motion 
from all parts back of the fracture. This inabilit}' to move and feel is 
paralysis and is due to the pressure of the broken bones upon the spinal 
cord. 

Sprain of the ^wofp nuiscles is sometimes mistaken for broken back, 
but the distinguishing difference is very plain, and the test easily applied, 
l^rick the tail or any part liack of the fracture with a pin : if there is no 
sensation the back is injured, and the spinal cord is enduring pressure ; 
but if the psoce nmscles are only sprained, while there will be inal)ilityto 
move the hind legs, there will be sensation and ability to move the tail 
when pricked M'ith a pin. 



BODY OF THE HORSiE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 



321 



What to do. — If the spinous processes only arc fractured, the animal 
will recover. Put him into slings if he can stand when raised ; if not, 
leave him on the floor, as he is safer and more comfortable there than in 
the slings, unless he can bear the most of his weight comfortably on his 
feet. Apply cold water rugs to the fracture, and bathe the part occa- 
sionally with tincture of arnica or camphor. After the active inflaniMia- 
tion has subsided, stop the cold water and just give the horse time, and 
nature will mend the fracture. But if any of the broken pieces of bone 
do not reunite, and continue to act as irritants, cut down upon them and 
remove them.* 

If the back is absolutely broken, so that there is inability to move, and 
no sensation in the hind parts, particularly if there is displacement, treat- 
ment is useless, and the animal ought to be destroyed, for it is only a 
question of a few days for him to die, and he might be saved all the suf- 
fering accompanying a natural death. 

In case there are broken bones to remove, it is best to wait till the 
irritant is located by the abscess that is sure to follow; then, when the 
abscess is soft, tender, and nearly ready to break, open it sufficiently to 
allow the finger to enter, and remove the pieces that ai'e acting as 
thorns. 

VII. Sprain of the Back. 

Causes. — Sometimes the back is only sprained by slips or falls, but if 
the sprain is severe, many of the same symptoms will be noticed, and the 




TEST KOK srUAIN OF TIIK HACK. 



ligaments, and sometimes the coverings of the spinal cord, are involved ; 
these are amenable to treatment but recovery is often slow. 



322 THE AMEKICAN FAUMEU's STOCK 1500K. 

How to know it. — Sprain of the back i.s diaj^nosod by pressing liio 
thuMit) and iiiiuer along tlu; spines, and by tlirowing the; weight suddenly 
on liic lender spot, when jtain will be evinced. 

What to do. — I'he treatment consists in clipping off the hair along the 
back, and rubbing in well the blister. No. !). Oil the blister once a day 
afterwards. Kepeat it if necessary after a couple of weeks. Give a long 
rest and a run at pasture. 

VIII. Broken Ribs. 

Causes. — The ribs are often broken by falling, colliding with trees, 
walls, etc., while running away, kicks from other horses, etc. If dis- 
placement occurs, the ends are apt to puncture the pleura (the mcin- 
branc that lines the chest and covers the lungs), and the lungs ; in cither 
case the effects may be very serious, from hemori-hage and intlanunation 
in the parts wounded. 

How to know it. — If there is no displacement there will be no external 
alteration in the body, and the diagnosis must be based upon rapid 
breathing, the breath being cool, and effort to raise the flanks forming a 
crease along the sides of tlic belly to avoid working the ril>s in Itreathing, 
unwillingness to move, and upon the horse persistently remaining 
standing. 

If displacement takes place there will be eitlier a ))ulging in or out, 
according to whether the ends are tii)ped in or out, but the}' .are usually 
tipped in, leaving a hollow over the fracture, and puncturing the pleura, 
in which case there will be, in addition to the .symptoms above mentioned, 
more evidences of jjain and some bleeding from the nose, loss of appetite 
for a day or two, and more or less fever, according to the amount of 
injury done to the chest and its contents. 

What to do. — After moving the hoi'se as carefull}' as possible to his 
loose box, apply a bandage with surcingles directly over the fracture, and 
draw them middling tight, to prevent working of the ribs. Then watch 
the symptoms, and treat them as they arise, to subdue fever, stop hemor- 
rhage, etc. The fever is best kept under control with the following mix- 
ture : 

No. 30. 1 Driioliiii tincture noonitp root. 

2 Dniohnis lluid extrai't bpUadoima, 
Water loiiiaki' fimr ouiu-i's- 
Mix. 

Give a teasp(>onfull every two hours, if there is much fever, till it is 
reduced. Feed on soft feed. CJive perfect quiet till the horse is willing 
and abh^ to take gentle exercise, which will be in four or five weeks. Two 
months should elapse before the horse is put to work. 



ISODY <)I' THE llOKf^E, ITS EXTEKNAI. ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. .>l',) 

IX. Broken Tail. 

Causes. — Tlio tail is sometimes broken at the dock, or where it joins 
tiie body, by the horse falling through floors to a floor below, or by 
some heavy weight falling from above, or l)y i-earing up and falling l)ack ; 
in fact, any accident that may break the back will break the tail if the 
blow strikes in the right place. The place where the fracture is most 
likely to occur is alxnit three or four inches above where the tail leaves 
the body, — at the point where the tail ))cgins from the upper part of 
the pelvis, called the sacrum. 

The sacrum being without joints and inelastic, is protected by the flat 
bones of the pelvis, l)nt just where th(^ protection ceases the tail begins, 
so that in case of a fail on the rump. i\\v tail is most likely to break at 
ics origin. 

How to know it. — There will be a sudden dropping of the outline of 
the upper and back part of the rump ; the dock will be dropped down 
into the space between the posterior joints of the hii)s, pressing down the 
anus, and making it very diflicult, if not impossible, for a mare to be 
delivered of a foal. A mare with the dock l>roken down never should be 
bred. 

What to do. — Nothing can be done for it except to try and raise the 
part by introducing the hand into the anus, but as nothing can be flxed to 
retain the parts in position, the attempt will not be attended with suc- 
cess. It is no permanent injury for work, but is a great e3esore. 
X. rracture of the Skull. 

Causes. — 1 he skull is often fractured li\- kicks, blows, bruises, col- 
lisions in runM\va\s. etc. 




A HOUSE DYINO FltOM AUSCESS WITUIN THE ItHAIN. 

How to know it. — liesidcs the external marks of violence, there will be 
eitlier stupor or delirium from pr(>ssLa'e on the l)rain, and mor(( or less 



324 



THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 



fever may follow; also accumulations of serum in the ventricles of the 
hraiii, delirium, convulsions and death. 

What to do. — Trephine the Ijone and remove the portion that is 
l)ressed down into the skull and is liable to cause pressure on the brain. 
Keep the wound clean and treat it as a simple wound. If the pulse rises 
and fever sets in, give the fever mixture, No. 30, and apply ice i)oultices 
(chopped ice and bran) to the head continuouslv for sevei'al days and 
nights. If he gets better it will be in the course of three or four days, 
but if the fever rises and delirium increases it will terminate fatally in 




A HOUSE >IA1> FKOJl INFLAMMATION OK THE BRAIN. 



from three to six days. If he gets down and raves and fights furiously, 
he had better be hol)bled to prevent him from injuring himself and his 
attendants. If necessary he may be thrown down on a soft bed and con- 
fined, when it will be easier to apply the ice and give the medicine, and 
increase the chance of recovery. In this, as in all fevers, give the patient 
all the water he will take — in small quantities and often. If it is in cold 
weather kec]) him warm and dry. 

XI. Tumors. 
Causes. — Tumors are i)reternatural growths, that develop on any part 
of the bodv. They may be fatty, fibrous, bony, cartilaginous, gland- 
ular, and fungoid. They devi'lop without any apparent cause. Some- 
times they do little or no harm except to bleniisii the appearance ; at 



BODY OF THE HOUSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 325 

other times they do a great amount of liartu : interrupt the circulation, 
breathing, mastication, cause paralysis when on the brain, and injure 
the eye when near it. 

How to know it. — Fatty tumors, as the name indicates, are fatty in 
coinpositioii, and grow oftener on the internal organs, sometimes around 
joints. Fibrous are hard, cak)used, flesh}^ lumps like shoe boils, lumps 
on the ribs, etc. Bony tumors are similar in structure to bone, though 
not so dense ; they grow on bones, and are often the results of bruises. 
Cartilaginous tumors are those that grow on cartilages, and are a part 
of them ; are seen on the brisket, shoulder blades, etc. Glandular tumors 
are hj'pcrtrophied glands, abnormal growth of the glands, and they 
become indurated and i-emain so — sec goitre and inflamed parotid gland. 
Fungoid tumors, are those that sprout up like fungus ; they are exuberant 
granulations, and bleed easily when touched ; they are seen quite often 
around the eyes, and may grow from the surface of any wound. 

What to do. — Treatment of tumors, almost always involves surgery 
that requires a qualified veterinary surgeon to perform. The knife 
should never l)e used to any extent, except by an expert. 
XII. Goitre. 
This is hypertrophy of the thyroid gland, that is situated on the under 
side of tiie neck, about live to eight inches 
l)elow the angle of the lower jaw, on each 
side of the windi)ipe. It sometimes attains 
the size of a child's head, and presses 
against the trachea, so as to interfere with 
the breathing. 

Causes. — The cause is unknown. 
How to know it. — By the large, hard 
lumi) on tlie side of the neck. It is mova- 

GOITRE OK BRONCnOCELE. , , . ... , , , 

ble, niseusitive, and grows slowly. 
What to do. — Wash it thoroughly once a day with hot water and soap, 
to remove all dirt, scurf, etc., then, when dry, rub well in apiece as large 
as a chestnut of the following ointment : 

No. 31. 2 Drachms iodide of potash, 

2 Ounces lard. 
Powder and mix. 

Continue tnis for three or four weeks Treatment may be carried on 

while working. 

xm. Inflamed Parotid Gland. 

These glands are situated on each side of the throat, running from very 

near the ear to the angle of the lower jaw, and are about the size of a 

medium sized hand. 




326 THE AMEinCAN FARMEIiS STOCK BOOK. 

Causes. — They l)ecom(' iiiriiinied ofcasioiially from cold settling in 
thom, ()i- from injury. 

How to know it. — There will be considerable enlargement, and soreness 
upon pressure in that region : hot, diy mouth ; jiainful mastication, and 
more or less general fever. 

What to do. — Bathe them with hot water and apply linseed poultices. 
Give intcinally fever mixture, No. IS, till the fever is subdued. If the 
gland suppurates and comes to a point in any spot, open it, and continue 
the poultices as before. 

XIV. Fistula of the Parotid Duct. 

Causes. — Sometimes from a tumor or lump of hardened food in the 
region of the parotid duct (in the cheek opi)osite the third molar of the 
upper row of teeth), the opening of the duct becomes obstructed, 
inflammation sets in, and the duct often breaks out in a fresh spot. And 
on account of there being a constant How of saliva, th(! opening soon 
becomes fistulous. 

How to know it. — A sore is found on the cheek, usually on the outside, 
but scuiietinics on the inside; but the inner one does little harm as 
the saliva is not wasted. The saliva flows continuously, but more freely 
during mastication. 

What to do. — Clip off the hair around the opening, and remove any 
irritant ov obstruction on the inside ; see that the natural opening is clear. 
Scarify the edges of the external opening to make a fresh wound of it ; 
then apply the paste, No. 10, to the oi)ening, and let a cold linseed poul- 
tice go on directly over it. Dress it in this manner twice a day, and the 
fistulous opening will soon close if the natural passage is kept open. 
XV. Pistiilous "Withers. 

Causes. — When the withers become bruised, swollen and festered, and 





■^Mh* 



SLIGHT ENLARGEMENT WHICH MAY ENI> FISTULOIS WITHEIiS— WORST STACJE. 

IN FISTULOUS WITHERS. 

running sores follow, pipes are forni.Ml and constitute fistulous withers, 
(thistelce of tiic hoi-sc doctor and cow Icccli ). 



liODY OF THK HOKSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 327 

How to know it. — A constant, discharge is seen to come from the 
swelling around the withers and rim down over the shoulder. The pipes 
convening the pus are white, with thick walls, and very tough. The pus 
is oi-dinary healthy pus, unless the bones of the spine are affected, which 
is often the case, and then the pus will have the strong offensive odor 
characteristic of caried bone. 

What to do. — The knife must be used freely, but cautiously, and it 
is urged, as in all similar cases, to employ a qualified veterinary surgeon 
if possible. But if it is impossible to procure one, make the best of a 
bad case and open the sinuses right up from top to bottom. If there 
is a large hollow space on the tops of the bones under the skin, open the 
skin right up from end to end, letting the cut run lengthwise the horse. 
If the ends of the bones are exposed and caried, rough, diseased, and 
smelling badly, the diseased portions must be removed either with bone 
forceps or a tine saw, and dressed twice a day with lotion No. 28. 
Dress the pipes with lotion No. 1, twice a day for a week, then change 
to No. 5, alternating them. If the bones of the withers are exposed, but 
not caried, use lotion No. 5 on them and alternate it with No. 7 ; use one 
a week, then the other. 

XVI. PoU-evil. 

This is a fistulous sore affecting the bones of the neck near the top of 
tile head or jkiII. 

Causes. — It starts with a bruise from striking the top of the head 
against a low ceiling, doorway or roof of 
a car when being shipped, rearing and 
falling backwards, etc. Sui)iun'ation sets 
in ; the pus breaks out on the top, like 
any other abscess, but burrows down into 
the bones at the same time, differing in 
this respect from ordinary al)8ccsses, so 
that, within a few days after bursting on 
lop, it has l)urrowed down so as to reach 
the l)<)nes or the joint between them. In 
old, long-standing cases the disease some- '""-'-kvil duk^g the first 
times causes the ligamentum nucha' to 

become so rotted and eaten away by the suppurating process as to break, 
letting the head drop. The animal in this case is rendered useless. 

How to Know it. — There is always more or less tumefaction and flow 
of pus, which runs down the sides of the neck. The pus has a strong, 
disagreeable odor coming from the tendinous muscle, and. when coming 
from the bone, it will have the characteristic odor of caries. 




32.S 



I'llK AMKKK AN 1 AUMEU « STOCK BOOK. 




POLL-EVIL IN ITS SECOND STAGK. 



Ill the course of a week or so, pipes form, and their walls <ret thiikcr 
and thicker as they arc allowed to run. 

What to do. — As in the treatment of all fistulous sores, the sinuses 
must be opened up and a free dependent opening made for the pus. It is 
more difficult to do this in poll-evil than in almost any other case ; ])ut 

the sinuses usually run down into the 
muscle of the neck more or less. 
Follow them and oi)cn them up 
frech' ; then, there being a free con- 
nection between the top of the sore 
and the bottom of the sinuses, wash 
it out thoroughly and injeit lotion 
No. 5, twice a day. If it is noticed 
in its incipient stage, api)ly a linseed 
poultice, hot and soft, till it is ready 
to open ; then open it and inject 
lotion No. 5, twice a day ; continue the poultice till the holes all till up 
with fine, solid, healthy, granulations ; then apply lotion No. 7, three 
times a day. If the bones are affected so as to expose a caried surface, 
wash them off with warm water and scrape the rough surface to expose 
the healthy bone ; then dress it by applying lotion No. 28, twice a day 
with a swab till the exposed surface of the bone granulates so as to feel 
like velvet when touched with the finger; then change to lotion No. 29. 
Alternate lotions No. 29 and No. 5, one Aveek on and one week off. If 
proud flesh springs up, kcoj) it down with powdered bluestonc. 
XVII. Inflamed Jugular Vein. 
Causes. — This disease is not so common as it used to l)e in the days of 
bleeding. Bleeding is rarely resorted to now-a-days : hence the infre- 
quency of this trouble, for it is always the possible sequence of bleeding. 
As the effect of this inflammation, the vein is liable to become obliterated, 
filled up and calousedso as to remain so, the work of returning the hlood 
to the heart being done by the vein on the other side of the neck. 

A horse with a jugular vein obliterated, cannot graze on account of the 

rush of ))lood to the head, owing 
to the lessened capacity to return 
the blood from the head freely. 

How to know it. — In the active 
stage of inflammation the vein and 
contiguous parts will be swollen, 
sore and hot. In the later, chronic 
iNKLAMKi) .luGii.Au vKiN. stugc, tlic vclu wlll bc a hiird, ine- 

Positionof a horse with inflammation of the jugular vein. I'lstif ridgC rUlluing doWU frOUl 

the head to the bodv, above the windpipe. 





BODY OK THE HOUSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 329 

What to do — After Ijloeding, watch the vein for several hours. If it 
l)leeds. and the blood coagulates, and the vein begins to swell, bathe it 
with warm water, and manipulate the clot to try and break it down, and 
make it pass on. Continue this till all danger of obliteration is past. Once 
the vein has become obliterated, nothing can be done. 

If the inflannnation continues and abscesses are likely to form, apply 
a blister of tincture of cantharides, after 
having removed the pin. If sinuses form 
and sacks of matter are found, open them 
freely, and continue the hot fomentations 
and poultices ; syi'inge the sinuses and 
abscesses with lotion No. !). AVhen the 
sinuses and wounds till up, if any Hesh inflamed jugular vein. 

presents itself too prominently, dress it Appearance ^^ the jugular vein when abscesses 

once a day with burnt alum. 

XVIII. Saddle QaUs. 

Causes. — When a badly-titting saddle is ridden any length of time, or 
a saddle is kept on a back unaccustomed to carrying one, the back gets 
bruised, scalded with the sweat, chafed with the saddle, and tlie skin rubs 
off in spots, leaving raw sores exi)osed. The same applies to the collar, 
lireast plate or harness saddle. 

What to do. — Foment them with liot water with a little salt in it, three 
or four times a day, wipe dry and apply lotion No. 24, or the following: 

No. 32. 1 Ounce vinejrai-. 

}-n Ounce tannin, 
1 Quart water. 
Mix. 

Sometimes the skin will l)ecome dead, and continue to hold on fast to 

the flesh like a seal) ; this must be removed with tlie knife liefore it can 

begin to heal. Make it a clean, fresh, active wound, and it will heal 

readih' with the above treatment. It is absolutely necessary to remove 

the cause Iiy either leaving off the saddle, collar, etc., till it heals, or by 

remodeling the same so as to give an even bearing on the back or 

shoulder. 

XIX. Sit Fasts. 

Causes. — These are large, calloused, tumor-like lumps on the back, as 
a result of saddle galls, or on the points of the shoulders, from collar 
galls. AVhen the animal is continued :it the work that causes the galls, 
these calloused swellings make their appearance. 

What to do. — Any treatment other than the knife is of little use. They 
c;ui l)e easily dissected out by cutting tiround them carefully tind takmg 
them out bodily : then treat the wound :is a simple wountl. Keep all 



830 



I'lii'; AMi:i;i('A\ rAinii 



STOCK IIOOIC. 



pressure ol't' till il is tiii)i'()iii;lily Ir'mIciI. A hri'jist (•oiiar <:iii often lie 

used in the pJMee of tile ordiniirv eolinr, while \v;iitin:i' fur tiu' wound to 

heal. 

XX. Surfeit. 

Surfeit is the term applied to the lii-eakini;' out of pinijiles on the skin. 
It is an effort of nature to throw off some of the impurities of the blood, 
duo to plethora. When the body gets fat and the l)lood rich, tiic liver 
iind kidneys often beeonic inactive, and that throws an extra amount of 
work upon the skin ; and surfeit is the effort of natui-e togeti'idof super- 
fluous heat and effete matter. 




A nOKSli Al'Kl.lCTED WITH SIUKKIT. 



Causes. — '"<"• liii:ii livinii-, Willi too little exercise. 

How to know it. — A rouuh, scabby surface will be found on the skin. 
Sometimes it comes out, suddenly, all over in little blotches, that 
may disapj)eai- in the eours(> of a few da\s, or may scab over, nwinj; to 
the surface fever that usually accompanies it. Little or no diffi'renc<', 
otherwise, is noticed in the health, of the horse. There is sonietiuu's a 
great amount of itching, and sometimes none. 

What to do. — From tli<' nature of the affection, the treatment indicated 
is to deplete the svstem. The best way to do is to give a full dose of 
purgative nieilicine, restrict the food, and give more exercise. The best 
piu'gativc for the horse is from four to seven drachms of 15ari)adoes aloes, 
according to the size and agc^ of the patient, and the time of year. Six 
drachms is the dose for an ordinary-si/.ed horse. Larger doses may lie 
given in the spring than in tlu' f:dl. The dose must lie diminished in 



BODY OF THE HOUSE, ITU EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. Hl^l 

size for tender yeai's, even if the colt is as largo as he ever will he. The 
aloes may lie given in a I)()lus the size and shape of your linger, and 
passed hack into the throat with the right hand, while holding the mouth 
open with the left ; or it may l)e given dissolved in a pint of warm water, 
with a hottle. Feed on hran mashes for a couple of days after taking 
the ball. After the hall has finished working, give a tal)lespoonful of 
the following mixture, night and morning, in the feed : 

No. 33. 2 Ounces iiitniU' of iiotash, 

2 Ounces losin, 
2 Ounces linseed meal. 
Powder and mix. 

No local treatment is needed, except to give all the necessary grooming 
the condition of the skin will allow. 

XXI. Dropsy. 

Causes. — Dropsy is rather the result of disease, or the result of a 
peculiar condition of the system, than a disease itself. It depends upon 




CROW-l'.AIT— KIM'K( r <)l' DKOI'SV. 



:i dcl)iiitatcd condition, tlic result f)f other weakening diseases, especially 
of the kidneys, and starvation : it sometinics conies from diseased and 
irregular teeth. 

How to know it. — It is manifested hy swelling of the legs, Ix-lly, and 
sheath: languor; pallor of the visible mucous membranes ; indifference 
to food ; emaciation with weakness etc. 

What to do. — It is of jiaramount ini|)ortance to remove the cause the 
first thing ; therefore examine the teeth, i-xtract any that are decayed, rasj) 



332 TIIK A.MKKUAN FAUMKU's STOCK BOOK. 

off the shiiri) edges next to the cheeks ; soinetiines one gets i)roken, 
and the one ()i)i)c)site, having none to wear against, grows long and sticks 
directly into the gum, making mastication very ditHciilt and })ainful — in 
this case, rasp or saw it off. If the cause lies in a debilitated condition 
from some other disease, tonics are indicated. If the appetite is good, 
give the following i)owder : 

No. 34. I 'j Ounce pure sulpliale of iron, 

1 Ounce nitrate of potash, 

'2 Dracluns fcenugreek seed, 

2 Ounces linseed meal, 
I'owder and mix. 

Give a talilespoonful night and morning in soft feed. If there is not 
sufficient iippetite to take nu'dicine in the feed, give the following: 

No. Si5. 1 Oiiuce tincture of iron, 

1 Ounce tincture of gentian, 
Water to make twelve ouuces. 
Mix. 

(live one ounce (two tal)lesi)oonfuls) three times. Tempt the appe- 
tite with whiitever he may fancy ; sometimes when a horse won't eat 
oats lu^ will eat corn or apples, carrots, ctibhiige leaves, etc. Con- 
tinue the tonics till all signs of dropsy are gone, and give gentle exer- 
cise as soon as the strength of the horse will allow. 

XXII. Chordes. 

This is ;i name applii'd to cramps of the nuisch-s of the neck and loins ; 
it is of a rheumatic nature, and is most common in spring, fall and win- 
ter. 

Causes- — Kxposure to cold ;ind damp l)V sleeping on the groiuid in 
wet, cold wetither. 

How to know it- — It may he known by swelling of the muscles of the 
affected parts, tenderness on pressure, neck twisted around towards one 
side, jind is stiff, so that the horse cannot feed off the ground. The 
horse under these circumsttuices is stiff mid sore till over. 

What to do- — Apply hot rags, wrung out of very hot water, and laid on 
the sore muscles. Keep him warm ;ind in a dry place. Give one of 
the following powders in soft feed tiircc times a day : 

No. 36. 1 Ounce colcliicnm seed, 

1 Ounce nitrate of potash, 

2 Draclnns fienugreek seed. 
Mix. 

Divide into twelve powders, (iive gentle exercise. 



BODY OV TIIK IIORSK, ITS KXTKKNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES^. 333 

XXIII. Hornia. 

Hcniia or rupture is the l)ri';ikiiig away of the jjurts that contain tlie 
bowels, sometimes in one phice and sometimes in another. Tiie different 
hernias are named from their h)cation : Serotal hernia is rupture into 
the scrotum, and the bowels pass down through the abdominal rings into 
the scrotum ; this only occurs in stallions. Inguinal hernia is rupture 
into the groin through one or both ai)dominal rings. Ventral hernia is 
when the abdominal walls are ruptured and let the bowels through into 
the skin ; this is most liable to grow to enormous size. Umbilical hernia 
is rupture through the opening through which passed the cords during 
fetal life, and which never has I'losed. 

Causes. — The last mentioned one is from a natural defect ; the others 
arc from blows, kicks, great str.'iins in jnmi)ing, pulling, falling, and in 
the case of the stallion, it is usually caused by the exertion peculiar to his 
labor. 

How to know it. — There is a soft, puffy swelling on a surface that 
ought to be smooth ; it is easily pushed back and remains so as long as 
pressure is maintaiiied. Scrotal hernia is found in the scrotum ; the; 
scrotum is larger than it ought to be, and the hernia is often iittendcd by 
very serious results, such as colic, strangulation of the gut, inHannnation 
of the bowels in that region, moililication and death. Inguinal hernia is 
found in the groin or fliuik, and is nearly as bad as the serotal. All the 
different kinds of hernia are liable to fatal termination as described for 
the scrotal. Sometimes the omentum or caul (the membrane holding 
the bowels together) only is protruded ; then it is not so bad and not 
liable to a fatal termination unless the opening enlarges and allows the 
bowels to protrude too. 

What to do. — Try and reduce the herni.-i by pushing it back : then 
introduce skewers crosswise; thrcuigh the skin over th(> openin<r, anil wind 
silk around the skin, below the ends of the skewers, middling tight ; then 
put on a compress and give the pait considerable pressure. If this is 
not successful there are other oi)erations, such as opening the skin and 
sewing up the opening in the alxlominal wall with catgut sutures ; inject- 
ing salt and water under the skin, etc. But these all i-equirc tlve skill of 
the veterinary surgeon. 

Scrotal hernia is the hardest to overcome, and nothing but castration 
will do it in some cases. Introduce the hand into the rectum and 
endeavor, if possible, to remove the gut from the hole leading to the 
scrotum. This done, put the horse in a stall where the hind legs stand 
the highest, and feed on concentrated food, with as little bulk as possible, 
and give perfect rest. If this fails, he will have to be castrated by using 
the clamps and enclosing the external coverings of the cord, except the 
skin. 



:iu 



TllK AMKKK'.W lAUMKU S STOCK IJOOK. 



XXIV. Warta. 

Description. — \\'iirts mi-c smuU, niiidus, iiiaiiiniilhiry tumors of very 
ittli' vitality. Tlicy iii.iy conic on any part ot' tlic hody, lint usually 
come in tlic iircalc.st miiiil)crs and most l"ic<|ucntiv 
on the lic.id. Tliey arc composed of tilamoiits that 
aic .'~cmi-lil irons, and arc rooted in the sUin. Sotnc- 
timcs liicy arc (ouiili and hard; at otlicr times 
tliey are .soft, and hK'cd easily. They ai-e Hat or 
pedunculated. 

What to do, — If tlicy arc pedunculated, clip 
tln'in off witli a pair of scissors, or tic tlicni off 
with a silU thicad ; then, when done l)leedin<r, cau- 

tcrizcihem with lunar caustic, or touch them with 

HEAii covEKED WITH a red-iiot iron. The hitter may he resorted to, to 
WAKTS. ^j^^j^ ^1^^ hleeding if necessary. If they arc flat, 

luirn .hem with nitric acid once a day, till they arc dcstioyed. When 
well liurned down, grease tliem once a day with fresh lard. It may he 
added that attempts at charminji- them off do not generally succeed. 

XXV. Rat-Tail. 

This is loss of the hair of the tail, from disease, desti'oying 
the hair follicles, and leaving nothing to reproduce hair from : conse- 
(luently it is incurable. It is called rat tail, from its resemhlancc to the 
caudal extremity of a rat. Sometimes a rat tail is not so had l)ut that it 
will pass for a light tail, and sometimes there are only half a dozen hairs, 
nearly ruining the appearanct> of an otherwise good looking horse. 




XXVI. Itchy Tail. 

This is an iti'hy condition of the tail at its origin or dock. 

Causes- — It i^ caused cither hy filth, surfeit, worms in the rectum, 
nianuc or some other parasitic disease. 

How to know it- — I'hc horse is continually ruhl)ing his tail against 
l)o>-t>, the feme, or anything he can reach, till he ruhs off nearly all the 
hair from t he dock. 

What to do- — Wash it well with soap and water once a day, and satu- 
rate the hair with a strong lotion of suit each time. If that does not cure, 
give injections of salt antl water, and apply lotion No. 24. to the tail 
llwee times a day. If that does not effect a cure, give the horse a purg- 
ing ball. No. 2.") : and use lotion No. .')2 on the tail. 



ItOUV OK TlIK IIOKSK, ITS K.XTEUNAl, A(( IliENI'S AND UrSKASlCS. 



a;}5 




SHOWING filGNS OK PRURIGO. 



XXVII. Itchy Skin. 

This is sc-ic'iititicuily known as piuii^o. It is an itchy condition of tlie 
slviii all over the body, which sonic- 
tiincs makes the horse almost frantic, 
rnhhing', scratchinir and Ititinuhimselt 
continuiill)'. 

Causes. — It is one form of surfeit 
when not due to maiiije or hen lice, 
and is caused hy a heated, surfeited 
condition of Ihe body, which manj- 
f(>sts itself in this manner. 

What to do. — Give the liorse a pur- 
gative, No. 23, and when he has fin- 
ished purging, give a tablespoonful of the following, in l)raii mashes morn- 
ing and night. 

No. li". 4 Oiiuct's Epsom suits-, 

2 Oiiiu'cs nitnitc of jjotash 
4 Ounces liii;j)'('d iiicuK 
.Mix. 

\A'ash him all over with soap and water, and when dry, sponge liim over 
M'ith vinegar. If jn-acticable, give green food for a month. 

XXVIII. Melanosis. 

This, although a constitutional disease, is only seen to l)e recognized 
during life, on the surface of the body, therefore it will be described 
in this chapter. 




PREUISPOSKI) TO MELANOSIS. 

Color und class of horses usually alTected with n 



Melanosis is considered to b(! a species of cancer. It is a black tumor 
forming on any part of the body — in the lungs, liver, muscular and 
areolar or connective tissue. It is, in the latter, immediately under the 



336 



TIIK AMKKICAN FARMEU S STOCK BOOK. 



skill tliat it is foiiiul during life in tho horse ; usually around the tail. 
Pus ravitics and uhsccsses are apt to foi-ni around them. One fully six 
inches deep, and located under the tail was seen by the author lately. 

They seem to be confined to white horses ; even grays are not afflicted 
with tlicni. 

Causes. — The cause lies in the hlood — in the form of a iiredisposition 
to cancer. 

How to know it. — Black tumors form under the 
skin hut show through quite distinctly ; they 
are usually flat and irregularly round, about half 
an inch or an inch thick, sometimes not larger than 
hickory nuts, and sometimes they are seen the size 
of a man's hand. Nasty, disagreeable sores often 
form around them. 

What to do. — When they first make tlieir appear- 
ance, they can be cut out with pei-fect safety. If 
sores form, clean them out, scarify the surfaces and 
dress them with lotion No. 5, three times a day. 
(Jive internally the following mixture : 

2 Ounces potassium iodide, 
1 I'int water, 




MELANOSIS. 



Dock of a 
with melar 
loss of liHir 
the disease 



c afflicted 
, showing: 
n effect ot 



Give two tablespoonfuls morning and night, in a bran mash, 
this for about three weeks ; then omit two weeks and repeat. 



Continue 



XXrX. Hide Bound. 



Causes. — Hide bound is tho effect — not the disease itself — of some 
derangement in the s3-stem, that interferes with the general health, and 
gives rise to a gcnerall}' unthrifty condition. It may be due to indigestion, 
diseased teeth, exposure to cold, and starvation. Abuse is a common 
cause ; no horse can thrive and look handsome that is pounded, jammed 
and banged around. 

How to know it. — The skin is as tight on the body as a glove on the 
hand, and the hair all stares the wrong way. A thin condition is usually 
an accoinpaninient of hide l)Ound. The hair is dry, and skin dirty — full 
of dandruff. 

What to do. — Kemove the cause — if exposed to cold storms, shelter 
him. Examine the teeth, and if the edges of the molars are sharp, rasp 
them off with a rasp for the purpose. If starvation be the cause, feed 
better, and the skin will begin to loosen as soon as the horse begins to 
thrive, and will become oily and soft. If the manure has a strong smell, 
give him a purgative. No. 23, and a teaspoonful of salcratus in soft feed, 
once a day, for a while. Give regular exercise. 



BODY OF THE HORSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 337 

XXX. Eczema. 

This is the name applied to a scabby, pimply condition of the slvin. 

Causes. — Heat, eitlier from the sun, or fever in the sliin from getting 
wet and tlie sun coming out hot and scalding the back, or getting wet 
and remaining so a long time in the fall, this chills the skin, and the fever 
is the reaction and eczema is the result. 

How to know it. — The skin is covered over the neck, back and hips, 
and sometimes over the belly and sides, with scabs usually about the 
size of your little finger nail, and as thick as they can stand, giving a 
rough, pimply appearance and feel to the skin. It seems to cause no 
inconvenience, not affecting the health at all, nor even to cause itching. 

What to do. — Treatment is unnecessary, for as soon as the horse is 
sheltered from the sun in summer and storms in the fall, the scabs will 
gradually come off. Grooming will assist in removing them. When 
they are removed the hair has a rough, dirty appearance for a few daj's, 
but will soon regain its smoothness and luster. 

21' 



('IIAI''I"K1{ IX. 



DISEASES OP THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 



TlIMOIl IN TIIK I'Al.SK NOSTHII.. 11. I'Ol.MM S. 111. CATAltUll. IV. NASAI. 

(il.KKT. V. l.AUVNCITIS, KOAUMM: ANH WIIISII,lN(i. VI. (jriNSV. VII. 

IIII(>N(MHTI.S. Vlll. I'NKI'MONIA. I\. IIK.A VKS. X. ( ONCKSTION OK Till''. 

I.lINdS XI. I'l.KUKlSV. .\ll. in I'liorilOKA.X. XIII. ClIKOMl' COL'OII. 




IMACKAM SlIOWINC UKSIMl! \ TOKV OliliANS IN rill-: IIKAH Ol' A IIOKSIC. 

l._Tlu- Kiolril Ic.lii.n .lii>>l t.. J. Tho L.ryiix, niluuti-.l ill tlio c.u.imncf.iuiil of llic wiiKJJ.ipf. 3. -The 
toiiKUr. .1. Tlir uBoiiluinus or k"II<:1. 5,— Tlic soft piilutc. wliicli lii-s upon the l«ii|!iie iiiul ulTnrds n rcstitiK- 
pliiio whcrfoii icposiB till- ■•|'iKl"t<is, <"■ il'o j;««rdlnn curtllii)re to the entriiiicc 01 the liirynx (Jl. 6.— The 
uutlurni Doticht's, or liirur iiKiuhriiiioiis uiiil open 8UC8, contuiiiinK uutliinK but ntiiiospheric iiir, 7.— Nusal or 
lm,>t«l sfnusfs. S. -Ihc (,.1m- nostril. 

I. Tumor in tho Palao Nostril. 
'IMh- fiilso nostril is tlio sniiill poiicli or ctt/ </(' .v«f on tlio (mtt>i- sido of 
tho lower odiiv of oucii nostril, 'rumors ;irc liaiilo to ftn-ni in these, nmi 
|i;ir(;ii<(' liiort' of tin' iiMlui-f of ;il>sci>sso.s, in 
liial tiu'v an- tilled with pus ut" a eheesy 
eonsistenev. luit aie tiiniors in that they 
form slowly and do not point and l)reaU liUe an 
aliseess. 'I'hey are usually about tho size of ii 
heu"s i\!»'<i' ; they are not sore, hut cause more or 
less wheezinu; in tho hreathiiijr on aceount of 
the diminished capacity of the air passage. 

How to know it.— A small sweliinu- ^viH ho 
;i|)parcnt ontlu> outside, hut the main depend- 
ence is to he pl.iccd upon the cx.iniuial ion of 
the n.istril, when it will he found to he nearly 
losed hy the tumor in the false nostril. 




KACK Ol' IIOUSK. 



SliowitiK nppennince ol 
wlien there U n tuiiii 
liiliiu nostril. 



DISKASKS Ol' TIIK KKSlMKATOliV OKliANS. 



339 



What to do. — It. »';m l)(i opciUMl witlioiil tlir sliglitcsl (iMiiiicr. In-nl, 
till' kiiini iiisido tlio nostril niid iiiaUc u I'n'i" ()|H'iiiiiL,f and I'vaciiiitc tin.; 
pus. Inject loliou No. G, twi.c a day. 11 is not iilicly to rcciti-. 

II. Polypus. 

This is ii tumor-lilvo oxcroscenco <j;ro\vin<f in tiio nostril. II may form 
ia liny part of the |)ass;iij;(i fioin the mnzzlo to tiie tiii'oat . it is usually 
a tlcsiiv i>uili, on a pedestal or necU. It varies 
in >i/.e from a elieriy to a man's list. 

How to know it. — I'he lirealhinj;- is obstmct- 
eil, to a eerlain e.\tenl, an, I, upon examination, 
the polypus is founil. 

What to do. — Cast, the horse, and cateh fp^^ 
tirni hold of it with the foireps foflhe pur- 
pose, then pass the ehain of an icnifiiiir ovei 
POBOEPs. it, and cut it out close to Uie surface from polypus. 

KorftnispinKihcpoiv- whicli it ijrows. A fiuc co|)per wire may be iinnginK 

pus for rcmovuf. i -j? /i i i l l il f""" ""= 

used, IT the prcffWM;' cannot be had; pass the umicrpurt 
wire over the i)oIvpus and twist it off. There will not b(! henior- trii. 
rhage to do any harm. Tlu' polypus may grow again, but it is 
r.ot ver}' likely to. 

III. Catarrh. 





Under this name are included acute catarrh and tlu^ common eold 
when it is confined to the nose. It is simple in itself, luit all iiillamnia- 
lions of tiie upper air-passages are liaiile to run 
down into the Imig.s and cause broni'hitis and 
pneumonia, whicli are always serious. Catari'li is 
inllanunalion of the nuicous niendirane (d' the nos- 
trils, and often extends to the sinuses of the head, 
especially the frontal sinuses situated between the 
eyes. 

Causes. — Kxi)Osurc to cokl winds, rain and snow 
storms, cold nights, etc. 

How to know it. — There is always a discharge 
frcnn one or both nostrils, '{'he liischai'ge is thin 
watei'y nmeous at first, and turns to nnico-piiru- 
lenl in tlu; course of a couple of days; and then 
1o ])ui-ulent, if not i)roperly treated, 'i'lie mueo- 
purulent is white and frothy ; tlu' purulent is yellow, and has an (dTcnsive 




A UOlIiK's UKAIi \\ 1 ru 
COI.li. 



340 



rili: AMF.KICAN lAliMEi; S STOCK liOOK. 




I.YMIMIATIC CI.ANl) OI'" TIIIMJAI' 
SWOLI.KN. 



1— Tlic tnlarged lymphatic within the ja 



(lor. In bad oasc:^, llicic is coii.sidcrahli; fovor, loss of appetite, and 

i-edness of the ojcs. ]f negleeted, and 
nature is not vigofous enough to throw 
it off, it becomes chronie, iind is known 
as nasal gleet. Sometimes the lym- 
pbatic gland, under the lower jaw, en- 
lai'gvs. 

What to do. — Remove the cause ; if 
exposed to culd storms, shelter tlu^ ani- 
mal, put on a blanket if necessary, feed 
on soft feed, give a teaspoonful of saltpetre in a bran mash night and 
morning. If that does not jierform the work satisfactorily, give the 
fever mixture. No. 4. If there is nuicli fever and loss of appetite, give 
No. 1)^. In all bad cases, give rest till the horse is better. If the at- 
tack is ])rolonged to a week or more, during convalesence, give the tonic 
No. 22, and syrillg(^ the nostrils out, two or tlire(! times a day, witii (lie 
following lotion : 

No. 3!). 2 l)r:icliiu>c:ul)()lic;iri(!, 

I I'iin of walcr. 
Mix. 

Apply the blister No. 41 to the throat, letting it 
i;<) well up towards the ears. If the skin is not 
mildly blistered with one application, repeat it after 
Iwenty-four hours ; then grease it once a day witli 
I'resh lard. "\\'hcn the discharge docs not come 
freely, it can be liclptHl by steaming the head in a 
bag of hot bran. 

IV. Nasal Gleet. 

Tiiis is the name 
given to chronic ca- 
tarrh, and is always 
complicated by exten- 
sion of the disease to 

NOM. IIAII. 

For stetmin^' hoisf wiih cold. fJjQ silUlses of tllC 

head, often causing the bone over the one affected to bulge out, as if 
swollen. 

Causes. — Neglected or ol)stinate catarrh, that will not yield to treat- 
ment with an oriiinary amount of perseverance, are the only causes, 'i'hc 
sinuses of the head are all in communication with each other l)y tubes 
and i)assages. When inilaniniation extends to tlicm, the swelling of the 
mucous nieniliraiie closes these jjassages, and routines the pus witli sidli- 



kir^' 





A llOKSK WITH THK TllHOAT 
HMSTKKEI). 



DISEASKS OF TIIK RESriUATOUY ORGANS. 341 

cient force to cause the l)one« to bulge out, l)ut there will be ii constant 
How of i)us from tlie nostril, sufficient Iteing forci-d through the i)!issage 
hy (lie pressure to keep up the discharge. 

How to know it. — i'he general health is not in the least affected, 
except, jjcrhaps, in long standing cases. There is a contiiuial flow of thick, 
offensive, yellowish matter that will usually sink in water. Owr nostril 
usually runs more than the other, and oftentimes the chronic trouble is 
entirely confined to one side. The face between the eyes will be found 
to be full, giving a dull, solid sound when tapped on each side of the 
median line running down the centre of the face. In longstanding, bad 
cases the bone of the face, referred to above, will be bulged out, and 
great pain evinced when tap[)ed. 

Pus is, naturally, the lilandest secretion of tiie body ; but i)eing con- 
fined, it corrupts, and then smells abominably. 1'he facial sinuses formed 
in Jiasal gleet, open to the nostrils on either side by two comparatively 
small flai)s, slits or valves. These are their only means of communica- 
tion with the external atmosphere ; and through these valves all the pus 
must flow. It is not surprising that such structures occasionally become 
clogged, till the accumulated secretion, or the inciHvjsed breathing, or the 
position of the head, obliges the passage to give way. 

What to do. — If the sinus is full, there is no cure for it without the 
operation of trephining to remove a portion of the bone, to evacuate the 
sinus, and give local treatment ; but if there is no bulging 
of the bone, it may be cured by syringing out the nostril 
with warm Avater to clean it, then injecting a little of lotion 
No. 39 with a long-nozzled syringe, using considerable force 
to cause a spray when it strikes the back of the nose. 
Repeat this, morning and night, for a month or so, and 
give internally, No. 34. The operation of trei)hiniiig the 
frontal sinus, will be found described in the chapter on 
operations. 

All treatment, except the operation, may lie continued 
and the horse ke])t at his work, unless he is laid up on 
account of the apjiearance of the nostril, as it looks very nasai, oleet. 
bad to drive a horse with a chronic discharge from the wTth .iLifiVkel 

und bulging; of 
nose. IhetroiitaUiiius. 

V. Laryngitis, Roaring and Whistling. 

This is what is ordinarily known as sore throat. The inflannnafion 
lies in the lining of tlu^ larynx — that is, the cartilaginous box in the tludal , 
which is the upper end of the wind|)ipe oi- //wc/^w? containing the vocal 
cords, and is the seat of roarinsi-. 




342 



TIIK AMEinfAN VAIIMKR S STOCK KOOK. 




KKI'KCI' <)l' I.AKYNdlTIS. 
A liorse trying In drink, the w:itcr rcturnin^j by 



Causes. — Exposure to cold winds and .slorms, standiiii;- in driifls when 
Wiiriii, neglect wliou eoming ill wlieii warm from work, and extension of 

ealai rli from tlit; nose. The cause of 
roaring is ciironic. inllamnialion of 
the mucous membrane lining the lar- 
ynx, diminishing the air passagt^ so 
tliat when he is unable to get sutH- 
citMit air, and forcing it, through the 
small passage, makes the nois(\ 

How to know it. — The throat is 
usually swolh'U on i\w. outside, but 
sometimes only on the inside, and is 
tender upon pressure ; the nose is 
protruded ; he has great ditHculty in 
swallowing, and ofttm, whendiinking, 
the water will come back through the 
nose nearly as fast as it goes into the 
mouth, and what is swallowed is forced down with an effort. There is 
usually a short, painful, subdued cough, dry at tii'st, but getting more 
moist after a couple of days. 

What to do. — Clothe wamdy ; shelter from cold storms and drafts; 
rub mustard paste well into the throat on each side, well up towards the 
eai's ; feed on soft mashes, boiled oats, etc., and set a pail of water in the 
manger for him to ]ilay in to cool the throat and mouth. Give internally 
fever mixture No. 4, every two hours till the fever is reduced and the pulse 
lowered ; thou drop off to three or four times a day. If the swelling in 
the throat does not yield to the above treatment, ai)ply a soft, hot linseed 
poultice to it, and change it once a day for a fresh one. The loss of 
appetite, or rather inability to eat, will soon disai)i)car and lecovery will 
be rapid. 

In case of roaring, apply a smart blister of eantharitlcs, No. !•, to the 
throat, and after three weeks repeat it. inject a tables|)ooiiful of the 
mixture No. .">r), three times a day well back into the throat, and let the 
hors(> run at grass or feed on very soft food. 

Had, long standing cases of roaring are incural)le. Whistling is similar 
to roaring, except in the noise produced ; it is subject to the same causes 
and treatment. 

Roaring and whistling are sometimes, but very rarely, the effect of 
paralvsis of the nerves of the larynx. Idling one or more of the cartilages 
drop into the box to a certain extent, and thereby diminishing the caliber 
of the air i)a.ssage. Sometimes a, smtdl portion of the cartilage doing the 
damage can be removed, but it retpiires the skill of ;i (|U.dilied veferi- 
uary surgeon. 



DIHKASKS Ol' TIllO ItKSl-l UAK )i;V <)lt(iAN.S. 343 

VI. Quinsy. 

Causes.— Sometimes the iiilliiimniiLioii in tlie tlirojiL in liiryn^iliw is mo 
great :iiul deep sc;itedthat iib.setwscs form in the tiiroat, i)n)(liieiiijf (luiiisy. 
It is Ciiu.sod by tiio same aficiits as iaryiifjjitis, and is always more pro- 
ioiifrcHl in duration tlian sim[)le sore tliroat. 

How to know it. — It may start with all tlie syinptoms of iaiyn^itis 
but will not- yield to treatment at Hrst. The tiiroat gets sorer and sorer 
from day to day, till suddenly the abscess bursts, and a trenuuidons 
flow of pus comes from Hk; nostril, and the animal will Ik^ n^ruived at 
once. Quinsy lasts from one to three or four weeks, and is very apt to 
be followed by roaring or whistling. 

What to do.— Ap[)ly the same treatment as prescriluid for laryngitis. 
Continn(^ lh(! linseed [jonltices right through; apply tli(!m so as to cover 
the throat nearly to the cars, and keep llieni (piit(5 soft. 

VII. Bronchitis. 

The bronchial tubes are the two branches of the trac^hea or wind pipe ; 
they lead to the lungs. Inllammatioii of those i)ranch(!s, and also of the 
lining of the tubes as they ramify through the lungs, is known us bron- 
chitis. 




A Kir SIIII.IKC'I' FOIt I'IMNDKK Olt IllION" II rllS. 

Causes. — The same exposures that cause eatairh and soi-e throat are 
prolific agents in producing this disease. And tlK^re is a vcny great tiiu- 
dency in tin; horse to inllammaticnis of the upper air passages which I'un 
down upon the lungs, so much so that many eases of catarrh and lai-yngi- 
tis terminate in bronchitis ;ind pneinnoniii. 



MA 



A.MKKICAN lAlJMKi; 



IX'K ItOOK. 



How to know it. H i-^ alwiU's uslieri^d in witli :i sliiveriiig (it, Iml tliis 
lit is sdldoMi .seen, ;m(l if siuMi is tlioiiiiiit nothing of by most pcH»i)l(' ; llic. 
chill passes off iuul tiic f(';i(;lion hi'ings fevor ; the pulse runs up to tiftv 
or sixty, is soft, full and hounding ; ti!nii)eraturo soon runs up to 102 '^ 
or 103 ® F. ; the breathing is hurrii;d aiid the nostrils are distended. 
If pressurt^ is applicnl to the ehcst just above tlie breast bone, pain will be 
evineedandacough [)i-ovoked, which is soft, deep and subdued, great pain 
being nianifest(!d whiles coughing ; (he horse is loth to move ; if the ear 
is j)la<HMl to the nosti'il a grunt will lie heai'd with each breath; and if 
the ear is phu^ed in fi'ont of the clicst a thick, umiatural sound will be 
heard; the ears and legs are usually cohl ; the appetite is indifferent. 
All of these syniplonis will be noticeil in the course of (en or twelve 
hours. In tlu^ next twenty-four hours the pulse may nm up to 70, and 
the (emperalure to U)l - or lOo - ; the pulse will be soft and full : tlu; 
cough will increase and (he thick, heavy souiul when the ear is applied to 




A CAIM ri. ( Ol <ill Ul' IU!ON( IIITIS. 



the breast will have run into a harsh, graliiig sound; (he horse persist- 
ent Iv stands ; drinks considcralile walcr, and (hcappctilc will be lost in 
most cases ; (he monlii will be hot (o the linger placed niuler the tongue; 
the breath is hot as itconies from the nostrils, and the urine is scanty 
and high colored. The horse may die fiom continuation of the iiiHam- 
mation and extension of it to the lungs proper, or may drown in the 
nuuais that is secreted in the passages forming the next stage following 
the dry one ; in this last a rattling bubbling sound is heard when tlx^ ear 
is a|iplied to the chest .above the breast bone, by the air I'ushing through 
(he mucus. 

('onvalescence will be noticed li\ a diniiimtion of the mucous ra((le ; 
falling of (he pulse and (emperatnre : return of the appetite ; andagen- 
erally relieved appearance ; ability to lie down and rest (|uie(ly, and the 
fliMpiency of (he breathing lessenetl. 



l)ISEASI<> Ol' ■I'lllO UE.SI'IUATOin ()I!(JANS. 



345 



What to do. — If seen duiiiin- tlie chill, give two oiinoos of whisivey in 
a liltlo wak'r and follow it willi No. 4, for tlic next twelve hours ; then, 
if better, continue the sanu^ at lonti'er intervals, hut if worse, change it to 
the following : 

No. 40. I >, Ounce sweet spiiils (if nilre, 

1 Draeliiii tinetiiie of acoiiite root. 

2 Dniehiiis fluid extract belladonna, 
1 Ounce tiiicluie of fjeulian, 

I Ounce powdered sall|M'lre, 

1 Ounce iiowdered sal annuoni:c. 

Water lo niaUc one |iiul. 

Mix. 

Give a wine-glas.sful every two iiours till tli(^ horse is better, tlien drop 
off to three or four times a day. Set a bueUet of water in his manger. 
Oive scalded oats to eat ; if he won't eat them trv him with other things 




H; nUOMMMTIs 



— a couple of ears of <'orntlir('(' nr four tiini'sa dav, carrots, apples, 
good h.ay, etc. Ktil) a lilllc of llie I'nllowing liniment well into the sides 
■over the lungs, and on tiie ciu'st once a day till it is well blistered : 

No. 41. 2 Ounc<'< li(iiuii- anunouia, 

2 Ounces spirils luriientiue, 
2 Ounces linseed oil. 
Mix and shake. 

When the blisteriim' has been (arrird I'ar enough, rul) a little fresh lai'd 
well into the hair once a day to take i>ut the scabs without ])idliiu;- 
out the hair. If tlie skin coincs off aiiywliei-e from tlie blister, appiv 
No. 24 to the spot three times a day. 

Give plenty of pure air to breidhe, but avoid drafts and dampness; 
sec that tiie drainage is good, {{emove liini from tiic otlierliorses If pos- 



346 



THE A.MEKICAN FAUMER S STOCK ROOK. 



sihle, on account of tlic vitiated air lu; would have to hrcatbc iu the sta- 
ble with tlieni. 

When convalescence is well established, and there is much weakness, 
change the medicine to No. 18, l)ut do not <rivc it as often as every two 
hours, unless there is still a good deal of fever ; three times a day is often 
enough in most cases. 

When the fever is all gone, change the medicine to No. 35, if the 
appetite is poor, but if it is good, give No. 34 in the feed. Give gentle 
exercise when well enough to bear it. The horse should be well clothed, 
and the legs bandaged. Bring him back to his feed and work gradually. 
While wearing the bandages they should be removed morning and night, 
and the legs well rublxnl and tiic bandages replaced. 

VIII. Pfleumonia. 

This is inflammation of the lung tissue ; oftentimes the right lung only 
IS affected. Pneumonia is rather rare, at least it is far less common 
than bronchitis, and sometimes the two diseases are combined iu the form 
of ])roncho -pneumonia. 




A CASE OK CONGESTION. 



Causes. — The same as for other acute; affections of the air passages. 

How to know it. — The first stage is the shivering tit and sanguineous 
congestion, in which there is a rush of blood to the lungs; high fever 
follows the chill, the pulse runs up to sixty to eighty, and is soft and 
weak ; the temperature is likely to run up to 105 - to 107 ® Fahr. The 
breath is hot, and breathing labored and fast — respirations running up to 
twenty-five to thirty-five ])er nnnute ; the ear being ai)i)lied to the sides, 
the grating sound indicative of inilannnation is heard ; there is no cough ; 
ears and legs are cold : the body heat is great, and the urine scanty and 
hiirh colored. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 



347 



The second stage is that of hepatization, in which the hings become 
solid, like liver; no sound is heard at all by the ear when applied to the side, 
and , when tapped, it sounds solid like a barrel when full of water — the natu- 




nORSE WITU PNEUMONIA. 
The appearance of a horse in the early stage of pneumonia. 

ral sound when tapped being resonant, like a drum . The lower part of the 
lung l)eing usually most affected, the breathing is floated upward, as it 
were, and becomes shallow ; the breath becomes cold in consequence ; the 
nostrils flap, and the horse thrusts his nose through the windows or doors 
of the stable in search of more air ; the flanks heave ; the ribs are worked 
violently in and out ; the legs spread to stand in a braced position ; the 
strength Ijecomes exhausted, and the system sulfocates for want of oxy- 
gen, and the animal usually dies in this stage. 




TUE POSITION ASSUMKU BY THE IIOKSE DURING AN ATTACK OF PNEUMONIA. 

If he lives through tins stage, the tiurd stage begins — that of al)s<)rp- 
tion ; in favorable cases this goes on to so great an extent that recovery 
is complete. Unfavoral)le cases fail to absorb the liver-like condition of 
the long, and suppuration sets in ; the wiiole diseased portion may turn to 



iiiS •IIIK AMKlilCAN KAIiMKu's STOCK HOOK. 

pus, ami 1)0 thrown up lliniugU tlu' iioso, where it has a grayish, lumpy 
a[)i)earaiK-e. Tiiis is tiic fourth stai;o, aud is always fatal ; tlio discharge 
is extremely offensive, attracting hosts df Hies, and rendering a whole 
.stal)le unlit for other horses to remain in. 

in tills, as in !)ronchitis, the horse never lies down till he is \eiy nuich 
heller, or nearly well. 

what to do. — I'ho same treatment prescribed for broiiehitis will apply 
to this, and, in addition, during recovery, if weakness is great, give malt 
ale in pint drenches three tinu's a day. If there is no a|)petite, put the 
ale in with oatmeal gruel, and give them as a drench together. Clothe 
him warmly, and give i)lonty of fresh air to breathe, but avoid a draft. 
It is a good |)lan, wluui feasible, to isolate him from all other horses. 

IX. Heaves. 

Tiie lungs are made up of an innumerable quantity of small air cells, 
and tiio lung tissue is capable, to a great extent, of exi)elling the air from 
it, and drawing more in l)y virtue of the elasticity and contractility it 
possesses. Sometimes many of these cells become ruptured into one large 
I'cll, which destroys the contractility of that portion of the lung, in Avhich 
eas(> the iliaphragm, ribs and abdominal nuiscles arc brought into use to 
expel the air, giving rise to the se(H)nd spasmodic, twitching effort seen 
inthetlanks. This condition constitutes heaves, also known as broken 
wind. 

Causes. — lh(^ most common cause is driving too fast, ami keei)ing it up 
too long when the horse is not in condition — either having his stomach too 
full and not giving the lungs room, or the lungs themselves are weak 
from very light work, or entire disuse. Horses fed entirely on dusty 
Timothy hay, are more subject to it than those fed on prairie hay. A 
horse is more likely to get the heaves when dii\cii fast against the wind 
than with it ; the lungs get very full of air, immensely disteniled by the 
extra amount taken in, and if kept at that kind of work any length of 
time, the lung tissue gives way, and a rupture is the cons(iuence. 

How to know it. — Instead of the regular, easy breathing noticed in the 
tlanks, there is a second effort made by the jerking of the muscles of the 
Hank. When the ear is placed against the side over the lung, a whistling, 
wheezing sound is usually heard. When once begun it is very apt to 
increase, and often remlers the horse useless. 

What to do. — It is incurable, but it can be alleviated l)y careful feed- 
in<i'. iiiviiiLj as condensed food as possible, with a vii>w of getting the 
•i'reatcsl amount of nourishnu'ut in the smallest coniiiass. ^\'et everything 




i{\i» rosiTii 



DiKKASKs oi- iiii-: i:i;siM!:.\T()i;v okcans. 349 

lie oats, to l;iy llic dust, (iivc tlic follow mil;' iiiixliin' twice a day in soft 
tVeil : 

No. I-J. 2 OUIi.M'- |,0U(|C1V(| lullC'li:! M-C(|. 

■J Omicr- liiis 1 iiic:il, 

Mix. 

Divide into eight doses ; give one nigiit and morning. ^\'lien tliey are 
gone, wait a week and repeat it. Avoid gi\ ing too mneh, as it is apt to 
weaken the kidneys. Always drive a horse slowly 
that hiis the heaves. 

X. Congestion of the Lungs. 

Congestion, is always a precursor of iiillmnina- 
tion of th(^ lungs, hut it sduietinies comes on in 
sue.h a way, as to need separate consideration. 
The pathology of it is turgeseenee of the lung 
tissue by stagnation of flu; capiilarv hlood vessels 
and arterioles. Under favorable^ circumstances it 
improves, and total recovery is (he result, but in For i.caa of horse affected with 

, - . . " . • ,1 .■ heiivcs; for it aKRrav.ites the 

had eases it is very apt to run on to inllammation diiBcuit breathing. 
of the lung tissue, and a ease of pneuinonia is the result. 

Causes. — Over exmtion when not in eonditioii to take it ; the system is 
fat ; the blood is rich and fat ; the lung tissue is weak from Wiiiit of use 
during longer or shorter iieriods of idleness. When in this eonditioii, the 
horse is taken out, perhaps, once a week, and the driver thinks because he 
has had so long a rest, he ought to be able to go faster than if ho wore 
out every day, and sends him through to beat the crowd. Congest ion of 
the lungs is quite frequently the result. This is oftener seen in the old 
country among the hunters, but is not infrequent in this coimlry among 
the gentlemen's road horses. From the contraction of the muscular 
tissue, the blood is thrown inwardly to the lungs, liver and spleen ; the 
lung tissue becomes fatigued, and the small blood vessels surcharged with 
blood to such an extent as to interfere with the circulation. 

How to know it. — The horse suddenly stops, all out of breath ; nos- 
trils distended ; the eoiintenance has a look of anxiety upon it; he looks 
around as if in search for iiku'c air ; paws the ground in his endeavor to 
breathe, and acts generally as though suffocation were near. 

What to do. — Let him stop; turn his head towards the wind; loosen 
all harness that interferes with the free expansion of tlui chest and jiass- 
age of air to the chest : let down the check rein : loosen the throat lash : 
remove the collar or breast plate and girth : and a small stab of the knife 
in the roof of the mouth to draw a little blood may assist in restoring the 
circulation. As soon as he is snttii'icntly recovered, tak(> him home quietly 



350 THE AMERICAN FAKJIEll's STOCK BOOK. 

and pliioc him in a comfortable loose box ; give him a sponge bath with 
alcohol and plenty of friction from head to foot ; also cold water to drink 
in small (luantitics, and give recipe No. 30, in a little water, till the 
breathing and circulation are normal. If it does not yield to this treat- 
ment, and pnemnonia is inevitalile, adopt the treatment prescril)ed for 
that without delay, and apply it vigorously. Approaching pneumonia will 
be noticed by a rise in temperature. If the temperature goes above 101 ° 
Fahr. and tlie breathing continues labored, look out for pneumonia. 

Prevention. — Feed a horse accordtjig to his work. If he is doing 
daily hard work there is very little danger of overfeeding, but if the 
work is light and little of it, feed sparingly on heavy grain. Give daily 
regular exercise. There is very much less danger of derangements if the 
horse goes out every day tiian if he only goes out once or twice a 
week, and he is able to do ten times the work from the fact that he is in 
a strong, vigorous condition — muscular without being fat. 

XI. Pleurisy. 

The lining of the chest and coverings of the lungs are serous mem- 
branes that secrete a serous, slippery moisture that prevents friction by 
rubbing of the lungs against the ribs — called the pleura. Inflammation 
of these serous membranes is known as pleuris}-. It is attended with 
great pain, and is often followed by liydrothorax or filling of the chest 
with water, which is generally fatal. Pleurisy may exist alone or with 
pneumonia ; then it is called pleuro-pneumonia. 

Causes. — Any sudden exposure to cold rains ; drafts in the stable, 
especially if the horse comes in warm. It would be verj' prevalent if the 
inflammation in these parts did not go to the feet by metastasis as often 
as it docs. See founder or laminitis. 

How to know it. — The horse has a chill, followed liy high fever; 
great pain in tlie chest, shown by colicky pains ; nose turned around towards 
the chest frequently ; cars and legs are cold ; breathing hurried ; pulse 
quick, from 50 to 75 per minute ; temperature raised three or four de- 
gress ; elbows turned out, and a line along the lower edges of the ribs 
denoting a fixed position of them to prevent friction in the chest ; loss of 
appetite ; great pain evinced upon pressure with the fingers between the 
ribs ; a grating sound heard by the ear applied to the sides, made by the 
rubbing of the parts internally, which arc rendered dry by the inflam- 
mation. 

If recovery takes place, it is usually within four days; but if it con- 
tinues longer than that, effusion takes place, and the chest begins to fill 
with water, floating the lungs up and forming liydrothorax. If the chest 
does not till more than one-third, it will usually absorb, and he Mill re- 
cover ; but if the chest fills more tiiau onc-tiiird fidl, it is usuallv fatal. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 



351 



What to do. — If seen during the chill, put on blankets ; shelter from tho 
cold iiir, and give half a teacup of whiskey in a little water, and follow 
it with receipc No. 40, giving a dose every two hours till he is better ; 
set a pail of water before him, and feed lightly. Hub the liniment. No. 
41, well in to the sides, and, after six hours, repeat it. When the 
fever is broken, change the prescription to No. 18. When convaleseiice 
is well established, give receipe No. 2'2. 

Xn. Hydrothorax. 

Causes. — This is a tilling of the chest with water, following pleurisy. 

How to know it. — Tiie horse has been enduring great pain all through 
the attack of active inflammation, but as soon as effusion begins, and 
the chest begins to till with water, the pain is relieved ; he brightens uj), 
commences to eat, and is more comfortable, till the water floats the lungs 
up and interferes with the l)rcathing. Then the countenance becomes 
haggard and anxious : breathing short and fast ; breath cold, from shal- 
low, bronchial respiration ; the extremeties aie cold ; pulse very high, 
from 80 to 150 per minute ; tapping on the sides will produce the solid 




Showing the distens 



HORSE WITH HYDROTHORAX. 

of the nostrils, heaving ot the flanks and dropsical swelling around the chest. 



sound of a barrel full of water; the car placed to tlie side will fail to 
detect the customary resi)iratory murmur; there will be lifting of tlie 
loins and elevation of the back at each effort at inspiration, that is, draw- 
ing breath in ; the ribs l)ulge outward ; dropsical swellings appear under 
the chest and belly ; the head is extended ; there is flappina; of the nos- 
trils ; regurgitation of the blood in the veins ; splashing of the water is 
heard in the chest when it reaches the heart ; the pulse gets smaller and 
.smaller; breath shorter and shorter, till he drops suffocated, as com- 
pletely drowned as though he were pitched into the lake. 



352 



Tlir. AMKliH AN lAlilMKH s STOCK HOOK. 



Fiivoi'iil)l(\ syiuptoiiis iirc Icssciiiiifi' of llic effusion in tiicohest; im- 
provonuMit ill tiie liicaliiinji- and pulse: return of lieaitliy apjjetite, cte. 
But reeo\erv is slow, aiitl eoiiiplote recovery is seldom realized, for the 
luiifi; is apt to j^row fast to the ril)s, and stitclies in the side attack him 
during' active exercise. 

What to do. — I'ld I'iiii ill ;' conifortalile place, ilry, warm, and well- 
voiililaled, ))ut no dnifls. Clothe warmly, and handajie tlu^ legs. If the 
sides have not been well hiislorod with receipe No. 41, apply it imme- 
diately, and repeat it every si.\ hours, till the sides are well-hlistcred, and 
give No. l!^ internally, e\-eiy two hours, very ])ersistently ; if ho eats 
notliini;, drciuli him with o:il-nical gruel. If the chest continues to fill 
it ma}' l)c tapped, the operation being called jKiniccntvsifi tfioracis, direc- 
tions for which mav be found in the chapter on operations. 
XIII. Chronic Cough. 

Causes. — Wlu-u theinllammation of the mucous menilirano of either the 
laryn.x or bronchial tubes becomes chroni<', the irrital)ility of it remains 
and the smallest thing will produce a cough, and sometimes a lit of cough- 
ing that may last several minutes. Dust in the hay or oats, or breathed 
in while on the road, sudden gusts of air, pressure of the collar or throat 
lash, or pinching of the throat with the hand will excite the cough. 




TllK. Al r Ol' ('OC<illlN( 



How to know it. — Coughs are efforts of nature to free the breathing 
apparatus of irritants, and they differ a-'cordiiig to tiic part affected and 
the extent of (he affection. The healthy cough is strong, full and usu- 
ally followed by a sneeze to clear the nose. The throat cough is a 
lighter, shorter, hacking one, while that of the chest is a hollow, deep, 
resonant cough, except in the acute, i)aiiiful stages of bronchitis, when it 
is almost noiseless from being so much subdued. 

What to do. — Chronic cough is almost incural)le when long standing, 
but in the more recent cases i;-ood treatment will bcnclit aiul oftentimes 



IJISKASES OK THE KKSl'IKATOKV OIMiANS. 



353 



VM\\\ If the <()Uiili is rcc(Mit, Jipply rocipc NO. 41 to tlic (liroat, wollrul)- 
lu'd ill all around and u\) towards the cars, (iive internally the following 
])()wdcrs : 

No. •(:!. I'.j Oiiiicc fjiiin I'aiiiplior, 



1 Ouiu 

2 Oiiiic 
I'ow. 



■ (liifiliilis 
s liiis.'cd 
iT Mild mix 



iii<>:il. 



Divide into twelve powders and give one niglit aiul morning in soft 
food. If one course does not cure, repeat it. If that proves ineffeetuaU 
ai)ply blister No. instead of No. 41, to the throat and give Prof. 
Dick's ri'cipi! as follows: 

No. 44. 1 Dniclim cainiihor, 

1 Dracliiii (lij^itiilis, 
1 Dnichiii .•aldiuci, 
I Drac'liMi opiiiiii. 

Mix ill II liall Willi >yiii|i. 



Give it as one do; 
and repeat . 

If (lie cough is 
following: 

No. 45. 



<e ; repeat it niu c 
vei'v trouhlesoiiic 



a da\' for a wecU 
and the a|)pctiti 



th(M) rest a week 
is poor, give t he 



2 r)nuliiii> (lilulcd |irii>sic arid, 
1 Ounce tiiii'liire of caiiiiilinr, 

3 Di-ai'hnis lluid oxtrail liidladona, 
1 OuiK'O liiu'tiire gentian. 

1 Ounce chlorate of )iotAsh, 
Water to make one ))int, 
Mix. 

Give one ounce three times a day, with a syringe; open the nioittli 
with one hand and shoot it well li-cU into tiie throat. Do not iittcMiipt to 
hold ii horse's head ui) to drciuli him with anything else than oil when he 
has a cough ; for it is apt to irritate the throat and might choke him. 

For the tn^atment of coughs acconipanving catarrh and larvngilis i-efer 
to tiicni. If the above treatment fails, we 
would I'econnnend the insertion of ji seton 
under the skin of the throat and a long run at 
grass, if practica})le. Leave the setou in 
three or four weeks ; wash it nice and clean 
once a day with hot water. SoiiK^times a 
run at grass will do more for a had cough 
than all the nuHlicine in the world. 

If the cough appetirs to come from the 
i'hest, and pressure in the hollow just aliove 
the lireast bone agirravates it. ap|)ly the blisters there, and give the same 
trcalmciil otherwise as for the throat. 




IN riiK riiiioAr ok 

IIOUSK. 



CIIAI'IKK X. 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OP THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 



1. TKKTII— AOHK. DECAY, FILINO— WOLF TF.ETII. II. TONGUE LACKKATION. 

III. SOUK MOUTH. IV. LAMPAS. V. PIIAKYNGITIS. VI. Cn(>KIN(i. 

VII. (lASTKITlS. VIII. STOMACH STA(}OERS. 1.\. DV.SI'El'SI A. .\. SPAS- 
MODIC COI.K;. .\I. FLATULENT COLIC. XII. KUPTIIKE OF THE STOMACH, 

INTESTINES <)l{ DIAPHUAUM. XIII. CONSTIPATION. XIV. DIAKKHOEA AND 

SUPEUPUKOATION. XV. UVSENTEKY. XVI. ENTERITIS. XVII. PEUITON- 

ITIS. XVIII. CALCULI. XIX. INTUSSUSCEPTION AND CUT TIE. 

I. Teeth— Ache, Decay, Piling— Wolf Tooth. 
Causes- — DoningiMiiciits of llio tcctli very freinuMilly lead to ^lavc 
diffioiillit's, holh local and coiistiditioiial. 'Plic tcctii often become 
dei^ayed, holes form in them, and lootli-achc is a common occurrence. 

How to know it. — It will he delected hy the horse holding his head 
on one side wiiilc cliewing, turning his head lirst one way then the other, 
as if trying to remove food from a sore tooth, 
and doing the same when drinking, if the water 
is very cold. The disease often extends up the 
tooth, or starts in the form of ulceration on the 
fang, and l)rcaks out into the nose, causing a 
disciiarge from the nostril on the side on which 
tlie rotten tooth is located. A clironic discharge 
fi-oin a tooth is often mistaken for nasal gleet, 
A uoiwE WITH TooiMAcni:. .„^,} somctimcs for glanders, on account of the 
disagreeable odor, wiiich will t)e recognized as that characteristic of dis- 
eased bone. 

Sometimes the ulceration, when of a lower tooth, breaks out at the 
angle of the lower jaw, and sometimes extends to the root of the tongue 
and to all the soft tissues lietwcen the branches of the lower jaw ; in one 
instance that came under the notice of the writer, the disease proved fatal 
t(> a valuable horse. 

Tiio teeth frecpiently get broken by chewing on stones taken up with 
oats, and when one molar tooth gets broken oif, the opposite tooth, not 
having anything to wear against, gets very long and sticks into the oppo- 
site gum, and makes mastication very painful. The edges of the molar 
teeth g(^t sharp from the fact that they wear bevelling — the edges mu.st 
necessarily sharpen as they wear; the upper rows bevel downwards and 
outwards, the edges intting the cheeks, and the lower rows bevel upwards 
and inwards, cutting the tongue. 

354 




DISEASES AM) ACCIDENTS OF TIIIO AIJMENTAKV CANAL. 



X)^> 




The broken and sliai'i) teotliinakc niiisticalidii not only painfnl, hul 
almost iinpossil)lc, ooiiscquenlly tlic horse 
bolts the food half eliewed, which <'aiis('s 
indigestion, eolic, dyspepsia, liideI)oiMid, 
emaciation, etc., any of wliich may run on 
to a fatal termination. Tlui food is fre- 
quently quidded and dropped into (he man- 
ger. 

Colts, when slieddini:' (heir (eel h, often suf- 
fer a great deal from sore nioutiis, wliich 
causes them to look rough and scaly until (lie 
ones grow. 

What to do. — In case of a discharge from (he nose, always examine 
(he (eedi, and if any are decayed so as to cause (he (rouble, remove them. 
If a tooth extends below the others on account of the opposite one being 
broken, file it off even with the odiers. If the edges get sharp, so as to 
scarify the cheeks and tongue, tile them off round. There are fih^s made 
expressly for thsit pui-pose. The edges only need tiling ; the surfaces get 
very rough, but that is intended to be so by nature ; it is Iwr millstone 
to grind the grain ; and the arrangement of the tooth material is such 
that the more it wears the sharper it gets. 

In case of a parrot mouth, where (he uppei- incisois projcset ov(n' the 
lower on(!s, the horse is unable to graze, and th(! mouth, as far as age is 
concerned, presents a horrible appearance, passing for 
doul)lc the ago he really is. Kither file or saw them off 
even with (he lower row. 

Wolf Teeth. — These are small, insignificant teeth, that 
come imnicdiafely in front of the upper rows of nu)lars. ~ ^;'S>"^ 
It is a popular idea that these affc^ct tlie nerve I'unning 
to the eye and (lause moon-blindness, weak eyes, etc. But 
it is a whim ; they do no possibh; harm, excej)t, i)erha|)s, (o wound (Ik^ 
■cheek by its being pulled against (ho wolf toodi by (ju- l»i(. JJut they do 
no possible good, and, conse(iueii(ly are just as well, and a liKlo better, 
out. Take a pair of blacksmith's pinchers and pull them out. They are 
usually only in the gums, and come out easily. When the now teeth of 
colts come before tho old ones are out, the old ones should be removed, 
to make room for the new. 

II. Tongue Laceration. 

Causes. — The tongue is sometimes bitten by failing and striking on tho 
moudi ; torn with the halter chain, or by being pulled forcibly out of the 
mouth on one side, being cut against the sharp molai- teeth. 




I'AUItOT MOITU. 



356 



TIIK AMERICAN FARSfER S STOCK BOOK. 



What to do. — \\'()uiuls on the tongue heal readily. If the end is torn 
half-wu}' off, or less, it will heal, hut will not grow together, but may be 
left, and no inconvenience will be felt ; but if it is more than half torn 
off, it will be found advisable to cut it clear off. Dress wounds of the 
tongue with the following lotion : 

No. 46. 1 Ouuce borax, 

1 Ounce honey, 
1 Pint water, 
Mix. 

Dry the sore with a sponge, and rub on the lotion three times a day. 
Sometimes it is necessary to amputate the tongue, on account of 
wounds and accidents. It is quite feasible, but recjuires the skill of a 
qualified veterinary surgeon. 

m. Sore Mouth. 
Causes. — The mouth is often made sore by the bit, by caustic sub- 
stances in the food and medicine, by too hot mashes, etc. The bit often 
excoriates the angles of the mouth, 
and, if allowed to continue doing 
harm, the mouth soon becomes cal- 
oused, and loses all sensibility. 
Sometimes the bit injures the lower 
jaw bone so as to kill a portion of it, 
when it will become a foreign sub- 
stance and slough out, leaving a veiy 
sore mouth. 

This is most often seen in violent 
pullers and when the curb hit is used. The oval portion of a < iirl) l)it 
often presses upon the roof of the mouth and does a great amount of 
injury. 

How to know it. — When any 
portion of liie mouth is swollen 
and sore, examine it carefully 
and locate the cause if possible. 
When the bones or roof of the 
mouth are injured, there will l)e 
great soreness and some SM'elling. 
What to do. — Kemovc the 
cause, that is, leave the bit out of 
the mouth for several days. If 
the angles of the moutii are raw, apply recipe No. 32 three limes a day. 
If the bones are injured and exposed apply No. M!l three times a day; 





SORE MOUTH. 



With the angles excoria 
ted by the bit. 



SORE MOUTH. 

Witi} the angles and 
cheeks swollen, cal- 
loused and insen- 
sitive. 





INJURY BY THE BIT. 

A mouth with the bone bad- 
ly injured by the bit, tlie 
left side being much swol- 
len around the tusk. 



MISUSE OF CURB. 

The roof of the mouth 
injured by the curved 
part of the curb bit. 



DISEASES AND ACCIUEXTS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 



351 




if the flesh is not broken it would he :idvis;il)le to starify it to allow it to 
break through the tougii skin more easily, and 
examine it carefullj' each day to sec when the 
dead piece of bone is loose, and remove it. 
Then dress the wound with the same k)tion, (No 
39) till the bone is covered by healtlw granula- 
tions, then dress it with No. 4(). Do not use the 
bit in such a nioutli under two months at 
least. 

When the mouth is scalded by giving strong 
medicine, pure, instead of diluting it as directed 

on the label, the whole inside of the mouth will be found to be swollen, 
red, and if very bad, will skin in spots. Swab it out with recipe No. 46 
three times a day. 

rv. Lampas. 

This is an imaginary disease. It is supposed by most people that when 
a horse does not eat he must have the lampas, and they proceed to 



SCALDED MOUTH. 

1 giving strong caustic 




BUKNING KOR LAMPAS. 



LAJIPAS IRON. 



burn out one or two of the bars in the roof of the month which are placed 
there by nature to prevent the food dribbling from the mouth, which it 
would do were it not for these liars in the roof of the mouth. They 
all point or turn backwards towards the throat, and have a tendency to 
work the food back. It is the same in the human mouth. 

Sometimes the one or two bars nearest the incisors become inflamed, 
especially with colts when teething. 

What to do. — If the bars are red instead of a brigiit flesh color, and 
e.xtcnd below the teeth, take a pen knife and scarify them gently ; this 
will be suflicient. Never countenance the burning" nor any other barbar- 
ous practice. 

V. Pharyngitis. 

That portion of the ivsopiuigas or gullet that lies in the throat, above 
the larynx is lalled tlie pharynx. Inflainination of it is piiaryngitis. 



358 



THE AMEIUCAX 1 AUMEK S STOCK HOOK. 



Causes. — It is usually caused by some foreign substance lodging there 
or by extension to the jjhar^'nx of inflammation from the larynx and 
nasal chambers. It is usually associated with pharyngitis and catarrh, 
strangles, quinsy, etc. 

How to know it. — Painful swallowing, and soni(>tinics a total inability 
to swallow is seen ; the water returns by the nose while drinking, and 
the food is (juidded. More or less enlargement of the throat and glands 
on the outside, tenderness ui)on pressure, and the neck straightened and 
the head extended, will be tlni symptoms usually noticed. 

What to do. — If any foreign substance is suspected, examine the throat 
and remove anything that may be found. Apply a counter irritant in the 
form of the recipe No. 41. Give internally, mixture No. 21. Feed on 
soft feed, such as scalded oats, boiled barley, bran mashes, etc. If it 
continues longer than a week, give oat meal gruel injections — two (|uarts 
every four or live hours. ( 'ook the giuel the same as for the table. 
VI. Choking. 
Causes. — Horses very seldom get choked ; but in some instances they 
bolt their food, especially when fed on dry ground feed, and swallow it 
before it is properly moistened with saliva, 
:uid it accumulates in the gullet sometimes as 
large as your double list, usually about six or 
eight inches from the throat. It often gives 
rise to a great amount of flatulence. Some- 
times it leaves a sac in the gullet, fr<Mn the 
distension of the fibres of its walls ; the sac is 
called illhrtation of the a'-sopliar/ux. 

What to do. — (iive the horse a couple of 
swallows of raw linseed oil, and manipulate 
the lump, and try and pass it on a little at a 
time, till it is all worked down ; if this proves 
ineffectual, the probang must be used, l)ut 
great care and caution are necessary not to keep 
it in too long, and not to push it through the 
walls of the gullet. A horse cannot breathe 
with the probang in his throat, therefore it is dangerous to leave it in 
longer than one minute at a time. If the obstruction is near enough to 
the throat, so it can be reached with the hand, run your arm down and 
remove it. As a last resort, when all other means have been exluiusted, 

cut down u])on the substance and 




1^^ 



^ 



<^ 



remove it. Make the opening 
in the skin large enough to get 
a hand in, but make the hole in 
the gullet as small as i>ossil)le, 
just large enough to get one linger in, and break down the obstruction. 



TWO rOKMS OK ntOUAXO. 
obang with n piece of sponge on the end is far the 



UISEASKS AND ACCIDENTS OF THK ALIMENTARY CANAL. H')!) 

Cut cai-efuUy so as not to wound the juirular vein. Draw the edges of the 
gullet together with either catgut or .silU, and dress it twice a day with 
lotion No. 39. Sew the skin with silk, and after dres.sing the wound with 
the above lotion, saturate a wad of oakum with the lotion and tie it over 
the wound. Keep the horse on very sloppy food, and very little of it. 




THE LOW CHOKE WITH FLATULENCE. 



mostly oatmeal gruel, until the wound in the gullet is healed. Avoid 

making the opening if pos8il)lc, for it is very hard indeed at all times, 

and sometimes utterly impossible, to make it heal, and a fatal termination 

is often the result. 

Vn. Gastritis. 

Causes. — This is inflammation of tiie stomach, caused by over-eating 

at any one time, getting into a clover field or at an oat bin or com crib. 

Eating poisonous herbs or accidentally eating poison also causes it. The 




HORSE SUFFEUING FUOM ACUTE CASTRITIS. 

disease has a tendency to leave the ston)ach and go to the feet and cause 
founder. On account of this tendency we seldom have occasion to treat 
siastritis. 



;5()() 



TIIK AMKUICAN lAKMKI! S ST(><K ItOOK. 



How to know it. — TIumv is ;i tendency to wind colie, the food not 
being digested nqjidly eiiouii'li, deeonii)osition sets in and lead^ to Hatu- 
leneo. There is usually a loss of appetite, and sometimes sj'niptoiiis of 
nausea, sueh as turning up the nose. 




CHKONIC GASTRITIS. 

A horse quenching the excessive thirst of chronic gastritis. 

What to do. — (live a complete ehaiige of food ; if corn and oats have 
been fed, change to bniii, carrots and boiled barley, and if in season, give 
green food. Give raw linseed oil in half i)int doses once a day till the 
bowels are qnite soft, and feed a little oil-cake meal, a pint once a day. 
If wind accumulates after eating, give the following as a drench : 

No. 47. 1 Tt'iisijoonfiil l)ir;irl)OTi;il(' of soda, 

1 Ouuoc cxiract of gingor. 
}4 Pint water, 

Mix and give as one dose. 

If thirst is excessive, give half an ounce of chlorate in the water, well 
dissolved, twice a day. This excessive thirst is often seen as a symptom 
of the disease when it has become chronic. 

VIII. Stomach Staggers. 

This is a sleepy, dumpish, stupid condition resulting from engorgement, 
and through the nerves the imi)ression is carried to the brain, and stupor 
is tlu^ effect. 

Causes. — It frequently happens after over-eating on clover, or the 
liorse gets into the garden and tills np on cabbages or roots of any kind. 

How to know it. — The hoi'se is usually found standing iu a stupid man- 
ner as though asleep, perfectly (piict, and perhaps with his mouth full of 
food; he is oblivious to all ar()un<l ; place one foot across the other, and 
he will leave it so ; prick him and he may wake uj) for an instant, l)ut 
subsides again as (|ui(kly. 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OK THE ALniEXTAUV CANAL. 



361 



What to do. — Put him in n -afc place : rciiiovi- ail food ; give him veiy 
little wator. and give a do.se of purgative iii(>dieine as follows : 



(i Dnichiiis li;irli:i(l(>cs alet^s, 
1 I'iiil r:i\\ liii^ccil (lil, 
Mix. 



Give as one dose. As .soon a.s he is sufficiently recovered give him 
walking exercise. If the purgative does not work in the course of twenty- 




A IIORSK WITH STOMACH Ol! SLEEPY STAGGERS. 

four hours, ijive injections of ^varnl water and soft soap ever}' hour till 
purgation is ol)tained. 

Prevention. — Avoid engorgement ; feed on hulky food. 

IX. Dyspepsia. 

Causes. — This is rather uneoninion, hut is occasionally seen in horses 
that have been fed artificially for any great length of time, especially if 
highly fed. 

How to know it. — There will l)e a general unthrifty appearance to tiie 
horse ; he will he thin ; coat rough and staring, hide l)Ound ; and tiu! 
surest symptom of all is the yellowish color and offensive smell of the 
manure. After a while the appetite wanes ; he gets hungiy, and will 
rush at the food as though he would swallow the whole at once, eats a 
few mouthfuls and leaves the rest ; i)ei-haps he will nibble a little more, 
but will not eat as though he relished it. He gradually grows worse, till 
he becomes a mere skeleton. 

What to do. — If practicable, give him three or four months at grass ; 
tirst examine the teeth, and reniech- anv defect. If it is not the riulit 



362 



TIIK AMEIUTAN lAItMi:!! S STOCK BOOK. 



time of your to turn out to gniss, give a complete ohauge of food; cm-- 
rots, turnips, apples, boiled barley, sealded oats, and bran mashes. Feed 
no corn at all. (rivo a dose of purgative medieine, recipe No. 2'.i. 
When the purgation is all over, give the tonic No. o4, in soft feed. If 
the appetite is poor, so that he won't eat the powder, give No. 35. Con- 
tinue it a week, then stop a week, :ind repeat. 

X. Spasmodic Colic. 

Tlie teiMti colic, means pain in the colon, (one of the large intestines), 
hut is acce^ited as the nunc for all [lain in the abdomen. It is often 
called belly-ache. It is always very serious, indeed, for two reasons — it 
is terribly painful, and is very apt to run into inflammation of the bowels, 
which is usually fatal. 

Spasmodic colic is pain in the 1)owels, from the violent, spasmodic con- 
traction and cramp of the muscular coat of the bowels. It is called spas- 
modic on account of the pain and cram])s I)eing spasmodic, and not con- 




THE FIRST STA(;K OF SPASMODIC COLIC. 



tinuous ; there are moments of relief from the pain, in which the animal 
■will l)e (juite at his ease, but it is apt to come on again after a few mo- 
ments. 

Some horses are particularly subject to colic, owing to a ravenous 
manner of eating and drinking, consequently they have it from time to 
time, and usually die with it after a few repetitions. 

Causes. ^It is caused by some irritant in the bowel — indigestible 
matter ; also by large draughts of cold water, particularly if the horse 
is warm. Colicky pains are very often symptoms of other diseases. 

How to know it. — In the first stage, the horse will begin to l)e uneasy ; 
looks aiounil : raises up his hind feet towards his belly : steps around from 
one side of the stall to the other ; stops eating : will curl as if tolie down 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 3()3 

lu the second stage, he lies down and gets up again after lying, per- 
haps, a couple of minutes ; in the third stage, he rolls, kicks, sweats pro- 
fusely, has a haggard countenance, is inclined to turn upon his back, and 
remains so. In mild cases, after kicking for half an hour or so, the 




SECOND STAGE OF SPASMOKIC COLIC. 

horse usually gets better, the pain all passes off, and he returns to his 
accustomed spirits and habits ; but if it does not go off in the course of 
half an hour, and from that to two or three hours, it is apt to run into 
enteritis, and kill him. 

What to do. — Give mild, diffusil)le stimulants, as early and quickly as 
possililc. (live either of the following: 

Xo. 49. 2 0\nice whiskey, 

I Ounces extract of ginger, 
}i. Pint water, 
" Mix. 

Give as one dose. Or this : 

No. .50. 1 '.> Ounce sweet spirits of nitre, 

1 Ounce laudanum. 
'^ Ouni'R extract of ginger, 
}-2 Pint water, 
Mix. 

Give as one dose. Always, when possible, give warm water injections 
with a very little soap in it, just to make it a little slip])eiy. Give the horse a 
soft, roomy place to roll in, and if he has the colic at all bad, give a 
couple of days rest afterwards, feeding on soft food. Give the abdo- 
men friction, and put on a blanket to avoid his cooling off too soon. 

When the worst i)art of the pain is over, a little walking exercise will 
be Ijcnelicial. If after giving the iirst dose the i)ain continues more than 



3t>4 



TIIK A.MKKICAN lAIJMKi; S STOCK liOOK. 



half an lioiir, repeat it every lialf lioiir till relief is ()l)taiiie(l : Imt it" it 
does not yield with threi' or four doses. L;i\e llie follo\vini>- : 



1 (^lii;ii-| i:iu ha-i'cil nil. 
i.j OiiiHT clildrdfoiiu, 
Mi\. 



Give as one dose. In half .111 iiimr, if the i)ain is continuous, give 



4 Grains .-ulplintc of iiioi-i)lii:i, 
>., Oinici' wMlcr 
Mix. 



Give as one dose with a syringe. Repeat it every half hour if necessary 
to keep him quiet. If this does not effect a cure, refer to treatment for 
enteritis, for it certainly has run into inHamination of the bowels. 



\| }. \"1||,U,.J||M,( 



iJKIfTlililWii/ f 




THIUD MAGL Ol .sl".\SM01)ir 



XI. Flatulent Colic. 

Causes. — The nature of this disease is acute indigestion. Either 
weak digestion, or a suspension of digestion entirely, allows the undi- 
gested food to decompose, and while undergoing tiiat process, fermenta- 
tion sets up, gas is evolved, and the horse hloats u]), sometimes to au 
alarming extent, even to cause deatli hy suffocation or rupture of the 
stomach, intestines or diaphragm. It is most conmion where corn is fed 
freely, and is ajit to come on when the horse is taken out to work or 
drive immediately after eating. The active exercise retards or wholly 
interrupts digestion, and the moment digestion stops, decomposition sets 
in and the evolution of gas begins. It is very weakening and often fatal. 
It usually lasts about two to four hours, but .sometimes lingeis for ten or 
twelve, and sometimes proves fatal in half or three-quarters of an 
hour. 



DISEASES ANI> ACTIUEXTS 



rilE ALIMENTAIiV CANAL. 



.■5()5 



How to know it. — Tlu' cliariirtcristic syinptoia is tlu' hloiitiiiii' with gas, 
and thcri^ is always a lireat amount of pain. Th(> liorse rolls, kicks, 
paws, tries to lie on his l)ac'k, gets up and down, sweats tremendously, 
has a haggard look in his face, gulps wind and food from the stomaeh iu 
small quantities through his nose ; and the food thus dischai'ged is usually 
green and very sour. The nostrils are distended, breathing rapid and 
breath cold from the shallow hreatiiing ; the pulse is (juickened at th(r 
start, but gradually grows harder and smaller as the fatal termination 
approaches ; the belly becomes so distended that the flanks are above the 
points of the hips ; and in some cases, when lying down, the legs are so 
spread from the distension of the belly that the animal is unable to get up. 
If it lasts very long, the nervous system I)ecomes exhausted ; the 




nOKSE DYING OF FLATILKNT COLIC. 



muscles around the chest, shoulders and neck cramp and draw down so as 
to almost pull the horse to the ground, and he will sometimes scream 
out like a child froui the pain. The ears and extremities get deathly 
cold. 

If rupture takes place, he will sit on his hatmches like a dog, turn up 
his upper lip as though nauseated and try to vomit ; but owing to the 
peculiar formation of the stomach the horse cannot vomit. The pulse 
gets weaker and smaller till he falls and dies from nervous exhaustion. 
When he dies in earlier stages, it is from suffocation : the distension of 
the stomach and bowels presses on the lungs so hard that it forces them 
up into so small a compass that they cannot work, and suffocation is the 
result. 



366 THK AMERICAN KAKMKK's STOCK HOOK. 

Favorable symptoms are cessation of pain ; free evacuation of gas per 
rectum ; pulse returns to its normal condition ; cars and extremities re- 
gain their natural temperature ; sweating stops, and the horse returns to 
his feed and customary hahits. 

What to do. — As soon as it is discovered, give the following : 

No. d3. 1 Tal)lesf)oonfal bicarbonate soda (saleratus). 

1 'tVuL-upful water, 
.Mix. 

Give as one dose, and repeat it, if necessary, in ten minutes. 

Give warm water injections, being careful not to push the nozzle of the 
syringe through a gut ; for the intestines crowd backward so hard that it 
is very difficult to give injection enough to amount to anything, although 
it is best to try. If the soda does no good, give the following : 

No. .54. 1 Ounoe turpeiitiue, 

^2 Pint raw liii.seed oil. 
1 Ouiicp laiidaumii. 
Mix. 

Give us one dose, and repeat it in fifteen minutes, if neces.sarv. If 
this proves ineffectual, give 

Xo. .55. 1 Ounce clilorofonu, 

1 Pint raw linseed oil. 
Mix. 

Give as one dose, and repeat, if necessary, in half an hour. 
Bind hot water rags to the belly, and keep them hot. 
As a last resort, if the flatulence does not yield to the above treatment, 
the trocar and cannula may be used. Let it be a small one, not over one 

quarter inch in diameter and three inches long ; 
'il I ^*^^^ find the center of a ti'iangle formed by the 

last rib, point of thchii), and the ed^es nearest 

TROCHAR PROVIDED WITH i i j? i • . i i . "" 

CANNULA FOR puNCTUR- tlic flauk oi tlic spmcs ui the lonis ; cup off 
iNG THE ABDOMEN. j,^,. j^.^jj.^ .^„^ j,.jg^ ^^c trochar in slowly 

and firmly, pointing it in and down at the same time, so as to 
avoid wounding the kidney ; leave the cannula in there, but draw out the 
trocar, and, if tlie gut that is distended is tapped, the gas will rush out. 
Sometimes fcecal matter will clog the cannula ; if so, pass in a small 
piece of whalebone, or other proiie, to remove it from the lower end. If 
no gut is tapped, try the same operation on the other side. It makes no 
difference Avhich side is tapped, for there is no paunch adherent to the 
side of horses, as in cattle. The treatment l)v the mouth may be kept 
up while this is done. 

AVhen they drop from suffocation, or when rupture takes place, it is 
too late to do anything; but, in every case, persevere till eithei' one or 
the other of these tells you fuithcr effort is useless. 



DI8EA8ES AND ACCIDENTS OK THE ALIMEXTAKV CANAL. 



:W7 



XII. RuptTore of the Stomach, Intestines or Diaphragm. 
Causes. — This occurs in violent cases of flatulence. Wiien the gener- 
ation of gas is excessive in the stomach or the intestines, they are lial)!e 
to rupture, and let the food out into the abdominal cavity, or from the 




UNNATURAL ATTITUDE INDICATIVE OP ABDOMINAL INJURY. 

tremendous pressure against the diaphragm, it is liahle to ru[)ture and let 
the intestines into the chest among the lungs and heart. Either case is 
fatal, the animal dying from shock to the nervous system, hemorrhage 
and suffocation. 

How to know it. — Ihe horse will sit on his haunches ; hut this is not a 
characteristic symptom of itself, for we see it occasionally in spasmodic 
colic, and often in enteritis ; the horse will 
turn up his nose Avith an intensely disgusted 
expression on his countenance, but this, too, 
is often seen in colic and enteritis ; he will try 
to vomit, which is a characteristic .syiujjlom, 
and the muscles and legs will tremble and shake 
as if with cold ; the ears and legs get cold ; 
cold SM'eat breaks out in patches ; the mouth nose strained upward. 
gets cold, the pulse grows smaller and smaller, till it I)ecomos impercepti- 
ble, and death claims the patient in the course of half an hour to two 
hours. 

JU.iI. Constipation. 

When the foecal matter in the intestines gets dry and hard, and resists 
the peristaltic effort of the bowels to pass it on, or when there is no per- 
istaltic motion to the bowel, and the food lies (piiet in one spot, there is 




3(l>< IIIK AMl'.KICAN' KAK.MKU's SldCK HOOK. 

iin ()l)!striK'ti<)ii til all iiitcnfs and ]iiii puses, wiiicli is called constipatiDii, 
or eostiveiiess. 

Causes. — When the food dr'u'.s and hardoiin so that it cannot he passed 
on, it is diH! to an insntHcient qnantity of M-atcr in the l)o\vcl, owing to its 
all goinir to llie kidneys, or it is dno to the horse not drinking enough, or 
to inactivity of the liver and other glands that sup|ily the l)o\vels with 
juices. 'When it is from a want of pei-istallic motion, it is due to ner- 
vous weakness in the l)owe]s. 

How to know it. — Little or no fietal matter is passed ; what is passed 
is liard and dry : mild colicky pains are felt at intervals of half an hour 
or so. The horses may continue to eat and otherwise appear all right, 
hut as it runs on, the ]iains will come oftener and be more acute till it 
runs into enteritis. 

What to do. — If the pulse is natural and the colicky pains slight and far 
hclween. give recipe No. 23; also give warm water and soa]) injections. 
If the pains continue and increase, give a (piart of raw oil and recipe No. 
62. If it does not yield to this, give the following : 

No. .")6. 1 Quart nnv nil, 

1 Ounce tinc'turi' mix voniicM. 
Mix. 

(Jive as one dose. Repeat recii)e No. .")2 often ennugh to keep down 
the pain, ff the pain seems to be inereasing and the constipation obsti- 
nate, apply to the belly, well rubbed in, the following: 

No. ."i7. 1 OuiU'i' rniKiii nil. 

;! Ounces raw liusccil oil. 
Mix. 

Repeat recipe No. 5(5 every six liours till a passage is effected. Re- 
peat the injections once an hour, but put in less soap each time. If it is 
necessary to repi>at them more than four or tive times, use clear water 
without soap. 

XIV. Diarrhoea and Suporpurgation. 

These are watery evacuations from the bowels, and are tlu^ opposite to 
const ipaticni. 

Causes. — '" diarrhiea there is an excessive secretion of the juices of 
(he s\stein. owing usually to some irritant in the bowels, but some- 
times to too laxative fi>od. Superpurgation is due to an overdose of 
purgative medicine. 

How to know it.— The evacuations are frequent and watery ; after run- 
ning a while the bowels become irritable and the patient strains a good 
deal and becomes weak ; the pulse gets feeble ; the mouth clammy ; the 
ears and extremities cold , the e>'es and nose pale ; the horse grinds his 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF THE AI.niENT Ain CWAI,. .>•>:) 

teeth, and ri't'iises food; thirst is oxi-essivc Tlic tcmpcratuvo of llu; 
body taken witli the thonnonieter is down, perhaps lo !).') = Fahr. If it 
goes down to 93 ° , the disease is ahnost sure to terminate fatally. 

What to do. — If it is u straight ease of diarrhoea — that is, without any 
inu'gative lia\ ing been given — give a eomplete change; of food and tiie 
followiiii;' : 

No. .58. 1 t)uin'f prepared clialU, 

I OuiH'o fijiiif^cr, 
1 Dnu'hni (i|>iuin. 
1 I'iiit. starch i;riicl. 
Mix. 

Give as one dose, and re[)t'at it, if necessary, after three or four hours. 
Give him water witli flour stirred in to drink, ])ut restrict tiie (jiiantity to 
about two quarts every three or four hours. If tiiis does not stop it after 
snvinEC two or three doses of tlie niechcine, srive tiie following: 



JVC llic flour and 



No, nn. 


'., rim raw linseed oil, 
1 Drai-liin ii|iiiiiii, 
1 OuiKT liiic-lurc- caicrliii. 
Mix. 




(live as one dose. 


If siipcrimrgation is llic Iroulilc 


. gi\ 


water to di'ink. If 


tliis (Iocs not ciicck il in five or 


six 


addition : 






No. (iO. 


1 OiiMcf linctiire calecliM. 
'.., ( >iiiiie liuctiirc <-aiiiplior. 
1 Ounce liiM-nirc opiiiiii. 
1 (Jiiarl slarcli j;riiel. 
Mix. 





(live as one dose. Kcpcat it if necessary every four hours. Restrict 
tiic drinking a little, and feed iigiitly wiicn tiic appetite returns. 

XV. Dysentery. 

The nature of this disease is bloody evacuations with great straining. 
There is inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large intestines, 
with more or less fever and great irritability of the intestinal tract. 

Causes. — Neglected diarrhoea and superpurgation ; too acid a condi- 
tion of the bowels ; impure, indigestible and musty food ; and fold 
atmosphere. 

How to know it. — l^y the bloody evacuations ; severe, frecjuent and 
ineffectual attempts to pass fa'cal matter ; colicky pains ; considerable 
fever ; great thirst ; no appetite ; pulse (juick, weak and comiiressiblc. 
It is rather rare in the horse ; when it does e.\ist, worms are often found, 
too, and are thought by some to assist in the cause of it. 



;J7(> 



IIII', AMKIilCW lAliMl'.l! S SI'OCK HOOK. 



What to do. (iiv(> rccipo No. .'ill, and i^ivo injections of sliirch witli 
one umiic of hiiuhmuni in each injection ; repeat the latter every half 



1,-,* »■ V < ^ / 




hour. In one hour nflcr taUinii' \o. .■">;• i:ive No. TjS, and in anoUier hour, 
if the sfrainiui;' continues, ^■i\e No. (iO, and liie t'oih)\\in^ injection : 



No. (it. 1 Omicc liiicnni' ol (>|iiiiiii, 

I Oiiiicc siilpluiiic I'lhcr, 
1 (,)u:iil sinrcli. 
Mix. 

If no ini|irovenicnl t:d<cs phicc in the conrs(> of ten hours, li'ive a pint 
of raw oil and rc|>cal tlu' injcclicni cvci-\' ii.all' iiour. 

XVI. Enteritis. 

Inllainnialion of the bowels takes two foi'ins, aeeordinir to the part 
affected. Knteritis is inflaniniation of tlui nuicoiis lininir of the howel ; 
the next subject, pi'ritonitis, is inllan\niation of the outer or serous 
<'o\'erin!j; of the bowel. 

Causes. — Irritatini: sulistanccs in tlu' food ; calciiin<;' cold which settles 
in the liowcis, continuation of colic, either spasnuxlic or llatnlent : and 
}>oison. 

How to know it. — Tlicie is continuous pain, iigiit at tirst, and in<'rcasin<;' 
as the inilannnatiou develops. It is different from ((^lic, for which it iniiiiit. 
bo taken I>y an ordinaiTobsci'vcr, intlial it is contiinions, while colic is in- 
terniiltent : in colic, the horse t In ow s hiiusclf dow n : in enteritis lie lies down 
carefully ; the jndsc is raised to >c\ enty-ti\ i" or ciiilily, or even a hundred 



DISKASKS AND ACCIDr.NrS OK TIIK AI.nilCNTAItY CANAI,. 



;^7i 



beats to the miiiulo ; tlu' (•ouiilciiunci' wciirs an iiiixious look ; lio is very un- 
easy ; wluui not inciting' up and down lie is tuniinfj; mound ; if in a l)ox stall, 
he looks around lo liis sides, paws, raises liis l(>gs u|) lowards llic hody ; tlu>. 
breathing is hurried ; there is profuse sweating ; llu! [julse is soft at first, 
but grows gradually harder, faslcr, and at last it gets wiry, and finally 
inipen^cptible ; the e.\lreniiti(!s get cold, and th(^ horse Avears hinlS(^lf out 




'll'ION ASSIMKD IIV MDIiSK SIIKI'"K1{IN(} KltOM AHDOMINAl. IN.IUUV. 




with I he pain and eonslant moving about, 'i'owai'ds 
the last, the i)ain will apparcMilly abate a littl(> ; he 
will stand (piiet for a while ; brace liis legs fill he 
canndl I'esisI any longer, and will reel and drop, IIk^ 
hind end (irsl, generall\'. He di<'s in liie course of 
eiglil lo twenty hours after the first symptom, but in 
some inslauees the horse will die in six hours after the 
very first symptum. Sduietimes t hey get perfectly 
erazy with t.iui pain, and they will rear, run, clind) 
over anything, tear down (he stalls, et<'. 'I'iiey can 
bear no pressure on the belly without p;iin. 

What to do. — Treatment is of very little use, foi- 
a genuine ease of enteritis is always iueural)le, but it 
is best to try always. At first, it is usually taken for colic, and \\\v pie- 
scril)(!(l drenches ai'c^ given for that disease ; but when you notice tiie pain 
is contiiuious and the jndse runs ui), it is sufficient evidence to locate the 
troul)lo as iullammation of (he lining of tlu! large intc^sf ines ; tiien give 
No. T)!!, and apply a uuistard paste to (he belly. Aftei- it has been on an 
iiour, wash it off and repeat it, or apply No. II, and conlin(^ tln^ fiuncs 
willi a blanket. \ f<nv niinntes aftci' giving the oil, give No. r>2 ; repeat 
the latter every half hour, if necessary to keep him (^asy. (Jive No. ;5(), 
(onliunously, in addition to I he otluns. Also gi\c injections of so;ip and 



KNTERITIS. 

A tcHt for enteritis, the 
iiioiuh usufilly beinc^ 
liiunci hot ami dry. 



372 



THK AMKUK'AN rAKMEIl S STOCK HOOK. 



water. If tlic pulsp ("ontiiiiics to quickon aiul got hartl, repeat the oil 
every two or tliree hours, ami apply No. ")7 to the belly where the mus- 




ANOTlllCll TKST KOll KNTKUmS. 
A horse iiKinifcslin^ tenderness upon pressure on the belly in enteritis. 

tard was. If the oil works through, there is a chance of success; then 
just let the horse remain ))ei-feetly (|uiet for several days, give oat-meal 
gruel to drink. 

Pout morfciii cx.iniiualion shows tli(> bowel atTecUnl In be almost black 
from conucstion, inllanuuiilioii, and moiMilicat ion. Tlie disease usuaih' 




.\1MM.IIATU)N OK -VN .\MM(>NI.\( Al, lU.lSlKi;. 

confines itself to about a van! of the gut. The tissue of tlie intestine 
will be swollen sometimes over an inch thick. 

XVII. Peritonitis. 

This is inflammation of the outer covering of the bowel ; it is less rapid 
in its course, and less painful. It may last a week or so, oi- it ma}- kill 
in ten or tweh'c hours. 



DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OK THE ALIMEXTAUV CANAL. 373 

Causes. — Wounds in tlio ;il)th)niin;il cavity, cxposuri' to cold storms, 
kicks in tiic hclly, etc. 

How to know it. — The [misc is (|nick — from si.xty to scvcnty-tivc, and 
is iiard and wiry ; the iiors<' lies down very easy, but yets up ((uick ; h)ss 
of a[)pctite. When (lie inflammation docs not kill, effusion of water 
takes place into the bell}-, giving the horse the tippearunce of diopsy by 
the largo abdomen. There is great pain upon pressure on the abdomen. 

Post mortem examination reveals extensive discoloration of the bowels 
and surrounding tissue. A great quantity of bloody matter is floating in 
tlic (a\ ity. The inflamed poition of the intestines is very much swollen. 

What to do. — Give No. bii as soon as the nature of the disease is recog- 
nized, (iive No. 52 occasionally to allay the pain, and ajijily No. T)? to 
the belly. Give No. 3U. continuously for several doses, till tli(^ i)ulse is 
improved. In case the abdomen tills witli water, it may l)e tapped bj' 
passing in the trocar and cannula — the smallest sizt — through the centre 
of the belly, and through the hard, fibrous band running down the center. 
It is vwWcd imracentesis ahdonicnln, and should be performed I)y experts 

onh'. 

XVIII. Calcvdi. 

Intestinal calculi are not \ery common, although they are occasionally 
met with. It is very jirobable, that if all the cases of death from bowel 
troubles were examined po.s'/ mortem, calculi would be quite often found, 
as that is the only way their presence can be determined. 

Causes. — These stones are formed of calcareous material laid on in 
iKvers, and are usually found enveloping a nucleus of some kind — a 
piece of a nail, or a pebble, or a wad of hair, etc. They sometimes attain 
to enormous sizes and M'eight, and are usually round or oval. These 
stones ai'e most common in sections of the country where hard well water 
is used for drinking, especially in lime districts. 

Dust balls are common in horses that are fed on mill-sweepings; the 
dust accumulates around (lal liiilN or chaff from other grain. As many 
as a dozen have been found in one horse after death. 

Calculi are seldom or never passed in a natural way, but make sacks in 
the bowel, and lie there till byacridcnttheyaredislodgedaiidroll out into 
the passage, and form an obstruction, cause a stoppage, intlanunation 
and death. 

How to know it. — lu aiUlitiou to tli<' synq)loni> of enteritis, the [)atient 
will frequently sit on his haunches like a dog. This is not a characteristic 
symptom, but in cases where calculi have been found, it was a prominent 
symptom . 

What to do. — Nothing more can be done than to treat the symptoms, 
which are those of enteritis. Back raking is advisable, but it is not 



374 THK AMKltlCAN KAUMEU's STOCK BOOK. 

among tho probabilitioM tliiit Ww stones would Ik; near enough to the 
rectum, to be readied by llie hand. 

XIX. Intussusception and Gut Tie. 

This is tlie slijjping of a partof a gut into another part, like turning a 
finger of a glove jjartly wrong side out. It is rather uneoniinon. A ease 
was lately seen by the wiiler, in wliieh the l)lind end of the caecum was 
turned into the other pui't, the fold coming at th<! intersection of the 
small intestines. 

Causes. — I'Ik' cause of intussusception is purely accidental. 

How to know it. — -riKTc are signs of bowel trouble ; colicky pains that 
{■onie on grailually ; tlu; horse looks around ; jjaws ; stretches at full 
length, which is a tolerably characteristic synij)tom ; gets up and down ; 
the pulse rises and has a tendency to become hard and wiry ; legs and 
ears get cold ; patches of cold sweat ln"eak out over the body ; the ])ulse 
gets smaller and harder; tiie muscles tremble, and (h^ath soon follows, 
which is caused by strangulation of the gut and mortification of the i)art 
affected. 

Pos/ 'iiinrtvin exiiniination shows great swelling of the gut, sometimes 
to Mu incii thick, and the mortified [jortiou will be black. 

What to do. — As soon as any I'ise or change in the jndse is detected, 
especially if there is slntching ;uid colicky pains, give r<'cip<' No. .'")(I, hot 
water injections, and hot water rugs to tlu^ l)cll\. If this docs not give 
relief in an hour, give No. 55, and repeat it every two hours till relief is 
got ; in Ix'twecn these doses, if necessary to keep down (lie pain, give No. 
h->. In some eases tli(^ intestines will relnni to I heir |)roper place, and 
their functions go on naturally again, liul in some cases all efforts are 
unavailing, and death takes place in from ten lo thii-ty hours. 

Gut Tie. — 'Phis is similar in eff(M't ; tiu' Itowel gets into a half knot 
and strangulation follows the same as in intussusception. 

Gut Twist — 'Phis is a twisting of a gut by turning partly over. If it 
docs not right itself, strangulation and death are the inevitable result. 



CIIAPTEH XI. 



DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 



I. I'lIRF.NITISOn INI'M.AMMATION OI'TIIH lUtAIN. II. OKREBUO-SIMNAL MENINGITIS. 

III. Al'Ori.KXY. IV. MKOIMMS. V. TICTANUS Oil LOCKJAW. VI. 

TAKALYSIS. VII. SITNSTUOKK. 

I. Phronitis or Inflammation of the Brain. 

All tlin highly dcvt^lopcd norvoiis systems — those of iiiiin, the dog and 
the horse — are more subject to disease tlian the (luieter, and less devel- 
oped nervf)iis oruaiiizatioiis of the ox, shee[), jjig, etc. 

JiiHanmialion of the hrain, siiusd-okc, tetanus and paralysis are (|uitc 
comnion in I lie lirst incut ioned animals and very rarely met with in the last. 




INFLAMMATION OK TIIK IlliAIN. 
San i)lc of the antics of a horse during the delirium of brain fever. 

Causes. — '"he causes of plircnitis are various, such as concussion or 
the brain ; e.xposiiri! to cold, wet storms; (extension of fever from the 
body; and sonustimes the cause is not apparent. 

How to know it. — There is a (piick pulse ; great prostration ; respira- 
tions are (|uick, bowels constipated ; visible mucous membranes are very 

37.5 



37(5 



THE AMEinCAX 1 AltMEl! S STOCK HOOK. 



red ; delirium at tirst, but soon runs into stupidity' ; tlie horse places his 
head against the wall and pushes and braces himself against it, and 
alwaj's bruises his eyes and head badly ; he will eat occ-asionallj', and Avill 
doze off into a lit of stupor with his mouth full and let the food drf)p ; 
when roused he will paw and move around, hang his head against the 
wall and then doze off again. These symtoms may continue for several 
days, the mad fits coming oftener and more violently each time till death 
takes place, or he may die in forty-eight hours. Animals tiuis affected 
somctimesrecover, but not very often, and when they do they are not safe ; 
they are liable to another attack at any time, from the most trivial cause ; 




A HORSE MAi> FliOil INFLAM.M ATION OF THE BRAIN. 



fits may come on while in the street, the disease assuming almost a 
chronic character. Young horses arc more liable to phrenitis than old 
ones. 

What to do. — If discovered m the very eijvrliest stage when the pulse is 
very full and (juick, bleed the horse, taking from two to four quarts of 
blood. Give a purgative — recipe No. 48, and apply ice to the head and 
keep iton continuously. Give No. 30 as a sedative. If the fever entirely 
subsides and consciousness I'eturns, blister all over the upper i)art of 
the head with No. 9. It is necessary to secure the animal well, for he 
struggles viok'ntly during the mad spells. 



DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 377 

n. Ceretaro-Spinal Meningitis. 

This is not a common disease among horses in the cities, and is rarely 
or never seen in the country. It has existed as an epizootic in New 
York and Boston. 

Causes. — Impurities in tlie air. the liorse being Ivcpt in a small or 
overcrowded, ill ventilated stable, fed very high and not worked very 
hard. It is induced by a plethoric condition. 

How to know it. — The horse seems listless for a day or two, stumbles, 
reels l)eliiiid, and sometimes will fall quite down ; the pupils become 
dilated ; the pulse gets quick and full ; respirations rapid ; there is 
twitching of the muscles of the head and neck ; at first he is sensi- 
tive to noises, but as the fever increases and the disease developcs, 
blindness and deafness set in, and death soon follows. 

What to do. — Put the horse in slings, if possible, before he gets so bad 
that he cannot stand, and apply ice and bran poultices to the whole length 
of the spine ; give the purgative No. 48, and the following recipe in one- 
ounce doses three times a day : 

No. G2. 8 Ounces Ijroniide of potash, 

1 Pint water, 
Mbc. 

Effusion takes place on the brain and paralysis results. When the 
effusion reaches the centers that supply nerve power to the lun<;s and 
heart the animal dies. 

III. Apoplexy. 

Causes. — Apoplexy results from a sudden pressure on the 1n-ain when 
the horse is otherwise healthy ; it is usually- due to over exertion in a tight 
collar, causing a rushing of Iilood to the head. 

How to know it. — There is insensibility, the horse staggers and falls ; 
froths at the mouth ; the muscles twitch ; there is^jartial paralysis for the 
time being ; respiration is suspended for a short time. 

What to do. — Remove the harness as quickly as possible ; give a free 
chance to breathe ; and dash cold water over the head. He will soon 
recover and go on again all right . 

Prevention. — Ho not allou- the horse to get too fat ; see that the collar 
is not too short for him ; it may press hard on each side of the neck to 
advantage, but it nuist have good length, at least two inches at the bot- 
tom below the neck ; avoid fast driving when the horse is not in a condi- 
tion to stand it. 



378 



THE AMEKICAN KAKMKU S STOCK BOOK. 




EXPRESSION CM \i; \('TERIS 
TIC OF MECUIMS. 



XV. Megrims. 

This is similar to apoplexy, ))iit is a uiikler form of the disease. 

Causes. — It is duo to the same eauses as apoplexy, hut the animal 

reeovei's more quiekly. 

How to know it. — The horse stops, throws 

up his head, shivers all over, staggers ; the eyes 

elose for a minute ; he braces his legs so as not 

to fall ; stands so for a few minutes like a 

driudcen man, shakes himself and goes on as if 

nothing had iiaiipened. 

What to do. — See that the harness does not 

press too tight where it ought not to ; if I'old 

water is handy, throw a little over his head ; if 

not, just let him stand and he will soon recover. 

It is a pet hobl)}' with some to bleed the horse, 

to stick a knife through the partition in the 

nose, or into the second or third ridge in the 

roof of the month, but it is entirely useless and somewhat dangerous from 

ovcrl)leeding ; it is often very difficidt to stop the l)leeding from these 

small stalls. 

V. Tetanus or Lock-Jaw. 

This is an excessively irritable condition of the whole nervous system — 
the sympathetic, motor and sensory systems alike ; all parts are in a 
cramp. It is divided into two kinds, idiopathic and traumatic. 

Causes. — The idiopathic is a milder form, caused by worms, or by 
over heating ; and it sometimes follows a common cold. The traumatic 
is the result of a wound of almost any kind ; sometimes a very slight 
wound is followed by lockjaw, but the most common cause is nail wounds. 
Pricks from nails, picked up whil(> the horse is at work, are very often 
followed by tetanus. 

How to know it. — The first thing noticed will be the haw of the eye 
drawn over the eye ball, showing more of the haw and less of the eye ; the 

nose is protruded ; the neck straight- 
ened ; the tail elevated and tremb- 
ling : the legs straddle and are as 
stiff as saw-horse legs ; the belly is 
tucked up ; the nostrils dilated ; the 
ears are as stiff as sticks ; the respir- 
ations are hurried ; the muscles are 
as hard as board ; he sweats pro- 
fusely ; and the most serious point of 
all is the jaws are locked. If the 
TUE TEST FOR TETANUS. discasc is discovcred at the start, the 

jaws will l)e found not to be locked, but veiy stiff and opened with 




DISEASES OF THE IJUAIX AND XEliVOUS SYSTEM. 



379 



difficulty ; but they usually lock tight iu the course of twelve hours. If tlie 
head is raised, the haw is drawu completely over the eye ; the tail is more 
elevated ; he trembles all over, and, if the head is pushed a little farther 
up, he is liable to fall. He never lies down ; cannot eat ; drinks with 
very great difficulty, and is in the mostiutense agony all the time. Death 
usual!}' follows in from three days to three weeks. 




SHOWING now FAR AX ANIMAL WITH TETANLS IS CAPABLE OF MOTION. 



What to do- — If it comes from a wound, and all the symptoms are 
fully dcvcloi)ed, there is no use doing anything but to destroy the animal, 
and thus save a srrcat amount of suffering ; but if it is a mild case, give him 
a chance. Give the purgative No. 48. Put him in a quiet, dark, loose 
box ; allow no visitors ; keep him as quiet as possible ; put oat-meal 
water iu his manger, and also a pail of clear water. Clothe him warmh% 
apply a linseed poultice to the wound, wherever it is, first smcai"ing it 
with Solid Extract of Belladonna. Change the poultice once a day, and 
smear on the belladonna each time. Give internally the following: 

No. 03. 2 Ounces fluid extract of helladouna, 

•2 Ounces prussic acid, diluted, 
"Water to make eight ounces. 
Mix. 

Give a tablespoonful three times a day with a syringe. 
If it is an idiopathic case, give the same treatment as above ; put him 
in a cool place, and get the purgative down if possible. Let the same 



380 TIIK AMEHICAX KAIi.MKKS STOCK KOOK. 

man tend him :ill the tune, and allow no spectators, no loud talk, etc. ; 
let everything be as quiet as possible, and he will usually recover in the 
course of live or six M-eeks. Never l)leed nor blister for lock-jaw, for the 
bleeding onlv weakens and the blistering only irritates the nerves all the 
more. Some practitioners put the horse in slings, but it is of no use 
whatever; a case that might require them would be fatal any way, and 
the excitement attending the operation would only hasten the end. 

VI. Paralysis. 

Tins is just the reverse of tetanus ; the nervous system loses its 
power, and the part affected becomes helpless. It usually atta(;ks the 
hind parts, but sometimes one side, and sometimes the neck and face. 

Causes. — Injuries to the back arc common causes, in which case there 
is paralysis of all parts back of the injury. It usually accompanies 
azoturia, ccrebro-spinal meningitis, lead poisoning, sun-stroke, etc. 
When half the body, face, or neck is paralyzed, the cause lies in the con- 
stitution, and is not npi)arent ; or it may come from abscess in the brain. 




ABSCESS IN TUE I'.KAIN. 
A common cniise of partial paralysis. 

How to know it. — The horse lies in a helpless condition ; he can raise 
hiiuNc'lf forward. Imt is utterW powerless beliiiid. Prick him with a pin, 
anywhere back of the injury, and no sensation is produced. If it is 
paralysis of one side, that side is partially helpless ; he drags the legs. 
If it is in the neck and face, the part will be twisted off towards the well 
side, and the diseased pai't without sensation. 

What to do. — If the horse can stand at all, put him in slings ; if not, 
let him lie down as comfortably as possii)lc. Turn him t-svice a day, to 
prevent scalding. Clip off the hair close, and blister well Avith recipe 
No. it, along the spine, from the scat of the injury back to the croup. If 



DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AXD XERVOVS SYSTEM 



381 



it is paral3-sis of the face and neck, apply the blister to the base of the 
brain, over the poll. Rub the surface well with liniment No. 14. Give 
internall}" the followir.o- powders : 

No. 04. 1 Draelini powdered mix vomica., 

2 Draolims powdered gentian loot, 
U Ounce linseed meal. 
Mix. 

Give us one dose ; rei)oat it once a day for two or three weeks ; then 
let him wait a fortnight, and repeat it. When convalescent, give gentle 
exercise. Abscess in the In-ain is almost alwavs fatal. 




UNSTEADY GAIT OF A HOUSE WITH PARTI.^L PARALYSIS. 



VII. Sun-Stroke. 

This is common in some parts of the country, especially in large cities. 
It is a liquefaction of the fats of the body. All the functions of the 
liody are interfered with or almost stopped. 

Causes. — E.xposm-e to the hot sun, or over exertion in hot weather, 
even if the sun is not shining. Some animals are more subject to it 
than others, probably dc[)cnding upon the condition of the system at the 
time. 

How to know it. — The horse may be sweating and suffering with the 
heat, when suddenly he will stop sweating and dry off ; will begin to 
stagger ; get dumpish, deaf, weak and stupid ; there will be labored 
breathing and he will soon drop in the road in an unconscious condition ; 



382 THE AMERICAN FAKMElt's .STUCK HOOK. 

the hreatliing will beconu' iiiorc and more l:il)orcd till death takes place, 
wliicli will 1)0 in from half an hour to two or three hour.s if no relief is 
given. The surface of the body will be found to be very hot to the 
toucli of the hand. 

What to do. — When the horse begins to suffer and labor with the heat, 
let him stop in the shade ; give a few swallows of cold water to drink, 
and also sponge off the head and face with cold water. After half an 
hour he will be able to go on. If he has been compelled to go till he 
drops, or even till he is in a staggering condition, throw cold water all 
over him ; or if it is in a city where a hose can be used, keep it i)laying 
on him from head to tail continuously till he is cooled off ; then leave 
him in a cool place, but not in a draft ; let him rest till next day. If it 
is in the country throw cold water over him by the bucketful till he 
recovers. If he goes down, use ice on the back if possible. As soon as 
he is sufficiently recovered to be able to swallow safely, give the fol- 
lowing drench : 

No. 65. 2 Ounces whiskey. 

3^ Oiiiiee sweet spirits of nitre, 
1 Draelim nitrate of potash, 
^ Teaeupful water, 
Mix. 

Give as one dose, and repeat it every half hour till he is pretty well 
recovered ; then drop off to every four or six hours. Leave him in the 
stable at least a week, and be very careful of him for a long time. 
During recovery feed on soft food — grass if it can be got. If it leaves 
him weak and staggering in his gait, clip off the hair from the back and 
blister with recipe No. 9. 



CHAPTER XII. 



DISEASES OP THE HEAET AND BLOOD VESSELS. 



I. INFLAMMATION OF THE ENDOCARDIUM. II. ENLARGEMENT OF THE IIKART. 

III. ATROPHY OP THE HEART. IV. INDURATION OF THE HEAHT. V. FATTY 

DEGENERATION OF THE HEART. VI. OBESITY OF THE HEART. VII. CYANO- 
SIS OR BLUE DISEASE. VIII. RUPTURE OF THE HEART. IX. RUPTURE OF 

A BLOOD VESSEL. X. ANEURISM. XI. PHLEBITIS OR INFLAMMATION OF A 

VEIN. XII. THUMPS. 

Diseases of the heart are numerous but difBcult to diagnose, except ]>\ 
their effects. Few of them are influenced by treatment : thei-e fore this 
short chapter on the subject, is given more as a matter of general infor- 
mation than of practical utility. 

I. Inflammation of the Endocardium. 

This is inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart. This sac is 
a serous one, similar to the ^;/e?<ra, and secretes a fluid to moisten and 
lubricate the heai't in its perpetual motion. 

How to know it. — The horse will attract notice as not being in his usu- 
sual healthy form ; his head will hang down ; the countenance will 
express i)ain ; he will stand still with no inclination to move ; the pulse 
will be raised considerably. Upon application of the ear to his side over 
the region of the heart, a harsh rasping sound will be heard indicating 
the dry stage of inflammation. 

What to do. — All that can be done to advantage is to treat the 
horse constitutionally ])y giving recipe No. 40. Feed on soft food for a 
few days ; keep him warm and anply No. 41 to the side over the heart. 

n. Enlargement of the Heart. 

This is not uncommon ; the heart sometimes increases to twice its nat- 
ural size. This is especially so of the left ventricle ; its Avails sometimes 
get unusually thick. 

How to know it. — It cannot be definitely recognized during life, liut a 
fair opinion can be based upon the pulse, which will be irregular in its 
action, both as to force and number of beats. The temperature of the 
body will be uneven ; one side may be cold, and the other warm, one leg 
cold and the others warm, etc. 

383 



384 THE AMERICAN FAUMEU's STOCK I$OOK. 

What to do. — Give the followiiiij recipe : 

JJo. 66. 1 Dnuliin iculiilc of potash, 

1 l)i;K-liin iMiudiMiMl ii\i\ vomica, 
1 l)r:irliin ixiwdcrcd f(L'iiuj;rt'ek seed. 
Mix. 

Give :is one do.se in a bran mash, and repeat it morning and night, for 
liireo or four weeks. Feed on soft food, and give gentle exercise. 
m. Atrophy of the Heart. 

This is a shrinking and wasting away of the substance of the heart. 
The walls become soft and liabby, and fail to perform the work in a 
healthy manner. 

How to know it. — The pulse Avill be weak and uTegular — often missing 
two or throe l)eats at a time. There will he emaciation, languor, pallor 
of the visible mucous membranes. Death is liable to occur suddenly, at 
any time, from complete interruption of the circulation by ante-mortem 
clots, that is, clots that form in the heart and l)l()od vessels before 
deatii. 

What to do. — Give the following nowdcr night and nioniiiig, in soft 

feed . 

Ko. 67. 1 Drachm nnx vomica, 

1 Drachm sulphate of iron, 
1 Drachm focuugreek seed, 
Mix. 

Give this at one dose, and repeat it morning and night for three or 
four weeks. Give gentle exercise, and feed some oil-cake meal every 
day if he will eat it. Feed well. 

rv. Induration of the Heart. 

This is a hardening of the sub.stance of the heart, which sometimes be- 
comes almost as hard as -wood. There are no characteristic symptoms 
other than the weak, irregular pulse, iind sudden death at some unex- 
pected time. Nothing can be done. 

V. Patty Degeneration of the Heart. 

The fleshy substance of the heart degenerates into a kind of fatty sub- 
stance that is not strong, and may be easily pulled to pieces by the hand 
after death. There are no symptoms to recognize it by except the weak, 
irreo-ular pulse. Death is apt to occur suddenly, from ante-mortem 

clot. 

VI. Obesity of the Heart. 

This is an accumulation of fat around the heart, which interferes \nt]i 
its action, "-ivino; rise to a quick, fluttering pulse as though the heart were 
laborino- under a load that nuitfled it. It makes the breathing short, and 



DISEASES OF THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS. 385 

tlie animal will paut after the least exercise. Nothing can be done. 
Death is liable to occur from suffocation when the horse is put at hard 
vvork. 

VII. Cyanosis, or Blue Disease. 

This is very uncommon in the horse. The circulation peculiar to fcetal 
life does not change at biilh, as itouahtto, by the closing of atcmporary 
opening between the i-ight and left sides of the heart. The failure of 
this opening to close at birth allows the venus blood to pass right througii 
into the arteries without going through the lungs to be aerated, and 
gives a blue color to all parts that ought to be pink — the eye-lids, 
mouth, etc. The animal does not live long, but dies in the course of a 
week or two. The surface of the body never gets warm ; the respirations 
are usually slow, and there is great weakness, which increases as death 
approaches. 

VJLll. Rupture of the Heart. 

Horses are liable to rupture the heart at the time of any sudden exer- 
tion or jerk. Those with heaves are the most often aifected. The right 
ventricle and the auricles are most liable to it ; the left ventricle has walls 
so thick that rupture of them rarely takes place. Nothing can be done 
for it. Instant death is the result. 

IX. Rupture of a Blood Vessel. 

This is a more common accident than any other pertaining to the heart 
and blood vessels. Any very severe exertion, such as racing, trotting, 
jumping, extra hard pulling etc., is often interrupted and brought to a 
stand-still by the rupture of a blood vessel. Those most liable to rupture 
are the arteries and veins in the abdominal region of the body ; the next 
those in the chest, head, etc. There is no way of foreseeing its approach 
nor of obviating its effects, which are always fatal from internal hemor- 
rhage. Having the horse in as iino condition physically as possible for any 
extra exertion is the only way of diminishing the liability to its occurence. 

X. Aneurism. 

Arteries are liable to get weak in their walls (a tendency to rupture), 
and dilatation is the result, owing to the immense pressure of the blood 
from the action of the heart. The large arteries in the abdominal cavity 
near the back are most often affected in this way. 

How to know it. — If it is suspected, examine the pai-ts internally by 
the hand inserted in the rectum ; a large bulge or elliptical enlargement 
and distinct pulsations are felt when aneurism exists. The swelling is 
soft and compressible. 



•38() THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK HOOK. 

What to do. — Nothiiiir can be done for it in tliat position ; if it occurs 
(111 tlu' outside of the Ijodj, apply cold water and ice, and a compress to 
the enlargement. 

XI. Phlebitis, or Inflammatioii of a Vein. 

This is far less common now than it was a few years ago, owing to the 
practice of bleeding being done away with ; for it was a common result of 
bleeding, either from using a rusty fleam, or from the horse catching cold 
in the wound afterwards, or from improper care, the horse not being kept 
clean. It may result from an}' wound. 

How to know it. — The vein swells and gets hot, sore, red and painful ; 
the HiHannnation spreads to surrounding parts, and consideral^le tume- 
faction is the result. The effect of this condition of thingj is quite often 
obliteration of the vein ; it becomes hard, filled up, and ceases to act as a 
vein. The result is not so serious as might be supposed, except when 
the jugular vein is the one affected ; then the horse cannot graze, owing 
to the ijlood that is forced to remain in the vessels of the head and neck, 
causing I'ongestion of those parts, they being in a j)endent position. 

What to do. — Foment the i)art affected with hot water three times a 
day, and manipulate the vein and get the olistruction to move on if 
possible 

Xn. Thumps. 

This is an excited, spasmodic action of the heart, due to over-exertion 
— it may be from pulling in heavy draft, leaping or driving. It is most 
likely to occur in very hot weather. 

How to know it. — fhe horse appears to be in distress, and is pressed 
for breath ; the heart thumps away as if it wanted to make a hole and 
get out ; it often shakes the whole bod}'' ; the countenance has an anxious 
expression, and the horse usually sweats profusely. 

What to do. — Give something to revive the nervous system, and stim- 
ulate the heart to a healthier action. Give recipe No, 65. Rub him 
down well, put on a blanket if the weather is cold, and give a ])ran mash 
to eat. Let him rest for a day or two, and the nervous system will 
regain its strength, and the horse be as useful as before. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



GETTERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 



%. INFLUENZA — ETIZOOTY— 'TINK EYE." II. PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA. III. 

RHEUMATISM. IV. ABSCESSES. V. ERYSIPELAS. 

I. Influenza— Epizooty—" Pink Eye." 

Influenza is tlie nanic given to a blood disease in horses that is peculiar in 
many wa}^. It is known as the Epizooty and "Pink Ej'e." It is a 
blood disease, in that it is caused by the introduction into the system of 
a poison that has its origin in the atmosphere, and cannot be isolated ; it 
is supposed to be of a malarious nature due to influences very extended in 
character. 

The great epizooty of 1872 extended over the most of Europe and the 
whole of North America. It spread from East to West, mo\'ing slowly, 
attacking all animals of the equine race, and lasting from one to three 
weeks in each locality. It proved fatal to a great many horses ; it laid 
all horses up for a few days at least, so that in all large cities the streets 
were clear of hoi-ses for about a week. It left a great many horses with 
chi"onic cough and debilitated systems from which they never recovered, 
so that they were left in a condition that invited diseases of all kinds, 
many of which proved fatal, coining as they did in fall and winter. 

The "Pink Eye" of this year, 1881, has been less general in its 
attack, and milder in its character in some respects, but more severe in 
others. It was more severe in the latitudes including the cities of New 
York, St. Louis, Detroit, Chicago, etc. It was very mild both north 
and south of the above mentioned latitudes. It was fatal in man}- cases, 
but mostly either from want of care or improper treatment. 

It was called "Pink Eye" from the redness of the eyes, which was a 
prominent .symptom in all cases. It was of a complicated nature, there 
being catarrh of the mucous membranes, both of the respiratory and ali- 
mentar}^ tracts ; typhoid fever ; acute rheumatism ; and, in some cases, 
inflammation of the lungs, bowels and brain ; and occasionally tetanus. 

How to know it. — The tirst symptom noticed will be languor ; dull- 
ness in harness ; weakness ; sweating easily ; and, in very many cases, 
actual staggering from weakness and nervous prostration in the course of 
t4.'n hours after lacing tirst taken. The horse hangs his head ; the ears 

387 



;i88 TllK AiMKIMCAN FAKMEU's STOt^K B<X)K. 

(Ircop ; (lie iippelitc fails; tlic eyes become very red; the pulse very 
iiuk'k, frequently as high as seventy to eighty per niiimle, full at first 
hut gradually getting weak ; the rosi)irations are rapid ; the eyelids 
swell somotinu's so as to close entirely ; the temperature taken by tiie 
thermometer will show as high as lOf) ® to 107 ^ F. All these S3'mp- 
toms will ai)pear in the course of twelve hours. In the next twelve 
hours there will he colicky pains, and constipation ; the stools will be 
rather hard and dry and covered witli slime, indicating ii feverish lining 
to the bowels ; the legs swc^U tremendously and get very soro to the 
touch, especially around the fetlock joints and along the back tendons ; 
the mouth is very hot, and sometimes dry ; the eyes run tears pi-ofusely, 
whicii flow down over the face ; the surface of the body in most cases 
is very hot to the touch ; the urino is scanty and high-colored ; the thirst 
great ; in some eases there is swelling of the throat and a cough ; the 
nose runs a watery discharge. During the second and tiiird days the 
eyes discharge matter which runs down the cheek, scalding off the hair ; 
the discharge from the nose becomes purulent and sticks around the nos- 
trils ; the legs get sorer ; the bowels loose ; sometimes diarrhcEa sets in 
and carries the animal off suddenly ; sometimes constipation appears 
which usually runs into intlanimation of the bowels and kills ; the lungs 
are liable to take on an inllammalory condition and run into pneumonia, 
often causing death ; and the fever often goes to the brain and causes 
phrenitis which is usually fatal. Horses with influenza lie down a great 
deal at first, but if the lungs become affected, they persistently stand, and 
they lose flesh most unaccountably fast — it goes off as though it were 
whittled off, leaving a fat hearty animal as thin as a skeleton in a week. 

They may refuse to eat ; and the fever may contiime to increase, and 
wc:d\ness become so great as to prove fatal without any other complica- 
tion. 

'i'he favorable symptoms are return of the appetite ; diminishing of the 
swellings around the eyes and legs ; ability to lie down comfortably ; 
bowels and kidneys reguhir ; and a brightening of the countenance 

What to do. — When the flrst symi)t()ms are noticed, lay the horse up 
at once ; see that the stable is i-lean, dry and well-airod, but no drafts ; 
l)iit on blankets, and bandages to the legs ; give soft feed to eat, if they 
will take it, and anything they may fancy, if the appetite is poor ; a little 
corn, oats, carrots, api)les, etc. ; but the best food is oats and bran in 
equal parts, wet up and steamed with boiling water ; all the treatment 
must be given with a view to sustaining the strength. For medicine, at 
the outset, give No. 10, in two-ounce doses, ever}' two hours, till the 
fever is checked ; continue it night and day till the thermometer comes 
down to 10:3=' ; then hold up on it a little, and give it only three times a 



tiKXEUAI. DISEASES OF THE ISLOOl). 



389 



day, and when the temperature comes down to 100, change to No. 18 
— three times a day — for a couple of days ; then, if everything is pro- 
gressing favorably, give No. 35 three times a day, or No. 34 in the feed 
twice a day. If the throat swells, and there is a cough, rub the throat 
with No. 41. If the fever goes on to the lungs and causes bronchitis or 
pneumonia, apply No. 41 to the sides and chest, and give the other 
recipes as directed above. Set a pail of water in the manger, so he can 




A IIOIISK WITH INFLUENZA. 

drink a swallow or two often to cool his mouth and throat. Give jilentv 
of bedding, and make him as comfortable as possible. The bowel trouble 
you need not give anything for, unless the colicky pains hang on for 
several hours , then give a few doses of a pint of raw linseed oil, at in- 
tervals of six or eight hours. Between times, if necessary to control 
the pain, give No. 52. If there is long-continued weakness, give No. 64 
alternately with No. 35. During convalescence, give gentle exercise. 

II. Purpura Hemorrhagica. 

This is a disease in which the watery p.irts of the blood ooze through 
the coats of the blood vessels, and settle down into the tissues of the 
most dependent parts, causing them to swell to enormous size. 

Causes. — It results from an impoverished condition of the blood, in 
which the fibrine is deficient, allowing the watery jjortion to pass through 
the pores of the coats of the blood vessels and gravitate to the limbs, 
belly, chest, and nose. This impoverished condition of the system is due 
either lo some debilitating disease or to starvation — usually the former. 

How to know it. — The limbs swell enormously, .so much so that the 
animal can scarcely move. The swelling begins in the lower part of the 
legs, and keeps coming highei- from hour to hour, there being an abrupt 
termination of the swelling at the top. It continues to rise till it reaches 
the body ; then extends along the belly, the full width of it, and as lliitk 
as a small mattress. 




390 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. 

Yellowish, watery fluid will ooze through the skin and trickle down the 
legs. The S4me from the belly, but to less extent. The muzzle begins 
to swell the same as the legs, and the swelling extends 
up towards the e3'es, often completely closing them j 
when it reaches the brain it causes death. The secre- 
tions are usually at a stand-still, especially the uriney 
none being secreted ; the water, when it accumulate* 
around the internal organs, causes death. The visible 
mucous membranes will be found to be covered with 
purple patches, varying in size from a dime to a fifty 
cent piece. The pulse is small, weak and wiiy. The 
. „ , ,, , . dischars>es on the leas and belly have an offensive odor. 

Appearance of horse s •=• c .' » 

head with purpura. aud thc breath is also offensive. Great debility is a 
prominent symptom ; the horse is unable to eat or drink. The disease is 
generally fatal, cither by the causes mentioned above, or by suffocation 
from the swelling of the nose, or by gangrene of the internal organs. 
Usually before dying, the animal presents a most horrible sight, so as to- 
look like almost anything else than a horse. 

What to do. — Begin early to give the following recipe : 

No. 6S. 1 Ounce tincture muriate of iron, 

1 Ounce tincture of gentian, 
•2 Ounces water 
Mix. 

Give a tablespoonful every two hours with a syringe, so as to get it 
back into the throat with as little trouble and worry to the patient as 
possible. Alternate with No. G8, the following: 

No. GO. 1 Ounce turpentine, 

;! Omices linseed oil. 
Mix. 

Give a tablespoonful every two hour.s. Alternating these two recipes 
will fetch doses only one hour apart ; continue these as persistently as 
possible, till he is either better or dead. Give oatmeal gruel to drink, 
and give anything to eat he can masticate. If he cannot eat nor drink, 
give oatmeal gruel injections. Foment the head, if swollen, with hot 
water as persistently as possible, with the view of driving the swelling to 
other parts. 

The favorable .symptoms will be a diminution of the swellings, return 
of the secretions and apjietite, improvement of the pulse, and disappear- 
ance of the purple (echynioscd) spots. 

III. Kheumatism. • 

Causes. — This is supposed to be an accumulation, in the blood, of a 
peculiar acid that settles around joints, along tendons and .sonn-tiincs 



GENERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOU. .'i!ll 

in muscles. Upon the slightest provocation in the way of exposuro 
or derangements of the stomach and bowels, it is apt to assume the 
acute form, and to cause intense pain and lameness. 

How to know it. — There is lameness, usually of a peculiar kind, flying 
from one joint to another, and from one leg to another ; sometimes the 
parts swell and sometimes not ; the joints most commonly affected are 
the fetlocks, knees, shoulders and hips. There is usually more or less 
fever, high pulse, and sometimes suppuration of the affected parts. 

What to do. — Give recipe No. 36. Foment the affected parts 
witli hot water three times a day, and apply as a liniment, recipe No. 15, 
after wiping down the legs quite dry, and bandage warmly with flannel. 
After the most acute symptoms are gone, give walking exercise. 

rv. Abscesses. 

An abscess is a gathering of pus in a sac from a morbid process in the 
tissues. It may develop in any part of the body. The most common 
locations of them are on the ribs, on the belly, in the groin, in the leva- 
tor humeri muscles, etc. They sometimes attain to tremendous jiropor- 
tions ; they are not painful as a rule, but if they come in or near a nerve 
center there is great pain ; when they form in the groin, for instance, 
there is very great pain ; while on the ribs they cause little or no pain. 

Causes. — Impurities in the blood from retenticm in the system of 
effete matter that should be eliminated through the excretory cro-ans — 
the bowels, kidneys and skin. The exciting causes are sometimes bruises 
from blows, kicks or other injury ; but these bruises are not sufficient in 
themselves to cause an abscess, but must be accompanied by the morbid 
condition of the blood ; then the injury may simply afford an excuse for 
its breaking out in that particular place. 

How to know it. — There is always a great amount of swelling, hard at 
first all over ; but as it grows and approaches a full development it gets 
soft in the center, pitty in a ring around the center, and hard on the out- 
side. It is hot, red, and sore to the touch. It takes from one to six 
weeks to mature an abscess so it will break of itself, according to its lo- 
cation and depth. Those in the groin bike three or four weeks to ma- 
ture ; those on the ribs and belly mature in the shortest time above men- 
tioned ; and those in the levator humeri muscles (found just inside and 
in front of the joints of the shoulders) take the longest time to mature. 
In fact, the latter sometimes acts like a tumor by its slow growth, hard- 
ness and length of time it takes to break out without outside assistance. 

AYhen opened, the pus runs out, and the abscess usually heals readily : 
but sometimes the healing process requires a great deal of assistance, aud 
the abscess is liable to start anew and develop others as soon as one is 
healed, unless the cause is removed by purifying the blood. 



392 TlIK AMKKICAN I'AKMKU's STOCK UOOK. 

What to do. — (<ivi> ,1 piirj^advcof ivcipc No. _'.), and wlion it. has stopped 
purginu,', gi\'o No. 'Ai for a week or so. I'oiiltici" Uio a!)S('css with any 
hot, soft i)oulticc — liiisocd moal is tlio hcsl — till it points, (conii's to a 
head), in a soft spot ; then tap it with a pointed knifo, and ovacuatc the 
sac ; make tho oponinu hijjj onoiiiih to allow a tinifcr to l)o passed in ; see 
that all is clear for a thoroiiiih eniptyinji ; then inject warm water to wash 
it out, and inject No. h. Repeat this twice ii day. Make tho opening at 
the i)ottom, if pos.siblc, to allow the pus to gravitate out, instead of having 
to 1)0 sciueezcd out. The abscess iu the levator humeri muscle is always 
deei)-seated iu the muscle, and reciuires a groat length of time to rot out. 
It is oasil}' recognized hy its position, being inside and a little to the 
front of the point of tlie shoulder. It is useless to wait for il to come to 
a head ; open it at once. Take a loug-hladed scalpel or pocket knife and 
run it ill (lircctly into the center of the tumor, letting the knif(^ he i)ar- 
allcl with the horse's body ; then there is no dauger of tapping the jugu- 
lar \cin. It is necessary, usually, to cut about four inches tleep before 
ri'aching the pus, but when once entitled it heals very readily. 

V. Erysipelas. 

This is inllainmation of the skin. It may be superticial and only 
involve the upi)er layers of the skin, or it may be di'ei)er-seated and 
involve tlu' under layers. The sui)erficial does uot supjjurate, but tho 
deep-scaled u>ually does, with more or less sloughing. It is often 
thought to be contagious, wliich it uiHl(tul)tcdly is to a small degree : but 
not sutKciently so to i>e ranked as a specitic blood poison. It some- 
times rages as an en/.oiitic — conunon in any certain district . ll usually 
follows wounds, injuries and sores, but sometimes comes on aiipaicntly 
healthy skin. 

Causes. — It is due sometimes to the weather, when il is damp, hoi and 
upi)rissive, with thunder frequent and low barouu'teric pressure, especi- 
allv if the horse is kei)t in low, tilthy places. Poorly fed, thin, neglected 
animals are uu)st subject to it. The suddeu suppression of a chronic 
discharge, and feeding on rich, heating food when the animal has been 
accustonuHl to poor, scanty food, and keeping animals with open soros 
near decomposing animal tissue are also cause of erysipelas. The com- 
mon means of contagion are washing erysipelatous and healthy wounds 
with the same sponge, using the same harness, clothing, etc. 

How to know it. — There is usually some fever ; the pulse and temper- 
ature are raised ; the urino is si-anty mni high-colored ; the bowels usually 
constipated ; there is loss of spirit and apjjctite. Th(>se symi)toms are fol- 
lowed, in the course of twelve hours, by a diffuse swelling that is hot. 



(iKNKUAL DISKASKH OK Till': 151,001). 393 

r<!cl, iiiid puiiiful ; if it is on :i wiiitc skin it will lie found to bo sinn- 
ing, tenso iind of a deep rod. Jt spreads rapidly, terminating abruptly 
at the edges in a well defined line of d(^niarkation. The swelling does 
not pit on pressure ; the redness disappears on pressure, but returns 
when the finger is removed. It is eoiifined to the head and legs. It 
has a peculiar smell, like that of burnt hair. 

Sometimes it extends to the eellular tissue under the skin when it is 
known as ijhJcgvionmtK \ this always su[)puratcs, and lias ;i purple 
app(>arancc previous to breaking. 

What to do. — Give tonics and stimulants internally ; give recipes No. 
;{7 and No. ;>') : if much depression exists, give No. (ir). Feed on boiled 
oats, barley, etc. Apply locally' No. 24, and keej) the part wet with 
it continually. If tlu! swelling spreads in spite of this lotion, paint the* 
healthy skin for two IiuIk"^ all around the diseased part with tincture of 
iodine, and change th(! lotion to the following: 

No. 70. 1 Ounce liiiclnre iiiiiriatc of iron, 

S Oiiiices \v;ih;r. 
Mix. 

Keep the surface wet with it till the skin begins to be irritated ; then 
go back to No. 24. If extensive sloughing takers j^lac^e, poultice withoil- 
<'ake nu^al, with charcoal sprinkled over the poultice, till a liealthy sore 
is obtained ; then apfjly lotion No. 7. If the erysipelas comes from an 
unhealthy sore, cauterize it with powdered bluestono continuoush', once 
a day, till all signs of a puri)lish, unhealthy condition, have disai)peared ; 
thiMi continue the lotion No. 7. Continue the tonics for several weeks, 
giving soft food enough to keep the bowels loose. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



CONTAGIOUS BLOOD DISEASES. 



I. GLANUEUS ANU FARCY. II. .STRANGLES. III. RABIES OR HYDROPHOBIA. 

IV. HORSE I'OX OB EQUINE VARIOLA. 

Diseases ;u-e said to he contagious when they reproduce themselves in 
a healthy animal, either by inoculation and absorption of the virus into 
the system through a wound or mucous membrane, or by absorption of 
disease germs floating in the air or in the water that the animal drinks. 

I. Glanders and Farcy. 

These are different forms of the same disease, which is a specific poison 
that affects the Avhole system. When it breaks out in the nose, affecting 
also the lungs and lymphatic glands between the branches of the lower 
jaw, it constitutes glanders ; when it attacks the lymphatic glands and 
other tissues of the legs and body, it constitutes farcy. Tiie two forms 
of disease often exist separately, but usually sj^mptoms of both will be 
found in the same case. The contagion lies in the discharges from the 
ulcers, either tliose in the nose or farcy buds ; it is contagious only by 
inoculation, the poison being of heavy specific gravity and not volatile. 
The virus from glanders may produce glanders or farcy, or both ; the 
virus from farcy may do the same. The mode of inoculation is usually 
through the nose or mouth, by the introduction of the virus taken by one 
horse working in double harness with a glandered horse, or standing in 
the same stall, rubbing his nose on a hitching post or fence or edge of a 
water trough where a glandered horse has stood. These latter are com- 
mon channels through which glanders is got ; for when a glandered horse 
is driven up to a post or water trough, the first thing he does is to rub 
the accumulatious of matter off his nose, the clogging of which is uncom- 
fortable. And so great is the vitality of the virus, that a horse coming 
along an hour, a day, a week, or even a year after, and happening to rub 
his nose on the same place gets the disease by inoculation. 

The poison may lie latent in the system a week, or a month, or two 
months and then break out, perhaps violently, and run the acute course* 
causing death in three to six weeks ; or the disease may appear in a very 
mild form and run the chronic course, so that tiic horse may li\c in very 

394 



CONTAGIOUS BLOOD DISEASES. 



;5ii5 



comfortable condition for one to three or four years, though sowing the 
seeds of contagion for other horses to gather all the time, thus doing an 
inestimable amount of harm. 

When the disease breaks out, it does so by ulceration of the tissues 
involved. These ulcers differ from ordinary ones, by their resistance to 
treatment ; if made to heal, they break out again either in the same or 
another place, and have a tendency to spread and slough, eating away the 
tissues till the ulcers become confluent and the Schneiderian membrane 
(partition in the nose) is destroyed. The disease was known in the earliest 
times, and was written on by Vegetius, Eouan, and many others ; but it 
was not well understood as to its actual seat till La Fosse discovered tliat 
it lay in inflammation and ulceration of the nasal membrane. The poison 
of glanders and farcy is communicable to men, goats, sheep and dogs, 
with all the characteristic symptoms of the disease in horses, and is con- 
tagious from man back to the horse or ass. 

Causes. — It is usually propagated, fostered and extended by contagion 
through the villainous traffic carried on in glandered horses by unscrupu- 
lous dealers. For many diseased animals retain the appearance of health 
sufficiently well to be bought and sold many times, the dealers explaining 
the discharge from the nose as coming from a cold, and the swollen leg> 
as resulting from impurities in the blood ; and Tom, Dick and Harrv, 
thinking they " know all about a horse," buy the animals, believing the 
explanation of the dealer to be true ; and thus thousands of dollars wtu'th 
of stock is ruined each year by the spread of this fatal disease. 

But the disease sometimes arises spontaneously in armies, on ship-board, 
or in overcrowded, low, damp, badly-ventilated stables. Overcrowding 
is the chief cause of its spontaneous appearance, the horses, asses or 
mules being compelled to breathe over and over again, air vitiated by 
the emanations from their own fcecal matter and from their bodies, and 




GLANUEllS. 

The first stage of planders 
showing a watery dis- 
charge Irom the nose. 





1 the discharge has 
Dme muco-purulent. 



EXAMINATION 

Of the nostril for glanders. 



which has l)een exhausted of its oxygen by passing through the kuu 
number of times. 



;5!)(i 



TllK AMKKICAN FAUMEK S STOCK HOOK. 





GLANDEES, 



When tli< 
charge li 



GLANDERS, 

n the In5t stage 



How to know it. — Acute glanders is characterized hy languor ; dry, 
stiiring coat ; red, weeping eyes ; loss of appetite ; quick pulse ; elevated 
temperature, the thernionieter registering 103 to 106 "^ F. ; accelerated 
breathing ; a grayish purple color of the lining of the nose ; a watery 
discharge, whidi soon becomes yellowish and stick}', causing the hair on 
which the matter accunuilates in and around the nostrils to stick together. 
The discharge looks like melted butter, and when dropped into water it 
sinks. The ghuuls under the jaw swell and often adhere to the bone, l)ut 
not always. The partition between the nostrils will become ulcerated; 
small yellow points with purple bases will 
come up and burst, making the discharge 
bloody for the time. These ulcers, with ele- 
vjited edges and depressed centers and purple 
bases, will spread and become confluent, 
eating away the membrane till little or noth- 
ing of it is left ; the discharge increases and has 
a horribly offensive odor ; the lungs become 
affected bv ulcers formin2; in them ; the breath- 
ing becomes labored, and the animal finally fensfve'Ti?ugh'. 
dies, the most ema(^iatcd and disgusting object imaginable. '"°" 

The chronic course is longer continued and runs less rapidh' ; but all 
the same symptoms are developed, with the excei)tion that the appetite 

is less impaired till near the last ; 
the discharge is less copious and 
offensive, and emaciation does 
not take place so rapidly. But 
if the horse is exposed to any de- 
gree of hardship and cold storms, 
the chronic form may run into 
the acute form at any time. The 
cough is not always noticed, and the ulcers are sometimes so far up in 
the nose as to be out of sight. It is often necessary to inoculate a worth- 
less animal in order to determine the disease. If it is glanders, it will 
])robably prove fatal to the one inoculated in two or three weeks, running 
the acute course. 

Farcy is recosjnized by swelling of the legs affected, usually one or 
two, though sometimes all four. The swellings are along the lines of the 
lymphatic veins on the legs, belly or any part of the body ; small nodular 
points come up, which break and discharge a glairy unhealthy pus, run a 
few days, dry up and leave a scar or bare spot that usually lasts to tell 
the tale as long as the horse lives ; other nodules follow and spread nearly 
all over the l)ody, head and neck ; the swelling of tlie limbs does not 




SECTION OF 
Of a glandered liorsc, showing 



CONTAGIOUS BLOOU DISEASES. old 

yield to treatment, and they soon become cliionically enlarged. The dis- 
charge is contagious the same as that of glanders. Fany sooner or later 
runs into glanders and terminates fatally. 

What to do. — Treatment should not be attempted at all, for it is always 
fatal in spite of the most scientific and pei'sistent efforts ; the fatal termi- 
nation may be postponed for a while, but the animal is sowing the con- 
tagion all the time, and doing an inestimable amount of damage. The 
fact that the disease is contagious to men, and always fatal too, is another 
reason why no man should attempt to treat a case a moment after it is 
satisfactorily diagnosed. When any doubt exists, or a suspicious case is 
seen, isolate the animal at once and quarantine him ; prevent any com- 
munication with other animals, and await developments. The discharge 
of catai'rh being M'hitish and more mucous in character, is easily recog- 
nized, and the nasal membrane never assumes that mouse-eaten appear- 
ance that is seen in glanders. Shoot every animal known to be affected 
witli glanders, and bury the carcass very deep. 

Prevention. — Avoid overcrowding and poor ventilation. See to it lliat 
no affected animals are allowed to run at large, or even to be used about 
the place in any way ; avoid letting horses driidt any more than is abso- 
lutely necessary in pul)lic troughs. Either tear down and burn any 
infected stable, or have it disinfected under the supervision of a quaiiticd 
veterinary sui'geon. All suspected cases should be placed under liis 
charge till the doubt is settled. 

It should be made a criminal act, with a heavy penalty, to expose 
affected animals in public places, or to sell or offer them for sale. A 
health commission of three qualified veterinary surgeons should ])e em- 
powered to destroy glandcred horses, with or without the consent of the 
owner ; and the State should bear half the loss, by reimbursing the 
owner with half the value of the animal before he took the disease. It 
is a misfortune for which he is not to blame, and which the State should 
help him to bear. 

H. Strangles. 

Strangles is a specific blood poison, peculiar to horses, and usually 
confined to young ones. It depends upon a morbid condition of (he 
system, is contagious, and corresponds to children's diseases in human 
medicine. It is most common in damp, cold seasons. The poison in the 
blood manifests itself in large, phlegmonous abscesses around the throat ; 
this is the usual manner in which it breaks out. But in some cases it 
takes a very different course, breaking out in abscesses on any part of the 
body. Sometimes no abscesses gather at all, and the fever remains 
diffused in the system, instead of coming to a head in one place. These 



nuH 



THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 



last two kinds are called bastard or unusual strangles. It is often fatal, 
liut such cases are du'j to neglect, to colds from exposure while the fever 
is liigli, etc. 

Causes.— It often arises spontaneously, from the existence in the sys- 
tem of some morbific matter developed while growing ; for spontaneous 
cises are only found among young horses ; when older ones have it, it 
comes from contagion. 

How to know it. — There arc all the indications of fever — quick, weak 
pulse ; high temperature ; hot mouth ; cold extremities ; staring coat ; 
loss of appetite, and nervous prostration. lu a few 
hours the throat begins to swell, both on the sides and 
between the branches of the lower jaw ; this swelling 
is sometimes immense, and makes the colt hold his 
neck and head stretched out in one position, stiff, 
like a child with the nmmps. There is usually a 
distressing cough and inability to swallow ; often 
there is a desire to eat, but the throat is so sore he 
cannot swallow. The nose runs a mucous discharge 
at first, which soon becomes purulent ; the e^'es very 
red, and tears run down over the cheeks. The swel- 
ling is painful and sore upon pressure, and usually 
breaks in about a week, and discharges pus. When 
these swellings come in the lungs, the breathing will 
be affected, and the chest will be sore upon pressure or percussion on the 
ribs, and he will stand all the time. If it comes in the abdomen, colicky 
pains are felt, and he lies down nearly all the time. Sometimes it comes 
around the heart. Any of these unusual forms are likely to be fatal. 

What to do- — Avoid depletives of all kinds, and foster the strength of 
the patient in every possible way. If the bowels are constipated, give a 
few injections, Iiut do not risk a purgative ; give recipe No. 40 every two 
to six hours with a syringe, for it is unsafe as well as painful, to try to 
drench him with the throat in that condition. Apply hot linseed poultices 
to the swellings, and let them get very thin indeed before opening them ; 
or, even let them burst of themselves to avoid that thickening often seen 
after being opened. It is no use trying to check it ; it must run its course, 
(live him a warm, dry place, well ventilated, and nourishing food such as 
l)oilcd oats, barley, roots, etc. During convalescence give recipe No. 35. 




A BAD CASE OF 
STRANGLES. 



III. Rabies or Hydrophobia. 

This is a specific blood jjoison, arising spontaneously in the r/enus 
cam's (dog, fox and wolf) and in cats. It is communicable to all ani- 
mals and to man, but can only be inoculated by a bite. The virus lies in 



CONTAUIOirS BLOOD DISEASES. 



3!) 9 



the saliva and blood, but not in the milk. Nearly all animals bitten by 
ii rabid dog, are attacked witii the disease in the course of time, but man 
.seems to possess a partial inimunity ; only a small percentage of the 
men bitten by rabid animals have rabies. 

Incubation. — The period of incubation varies in different animals. The 
hoi-se goes fifteen to ninety days, usually 
thirty ; cattle, twenty to thirty days ; 
sheep, twenty to seventj'-four days ; swine, 
twenty to forty-nine days. In man the 
period of incubation varies from a few 
days to a few months, though some cases 
develop after a year or so, or even longer, 
the rabies at last being more the effect of 
fear and long continued anxiety and worry 
over the possible effects of a bite, than of 
the bite itself. 

How to know it. — The horse l)ecomes 
frantic witii fever and 2)ain ; delirium sets in early ; he neighs, paws, 
bites his manger, clothing, etc. ; is ravenous for water but swallows with 
difficulty ; he grows worse till death takes place by paralysis. 




COUNTENANCE OF A HORS 
RABIES. 




DESTRUCTIVE IMPULSE OF HYDKOPIIOBIA. 



What to do. — No treatment is of any avail ; if there were anything that 
could be given, it would be too risky to attempt it; but so far, science 
has discovered nothing to prevent a fatal termination. As soon as a case 
is suspected isolate the horse, tie him so that he shall ))e powerless for 
harm, and await developments. As soon as it is satisfactorily recognized 
destroy him. 



400 THE AMERICAN I'AIi.MKIl's STOCK liOOK. 

rv. Horso Pox or Equine Variola. 

Nearly all animals have a pox peculiar to their kind, although all forms 
of pox seem to he closely allied. They are all contagious from one ani- 
mal to anotiier of the same species, and usually among the different 
species to a greater or less extent. Having any of the different kinds of 
variola once, gives immunity from suljsccjuent attacks of the other kinds, 
for a number of 3'ears at least. Kine pox, taken either hy inoculation 
from the cow or by vaccination, confers immunity, to a great extent, from 
small pox. Horse pox appears to be identical with kino i)ox ; the one can 
not be distinguished from the other when inot^ulated into man, ox or 
horse. 

Horse pox usually attacks the limbs, but sometimes the face, Hanks and 
other parts of (lie body. 

How to know it. — There is slight fever, which is often unnoticed ; heat 
and swelling of the affected part for a day or two ; then hard nodules 
form, increasing in size to about half an inch in diameter ; the hair ruffles 
up and the skin reddens around the i)ock ; on the ninth to the twelfth da}', a 
limpid, yellowish Huid flows from tiie pustules, and sticks the hair up in 
yellowish scabs or streaks, on the removal of which a red, raw depression is 
seen with the scab fixed in its center. In three or four days the secretion 
ceases, tiie pustules dry up, and the part heals and the scabs come off. 

The most active virus is the lymph that runs from the pustules. It is 
readily carried from horso to horso by the grooms on tlu^ir hands or 
clothes. It sometimes exists to almost to an epizootic extent in some 
localities. The grooms often get inoculated and have the horse pox, 
which saves them the trouble of being vaccinated. 

What to do. — It nuist run its course, so all that is necessary is to give 
laxative diet; keep the parts clean by bathing with warm water once or 
twice a day, and grease them over, when dry, to prevent itching and pain 
from the scal)s getting too hard and dry. If the fever should run high 
and tho appetite suffer, and the urine become dark and scanty, give 
recipe No. 23. 



CHAPTER XV. 



DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 



I. NEPHRITIS OK INFLAMMATION OF THK KI1)NEYS. II. CONGESTION OF THE 

KIDNEYS. 111. CYSTITIS OK INFLAMMATION OP THE HI.AUDEU. IV. PAK- 

ALYSIS OF THE liLAUDEK. V. EVEUSION OF THE HLADUEK. VI. Sl'ASM OF 

THE NECK OF THE BLADDEK. VII. KUPTUHE OF THE BLADDER. VIII. DIA- 
BETES INSIPIDUS OK PROFUSE STALING. -IX. HvEMATUKIA OK BLOODY OUINE. 

.X. SUPPRESSION OF THE URINE OK UYSUKIA. XI. DKIUBLINO OF THE 

UKINE Oil ENURESIS. XII. STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA. XIII. OONOK- 

lUICEA OR GLEET. XIV. FOUL SHEATH. XV. UBINAKY CALCULI. 

Diseases and derangoinonts of the urinary organs are far less common 
than the majority of people suppose. AVheiiever a horse has the colic or 
pleurisy, the average horseman attributes the pain to the ravages of bots 
or to stoppage of the water, and goes to work to start the latter and 
quiet the former. Many are the nostrums that arc given, sometimes 
harmless and sometimes very irritating and injurious. 




SYMPTOMS ATTENDING DISEASES OF THE UKINAUY OH(iANS. 

Many of the diseases mentioned in this eha[)ter are often seen, by a 
veterinarian who has an extensive, active practice. Diseases of the kid- 
neys are either organic or functional, usually the latter. 

I. Nephritis or Inflammation of the Kidneys. 
Causes. — The usual causes arc too free use of diuretic medicine, and 
blistering on the back with tly blister ; eating musty liay and kiln-dried 

401 



402 



Till', AMl'.lilCAN lAK.Mi:i; S SIOCK HOOK. 



oiits ; <j;('U.iii<;' cliillcd Uy .sliuidini; iiikIci' llic cuvcs where \v;iler drips u|)()n 
tli« loins ; and extension lo (lie kidiu^ys of inllMiiiiiialioii of surrounding 
pai'ts froiii Mows mid oilier injuries. 

How to know it. — 'i'liere will lie very profuse swealing, <j;re:il, puin from 
(lie iiielaslic eliaraelcr of (lie eajisule covering' (lie Uidneys ; the horse stratl- 
dles ill walkinj;, and is lodi lo move ; lii^li (vvvv ; elevated pulses, (onii)er- 
ature and respiration ; heal and a slii;hl Inunpinjj; up of (ho back ; <;reat 
toiiderness upon pressure in I lie rei;i()ii (if lh(^ loins, espei'ially wIkui ap- 
plietl (o the sides just under I lie I iaiis\ crse spines of the loins ; the pain 
is coliekv in eharaeler, and more se\cre al (imes than at others ; he looks 
around to his llauks and is almost <(inlinuallv trviii';' to stidt^ and passing 
alillle at a lime, and llial very red and (hiek, soiiielimeH mixed with 
blood and pus. It riina on to siii)piira(i(m, and somediiu^s to giiiigrciic, 
and dealli. W'Ik'ii oiieo well set in, it is very hard (o eoutrol. 




■tKtl lol; IM- I.A.M.MA I lUN 



II- I III-: kiI'm:^.- 



What to do. — Kxamine the ease earefnlly lo b(> eerlain of llio loealion 
of Hie Irimlile ; (lion apply hot watiT nigs across the loins continuously 
for several tlays. Give iidernally a ijiiart of rawliiisood oil. As .soon as 
(hi.s is well down, give recipe No. ;U), and follow i( up every (wo hours. 
If no relief comes in (he course' of live or six hours, give cojiious nmci- 
lagiiious drinks in (he form of llaxseed (ea and slippery elm bark. Clothe 
warmly, to cncouragu sweating. Kreshly-ilayed sheepskin may bo laid 
across (h(> loins, or mustard ))as(e may bo rubbed in(o (ho hair, ami (he 
rags applied over i(. I''ced on short, laxative diet. Avoid diiireties 
strouuoiisly, especially nitre and spirits of nitr(>. (Jivo anodyne injections 
of warm water and one oiinc(' <d' landanmn, once an hour. Keep the 
patient (|uiet and avoid o\ cr-feeding. 



DISKASKS Ol' TIIK UKINAUV OUliANS. 



403 



II. Congestion of the Kidneys. 

This is ii consliliilioiiai disease uffeetiiig all jjurls through tho blood, in 
vvliieh lies the cause of tiio iutei iial lesions ; hut as it affects tho kidneys 
most, and the kidney symptoms being most noticeable to the avenige 
ol>servei", we describe it under this lunid. 

Causes. — Too plethoriit a condition of the system is the greiit cause. 
The l)lood gets so fat and thick that it interferes with the working of the 
internal organs, csjjccially the kidneys. 'V\w, animal is usually fat, but 
not necessarily so, for it is often seen in horses in strong, working condi- 
tion, but thin in flesh. In pout mortem examinations, fat can be seen 
floating in globules in the blood. It gives rise to thick, coffee-colored, 
ropy urine. 

Or 




noKSKs WITH ('on<!i:,stion or tiik kidneys. 

The muscles in the loi[is swollen, etc. 

On aceouiil. of ils (iffect on the urine, the disease has l)een called 
Albuminuria, from tho supposed existence of albumen in liic urine; 
^20<Mr?'«, from the abundance of urea the urine is thought lo contain; 
Plethoric congestion, from congestions in tho system, due to plethora. 
Tho latter name is the most appropriate, as there is no albuminous urine 
and not any groat increase of urea in this disease, but the name under 
which we descrii)o it is readily comprehended and the trouble easily 
located by the average observer. 

How to know it. — The animal is accustomed to hard work or regular 
exercise, and high feed ; he may be laid u|) from a nail wound, etc., for 
a few days or a week ; i\w feed is kept up the same as t hough ho were at 
work ; he gets well, and goes out hopping and j)i'ancing like a colt, goes 
a1)out half a mile or so, begins to sweat profusely, lathers up well, gets 
stiff in the loft hind leg, and is inclined to dro)) it. Then the trouble 
extends to the other \c<x ; the horse becomes weak across the loins. 



404 TllK A.MKIIUAN FAlI.MEU's STOCK HOOK. 

staggers hc'hiiul, Mows liard, ami is pressocl for brt-atli ; lie gors on for 
half a milo or more in this niiumor, and then eonies down in a heap, per- 
feetly helpless, unable to rise, and has the appearanee of being paralyzed 
behind. Ho is unable to pass urine, which, when drawn off with a cathe- 
ter, is thick, ropy, dark, coffee-colored. Swelling of tlie muscles over 
the loins is seen, and they are very painful and sensitive to pressure, as 
arc also the kidneys, if examined per rectum. There are severe, colicky 
pains or cramjjs, in which he will throw himself around, try to get up, 
will get up forward, and will sometimes drag himself all over the terri- 
tory allowed him. Inflanmiation of the kidneys follows, and runs on to 
suppuration and ileal h in the course of four to tiftecn days. 

What to do. — KM^)^ving the origin of it to be plethora, the rational 
treatment is to deplete ; give No. 48 internally, and also frequent injec- 
tions of warm water; apply hot rugs to the loins continuously, and give 
a great abundance of flax seed tea to drink ; if he will not diink it, 
drench him with it liberally ; give nothing to eat for a day or two. Tie 
his feet if he is inclined to struggle much. When ho is able to get up, 
put him in slings ; keep him on short feed ; and during convalescence 
give gentle exercise. Bo chary of diuretics. If the case has run on for 
a week or more, give No. 4, but only three times a day, in a little water. 
Draw off (lie urino three times a day, till he can pass it without 
assistance. 

III. Cystitis, or Inflanmiation of the Bladder. 

Causes. — Too free use of diiu'iUic medicini! ; too free application of Hy 
blisters and turpentine to the back or other extensive surfaces ; acrid 
diiu'otic plants in the food ; prolonged retention and partial decomposition 
of urine, anil irritation from calculi. 

How to know it. — Colicky pains; looking around to the Hanks ; fre- 
quent painful evacuation of urine in small ([uantities, with more or less 
mucous and epithelium from the lining of the bladder ; straining; high 
fever ; mouth hot ; respiration and pulse quick ; tenderness on pressure 
just in front of the pubic bone of the pelvis, and same upon pressure in 
the flanks. The loins are rigid ; the bladder is tender to the touch per 
rectum — or in the nuire, per vagina; if examined by running the finger 
into the bladder, the walls will be found to be thickened ; the tail is 
switched continuously ; the gait is stiff and straddling. If the neck of 
the bladder is affected, the urino escapes involuntarily ; if there is a stoue 
in the bladder, it can be felt by inserting the hand into the rectum. 

What to do. — Remove the cause, if possible ; sto]) diuretic medicine of 
all kinds ; give large doses of flaxseed tea, and injections of warm water ; 
give a laxative of linseed oil, one pint, and soft (.lict and j^ure water at 



DISEASES OF THE miNAKV OIIGAXS. 405 

will ; also, a long rest. Avoid diuretic inodieiuo ever after, as the parts 
once affected are more tender and susceptible. 

IV. Paralysis of the Bladder. 

Causes. — Long continued distension of the bladder from the urine being 
held, as in lockjaAV, rheumatism or any disease that confines the horse to 
a lyinir jxisition. 

How to know it. — The urine dribbles away as it is formed, and decom- 
poses, setting free ammonia, which scalds all parts it comes in contact 
with; the m'ine scalds the sheath and tlic inner sides of the tliighs and 
legs. This disease often results in intiannnation of the Idadder, and 
sometimes follows partial paralysis. 

What to do. — If tiio trouble originates from paralysis, give that its 
proper treatment and draw off the urine several times a day with a catheter 
to prevent distension. 

V. Eversion of the Bladder. 

Causes. — This affects oidy females, and results where laljor is very 
protracted, or from straining in cystitis ; the bladder is forced back ia 
the jK'his ;ind turned wrong side out. 

How to know it, — The bladder will l)e seen protruding from the lower 
part of the vulva, a round, red, fleshy looking substance, and tlie entrance 
of the ureters (tubes from the kidneys) will 1)C plainly seen n(^ar the neck 
of the l)laddcr, with the urine dripping from thcin. 

What to do. — Bathe the bladder with tepid water and laudanum in the 
proportion of an ounce of laudanum to a pint of water ; then press it 
gently and continuously till it is returned to its place. Great care will be 
needed to avoid pushing the fingers through the walls of the l)ladder, 
especially after it has been out some time and become swollen. If it is 
inclined to come out again, after being returned to its place, put ou a 
compress to hold it in. 

VI. Spasm of the Neck of the Bladder. 

Causes. — It is caused by long retention of urine when (he iiorsc is 
being driven or ridden; nervous irritation; becoming chilled when 
heated. It is a common occurrence during colic, the urine flowing freely 
when tlic colic sul>sidcs ; males are more subjec-t to it than females. 

How to know it. — Frequent attempts to pass water, which is forced 
out in small quantities by great straining ; colicky pains ; looking at the 
flanks; tenderness in the lower back part of the 1)clly ; bv introducing 
the hand into the rectum, the bladder will l)e felt full and distended oa 
the floor of the pelvis. 



■lOCi TIIK AMI'lHUAN 1'"AU.MKK'.S STOCK KOOK. 

What to do. — ^Sprcad frcsli litter mulcr (lie liorsc to iiidiicc liiiii to puss 
llio iiiiiic ; {i;iv() wjiriii wsitcr injections and aiilispiisinodii' drtMielies, .sncli 
us No. r)() ; gcnllc i)rc\S'<ure on the hladdcr per roctiini is soniotinios .suffi- 
cient, but 1)0 very C!ir(>ful iu)L to overdo it for fear of rupture. Pass the 
(^atlu'ter u[) the jieuis if necessary ; in the ease of a mare all that is neces- 
sary is to insert one tinner into the iieek of tlu^ hladdcr. 
VII. Rupturo of the Bladder. 

Causes. — 'I'iiis only occurs in females duriuii parturition wlu'u the 
bladder has failcil to be cmpti(Ml before the labor is l)e<;im, ami in cases 
of lou{j;c()ntiiuu'd s|)asm of tiic neck of the bladder — especially, if by fre- 
(|ucut I'cpetitions of the spasms the walls of it have become weakened 
.and llaccid. 

How to know it.— Nervous Ireuibliuii' of the whole body ; accelerated 
pulse ; cold extremities; nausea ; abdominal pain that runs on to iutlam- 
nialion and causes diMth, or the aninud dies from the nervous shock. 
lOxatninatiou piu- rc(^tum finds the bladder empty and llaccid ; introduction 
of (he needle of a hypodermic syringe, or a snudl trocar into the median 
portion of Iho belly, will lot out urine which is readily recognized by the 
odor. 

Nothing can be ilouc. 

VIII. Diabetes Insipidus or Profnao Staling. 

'Phis is a superabundant drain of water from the system (hi'ough the 
kidneys. 

Causes. — Kxccssivo and long continued use of diuretics in acute dis- 
eases, especially lung troubles ; acidity of (ho stomach ami chronic indi- 
gestion, causing nuu'h thirst, so (hat great i|uan(ities of watci' are drunk. 
Mnst\' hay and kiln dried oats are fro(]uent causes. 

How to know it. — Hy the excessive thirst ; profuse staling. Hooding the 
stall ; the urine is copious in (luantitv, fre(|uently voided and as vlctiv as 
water. Kmaciation and hidebound soon follow. The api)etito is eupri- 
cious ; the coat staring ; slight fever; inclination to lick the walls and 
mortar (o get lime, and to eat the bedding in preference to clean, fresh 
food. There is weakness, and palpitation of (he hearl. 

What to do. — (live one oi' two doses of (ho following reeii)e : 

No. 71. 1 Driu'lnii iodiiu'. 

';. Dnu'hiii idilitic of |iiil:isli, 
I'owilcr luiil mix witli liiisooti meal to luiikc u ball. 

(live as one dose and repeat it once a day for two or three days ; then 
give 11 (easpoonful of bicarbonate of soda in a bran nuish, nuu'uing and 
night for a week ; then givi^ retipe No. 37, and give a complete change 
of food — a run at grass if possible. 



DISKASI'.S or TIIK UHINAKY OlKiANS. 



407 



IX. Heematuria or Bloody Urine. 
Causes. — Thi^i is ciuiscd hy violciu'c, iiffccliiig tlu^ loins, kidneys, l)l;i(l- 
der, etc.; by cancer, liil)crclc, or iih.st'oss in llio kidneys; by iicrid 
diuretic plants, etc. 




< ^ 

nUKSK SI I'l'UlllNC I'KOM III.UODV I lilNK. 



What to do. — In ciisc Uien^ is a profuse How of l)l()od, dasli cold water 
over tlie, hack. Remove the causes, if lliey can bo located, and give flax- 
seed tea to drink, and I'ccipe No 70, in doses of two tahlespoonfuls, llircc 
times a da}'. 

X. Suppression of the Urino, or Dysuria. 

Causes. — This is retention of tlie urine from various causes, such as 
contraction of the sphincter of the bladder; enlargement of the jn-ostatic 
gland; stricture of the uictluM; bean in the iicad of the penis, and 
calcidi. 

What to do. — P;i'^'^ in tlu! catheter to emi)ty the bladder, and then 
endeavor, if possible, to find the cause and rcnu)vo it. If it is from 
enlargement of the prostatic ghmd, give No. (IC ; if from contraction of 
sphincter of the neck of the bladder, refer to the treatment for si)asnisof 
the neck of the bladiler ; if from stricture, refer to the article on that sub- 
ject ; if from a l)ean in the head of the penis, oil your fingers well and 
remove it; if it is from calculi, refer to that subject. 

XI. Dribbling of tho Urine, or Enviresis. 

In this case the urine dribbles away involuntarily. It may conn; 
from weakness of the sphincter of the bhukler, or from injury to it by 
the catluiter, or from paralysis of the bladder. Care should betaken, 
when passing in the catheter, to pass one hand into the rectum to guide tho 
point over the curve. It may come from calculi ; if so, remove them. 
If it comes from weakness, give a change of food, and No. 'A7 as a 
tonic. 



408 Till'. AMi".i;i( AN i'ai!Mi;k'.s stock hook. 

XII. stricture of tho Urethra. 

Causes. — Tliis is rauscd by irritiitinji' iiiuTrdicnts in the urine, and by 
slroiiii astriiiirt'iit injections used in gleet ; or by the healing of uleers in 
negifcled gleet. 

How to know it. — I in' m-ine is ]>assed in a very line stream : the passage 
I'eciuires a long time, and is attended with pain. 'Hiere are fre(|iient 
painfui erections. 

What to do. — I'ass in, daily, a catheter, beginning with one small 
enouLih to pass the strietnre, and increase the size of it from day to day, 
l)usiiing it by the stricture ■with gentle pix'ssnre. 

XIII. GonorrhOBa. 

Causes. — This is intlannnation of the urethra from irritating sub- 
stances in the urine; excessive copulation; masturbation; connection 
with a newly delivered man' or one that has an irritating discharge from 
the womb ; mechanical injury to the ])enis, and irritation from the pas- 
sago or arrest of small stones or gravel. It is mostly eontined to 
stallions. 

How to know it. — By swelling anil soreness in the sheath and penis ; 
painful, slow urination, freciiu-ntly intermitted and sent in jets, owing to 
the pjiin ; more or less discliMi'gc of pus, whiih will be seen arounil the 
head of the penis. 

What to do. — Give a pint of raw linseed oil as a laxative, and foment 
the sore part with hot water : i-iuse out any gravel, and inject a lotion 
made as follows : 

No. 7'2. '._. Oiiiicc siiu:!!- (if leiul, 

1 Ounce vim'ii,;ir, 
1 (^»ii;ii-| wnlcv. 
Mix. 

Inject a little once a day. if it is necessary to continue this longer 
than a week, change to 

Nil. 7:!. !•'> (Jraiiis nitrate nf silver, 

'._■ IMnI witter. 
Mix. 

Inject a little twice a day. Feed on soft food. 

XIV. Foul Shoath. 

The sheath of most horses needs cleaning occiisionally. The glanils in 
the skin secrete a tluid to lubricate the parts, and at times it is secr(*ted 
in larger (piantities than at other times, and accumulates in a gtiinmy, 
black substance in the sheath. Wash it out carefully with soap and warm 
water, being careful not to use anv \iolence in dr.iwiiii:- down the \ard. 



DISEASES or THE URINARV ORGANS. 409 

and particularly careful not to scratch the parts with the finger nails. If 
this occurs tiie 3'artl nia>' swell to enormous proportions ; if so, ))athe it 
with warm water and suspend it in a M'ide l)anda_iie passed over the loins. 
Kepcat the batiiing two or three times a day. Give gentle exercise ; and 
when the swelling is nearly gone, oil it with olive oil. 

XV. Urinary Calculi. 

Stones or calculi in the urinary ai)i)aratus differ in size, chemical com- 
position and location. Sometimes they attain to very large sizes ; some- 
times several small ones exist in the same place, and sometimes the 
deposit is sand-like, the granules not uniting to form a stone. 

Their chemical composition differs according to the nature of the food. 
The calculi of hei'bivorous or grazing animals are composed mostly of the 
carbonates, while those of carnivoi'ous or flesh eating animals consist 
mainly of the phosphates. The calculi of omnivorous animals partake of 
the character of the two kinds just mentioned. They will he more largcily 
composed of the carbonates or of the phosphates according to the charac- 
ter of 1h(^ food and water taken. 

Causes. — The carl)oniites of lime and magnesia are the i)rincipal com- 
ponents of the calculi of horses and cattle ; they are due to the large 
proportion of vegetable acids in the food. These vegetable acids become 
triuisformed into carbonic acid, which unites with the lime and magnesia 
in the blood, thus forming cah'uli. The t(Midencies to form calculi from 
the food are strengthened l)y the following accessory causes : Scai-cit}"^ 
of water ; disinclination to drink ; excessive loss of water from the sys- 
tem by diarrhoea and dysentery or j)rofuse sweating; feverish conditions, 
gi\ing rise to scanty secretions of urine; dry winter fodder; and hard 
drinking water. 

A solid substance of some kind for a nucleus or stalling point is usually 
necessary to their fornr.ition ; around this nucleus the salts crystallize in 
concentric layers. The nucleus may be a partick^ of mucus, fil)riiie 
or l)Iood, or a foreign body introduced with the catheter. 

The locations in which they may be found ar(^ the kidnej's, ureters (the 
tubes leading to the bladder), the bladder, the urethra and the fossa of (he 
glaiis penis. 

How to know it. — Those in the kidneys and ureters cause colicky ])ains, 
straddling gait, tender loins, and sonH^times Idood in the urine. Those in 
the ureters can sometimes be felt by the hand introduced into the rectum. 

Those in tlu^ l)laddcr get into the passage and obstruct the urine occa- 
sionallv, in which ease thej' give rise to frequent straining efforts to pass 
urine ; the urine escapes in driblets and jets, with frequent sudden arrests 
of the flow ; but if the stone does not get into the passage, the flow is not 



•110 rilK AMKItlCAN I'AKMKU's .SIOCK liOOK. 

oliockod. r>loo(l, ill riots, may l>o passed from wouiulinif of tho mucous 
moml)raiii' of I lie hlaildci', liy llu> slon(^. Kxaiiiiiialiou liy Uui hand, iior 
rectum, will (li'tcrmiii(> its oxisU'iu'c. lii tlif fomalo, it can sometimes he 
reaclit'd willi tlie linjier. 

What to do. — There is no siitisfiiotory treatment in cases where the 
location of tiie stone is out of reach. Thosti in tin* bladder and uiethra 
can 1)0 ri-movi'd hy either l>i-eaUinj? them tlown and Avashin^ the frai^mcnts 
out. (litiiotrity), or they may l)e removed whole (lithotomy ) ; both opera- 
tions will be found described in tlu> chapter on opei'ations. 

Prevention. — H i^^ well to guard iijiainst. the formation of them in the 
liist instaiue, and to })revent. their return when i-<Mnoved. If any fault 
exists in tlie fecdini!;", coi'rivt if; <:;ive ii reasonable amount of eoimnon 
salt, twice a week to horses, and to cattle three times a week ; alsojrive an 
abundant supply of good water. If tlu< water is hard, put ii little caustic 
soda or potash into it oiici' a day, or a little hard wood allies. Give roots 
to eat if ill winter, and grass in summer; give half an ounce of tincture 
of gciitian m(M-niug and night for a fortnight, or a tablespoonful of 
powdered goutiun or quassia morning and niglit in soft fooil. 



CIIAITKIf XVI. 



DISEASES OP THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 



i)V TIIK MAI.K: — I. INKI.AMMAIION OP TlIK TKHTiri.KS. II. II YDUOCMCl.K, OI{ DKOI'SV 

1)1' 11 lie KCItOITM. III. HVII, KICSIII.TH Ol' CAHTKAIION. - - IV. WOUNDS OK'I'III'; 

l-l'.NIM. V. (JONOICIMKKA. VI. rill.MOSIH AN!) I'AUArill MOSI.S. VII. MAS- 

TintllA TION. 
OF llll'; I'IC.MAI.i;: — Vlll. I'AinillllTlON. -IX. MKTUITIS, Oil INI'LAMM ATION OK TIIK 

WUMII. .\. INFLAMMATION OK Till'. OVAltlK.H. XI. I.KDOOItlCIKKA. XII. 

ITICIll'ICltAI, I'llVKK. XIII. MAMMIIIS. XIV. IIVHTKIIIA. XV. AltOUTION. 

Ilorsus US ii nico do iioL siiri'cr willi llicscs di.soii.4(;.s ;is iiiudi an (tiiltlo 
iiiul ol her lower uniiniil.s, |irol);il)ly on iiccouiit of their grwitor activity, 
wliicli is conducivo 1o liciiilli, tli.il, of llni or^iiiis of i^iiiiei'iilioii as well 
as of otlit-r parts of Hie liody. 

I. Inflammation of tho ToaticloB. 

Tlii.s usually occurs as a r(^sult of external injury, liuL is sometimes the 
result of ex(-essive copulation, glanderous deposit , or a localization of other 
iiiorhilic conditions of th(! systc-m. There will hi; inor<! or Ic-ss tumefac- 
tion, great soreness, some fever and a striiddling gait. 

What to do. — (live apurgativ(% No. 2;5 ; also, give No. \C, in tin; feed, 
wliiili sliiiiild he light and soft, grass if possihh;. S[)read ovit the or^an 
a little solid extract of hcslladomia once a day, after hot fomentations, 
(jive gentle ex(!rcis(!, hut allow r(!st from active male sc^rvice for a. wecik, 
or longer if necessary. Should it go on to Hiippuratioii, open it and in- 
ject lotion No. iV.). If it iMM'onKis calloused, hard, and does not diminish 
in sizi', substitute lotion as follows : 

No. 74. 1 DnuOiin iodine, 

I Diachiii iioluHHlum iodido, 
y^ I'liil wiilor. 
Mix. 

Inj(!Ct a tahlcspoonful into the organ twitn; a day, and apply sonu^ on 
(he outside. If treatment fails, castration must he resorted to. (See 
chapter on operations.) 

II. Hydrocolo, or Dropsy ol tho Scrotum. 

The scrotum is the jiouch or hag that contains th<! testicles. Dropsy 
of it is due to the effusion followingan injury thenito. It will he found 
enlarged, tender, soft and llmtuating. 

411 



412 TllK AMKKU^AN KAUMKIt's STOCK 1U)()K. 

What to do. — I>i':iw oft' llif water witli a small t locharaiHl caiimila ; ro- 
l)('at it, if necessary, half ii dozen times, for tiiesc cavities are prone to 
ntill. I'aint tlic outside with tincture of iodine. If all means fail and 
the case becomes hojieless, resort to castration. (See <'haj)ter on oper- 
ations. '^ 

III. Evil Results of Castration. 

Scirrhus cord. — When the cord is loft too long, the ends hanging 
down hetwoen the lips of the wound made in the scrotum, it becomes ad- 
herent to them, and tlie whole swells together, becoming an indurated 
mass, sometimes as large as a child's lusad. 

What to do. — The horse nnist bo cast, the cord dissected away from 
the scrotum, and the cord (whieli will l)e found in the form of a tumor) 
exciseil. In the absence of a good veterinarian, excise it with the 
Icrazeur, taking pains to get down low, so as to take out as much of it as 
possible, and dress it, twice a day, with lotion No. .^>. 

Abscess ill tlie scrotum. — This occurs from healing of the wound 
before the suppurative process, which always follows to a greater or less 
extent, is finished. The confined pus accunuilates and forms a large 
abscess, causing the sheath to swell, as also the lymphatit^ glands on the 
inside of liie thigh, giving rise to a straddling gait and disinclination to 
move. 

What to do. — Open it freely, and evacuate the pus, when it will com- 
niiiniy heal readily ; if it does not, however, inject lotion No. f), twice 
a day, 

Projertinci cortl. — Sometimes a small teat-like piece of the cord will 
project through the wound in the scrotum, preventing it from entirely 
healing. Pinch this off close to the scrotum with the thumb nail, and 
cauterize it with lunar caustic. 

Tumors on the cord. — These may form from catching cold after cas- 
tration, strangulation of the cord, or too rough handling. They sometimes 
attain the size of a child's head. The tumor differs from scirrhus in 
being situated higher up in tlie canal. It must be dissected out, the same 
as scirrhus cord above (lcscril)ed.- 

IV. Wound of the Ponis. 

This sometimes hapj)ens to stallions while teasing mares ; it gets kicked, 
swung against a fence, or struck by mischievous boys in play. Some- 
times amputation is necessary. (See chapter on operations.) 'When an 
operation is not necessary, foment with hot water and apply lotion No. 
•21, two or three times a day. If tumefaction is great, support the penis 
with a l)andage passed over the loins. 



DISEASES OF THE OUliANS OT GENERATION. 413 

V. Gonorrhoea or Gloot. 

This is catari'Ii of the mucous lucinhriuu! lining tlio urethra. Its causes 
arc excessive work in llie stud, coiuiection too soon after parturition, 
or irritalinii" sulistMUccs in tiie urine. 

How to know it. — Tiie urine will he passed in small jets, with frecjuent 
interruptions antl manifestations of pain, and theri^ will lie some swi-lling 
and soreness of the parts. 

What to do. — Suspend the labor in the stud for u couple of weeks ; 
fonuiit with hot water frequently, and inject the following lotion twice 
a day : (See also page 408, — ti'eatmcnt for another typo of this disease.) 

No. V.'i. 2 Drafhin-! ^ulpliatc of zinc, 

1 riiit waliT. 
Mix. 

Or, instead, the following may he used: 

No. 70. '.! I)r;icliins sugar of lead, 

1 I'iut water, 
nix. 

VI. Phimosis and Paraphimosis. 

These are swollen conditions of tjic penis. In the former, the penis is 
swollen and confined within the sheath, so that it cannot he protrudt^d ; 
ill the latter, the penis is swollen outside the sheath, and cannot l)e with- 
drawn. 

What to do. — When phimosis exists, open the external portion of the 
sheath, so as to enlarge the opening; then, if the penis is swollen when 
liberated, bathe w^ith cold water, and apply lotion No. 24 three times 
a day. 

For paraphimosis, bathe with cold wali'r, apply lotion No. 24, three 
times a day, manipulate as much as the soreness will allow, and sui)port 
the penis with a bandage passed across the loins. Do not, on any ac- 
count, omit the bandage, as the weight of the swollen organ is alone suf- 
ficient to keep it irritat(!d and inflamed. If this fails to accomplish the 
desired effect, the rim of tlu' shealli may be slit u|) a little ways, and the 
organ manipulated and pushed back. Leave the cutting, however, for 
the last resort. 

VII. Masturbation. 

This is a bad habit of ainising nature, that some stallions get into. It 
may result from weakness, consequent upon overwork in the stud, or, 
on the other hand, from superfluous passion attending want of work in 
connection with high feeding. When from the former cause, reduce the 
work, give walking exercise, and administer tonics, such as Nos. G7, 35 or 



'Ill TIM'; AMI'.KICAN r'AUMI'lli's HTOCIt HOOK. 

.'t;{. Wlitii ficiin 111.' lull IT, ^ivc, for ii |)iu unlive. No. 2.'i, reduce the feed, 
ilicrciise (he exercise, :iiiil '/\vr No. ;i7. 

JUSNASNS I'lJdirj.lAI} TO T1IK MAUK. 

Discuses of llie j;-eiier!il.ive orjjjiiiis iii'o not ;<() muiiiM-oiis in the marc as 
in (lie cow, |)roi)!ihly owing, as l»efoi'e explained, to iior Icadinj^ a more 
active Hfc. 

VIII. Parturition. 

This (lie in.'M'c Ljcts tiironiih with veiv (|uicklv wiien excrylhinn' is 
rij;iil, iiiiti wiien it. •:;oes wronj; or is proionj^ed, on acconnt of nndpresen- 
(ation, oi' nialfornialion of llie pelvis, \\w e.is(i is veiy bad indeed. The 
cow nniy lie in the a<t of calvinfj; many lionrs, and come out all i-ijjlit, if 
she ji'els the rinlit kind of assistane<«, but the mare, if not relieved, may 
die insitle of an liour. Do not. interfoi'e, however, unless absolntely nec- 
essary in eonse(|ncnc(i of delivery eoiniiifj; too soon, (as from some exter- 
nal violence ), and before lhi> liji'anu'nts of the ))elvis are relaxed to allow 
the fteliis to pass, or of sonm malpi'esentation. In such eases, assis- 
lancc, to lie of anv service, inusi be rendered soon iuid etliciently. 

The inarcshouM be si roui,' and in li'ood healthy c(niditioii ; as (o llcsji, 
not too f;it IUII- too (hin, and sli'onj;', as a n^sult of proper exercise. The 
liowcis siionld b(> loosened by i;ivinji' soft fe(>d, roots, etc., at (lieelos(> of 
llie period of i;cstalion. In the i;reat majority of cases, litt le or- nothinij^ 
else is ncccssai'W 

What to do. — In ease of malprcseiital ion, refer to llic eorrespondint!; 
position in the eow, whiiii will be found described in its proper placci. 
If all means fail to deliver the foal ali\e. ami one or I he other nmst be 
saerilieed, cut the fo;dawa\', piece by piece ; but if the foal is alive and (he 
mare eauuot b^^ saved, llie foal can be bi-ouiilit away by the Cesarian 
opeiation. (S(>e chapter on operations. ) 

/>t(n/ /'(<■/ 11.1. — Sometimes t,hi> ftctns dies some considerable t inu' be- 
fori< lh(< full term of li'csditiou is completed, ami llnis beeominn' a foreign 
substance, it must be remoN'cd. Smnelinu's, in such eases, the (W v/rn' 
docs not relax and needs Mssistance. This condition of al'fairs will be 
known 1^' the marc's continuous and persistent straining, in the effort to 
expel the f(etns. 

What to do. — I'a-^.-^ in your hand, after oiling it w itli olive oil, and in- 
sert oni> linger into tlu> o.v, tiicn two and three, and so on, working yery 
•iradnalh , till it is well dilated. If this docs not succeed, insiM't a sponge 
wet M'idi lluid extract of belladonna into tliciw, and let it remaii\ there 
((Ml or twelve houis, and then try the hand again. 



UISEASK.S OI- TIIK OIUiAN'S OK OKNIOKATION. 415 

IX. Metritis, or Inflammation of the Womb. 

This results from injury during parturition, or from catching cold by ex- 
posure to cold or wet soon after delivery. It usually comes on in two or 
three days after partui'itiou. There is more or less fever ; colicky pain ; 
continually straining, as if to pass another foal ; looking around towards 
the flanks ; a discharge of fietid lilark fluid from ihe womh ; and arched 
hack. 

What to do. — Give a mild purgative of raw linseed oil, in amount 
from a pint to a (juai't, according to the size of the patient. Washout 
the womb with warnx water, to which a little, a very little, whiskey has 
l)ccn added, and inject No. Sit. Give No. 18 internally, as often as the 
fever and other syin|)toms rcipiire. Feed ou light diet and keep warm. 

X. Inflammation of the Ovaries. 

Tills, thougii I'arc, is met with occasionally in tiu^ marc, and is mani- 
fested by slight fever, soreness on pressure in the lumbar region, and dis- 
inclination to walk. It usually occurs at the time of heat, and passes 
away when that is over ; it aggravates the passions excited at that time. 

What to do. — (live a tcaspoonful of saltpetre in a bran mash, three 
times a day, for a couple of days. 

XI. Leucorrhcea. 

This is lalai-rh of tiic vagina or of the womb, or of ])oth. Caused, 
originally, by a sliglit attack of iuHammation, a discharge from the 
irritated surfaces is set up and soon becomes chronic. It often follows dif- 
ficult parturition, in which the parts have been torn and injured, more or 
less. When the after-liirtli is retained, leucorrhu-a invariably follows, 
owing to till! irritation caused by the decomposition, which, in such cases, 
is nature's only alternative for getting rid of the foreign body. 

The discharge is whitisli and slimy, of a disagrceal)le odor ; in fact, 
when following retention of the after-birth, it is often purulent, and very 
offensive. It tells heavily on the general health of the ])aticnt ; she loses 
flesh : tiic coat becomes rough, coarse and staring ; and flic milk dries up, 
oi" nearly so. 

What to do. — Introduce a catheter into the womi), and draw off 
the purulent accumulations, if any exist; next, inject tepid water, draw- 
ing it off with the catheter ; then inject lotions Nos. 75, 76 and 39, chang- 
ing from one to another, and applyingthem twice a day till cured. At the 
same time, give, as a course of tonics, Nos. ()7, 35 and 22, changing 
occasionally from one to another. Continue them three or four weeks. 
Give green food, if practicable ; if not, give bran mashes, roots, etc. 



416 run AJIKKKAN lAK.MEU's STOCK IJOOK. 

XII. Puerperal Fever. 

This is a honigii fever, usually occurring on the second or third day 
after parturition. It is aggravated by colds, exposure, or neglect. 

How to know it. — The symptoms arc those of general fe\er, accelera- 
ted [uilsc and respiration, with heightened temperature ; the cars and 
e.xtremities, however, arc cold ; the visible mucous niemi)ranes are inject- 
ed and red ; the bowels are consti[)ated ; the urine is scanty and high col- 
ored ; secretion of milk is suspended ; and the udder inclines to intlamina- 
tion and hardness. It may occur in mares of all ages, but is most often 
met with after the lirst i)regnancy, and seems to accompany the effort 
of nature in secreting the milk. 

What to do. — Ke(!p the animal warm, in a place with good ventilation 
but no drafts ; give soft diet (grass if possible)^ and plenty of pure water 
with a tablespoonful of sweet spirits of nitre mixed with it morning and 
night. If the bowels are constipated, give half a pint of raw linseed oil, 
repeating it after ten or twelve hours. 

XII. Mammitis. 

This is intlammation of the uuinimary glands, or udder ; it accompanies 
parturition, and then always exists to a certain extent, consetiuent ui)on 
the secretion of milk. It is apt to be most severe after the first foaling. 
Usuall}-, the intlammation sul)sides in the course of a week or so; that is, 
as the organs become accustomed to secreting the milk, and their outside 
is softened by the foal sucking and pulling at the teats ; but not in- 
frequently it happens that, instead of getting better and softer, they get 
harder and larger, sore, hot and painful. When it runs on to suppura- 
tion of a quarter, as it sometimes does, the milk curdles and comes away 
Avith difficulty, in small quantities, and is bloody. There is always more 
or less constitutional disturbance, fever, aeeelerated pulse, etc 

Whattodo. — Foment vigorously with hot water, as continuously as 
possible ; mani[)ulate to the utmost extent that the soreness Mill allow ; 
encourage the foal to suck and i)ull the teats, and milk all you can, at 
freciucnt intervals, to prevent the milk from curdling. If it goes on to 
sujjpuration, open the abscesses and inject lotion Ko. ;5il, twice a day, and 
apply oil-cake poultices, changing them morning and night. Give soft 
feed ; if in winter, take the chill off the drinking water, and keep the 
mare blanketed. Give a teasi)oonful of saltpetre in a bran mash niorn- 
in"- and night. If the bowels are constipated, give a pint of raw linseed 
oil. Rub the glands with the following, three times a day : 

No. 77. 1 Ounce c.imphor gum, 

^ Pint olive oil. 
Mix. 



DISEASES OF THE OUGA.NS OF GENERATION. 417 

Xrv. Hysteria. 

This is a peculiar and quite rare nervous condition accompanying heat 
and manifested, principail}-, by the voluntary muscles. The jaws champ ; 
the teeth are ground ; the nuiscles tremble ; the legs and feet are liable 
to paw, strike or kick spasmodically ; in short, the mare acts in a general! j 
delirious manner. Sonu'tinies the brain is sonuu-ii affected that tliis con- 
dition runs on into tetanic convulsions, inflammation of the brain, and 
deatli. 

What to do. — Give a (juart of raw linseed oil, or else No. 23, and No. 
52. Kei)eat tlic latter every four to six hours-, till purgation takes place, 
when all unpleasant symptoms will usually disappear. 

XV. Abortion. 

When mares abort, it is usually the result of accident or ovenvork. 
If compelled to draw too heavy a load, a single extra hard pull is often- 
times suflScicnt to produce abortion ; any such accident as slipping, fall- 
ing, external violence, etc., may likewise bring it about. Usually, all 
parts come away naturally, without any untoward result other than nerv- 
ous prostration, and, perhaps, a slight febrile rise in pulse and temper- 
ature for a day or two afterwards. 

What to do- — Allow absolute rest for a few days, and give soft feed 
and chilled water. If any fever follows, give a teasjioonful of saltpetre 
in the mash, moi'ning and night. 



CUAITHR XVII. 



DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 



I. OONOKSTION or THE I.IVKK. II. IIKPATITIS, OH INFLAMMATION OF THF. LIVER 

(ACUTIC OK CllUONK'). 111. (M'UiOMA, OK FATTY I>1:GICNI;KATI()N. IV. CIK- 

KllOSIS, OK KlllKOlIS DICOENKKATION. V. .) AlINDICK, ICTEKl'S, OK YELLOWS. 

\ I. lULIAKV OALCIILI, OK (SALL-STONES. VII. IIYI'EKTKOl'llY. VIll. ATKO- 

rilY. IX. SOETENINO, OK KAMOLLISSEMENT, WITH KUl'TUKE. 

Diseases of Iho liver in llio lower iininmls, arc not as eoninion as in the 
luinian fainiiv, hut Ihcy arc met with oeeasioiially, inul tlieir effects arc 
plainly visible. The other organs of the body necessarily .suffer when 
there is inactivity of the liver, since its functions arc very important, 
l)o(h in eliininatinji; impurities from the hlood, and in secretini!: the bile 
that largely contributes to maintaining the health of the bowels. 

Certain marked symptoms are common to all diseases of the liver, 
viz : j'cllowness of all the visible mucous picmbrancs, dullness of spirits, 
languor, and loss of appetite. When the bile is secreted too abuiuhmtly, 
tlie f(eces 'are bright yellow, with eitiier diarrho^i, or a tendency that 
w:iy ; and when the bile is scanty, the t'tcccs are of a gray, ashy color, 
hard and very offensive to the smell. Again, when the liver fails to secrete 
its customary quantity of urea, the latter is thrown l)ack into the sj's- 
tem, with especial (h'triment to the kidneys, giving rise to congestion of 
those organs or azoturia, (which see). 'I'he principal diseases of the 
liver, in tlie Imrse, are enumerated in the heading of this chapter. 
I. Congostion of the Liver. 

This is engorgement of the iie[)atie blood vessels, and, in a secondary 
manner, is accomjjanied by engorgement of many of the otlu'r internal 
organs, Its subjects are commonly high fed, pampered, idle animals. 
It is frequently a symptom of inlluenza, from ol>struetion of the tlow of 
bile, caused by intlammation of the lining membrane of the bile ducts, 
which, in turn, is simply one manifestation of the general catarrhal 
inllaniination of the mucous membranes of the whole body. 

How to know it. — In addition to the general symptoms of hepatic dis- 
ease, meutioiu'd in the second })aragraph of this chapter, there will be 
some colicky jiains ; turning of the head towards the right side; high 
brownish color of the urine ; constipation ; day-colored fteces,- an offen- 
sive smell to both fieces and mouth ; and grinding of the teeth. Some- 
times, there is also lameness in the right fore-shoulder, and more or less 

fever. 

418 



DISEASES OF THE LIVEIl. 419 

What to do. — Somo Mtitliorifics recommend Ijloodinjx iuid purgatives, 
cxc'ci)l wlicu it is a symptom of inlhionza. In caisc tiic animal is fat, 
bleeding would be an advantage. Follow it with No. 37, given in doses 
of two or three tablcspoonfuls in .soft feed, three times a day. Let the 
food bo light and ratli<!r sparing. 

AVhcn there are liver troubles, as a complication of influenza, it is not 
safe to give them any special treatment. In such cases, treat for iuHu- 
enza, as elsewhere given. 

II. Hepatitis, or Inflammation of the Livor. 

This may !)(> either acute or. chronic. It is \'i:vy v.ivv in tiie lower ani- 
mals, among which it is most often seen in old horses. The iullamma- 
tion may have its seat either in the covering membrane, known to anato- 
mists as "Glisson's Capsule," or in the glandular portion itself. It may 
lead to abscesses, or to a hardening or softening of the organ. We will 
treat, lirst, of the acute foi'ui. 

How to know it. — Tiune is marived loss of appc^titc, and dullness of 
the eye ; the j)atient usually remains standing, but hangs his head ; the 
manure, jiassed in snudl balls, is of a dark reddish-ljrown color, and 
sometimes very nmch mixed with bile, covered with a slimy mucous 
matter ; the urine is scant and high colored, and there is tenderness of 
the right side. 

What to do. — In tlic acute form, give early, as a mild purgative. No. 
2;?, and foUow it with this: 

No. 78. 2 Oiiiiccs clilorate of potash, 

1 (^iiart water, 
J\lix. 

(live four ounces (about two wine-glassfuls) three times a day. Feed 
on light diet. 

The chronic form may follow tlie acute, or it ma}' exist as an original 
disease. It gives rise to material changes in the liver, which may become 
enlarged and softened, or diminished in size and indurated and hai'dened. 
In those cases where it comes on gradually, and exists as an original dis- 
ease, it is the result of want of proper food, or a process of gradual 
starvation, and tends to a fatal termination. If the food is insufficient 
and unsuitable, the fact will be shown by a poverty-stricken appeai-ance 
of {\w, animal generally. 

What to do. — Give a comiilete change in every way possible — location 
and altitude, as wt'll as iu tiie (jnality and (|uanfity of food. 

III. Ceroma, or Patty Degeneration of tho Liver. 
This is usually seen iu old hoi'ses tiiat are veiyfat. 'Hie liver becomes 
largo and soft, and the hepatic cells becoming tilled with fat, the secretion 



4'20 TIIK AMERICAN FARMEIl's STOCK liOOK. 

of l)ilc is interfered with. Hero we tiiul one of the causes of con- 
stipation and enteritis ; for the bile is the main agent in keeping the 
bowels ill order, including, also, the prcveution of acidity and abnormal 
waste of the tissues composing them. 

No treatment can be prescriljcd. These cases usually die suddenly, 
from rupture of the capsule and escape of blood into the abdominal 
cavity. Prevention might be effected by not allowing old horses to get 
too fat. 

IV. Cirrhosis, or Fibrous Degeneration. 

This is due, probalily, to material changes in the lilood, which becoming 
poor in quality and scanty in (luantity, gives rise to atroi)hy of the sys- 
tem, pining, and death. On jiost-mortcm examination, the liver is found 
to be light, and in color of a yellow cast, roughened on the surface, firm 
to the touch, not so easily broken down as in a healthy condition ; it is 
hard, fibrous and dry ; and, when cut across, the lobules arc replaced by 
white tilirous tissue, exhibiting a mottled appearance, like the interior of 
a nutmeg. No specific treatment is possible. 

V. Jaundice, Icterus, or Yellows. 

This is only a symi)tom of derangement of the liver, though commonly 
spoken of as a separate disease. It indicates an obstruction of the gall 
duct that conve3's the bile into the intestines, the consequence of which 
is, that the bile is thrown back into the system, and hence the yellow 
appearance so characteristic of all liver disorders. 

If it is not complicated with any other disease, give a purgative. No. 
23, and follow it Avith No. 37. If, however, it exists as a complication, 
treat the other disease rather than this condition. 

VI. Biliary Calculi, or Gall-stones. 

Thougli gall -stones are rarely found, incrustations on the walls of the 
ducts are (juitc common. They do little or no harm, unless thoy accu- 
nudate to such an extent as to obstruct the duct, in which case there will 
bo colicky pains, frequent looking around to the right side, auda yellow, 
bilious appearance generally. 

Give No. 55. 

VII. Hypertrophy of the Liver. 

This, which is the name given an abnormal growth of the organ, is 
usually associated with a plethoric condition, resulting from idleness and 
high feeding. 

Keduce the flesh, by sivinir No. 23, and restricting the diet. 



DISEASES OF THE LIVEK. 



421 



VIII. Atrophy of the Liver. 
This is a wasting, siu-inking, pining away process. Its causes are 
either some other disease, or else starvation. If the former, treat the 
other disease, and the system may, perhaps, redevelop. If starvation 
and neglect are to blame, make a radical change, giving good food, and 
plenty of it. 

EX. Softening, or Ramollissement, with Ruptiire. 

This is probably due to repeated attacks of congestion and engorge- 
ment. The softening process goes on, 
till finally the inevitable sequel of 
rui^ture takes place. Sometimes the 
rupture does not involve Glisson's 
cai^sulc, but only the glandular mat- 
ter, and Mlien this occurs, it will be 
manifested by colicky pains, and also 
by fainting fits, if the head is raised 
suddenly. The symptoms subside 
after a while, and appear to leave no 
injurious consequences. When, how- 
ever, Glisson's capsule is ruptured, 
hemorrhage into the abdomen occurs, 
and a fatal termination suddenly ensues. 

Prevention. — Recognizing that all affections of the liver leading to 
softening and rupture, are due to improper feeding, the methods of pre- 
vention ai"e evident, viz : Regulate the diet carefully, reducing the 
quality of rich and si)eciallv nutritious foods, and giving more hay, straw, 
etc., and thus keeping down the tendency to undue obesit}'. 




TEST FOR HEMORRHAGE FROJI THE 
LIVER. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



DISEASES OP THE EYE. 



I. .srr.rTKic oimitiiai.mia, ok m(ion iu-inpness. ii. .siMri.u oriiTiiAt.jiiA, or 

CON.llINin'IVri'lS. III. AMAHUOSIS, (UITTA .SKKENA, Oil (ll.ASM KVK. IV. 

(ll.ADCOMA. V. imi'lS. VI. LKUCOMA. VII. OATAIiACT. Vlll. FILA- 

UIA (X'll.l. OK WOKM IN TllK KYK. IX. I'.NTKOl'l HM. X. KCTllorHM. XI. 

I'OliN KYUI.IIW. XII. CANCEKOUS TUiMOU IN TllK KVH. Xlll. OU.s Tin (."I'lON 

Ol- run l.ACllUYMAl, KUCT. 

Discii.sos of tlui cyo iiro not iioiirly as imiiiorous aiiioiij; the oqiiinc 

riico IIS ill man, thouiih it would \)o a mistako to iiifor from tliis that, tlio 

oyo is a l(>ss sonsitivd or coiuiilicatoil or<j;an in tlio oiio tlian in lll(^ oilier. 

The oiHilary disoascs of tlin liorso arc ahout all iiu'linlcd in tho list ui)ovo 

given. 

I. Spooiflo Ophthalmia, or Moon Blindnoss. 

This is tiio haiio of horsc-lU'sli in tho West, wiicro a mulfiliuhi of 
fjootl Ikm'sos losn tlu'ir sij;iit from an hcri'ditary disi-aso that is uttorly 
inciirahk', and runs on its ccrlaiii course, fast or slow, to cataract. It 
consists of inllanimation of tho oorn(>a, choroid coat, <'iliary ])rocosses and 
iris, affect iiiii', also, tho humors and lens, and givinji rise to an immonso 
amount of pain on account of tho iiitro-ocular pressure. 

It is called .sYxc/A'c on account of its occult cause, nature and perio- 
dicity. While it is transmissible to the offs|)riiii;' from either parent, it is 
especially so frcnn tho sire. 

How to know it. — Thcri' is swelling of tho whole eye, lids, conjunctiva, 
tlu> luucous lining of tlu> lids, and all internal parts of tho oyc ; and tho 
cornea Ix'ing inelastic, the pressure and |)ain aici intense. The eye is 
closed, or nearly so, from tiie liiiiit, t(>ars run down oN'cr tht> chci'k, and 
liio mucous meinhraues hccoiuo \ci'y red ; and as a 
result of llii^ iiillannnation, pus is formed in the anterior 
cliamher, and may bo seen ;is a whitish substanci> down 
ill the lower portion. 

Aflcr a few days, the iullammatioii subsides, goes 

aw ay , and loaves tho cyo nearly as l)riglit as natural ; still, 

si'Kcii'-ic (U'uiiiAi.- if i>xamined carefully, shreds of tho lymph will bo seen 

*"^" hanging ar(nnKl in the anterior chamber, and the j)upil 

^'!"7'"?kc'p'mit' tile ^^'''1 ''" ragged. After a period of from four weeks to 

!!m'''poI'llo"r.>f'°thS tln-oo or four months, tho trouble will recur with all 

the symptoms in an aggravatinl degree ; tho whitish 

substance (l\iii[)h ) becomes purulent , and, si-ttliug at the bottom, may 




UISIOAMCS OI' TIIIC I'.VIO. , 423 

tliorc l)(i seen like ;i liull'-iiioou. Kxainiiu' llic eye by \\w lii;'liL of a (all- 
elic, (llic lioi'sc Ijoiiig ill a dark place,) ami tho coriusii will look dull, and 
llio liack of tho eye hliiish yellow. Tlicso iippeaninccs, acooinpaiiied 
by the recurrences from lime Lo time, will plainly stamp tho disease as 
specilic or periodic oi)hthalinia. It may affect either eyo alone, or both 
at tho same time, and the periodic recurrence may either be noticed tirst 
in one and then in tho other, or elso always in tho same one. After one 
or moro recurrences, the lymph or pus in tho bottom of tlio anterior 
chamber will remain. T\w pujiil l)econu's uneven, the eye looks smaller, 
on account of its I)ein<;' di'awn l)ack into the socket to avoid the light, and 
before long, as a result of the inllammation, tho fatty cushion at the back 
of the eyo becomes absorbed. After a few recurrences, there is perceived 
a muddiness around the lens, wiiich increases in opacity with each suc- 
cessive attack, till a cataract forms. This is tho inevital)lo result. Then 
tho intensity of tho attack diminishes, and finally subsides altogether. 

What to do. — There is no troaiment known that will absolutely euro 
it ; 3'et good attention will wjird off the final termination for a long time. 
When lirsl, coming on, give a purgali\-c, Mo. '2'.'>, and follow it ii[) with 
this : 

Xo. 70. I Dnichiii |Mp|assiiini iuilidc, 

'.. I'iiil \\ aU'r, 
' iMix. 

Give this as ono dose in a l)ran mash or from a bottle. Repeat it three 
times a day for a fortnight. Feed on bran mashes, green food, roots, 
etc. Bathe the eyo with hot water an hour at a time, three times a day. 
Apply the following lotion to tho c^^c^ with a camel's hair brush, four or 
six times a day : 

Xo. 80. '2 <i mills siiliiliaU: ol' iitropiu, 

1 ( )11I1C(' wuUt, 

Mix. 
Keep the animal in a dark place, with plenty of water to drink. 
When the active inllammation has subsided, use tlio following lotion : 

No. 81. 5 Grains nitriite of silver, 

1 Ounce water, 
Mix. 

Aiiply with a camel's hair brush, twice a day for a week or so, which 
will help to take up tho cloudiness that may remain from the inllamma- 
tion. If this ()l)joct is not satisfactorily effected, aiiply No. 82. 

Prevention. — Never breed a maro affected with s[)ecific oiilithalmia, 
not even when she is stone-blind and all danger of subsequent recurren- 
ces gone. Never brood to a stallion similarly affected. Its hereditary 
character is certain. It breaks out in tho offsi)ring, usually, bctw<'eii the 
ages of four and seven, most often at about six. 



IL'4 



TIIK AMKltlCAN lAKMl'.!; S STOCK HOOK. 




II. Simple Ophthalmia, or Conjunctivitis. 

The I'miini' "t" tlu' cvclids is a .soii.sitive, vuscular, mucous membrane 
called tlic ((iiijuiicliva. lutlamniation of this membrane and the other 
external parts is known as simple ophthalmia, or conjunctivitis. 

Cause. — The most common cause is the introduction of foreipi bodies 
iiuto the eye, such as liay-seed, Iiair, cinders, lime or other caustic sub- 
stances, etc. It often ac^^ompanies other diseases, as a symptom of fever, 
the conjunctiva at such times sharing- witii all otiier mucous mcml)ranes 
in the tendency to conii'eslion. 

How to know it. — The eye is kept partly or nearly closed, the eyelids 
are swollen, liie (cars How copiously down the cheek, and when the lids 
aie opened the liniuii' is very red and inllamed, witii 
the haw drawn well up on the eye. After a day or 
two, the suifaee of the cornea (the transparent por- 
tion of thet'yeball) becomes clouded with a \\liilis]i 
tiini-like substance, caused by the interrupti'tl luiti'i- 
tion which attends the inlhunniation and tumefaction. 
If neulected, tiie opacity increases and soon becomes 
c^hronie, resist iuif treat nuMit, and causjuii' blindness. 
Sometimes, when the irritant is wvy severe, the in- 
tlaunnation extends to the interior of the eye, bivak- 
iui; down the structure of the parts, when blindness 
lesults, ;\s a matter of course. 

What to do — Make a careful examination, and remove tlu^ offending 
object. Foreign bodies can be removed with forceps, or l)y a silk hand- 
kci'cliief passed over tiie iiead of a pin. The forceps should be curved, 
and the I'urved surface applied to the eye, so as to avoid the possibility 
of puneluiing the points into it. If so nuH'h 
swollen that the foreign body cannot be dis- 
covered, the point where it is will be apt to be 
more swollen llian the re>t , thereby gi\ing a 
(lue as to its location. If it is down under the 
liaw, the latter nniy be caught by a hook (U' 
tenaculum, and drawn up so as to allow com- 
plete examination of the surfaces beneath. It 
is often necessary to fasten the haw, to prevent 
its movements from iuterfi-ring with the examination of the eye. 

.Vfler the irritant is removed, bathe the (>ye with warm water having a 
small (|UiUitity of salt in it, — a tcaspoonful of salt to a pint of wider; 
have the water and sponge clean, anil fonu'iit the eye half an houi' at a 
time, three (U- four times a ilay. Insert a Itaxsi'cd under the V\d several 
times a dav, oi' smear across and into the c\e the while of an eL;<i'. 



SUll'l.K. orilTUAl.- 
MIA. 

'( he pupil niitiirnl, but 
till.- line showiuK the 
position of llifliiiw, it 
IviuK drawn woll up 
on thacvi.', in its cn- 
<lciivorlo brush otriho 
r..rdnn body. 




MANN1:K ok Ol'KNlNC, TIIF. 
KYK WUKN Sl'.AKlUlNCt 
FOl! FOUiaUN UODIKS. 



DISKASKS or THE EYE. 



425 



If llio cornea bcooincs cloiuh', :ip])ly tlu' following lotion morning and 
niii'lit, witli a camel's hair l)rnsli. 

\(). 8i. ID drains nitralf of silver, 

1 Uuiiue water, 
Mix. 

Ai)i)ly lotion No. 80, six to eight times a day, with a camel's hair 
l)rusli,all around under the eyelids and upon the eyeballs, to prevent 
the extension of the inflammation tf) the inner p:irls of the eye, or to 
alleviate it, if this has occurred. Give the animal rest, with soft feed and 
a dark stall. 

III. Amaurosis, Qutta Serena, or Glass Eye. 

This is blindness from paralysis of the optic nerve ( the nei'vc of the 
sense of sight) and retina, "i'lie latter is the expansion of the optic nerve 
over the back of the chamber of the eye. There is no alteration in the 
structure of the eye, but simply loss of power to see. The i)upil is greatly 
dilated, indicating the eye's insensibility to light, and has a very clear, 
bright appearance, like blue glass ; and instead of contracting and expand- 
ing, as it should do, in different degrees of light, it remains lixed. 

Cause. — It may depend upon injury to the brain, with effusion jjress- 
ing on the optic nerve, and when this is the cause, the appearance of the 
eyo above described will be noticed. Or it may result from excessive 
fever in any disease, and especially epizootic influenza, if the temper- 
ature of the l)ody runs above lOG®. In the latter casi;, the retina is 
involved in the inflanunation, loses its beautiful I)luish lustre, .and be- 
comes whitish-green in color, and the humors (tiie li(|uids) of the eye 
get more or less muddy, and give a greenish cast to the whole eye. 

As this condition may not be detected by 
a casual observer, by looking into the eye 
itself, it is necessary to notice closely the 
actions of the horse. It may effect one or 
both eyes. If only one, the horse's action 
may not be altered, but if both eyes are blind 
the fact will l)c betrayed by his high stepping 
and his constant moving of the cars forward 
and backward. These arc indications which 
should always create suspicion in this re- 
spect. 

What to do. — Apply a l)lisier, No. i), to the cheek or temple, and 
on the back of the neck, and give internally Nos. (i7 and (J(! in alterna- 
tion. But a cure is rarely to be hoped for. 




'TKIl liV SKKKNA. 



Uii 



Till'; AMi':i;i(AN i'mimki; s s'l'ociv. liooii. 



IV. Olauooma. 

'riiis is inlliMiiiiifition "mvolvinf; tlio wholoj^loboof tho oyo, but more piii- 
ticiilaily tlio vilrcdiis luiiiKir, (tlio lliiiil in tlu^ posterior ciiimilu'r of tiu^ 
oyi'.) lilt' ii'is, riioioid, niul soiuciimo tlui I'cliiiii. W occjisioiis a diliitcil, 
irrcfiuliif pu|iii, niiKldincssoF Did vilrcMnis liiimor, iiiul a scii-fi;roci» color 
of t lie iiiti'iiur of Ww eye, wilii hiiiulncss as a fnnniciif scciucl. 

What to do. — H i'^ Ircati'd 1>y (•onstilulioiiid ri'incdics — calabar bcaii, 
I'lcctriiily, clc, and also by iridoclomy (an opiMalioii to excise ii portion 
of I lie ills, to relievo the intro-ocular prossuro.) Those inoasuvoa all 
re((uire tlie siiiil of a veterinarian. 

V. Iritis. 

inllannniilion of the iris ( that portion of (he eye forming (he pnpil 
mid fiiving the <oior to tin^ t'y<0 i.>< called iritis. 

Cause. — S(^vcrl^ external violence, extremes of light, and darkness, ex- 
posure to sever(> storms, facing the wind, aiid innistitntional disorders. 

How to know it. — ^-V pink ring is seen around (he sclerotica ((ho white, 
tibrons coat forming the large [jostericn- portion of the eye) ; the eye is re- 
(racted and |)artly closeil ; the haw is drawn up ; the conjunctiva is inllam- 
ed, (here being consideralde fever in tlu! con- 
stitution ; the pupil is very small, and the 
a(|ue()us humor beconu's tni'bid, with wiiilc 
flakes tloating in (he anlerior chandier, and 
usually a little pus in the bottom of th(> latter. 
What to do. — IMace the animal in a dark 
stall, (M- coV(>i' his fai'e with a green clotli. Oive 
a purgativ(\ N'o. 2;5. Bathe the eye with warm 
water as nnich as ]iossibli>, and apply No. .SO 
e\iT\ lew minutes fiH' half an hour; then rest 
four or live hotu's, and repeat it. So contiiuu' 
from day (o day. till all symptoms of inllani- 
mationare gone. Let the feed be soft and un- 
stimulatimg. 

VI. Loiiooma. 

This is a white opacity of the eorni'a, from extravasation of lymph into 
the tibres of the extension of the conjunctiva over the cornea. It may be 
the result of other eye diseases, of fever in the system, or of external vio- 
lence. It is best treated by keeping in a dark place, with laxative food 
and continuous application of No. S2, till it is ilcareil u|i. 




MANNUl! Ol'' SUAUINO j 

noasic's kvks wukn srr 

KKUINI! I'liOM INl'l-.VMMA 
TION. 



DISKASKH or TlllO I'.VIO. 



427 



VII. Cataract. 

As tho most coniinoii tonniiiiition of nil iiilluiiimatory diseases of tlio 
oyo, wo so(! ii wliilo ()i)iuiiic sulislaiico covering llu! lens, and ofloiilinios 
(•omi)U'(cly lilliiii;; till! \)u\)\\. This is (^iitiinu^t , of wliicii tluTo iini two 
Uiiids, distiiii^aiisluul by (Ik! toniiH ciipsidiir iuid l(Miliculiir, iic<'()rdiii<; to 
tlu'ir iKisilioii. (/aliinicl is or<.'iiniz;(!<l lyiiipli iittiiclicd to tlui lens. 

How to know it. — I'snully tho i)U[)il is v(>ry nuicli dilated, and lilled 
witii tiic white lyni[)h, the defect heinj; so |)lain as to he seen a huinlred 
feet iiway. Sometimes, howciver, it can oidy Ik! detected liy a <'lose (ex- 
amination. Examine! tli(' horse, lii-st, in stronj^ sunlight, and note care^fuliy 
thodeu;ree of contraction of the pupil ; then ])lac(i liini in .a darU stall, and 
examine the eye willi a <;uiill<'. A heallhycye rdlecfs three cMiidlcs, 
tho first from th(!corn(ea, llui second from the surface (d' tin; lens, the 
third from the hack of the lens. When cither oi' l>olh of (lie last two are 
blurred or, worse, entirely wanting', you need no further jji'oof of the 
oxistenco of cataract. 

What to do. — 111 recent eases, tho (lye may somelimes be eleariid u[> l)y 
simply jiiviu;:a pnr<;ative. No. 2'.^, and api)lyin,ii- a lotion. No. ii2, at the 
same tinu! _i;ivin<^ No. GO, internally ; but in later stagers nothing could 
avail excei)t to dissect them out — an ()[)eration that is never ])ractieed on 
tho hors(! for the reason that, without glasses, he woidd never be able to 
ace things again, in their right position, size and form. 




A l''RKQl'KNT IlKSULT OK I M l-UKKh 



InipcrfccI \isi()n is worse than blintlness, bemg va^lly more misleading 
and wholh' unrclialile. 

VIII. Filaria Oculi, or Worm in tho Eye. 

This is a small, tliread-like worm, seiMi lloaling about in the afpieous 
hunmr in the anterior cliamlicr of {\\r ryt'. II is very I'ure. The woi'ni 



428 TIIIO AMI'.KK'AN I'AltMI'.lt S Sl'IKK HOOK. 

is from IimH'mii iiuli In l\v<> inches in longtli, mid llicsi/.c of :i li;iir. It 
is wiiilr ill color, iiikI is very iidive, H(|uiriniiijj; aboiil in llie e^-e, appjir- 
ciillv vciv iniicli ;il home. It is probiihly tiiken into Uio stoinueh in the 
,.uo; form, iiiitl iifler hiitcirmg, Iho mite woiks throuj;li the eoiits of tlio 
intestines Kiul hlootl vessels, is earned by the cirenhition till it; linds an 
njri'ecMlile medium, nnd there develoi)es. It eaii.scs a great amount of in- 
Ihunmation and ]min in the eye, in whieh it can bo plainly seen by any 
oliserx'cr. 

What to do. — I'lio only remedy is |o |)unclur(^ the cornea and evacuate 
the aiilciior chamber, when {\w worm will como out along with the other 
conlcnts. 'Phis, however, is a delicate operation, ani.1 should never be 
altemptetl by any but a <|ualilied v<'lcrinary surgeon. (See ch;iplci- on 

t)perations.) 

IX. Entropium. 

ThiH i.s inversion of the eyelids, causing the lashes to turn in upon the 
oveballs, and giving rise to an irritating disease called yrlv/iiosis. It is 
due to exe(>ssive thickness of the lid ab()\i< the rim, so that thciimis 
made lo turn in. 

What to do. — It is treated by cutting out an elliptical .section of the 
skin, , 'Hid sewing lh(< wound up again, lo shorten the lid. Let the long 
axis of (lu^ ellipse run lcng(iiwis(> with (he eyelid, hori/.ontidly. 

X. Eetropium. 

'i'his I rouble is eonse(|Ui'nl njion an inllamcd jiiid lliirkeiicd conjunc- 
ti\M. It is a. turning out (U- ("Version of the lids, showing their red mu- 
cous nu'inbranes continually. Il is uuist conunon in the lower lid. It is 
trc;itc(i b\' an (ipciMrmn to rcmo\c an elliptical section of the conjunctiva, 
the after Ireatniv'ut being the s;ime as prescribed for simple opiithalmia. 

XI. Torn Eyelids. 

The lids are frequently torn by getting caught in hooks, nails, etc. 
When possible, sew them up at once. Bring the edges neatly together 
and sew them with line silk, making line stitches, and dress two or three 
times ;\ day with lotion No. .'!'.!. TietlM' hors(> in t he center of a wide 
stall, with a line from i>acli sidi'. ami let him eat off the Moor, to prevent 
him fiiim rubbing his head and tearing the laeeratiim open again. 

XII. Canoorous Tumors in the Eyo. 

These, tlumuh rare, are oecjisionally met with in the horse, and their 
onlv treatnu'iil is to eNtir])ale them by cutting oid the eye. Caneorous 
urowlhs are al\va\s maligmuit, ,iiul spread lo surrounding tissues. (Seo 
<-hapti'i' on operations.) 



DISKASICS 1)1" INK i;VK. 



42!) 



XIII. Obstruction ol tho Lachrymal Duct. 

This duct is tlu! oik^ (liiif, <:irri(s dlT icnis imd supcrlluous nioisturo 
from tlio eyes to tlio nose. I(, niiis fioiu llll^ iiiiur coriuM' of iiid cvc- 
rKis to wiliiiii two or tlircd inclics of tlio nostril, Mini ciiiptics on tiic 
door of (lie iiMsjil |);issafj;(\ I(< occiisioii;iily hccoiiii's sloppi'il u|> from 
cxlcnsioii (o il of llio iiill!imm!ilioii nKciKlinj;- caliurii, and IIkii lim 
tears, liavini;' no ciliicr cliamicl of escape, may ho 
seen Howinu; down ovei- the check. 

What to do. — Sceif tiicrc is any mcciiani<'ai oi)- 
stnietioii ill (he nose, and, if so, remo\'e it ; if not, 
swal) out (lie noslfil witiiaii infiisioiiof loliacco. '*$Sjf^'''('7 'J^rVV V 
Should this fail, (lie (hief musi he opciid wil h a i'^^;'" ''!; I /fl\|' ^ 
l)rohe. Taiic a linti clastic prcihc, ahcuil- 1 he size '" ''■■'•'' 

of a knitting; needle, and a fnol, li)iiii', ami insert 



it one(! II day for several days, and inject- No. 7.'! 
with a lino syriiiyc. 



OUSTKIIOTION OK I.ACII- 
KVMAL UUOT. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



PAHASITIC DISEASES OP THE HORSE. 



INi'KSTINAl, WOUMS. II. HOTS. III. I.ICI' 

WOKM. 

I. Intestinal Worms. 



MANC.E. V. UING- 



'riircc Uiiul.s of tiipo-worms and sovou of round worms have been found 
ill tlu< intostino.s of tlio liorso. Tho tapo-wonns arc vvvy rare, and hence 
liavo but little interest for tho average re;uler. But tiie round Avorms 
arc both very conunoii anil highly injurious (o the aninial harl)oriiigtheni. 

Piii-inoniin or asran'des. — Tho most noteworthy is the pin-worm, of 
whii'h two kinds are very common, viz: ScJcn>,'<tovii(m E(/itiitiit)i and 
O.vt/un'-'^ rurvo/d. These, which are usually spoken of as a.icariilts, are 
small round worms al)i)ut an inch and a half to tv»'o inches long, pointed 




A Kltl'rrKl'L MKnillM KOll TUK SC1{K.\I> OK MANGE. 

at both ends, with a small black hc:ul. They iidialtit the large intestines 
(tho rectum usually, and sonu'tinu's the colon,) where I hey often exist 
in large luunbcrs. some of Ihcni being i)asscd, also, from lime to time, in 
the dung. 

Tens Liit»f>n'ci. — Tho next most common worm is tho largo round 
worn\ scicntitii'idly known as (ors liniihuci, which are about as thick as a 
clay pipe-stt>m, and, as (o length, about eight to twelve inches for tho 
male ami aliout ten to eighteen inches for tho female. They infest the 



I'AKAsitk; nisKASKs of TIIK IIOKSK. 



431 




small intestines, ami friMniontl}' cMitcr tlio .sloiiuuli, Ixit from tlic fact 
that they ^ckloin exist in vi>ry largo quantities, ooininoiiiy do soiuowhat 
less damajio tiiaii tiie (isfaridcs. Nevertheless, tiio writer lias oecasioii- 
aliy seen (hem come away by the hat-full, after a iieavy dose of vermi- 
fuire. 

How to detect their presence. — When in small numbers, their exis- 
tent; is liardly ascciiaiuable, hut wiien in largo uumhers, their prcs- 
oneo will Ijc ))(;trayed ]>y a eajiricions 
appetite, usually a ravenous oik; ; ema- 
ciation, with dry, coarse, staring coat, 
and a i)ot-l)elly ; a whitish-yellow 
mould will I"! seen around the anus, 
proliahly made by worms l)(ang crush- 
<•(! while passing out, li'aving their 
contents slicking to the skin, and, 
usually, more or less of the worms 
will be seen in the dung. When 
they get into the stomach, the horse 
will turn up his uppei' lip. as if nau- 
seated, and will also rub his lips 
against the wall, uianger, (;t(;. ; he 
will lick the wall, sometimes even 

lick the hair off himself, and will jx-rsistently laib his tail or keep swit<'h- 
ing it around, and otherwise numifesting the irritation that exists in th<! 

anus and ret'tum. 

Giant Stronf/Ic. — Aiu)lhcr round 
worm occasionally observed in the horse, 
is the giant stronglc, {EufttvomjyluK 
Gigati,) fouiul, most commonly, in the 
kidneys and bladder. But sometimes, 
after having completely devoured a kid- 
ney, this rapacious paraslte1)urststh(^ cap- 
sule, and falling into tla; abdominal cavity, 
llierc; floats about among (ho intestines. 
It then causes peritonitis and death. These Worms arc as 1ai-ge as a 
man's big linger, and from one to thrt'c feet long. 'Plicir color is a 
bright ])ink. 

What to do for worms. — There are numerous useful vermifu 
most convenient and efTectual is the followinu:: 



AI'l'IJAliANCaC Ol' VAH/V SUKKKUlNCi VUOU 
WOKMS. 



^>mh 




noRSE unnuiNO ni8 nose acjatnst 

A WALL— A SYMl'TOM OV WOltMS. 



The 



No. 83. 



1 Dr.achm sulphate of iron, 

1 Dracliiii liiiMar eiiiclic, 

2 Drachms liiis(;(;tl iiioal, 
Mix. 



432 



THE AJIERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 



Give as one dose, repeating it morning and night for a week ; then 
give a purgative of oil and turpentine, as follows: 



No. 84. 



1 Ounce spirits of turpeutine, 
1 Pint raw linseed oil. 
Mix. 



PEUTASTOMA 
TCENOIUES. 



Give as one dose. 

After three weeks, repeat the entire treatment, to catch the young 
worms previouslj^ left in the bowels, in the form of nits or eggs, and which 
have hatched since. 

N^asal and bronchial acari. — One soi"t of acarus is found 
in the nose of the horse, and another, the strongijhti< micrurus, 
in the bronchial tubes. The}^ are from one and a half to three 
inches long. 

n. Bots. 

The oestrus equi, or horse gadfly, in laying its eggs, 

attaches them to the hair of the horse, usually on the fore legs 

and breast, so as to be convenient to the horse's mouth. The 

horse licks the spot irritated l)y the fly and thus gets one or 

more effo's into his mouth ; it is hatched by the heat and moisture, passes 

down the o-uUet, and attaches itself to the coat of the stomach by two little 

booklets on the head, and there hangs for several months, 

as yet not having the power to let go. This is one of 

the stages it has to go through, to become a fly. When 

it has matured, it lets go, and soon passes out with the 

dung. It then hides itself in the earth, 

to undergo another change, and after six or 

seven weeks' growth, in the pupa condition, 

THE GADFLY. enicrges a full fledged gadfly, capal)le of 

annoying many horses and propagating its species indefinitely. 






ic 



!. Female fly about to deposit an egg, 

3. The egg raagnilied. 

3. The hot. 

4. The chrysalis, 

5. The male fly. 



THE GADFLY, AT VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT. 

The bot sucks liiiuid nourishment from the food of the horse, and 



PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 



433 



iievei , as is popularly supposed, eats the stomach ; for the holes found in 
the stomach soon after the death of a healthy ani- 
mal, are really caused by the action of the gastric 
juice, — in fact, a kind of self-digestion by the stom- 
ach itself. 

The only harm bots can do is to accumulate in 
such large cpiautities in the stomach and bowels as 
to interfere with digestion and the free passage of 
the fijeces. In such cases a purgative may prove 
advantageous. 

No specific treatment is necessary. Feed well. 
III. Lice. 
All animals suffer from the ravages of external parasites, the most 
common of which are lice. They are wingless insects, divided into 
two classes, blood-suckers (^Hmmatopinus) and Bird-lice (trichodectex.) 




BOTS FASTENED TO THE 

STOMACH, UNABLE 

TO LET GO. 





HEN-LOUSE, OR DEKMANTS- 
SUS OF THE HORSE. 



GONIODES STYLIFER OF 
THE TURKEY. 



The former have narrow heads and long, trunk-like sucking tubes ; 
the latter, very broad heads and biting jaws, but no sucking tube. Lice 
alwaj's impoverish the animal they infest, causing loss of flesh and general 
unthriftiness. Our four cuts of them are, of course, greatly magnified. 
What to do. — The safest and most effectual remedy is a tobacco 
infusion, made as follows: 

Xo. .S5. 2 Pounds tobacco, 

:! Gallons water. 
Mix, and steep for two hours. 

Sponge the animal thoroughly. Or the following may be used in the 
same manner : 



No. 86. 



3 Pounds quassia chips, 
1 Gallon water. 
Mix, and steep one hour. 
28 



434 



THli AMERICAN FAKMER S STOCK BOOK. 



IV. Mange. 
This is ti parasitic disease that is due to a chiss of 
insects called acari, of M'hicli there are tiirec; kinds 
that trouble the horse, viz : the 
.^arcoptes, dermatopliarjus and denna/o- 
rojjfis. The first named burrows in 
the deeper layers and cracks of the 
skin, while the last two live on the 
surface, under the scabs, where, of 
course, they are more easily got at than 
the former, and hence arc less difficult 
to treat. 

How to know it. — There is a terri- 
ble itching that cannot Ix- satisfied ; 
the more the horse rubs, the more 
he itches. Horses with the mange 
will sometimes be found turned out to pasture, and rubbing and scratch- 
in"' against posts, trees, fences, etc., or even against one another. As 





HCEMAT01"INl>. Oil 
BLOOU-SrCKINti 
LOUSE OF THE 
HORSE AND ASS. 



TRICHODECTES 
OR BIRD- LOUSE 
OF THE HORSE. 





DEKMATOPHAOUS EQUI. 



UEKMATOCOPTES EQUI. 



the mites possess great vitality, and will live a long time away from a 
horse, those left on the posts, etc., will infest any other horse coining in 
contact with it weeks, or even months, afterward. Mange is contagious 
by actual contact. The skin gets rough and scah' ; the hair comes off 
in patches ; the skin gets pimply, and when rubbed nuicli, gets quite raw. 
It usually affects the head and neck first, sometimes spreading so as to 
take the hair entirely off. Its spread is quite rapid, and keeps the liorse 
in agon}' all the time. He will push against your hand, in evident 



PARASITIC DISEASES OK THE UOUSK. 



435 



jjleasui-e, wlien you scratch the affected part ; and tliis constitutes a good 
test fov mange. ( See cut below.) 





MANGE MITE (MAGNIFIED.) 
As given by Doctor Erasmus Wilson. 



v\I!rOI'TE.S EOll. 



What to do. — -AVasli the parts affected with hot water and strong soap, 
to remow all scabs and scurf ; then, when dry, rub well in to all affected 
spots the following mixture : 

No. S7. 4 Ounces sulphur. 

2 Ounces oil of tar. 
y^ Pint linseed oil. 
Mix. 

V. Ringworm. 
This is a fungous, vegetable parasitic growth, scientifically known as 
tricophijton tonsurarifi. It is contagious, and attacks all classes of ani- 
mals, yet sometimes arises spontaneously from poverty and filth. It 

manifests it.self by a round 
bald spot, scaly and elevated 
inside the ring, which is red 
and inflamed. It begins in a 
small pimple-like sore, whicli 
spreads very fast, increasing 
in size from day to day, and 
new sores forming on other 
parts of the body. The ring 
is surrounded by a row of broken, bristly hairs, which split, and beconu' 
filled with spores of the fungus ; and as fast as one row of hairs is dis- 
posed of another row is attacked. 

Ringworm is, at first, simply a disfigurement, Imt it should, on no 
account, be neglected. If allowed to run on, it becomes very trouble- 
some. Tiie scurfy skin of ringworm is easy of recognition, the particles 
of scurf coming off in little flakes or scales, which have been aptly ?om- 
l)ared to the coarser, husky portions of bran. 




TEST FOl; MAM 



436 



THE AMEUICAN FAKMEK S STOCK BOOK. 



There is another form of ringworm called favus. It shows the 
same general appearance as the other, except 
that a seal) forms in the center, after the 
ring has receded. 

What to do. — Wash with soap and water ; 
when dr}', paint with tincture of iodine or the 
following : 




No. SS. 



40 Grains corrosive suljliniiitc, 
1 Pint water, 
Mix. 



RINGWORM. 



Repeat once a day till cured. 



CHAPTER XX. 



VICES IN THE STABLE. 



I. CRIBBING. II. WIND SUCKING. III. GNAWING THE MANGER, CLOTHING. 

ETC. IV. KICKING WHILE EATING GRAIN. V. WASTING THE GRAIN. VI. 

PULLING BACK, AND BREAKING THE HALTER. VII. BALKING. 

Horses frequently contract pernicious habits in the stable, such as 
always prove very annoying and often incurable. Nevertheless, a little in- 
genuity will sometimes work wonders, not only in preventing the forma- 
tion of such habits, but also in breaking them up. The most common 
stable vices are those above noted. 

I. Cribbing. 

This is a habit of catching hold of the manger, post, fence, or other 
object in front of the horse, with the teeth, and bearing dov.ai till the 
neck is altered in position, so as to form a tempo- 
rary vacuum in the pharynx, when the air rushes 
in to fill it, making a sound not unlike the hic- 
cough. It frequently occurs that the horse will 
devote nine-tenths of his time to cribbing, to the 
neglect of eating and sleeping, especially if at 
grass, and bringing on indigestion, emaciation 
and hidebound. For this reason, cribbers are 
usually thin in flesh. 

Cause. — Cribbing is considered by some to he 
the result of indigestion ; by others, of pain in cribbing. 

the teeth while teething; and by others still, of idleness. While there 
are cases that undoubtedly seem traceable to the first two mentioned 
causes, the writer thinks this habit will be found, uniformly, to be associ- 
ated, at lca.st, with idleness. Old horses sometimes take it up, and horses 
of all ages are apt to do so, if tied beside a cribber ; but in every such 
case idleness seems to be a prerequisite. This opinion is streno-thened, 
too, by the undeniable fact that a horse kept in the stable several weeks, 
from some trivial cause, is especially apt to acquire it. 

What to do. — There are many devices in vogue for the cure of crib- 
bing, each containing more or less merit, — such as a piece of buffalo 
robe, or of iron, nailed on the edge of the manger; red pepper smeared 
over the latter ; a small strap around the throat, drawn very tiffht, etc. 
But the most effectual plan is to tie him in a wide stall, with a line from 

437 




438 



THE AJIERir.W FAUMER 8 STOCK BOOK. 



Piicli side, to koi'p him in the (^luiter, and food liini on the floor, Some 
horses, however, will erib lying down ; or, if tied too siiort to reach the 
floor, will sometimes erib on their own knees. The writer saw a horse 
tied in front of the Board of Trade Buildini>-. in Chicago, tliat was cheeked 
up so short that he could not reach the flag sidewalk ; so he would put 
one foot up on the walk and crib on his knee, which he was just able to 
reach. He would stand there, and do this by the hour. Cases so invet- 
erate are not curable. Give internally, as treatment for the stomach, 
the following : — 

No. 89. 2 Ounces bicarbonatp of soda, 

1 Ounce o^entian root, powdered, 
"2 Ounces linseed meal. 
Mix. 

Give a tablespoonful morning and night, in soft food, and give plenty 
of exercise. Old, long standing eases are obstinate, but those more re- 
cent may generally be cured by the above treatment, if persevered in. 

Prevention, — Avoid long-continued idleness, and also overfeeding on 
strong, heatJMg grain. A horse, to be kept in health, should be exercised 
every day, and fed according to the work performed. 
II. Wind -sucking. 
This is similar to cribbing, whicii it often accompanies, but the horse 
may suck wind without cril)bing. lie arches iiis back, curves his neck, 
draws in his chin towards his breast and down goes a swallow of air into 
the stomach ; this continues, usually, till he is so bloated that he is like a 
barrel, and cannot hold an}' more. It is injurious, as l)eing npt to cause 
indigestion, colic, emaciation, hide-bdund. itc. 

Give No, 89 in soft food. Tiiis may liclp the case ; still, wind- 
suckers are generally incurables. 

III. Gnawing the Manger, Clothing, etc. 
This haliil. :\nd especially gnawing the numger, is formed in idleness, 
^,___ -ggr-jy^^'si:^ orelseindicates the want of salt. Tearing 

the blankets sometimes comes simply 
from being too warm, especially if the 
horse is fat ; the skin gets hot and itchy, 
and he would be more comfortable with- 
out a blanket, and perhaps should have 
medical treatment, constitutionally. 

What to do, — Give him plenty of 
work, and feed accordingly. Jf he per- 
sists in the habit, smear th(i manger with 
oNAwiM. MM m\s(;ku. assaf(etida, or make it of iron. If a 

blanket is really necessary, h<' < an be i.icvented from tearing it, by tying 
a stick from his cheek to the surcingle. 




VICES IN THK STABLE. 



43y 



IV. Kicking while Eating Grain. 

This is anotiier outgrowth of coiitiimed idleness, in connection with a 
nervous disposition. The hoi'se, while eating his grain, will Ivjok the side 
of the stall, sometimes as often as four or tive times a minute. This he 
usually does with one foot, I)ut sometimes with both, — first one and then 
the other. 

What to do. — A piece of chain, a foot or so in length and tied to the 
pastern of the foot used, will sometimes prove effectual. Another plan 
which usually answers the purpose, is to nm a small rope from the bit 
through a collar and surcingle to the foot. Or, a small bit may be used, 
— one that will not interfere with the eating. Whipping is useless. 
V. Wasting the Grain. 

This is a playful habit of taking up the grain into the mouth and sift- 
ing it out again, throwing it around much as a child would the bread and 
butter of which he had too much. 
As a rule, it shows that the horse 
has too much grain and too lit- 
tle exercise ; he is fed more than 
he needs or can relish. A horse 
will not do it till he is fat and 
cloyed, except, perhaps, in occa- 
sional instances of irregular or 
decayed teeth. Treatment for 
these exc<'ptional cases is given in 
the article on teeth. 

What to do. — The treatment 
consists in removing the cause : 
give more work and less grain. 

Sometimes a hard-worked, ravenous hcu'se will plunge his nose into a 
mess of oats and throw half of them out, from sheer irrital)ility of tem- 
per. Treat him kindly, however ; place a large angular stone, the size of 
a man's double list, in the center of the manger, and put the oats in with 
it, which will compel him to go about the matter more leisurely, and 
prevent him from throwing the grain out. 

VI. Pulling Back, and Breaking the Halter. 

This veiy bad habit commonly originates from the horse getting fright- 
ened, when, jumping suddenh' back, he breaks the halter ; and as average 
horse sense knows that a thing once done can be done again, the jerk 
is repeated, in sportiveuess or mischief, till it becomes a confirmed vice. 

What to do. — Have a very strong halter, and tie high on the manger, 
which will give the horse less power to pull than when tied low. Some 




PLAVINO WITH THE GRAIN. 



440 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. 

recommend a small rope, passed under the tail and tied to the manirer, 
whioh may act well in some cases. But the main point lies in so fasten- 
ing him that he cannot get awa}', when, after a few ineffectual attempts, 
he will give it up. 

In halter breaking a colt, pass a rope behind him, so that he cannot 
pull full strength on the halter, and be very sure nothing is used with 
him that will break ; one accident of tliat kind may be enough to start a 
persistent bad habit. 

VII. Balking. 

This, though not strictly a stable \ice, is so nearly allied thereto that it 
seems quite projjcr to treat of it in this coimection. The best way to 
break a horse of balking is not to be in a hurry, but, rather, to let him 
stand to his heart's content: avoid hitching him to any load he cannot 
pull easily ; coax hiin and pat him ; .feed him apples, salt, sugar, etc., 
out of your hand. Let the same man always handle him, if possible ; 
a change of drivers might spoil all that has been accomplislied. If there 
is no time to wait for him, hitch another team ahead of him and 
snake him along. The chain, or even rope, passed around his neck for 
the other team to pull by, is very effectual. Try and divert his attention 
by offering a handful of salt or oats ; or, even a handful of earth may 
serve every purpose. 

The maxim always to be observed in all of tiiese cases is : Treat the 
horse with kindness. A balky horse cured by kindness, an achievement not 
only possible but absolutely feasible, is the best, toughest, most jiei'se- 
vering creature in existence, from the fact that onlv horses possessed of 
a great amount of spirit and determination ever get lialky , those that resent 
and resist abuse. It is abuse, generally speaking, that makes a horse 
learn to balk, — such foolisli and barbarous work as gettmg into a hole 
with a heavy load, and then whipping unmercifully, to try and make the 
poor dumb victims perform impossibilities. Let the reader set it down 
as an axiom, that kindness is always repaid by faithful service. 



CHAPTER XXI. 



CONSTBUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF STABLES, AS RELATED 
TO HYGIENE. 



I. NECESSITY FOR STABLES. II. CONSTRUCTION OP STABLES. III. FEEDINO AND 

WATERING STOCK. IV. THE CARE OF STOCK WHEN IN STABLE. V. ADDI- 
TIONAL DIRECTIONS FOR GIVING MEDICINES. VI. DETECTION OF DISEASE. 

I. Necessity for Stables. 

In many regions and climates, stables are not necessar\' ; horses, 
mules, cattle and all kinds of stock lie dovni to re.st and sleep in the open air, 
under cover of the blue sky, or, if they have any shelter, they find it for 
themselves, in groves, edges of forests and canons. In some countries 
yards ov corrals are made, and the stock driven into them at night, to 
keep them from straying, and from being attacked by Avild beasts. 

In this country, and especially in the northern -and central States, 
stal)les arc indispensable, as a protection from cold, sudden changes and 
severe storms. They are tokens of civilization and Christianity, the 
result of a humane disposition to provide comfortable — sometimes even 
luxurious — quarters for the animal dependents as well as for the family. 
II. Construction of Stables. 

The construction of the stable, m all its various features, including the 
arrangements for its drainage and ventilation, as well as stalls, man- 
gers, etc., is of great importance, as Ijcaring directly upon the health, as 
well as the comfort, of the animals. Mistakes in stable construction are 
often the unsuspected cause of lameness, of disease, and even death. 
Hygienic considerations should, therefore, have their full weight in plan- 
ning and building a barn. 

Location is the first consideration, as determining the possibilities of 
good drainage. Do not build a barn in a hollow, with rising ground ail 
around it ; for this would expose your stock to miasmatic fevers and other 
derangements of the general organism. In such a location, the simplest 
attacks of disease v.'ould be likely to take on a serious type, with greatly 
increased uncertainty in the action of remedial agents. Build a stable on 
an elevation, if possilile. Have ground around it, at least on one side, 
that slopes away, so as to furnish good natural drainage, or free escape for 
surjierfluous water. 

The next point after settling that of location, is the artificial drainage. 
There should be one large drain, to act as the discharge, with several 

441 



442 



TIIK A.MKUICAN FAKMEK S STOCK HOOK. 



siujillci" Olios extending in cvefy direc^tioii, to act Jis fcnuUM-s thereto ; iilso, 
outlets to tlic .several i)arts ;uid eonicrs of the .sl:il)le. S(h' tiiat there 
is descent enough to have a rapid tlow of tlie sewage. 

'I'iie next point to he attended to is to l)uiid the siieil or walls so as to 
secure light enougli. liight here is the ehief defect in most city stables. 
Nothing is so weakening to the eyes as to be ke|)t continuously in a dark 
phu'e. When a horse thus stabled goes out into the glaring sunshine, the 
(!}'es cannot inunetliately aiiapt themselves to the new order of things, 
and see objects dimly, uncertainly, and with a si|uint, and hence lie is 
apt to shy and otherwise misbehave. iJut this is udI the only injurious 
consequence. It is a fre(|ucnt cause of cdiigestion of some of (iu^ inner 
sensitive |)arts of the eyi^ ieatling on l<) inthimmation, and perhai)s to 
blindness. If a small window is made at tiie iiead of e.uli horse, it 
should be placed at least two feet al)o\'e iiis head, so as not to have the 
light shining directly into his eyes ; but the best arrangi'miait is to have 
the whole place lighted with a diffused light. 

Next, as to the stalls. Let the plan always include one or more box 
stalls, in which to phuH! a sick or lame horse, as it is downright cruelty 
to eontine a sick horse. Have the box stall so constructed tiiat it can be 
darkened at will, as without this 
you (^ould not properly care for a 
horse suffering with eye disease. 
Let the box stalls have a level 
Hoor, as it is not only fatiguing but 
absolutely injurious to the joints 
of the feet and legs to stand on a 
sloping door. The boxes should not 
be less than ten feet s<|uarc. 

The common stalls should bo 
from four to live feet wide, re- 
membering that five is preferable to 
four ; for horses are apt to get 
cast in narrow stalls, and, besides, 
they have less comfort when lying 
down. The floor of the stalls should 
sloi)e a little, just enough to have 
the urine drain off, that is, from one 
to two inches, one inch being jire- 
ferable. There is nothing more 





I-OINTS OK Tl 



INJUKEO TEN- 
DONS. 



oviiil inrinbriiiics unci joint 

f, 

to slope from live to eight inch 



injurious to the tendons, legs and The result of sloping 

, , 1 ., rtoors, 

feet than floors bunt, as many are, 



CONSTKl (TI()\ AM) .MANACJKMIONT ol" STAHl.KS. 



443 



Four cuts arc licrc <i:ivcu, sliowiui;' the iuiatoniy of the pai'ts that sus- 
tain injury in this way, inid the results eoninionly sihmi following such 
injuries. The center of gravity is thrown in a different line from what 
nature intended ; and thouiih the feet and legs can stand this for a while, 
\etwlien long I'ontinued, the tendons heeonie wearied, from the constant 
.strain, and arc also predisposed to spi'uins when tiu^ hor->c is taken 
out. The joints, too, share in the protest against the slope. The weight 
being thrown upon a hearingthat is unnatural, the caitilages and ends of 
the hones hecome irritated, and tlu! synovial luusa' tlistended ; inflamma- 
tion is set u|) ; and then follows ringbone, spavin, osteophytes, or the like 
trouble, according to the spec'ial suseeptiliilit\' of th(^ animal. 

Any one may satisfy himself as to the correctness of these views, 
by noticing how a horse will l)ack out of his stall, and st-.in<l with his 
toes in the gutter, hack of him. Wiiat is this for? To rest the back 
tendons that have been under an unnatural strain. 
Horses, -when left to choose for themselves, will almost 
invai-iably find a place where the hind feet stand 
higher thiiu the fore. This is well illustr.'ited by the 

cut at the end of I'liaptcr I V, 

Part II. 

Til- stall shoid.l \h' built, 

as to length. to suit the class 

of lioi's<' intended to occnp\' 

it. Uraft horses, for in- 
stance, rci|uii'e longer stalls 

than bugg}' hoi-ses. Mal<<' a 

gutt(U" just back oftlu' horse, 

to carry off the urine, and let 

the floor beyond the gutter 

!)(■ on the same le\('l as the 

floor of the sl.ill. .Some 

stables have th<' stall floor 

built from three to ten inches 
higher than the main floor. This is a great mi.stake, 
notwithstanding it may save lalior to l\w stable-man, 
for his cotnforl and eas<^ should never be allowed to 
of the stock . 

Very serious accidents sometimes happen from the horse kicking over 
the rear jxjst of the stall, and coming down astraddle of it. in some 
instam^es lettingtlu^ intestines right out ontlic floor, and in others skinning 
the whole inside of the leg, from the thigh to the foot, clean to the I)one. 
To prevent this, let the rear post go from floor to ceiling, and sec; that it 





OSTEOl'HYTKS ON THE PA 
TKUN BONKS. 



I1ISEASK1> llOCK 
.lOINT. 
Another danetr from 
sloping Hours. Hock 
joint of the left hind 
leir, in which the bony 
deposit of spavin has 
involved sill but the 
true hock joint. 

ml weiirli t ho.se 



444 



THE AMEUICAN KAUMEU S STOCK HOOK. 



is sccurcl}' fastened there. lUiikl the insides of the stalls of hard wood 
phiiiks, to tlu! hoiglit of four fec^t, and top them out three feet more with 
strong wire-work, wiiieli is deeidedly preferable to a solid partition 
between the stalls, as it affords their inmates the eomfort of one anoth- 
er's soeiety. Horses, like human beings, get lonesome when isolated, and 
pino for eonipany ; besides this, solitude has a tendency to engender 
viciousness. 

Ventilation is a very important matter, as every one will admit who 
has gone into a badly venlilatetl slai)le in the morning, and notieed how 




THE LAZY man's MAV ok i Ll,AMiN(i inE LliGS. 
K.isy and cocivinicnt, but very injurious. 

it affects his eves, his breathing, ete. Large tubes should be placed 
along through the stal)le, from thii'ty to forty feet apart. They should 
bo from two to four feet square, and run out through the roof, with slats 
at the toj) or sides for water-sheds ; below, they should come just through 
the eeilin"! into the stable. Then, every tAVcnty feet, there should be tubes, 
four or iive inches scpuwe, entering at the floor, through the walls, from 
the outside, and carried uj) along the wall inside as high as eight feet. 
The air thus admitted, nnikinga euiwe at the to]) of the tube, will descend 
to the floor, but becoming tempered before it strikes the horses, and 
will foreeup the warm, vitiated air through the large lubes and out through 



CONSTHUCTIOX AM) MANA(JEME.\T OF STAHLEW. 



445 



the roof. As to iloors, liiivc enou<rh to keep tlic .-table cool in siiiiiiiior, 
hut avoid a draft, especially when the horses eonio in warm and tired, as 
they are then especially susceptible to colds, and attacks of throat and 
lung diseases, etc. 

III. Feeding and Watering Stock. 
This is a matter tiiat interests every stock owner, and one also in which 
there is a jireat amount of abuse. Wo seldom find a duplicate of the 
notorious l)a<l-debt collector, Cottle, of Chicago, who deliberately starved 
his liorse to death, l)ut we often find men who abuse their stock through 
ignorance. For instance, there are not a few who water their horses oidy 
twice a day. This is a real abuse, for not only does the animal get ter- 
ribly thirsty, Imt, as a consequence of his intense craving for water, he 
will, when he at last gets at it, drink a great deal more than is good for 




TUE I'KOl'KK WAY. 

How to diy and clean the legs in cold weather. 

him. The stomach of a horse holds only about three gallons, but in theso 
(^ases he will sometimes drink three or four pailfulls, making from nini^ to 
twelve gallons. If this follows soon after eating, it washes the food right 
through the stomach into the intestines, before it is digested, giviii"" rise to 
colic, with all its attendant dangers. The water given stock should always 
bo clean, not from a foul well in the barn-yard, and should be allowed 
three or four times a day, preferably f()ur : or, better still, let it run 
before them all the time, being careful not to let them over-driidi when 
coming in warm from work. 

The food should bo clean, sound, dry, healthy grain and hay, and well 
hai-vestcd, free from smut. It is a great saving to the pocket of the 



446 



THK AMKKICAN lAUMKU S STO('K HOOK. 



owner, as well as to the stomach of the horse, to grind all grain and cut 
the hay ; and it is an uncjuestionahle advantage to the animal to have the 
grain partly cooked, by steaming. This can be effected, without much 
trouble, by pouring hot water on it, covering, and then letting it steam and 
swell. This will render the grain more digestible, and h'ss liable to fer- 
ment and cause flatulent colic ; more of it will l)e digested, also, because 
the cooking will make digestible a considerable proportion of the food 




vhicli the operator 



THE OLD WAY OF GIVTNO A BALL. 

■■ liable to sret his hand scratclieil or bitten, and the hor 



that ill its natural state is not so : liciicc tiie economy. Stock of all kinds 
should be fed three times a day — less at a time if necessary, l)ut never 
at greater intervals. 

The quantity of food must always be gauged by the size of the animal 
and amount of work exacted. Work horses acc^ustomed to large feeds 
of strong grain should have it reduced when idle, even for the short 
time extending over Sunday. They should get simply a bran mash or 
a mess of carrots on Saturday night, and the other feeds should be 
reduced nearly one half on Sunday: then they will come out in fine 
condition on Monday morning. But if the usual cjuantity of strong, 
heating grain is allowed, the horse is very aj)t to come out Monday morn- 
mg with a big elephant leg — lym|)haiigitis, or else, though going out 
apparently all right, is soon attacked with congestion of the kidneys or 
other internal organs. 



CONSTIil'CTKlN AM) MAN ACK.MKNT OK STAHLICS. 



447 



IV. Tho Care of Stock when in Stable. 



The object of this ^soctioll is laorc to correct iihiiscs in the us of cold 
water and want of exercise tiian to give ehiborate rules in regard to 
grooming, etc. Cold water is a good thing, but, like all good things, is 
apt to be abused. In our northern latitudes it is too 
cold to allow the fice use of cold water iu cleaning the 
horse's legs and feet, from November 1st to April 1st, 
or even a longer period ; for cold water thus used on 
the extremities already chilled, is very apt — nay, 
almost certain — to cause scratches, grease, furrunele, 
or the like. If warm water is used and the legs 
thoroughly dried, no damage is done, but it is not 
once iu a hundred times that they are thus properly 
dried. The best way is to clean and dry the legs and 
feet with a whisk of hay or straw, or with a rubliing 
cloth when the horse comes in ; then, when thorougiily 
dry, clean them properly witli a l)rusii. This, in most 
instances, will keep the legs free from scratches. 

Horses should not be kept any consideral)le Icngtli of timi^ on a board 
floor without exercise and occasional removal of the shoes, the same as 
though he were at work ; for the feet will get dry and brittle, contract and 




SCUAH III.S. 
een in the hollow of 





SHOWING TUE VEINS or the 

FOOT. 

Which may be seriously interfered with 
by contraction of the hoof Irom standing 
too long on a board floor without atten. 
tion to the moisture, shoeing, etc., of the 
feet. 



EXOSTOSIS OI'' THE COKFIN BONE. 



As sometimes seen in complications of na\ 
lar disease, contraction, side bones, etc. 



press upon the (juarters, causing corns, and perhaps setting up inflamma- 
tion that may form side bones, contract the tendons, etc. If obliged to 
keep a horse standing idle in a stable, have his shoes taken off , and, if 
possible, let him have a dirt floor to stand on, sprinkling occasionally to 
dampen it. A box stiill would be iniich the best for him. 

V. Additional Directions for Giving Medicines. 

It is very neccssaiy for the stal)lc-iiiaii to be able to give medicine, both 
in the form of drenches and ]>:iils. Alanv a dose of medicine, of the 



448 



•iiir, a.mi:i;ha.\ i\i!mi:i; s stock kook. 



iitiiiosl v;iluc lo llic liorsc, is lost (lu'ouiili not knowing liow to iKhi)inistcr 
il, properly. Sni;ill doses of licjuitls iUiU)est given with a syringe. Stand 
in front of tlie patient, (ill the syringe, (one that, can be workinl with one 
liand is ahsolutely neeessai'}'), open tlu^ mouth by inserting tho left hand 
through thi^ mouth, and holding (he tingei's u[) on edg(> ; pass the 
syringe between the lingers, and shoot away ; withdraw the syringi', and 
elevate the head a trifle with till! left hand. So continue till tho dose is 
all down. When ijrojierly done, not a drop is wasted and tho horso is 
m)t exeitod ; nor (whieh is (piito a point) does the man get angry, and 
whaek the horse over the head with tho bottle. With large doses, how- 
ever, (ho bottle must bo resorted to. Pass a loop in tho month so as to 
cuteh tho upper jaw, then raise tho head by running a line over a })ulley, 
or by inserting a long eroteh or fork in the loop and having an assistant 
lift lit it; tho operator, meanwhih! standing at tho right side of tho 
horse's head, steadies the head with onelian<l, and pours down tho con- 
tents of tho bottlo with tlie otiur. Pour very slowly, and never resort 
to anv violence to make the patient swallow ; just give him his time. If 
ho coughs, strangles or chokes, let down his head instantly, regardless of 
the loss of the medicine. (See last cut in Chapter 1, Part II.) 

Solid medicine it is best to give in tho form of a ball. Make up the 
ball with syrup, soft soap or linseed meal, its size that of your big tinger, 
and wrap it in soft i)aper ; stand in front of tho horse, catch firm hold of 
the longne with the left hand, and draw 
it down between the incisor t(H>th, never 
atone side ; lake the ball between the 
fingers, the thumb being drawn into the 
palm of tlie hand; (hen pass it back, 
placing it on the root of the tongue, let 
go of i(, and give it another push wi(h 
one linger ; w'Khdraw the hand, le( go 
the (ongue, close (he mouth, elc\a(c tiie 
left side of tho neck for it to go tlown. lu'inember, in giving medicine 
of all kinds, never abuse or excite the jjatient, but take him as quietly 
as possible. 

Kor (lie benetit of young farmers and others of limited exi)erience, we 
woidd sav that good sense and self-jiossession are the secrets of success 
in treating sick stock. These will greatly aid you to see clearly what 
ought to be done, and to use to the best advantage such means as you 
have at hand for doing it. 

There nro cases in which medicine and food have to be administered 
in some other than the ordinay way ; as, for instance, to a horse with 
totonus, that cannot open its mouth. In (his case, the medicine and 




rnic ruori'.n way to oivk a ball. 



:ul a frilli\ and watch on (lie 



CONSTRUCTION AM) :MAN A<IT::\1KN1" oI' SI'AIU.KS. 



■M!» 




I'KKllINC A IIOKSI-, WITH TKTANIJS. 



liquid food ciui Ix' i^ivca tlirou^ili ,i tiihc passed lliroiijjjii oik^ of I lie iioslrils 
iind down into th(! tln-oid, 
or tiu-y nmy bo givcni hy 
tho rectum ; but in tho 
liitter ciiso liirgo (juunti- 
ti('s will bo noccssary, :i,s 
a i)orti()n will not bi; 
absoi'hcd. 
VI. Detection of Disease. 
It is of tlic. grciitcst ini- 
])ort;uic(^ 1 liat every stable- 
man should have a quick 
eye for tlio early synip- 
loms of disease in his stock. Iiiiiorancc of these; s\nii)toms allows 
tli(! case to run on into a moi'(! adxanccd sta;:c, wiicn its t real incnl r<'- 
(|uircs more skill, and moi'c nuMlicinc, ;ill cnlailini;' more expense .n or- 
derto sa\('it, and, of course^ with nnicii less cliancc! of doinif so after all. 
"A stit<'h in tinu^ sa\'es nine ;" and no one will dispute the fact, that it 
pays to spend ten dollars 1o save a hundred. If it- pays to treat an 
animal at all, in jjays to bci^'in doini;' ilcaih'. ( )n(^ (la\''s neirlect, of a 
sick horse may cost his life. When, therefore, a hor>e stands back in 
his stall, hangs his head, dro[)s his cars, refuses his feed, diu-lines to move, 
partly closes his eyes, has the nostrils sliohtly dilated from increased 
fre(|ucncy of I'cspiration, or has the ears and extremities cool or cold, — 
when any of the.s(! indications are noted, it is safe to <'oncludi' that, the 
horse is sick, and sonu'thing shoidd b(! done 
^<«5^i inunediately. if near a ((ualilied veterinary 
^^ sm-gcon, cni|)loy him ; othei-wise, endeavor to 
''■"vin tind out for \-oursclf, and at once, what is the 
>Sis^^ matter. Note the symptoms carcifully, taking 
(lui })ulsc, r(^spirations and tcmpci-atui'c, and ex- 
amining all parts ; then, when the disease is 
<liagnosed, proceeed with the tre.itnu'ut vigor- 
A SHK iioitsK. ously. 'Phen^ arc many siniph^ ailments that 

Appearances ubout the head that aiiy intelligent man can cope with successfully. 

llidtculc a sick horse. / , i i. i.1 1 i a £• j i j i i , i 

(ict at the bottom ot the trouble, rcnn)V(^ the 
cause, api)ly tho tn^atmcnt, and, in nn)st eases, you can curt! tlui animal. 
Take, for instance a traso of aphtha, which is a simph; irritation of the 
mouth, tonguc! antl li[)s, sonu'times exttauling up to the checks, both 
insitle and out . 

A^jhtha is nuieh tho oftencst seen in foals, resulting from the iia'itation 
to the membranes of the cheeks that follows too much sucking. When 




450 THE AMERICAN FARMEU's STOCK BOOK. 

seen ill older horses, its most common cause is the irritating effects of 
the dew and frosted grass in spring and fall. The lips, tongue, etc., will 
be found to be slightly swollen, and covered with a pimply eruption re- 
sembling blisters ; in fact, the parts affected 
look as though blisters had actually been applied. 
The treatment, in the case of a foal, is simpi}' 
to separate him from the dam for a few hours ; 
let him suckle, and then promptly separate them 
again, and so on till he is well. Older horses 
should l)e taken up nights, and not let out in the 
Ai-uTiiA. morning till al)out nine o'clock. Swab out the 

mouth and affected parts with recipe No. 46. 

This is all very simple, and nothing at all l)ut what any stock man 
could do, if he would give the case proper thought and attention. 




CHAPTER XXII. 



OPERATIONS. 



I. ANiESTHETICS, AND HOW TO USE THEM. II. liANIlAdES. III. BLEEDING. 

IV. BLISTERING. V. CASTING. VI. CASTUATION. VII. EXTIRPATION OF 

THE EYE. VIII. FIKING. IX. LITHOTOMY. -\. LITHOTRITY. XI. NEl- 

ROTOMY. XII. NICKING AND DOCKING. XIII. OPENING AN ABSCESS. .XIV. 

TAPPING THE CHEST, AND TAPPING THE ABDOMEN. XV. PRICKING. XVI. 

PROBING AND OPENING A FISTULA. -XVII. SPAYING. XVIII. SUTURES. XIX. 

TAPPING THE BELLY FOR FLATULENCE. XX. TENOTOMY. ,XXI. TRACHE- 
OTOMY. 

In this chapter we shall describe all of the more ooniuion surgical oper- 
ations Oil the horse. Some of these can be performed by any intelligent 
person, who will exercise a reasonable amount of care and prudence, 
with ready reserve resource to fall back on in case of accident. The lat- 
ter, in fact, is a very necessary qnalitication iu any operator ; for acci- 
dents may happen, and result disastrously, in the most skillful hands. At 
the same time, many valuable expedients may be resorted to, in cases of 
this kind, which it is absolutely impossible to prescribe by set I'ules before- 
hand. Here, quick-witted common sense must be the main reliance of 
all practitioners alike. 

I. Anaesthetics, and How to Use Them. 

Anaesthetics are drugs or agents that destroy feeling. They take away 
all sensation, and all power of voluntary action ; and they sometimes 
cause death, by suffocation, or suspension of the involuntary actions of the 
body, if they are given too fast, or their use is carried too far. Hence, they 
should never be administered by inexperienced or unskillful hands. The 
principal agents of this class employed in veterinary practice are chloro- 
form and sulijhuric ether ; chloral hydrate is often used as an anodyne, 
but not as an anajsthetic. 

The animal is usually cast, legs tied, and, when everything has been 
prepared for the operation, a large sjionge, saturated with chloroform or 
ether, is held to the nose, beingre-wet every little while, as long as mavbe 
necessary. The nose is sometimes enclosed in a bag, so as to contine the 
fumes, but it is better not to do this. The risk thus run vastly outweighs 
the few advantages it offers. If sufficient air is mixed with the anesthetic, 
there is no danger, but horses usuall}' struggle vciy severly during the 
exciting stage, — just before they go under its influence, and, on that ac- 
count the method mentioned is not considered safe by many of the best 
authorities. 

451 



452 



THK VMKHICAN 1 AlOIKK S STOCK BOOK. 



II. Bandages. 
These are very important adjuiuU' to the troutinent of lameness, when 
in the logs, and, also, in stopplnji' a Iu'morrha<ic and dressing wounds. 
They should bo iipplied snioothlj', and witli moderate pressure. For 
lameness and dressing wounds, eoarse unhleaehod muslin is the best. 
For binding on a sponge or other subslaiu'e, to stop bleeding, the mauy- 
tailed bandage is very convenient. For moderate pressure, as in ease of 
windiralls and stocked logs, the Derby bandage is very useful. Elastic 
bandaiics aie good when considerable tension is desired, but they need 
earoful ;4)piication, to avoid abrading tlio skin. 
III. Bleeding. 
Hleodinn' is an old tini(> iiractire that has ahnost become obsolete, on 
several accounts, of wliicli ihe principal seems to be that the congestion 
and pulse can be controlled l)V other means less depleting and M'oakening, 

(hus giving the animal a better chance 
to recover by husbanding his strength. 
Then, again, the seasons and atmos- 
lihcrc have so changed that diseases, 
CNpccially of the lower animals, are 
more likely to become epizootic, with 
typhoid symptoms and great nervous 
prostration, wlicn il is utterly unsafe to bleed. Still, bleeding is valu- 
able in cases of congestion, when there is a full, strong pulse and no 




MANV-TA11,I'.1> HAN HACK. 




IJAISINC. Tin: VKIS HKFOUK BI.KEDING. 

I. The place to cut. 



weakness, but only in the tirst stage — never when the t( niiiorature of the 
patient is abnormally high and tiie system has iH-coine weakened. 



Ol'KKATION.- 



4f»;5 



Tlic lingor is pix-ssod on llic vein, to maUc it till ; or ;i cord iii:iy 1)0 tied 
«utK(-iontly tiiilit around tlui neck. Then placo tlu' l)Uide of tiio lleaui on 
tlio vt'iu, at tlio point indicated in the illustration, and strike it a jiood smart 
blow witli a round stick, eoninionly called the blood-stick ; have !i bucket 
in readiness, and catch the blood in it, to know how much you draw. 
Draw from two to six (|uarls, nccordinii' to ai^e and size, and the condi- 
tions of the case. It is a gooil plan to blindfold the horse to avoid his 




STUIKINO Tin-: I'l.KAM Willi TUK lU.OOD-STICK. 



jumping away from the l)l()\v of (lie blood-slick. When sutKcient i)iood 
has been drawn, remoxc the cord or other obstruction, when the How will 
stop. Insert a [)in and weave a hair or silk thread around tiie ])in in such 
way as to describe a tigure M. Lea\-e it in for a fi'w days, when it can 
safely be removed. 

rv. Blistering. 

When a severe blister is desired, the hair should first be clipped off 
very close or shaven. Apply the blister a little at a time, and rub it well 
in, with sufficient friction to get up considerable heat between the hand 
and the skin ; then, when sufficient is rubl)(>d in, smear some over the sur- 
face, and tie the horse up sufficiently short to prevent his getting his raouth 



454 



THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 



to it, or lie will bite and blemish the sore and l)lister his lips. Keep him 
thus tied ni) from twelve to twcntv-four hours, smcarinjj fresh lard over 




CATCniNC THK ni,ooi>. 

it at the end of ten hours, to relieve the pain by keepinn' the air from it, 
whieh it will do without interferinii- with the blister. After about two 
days, beffin washing- it with warm water and a very 
little soap. Soften off the scabs, and clean the skin 
around the blister ; and when dr}', apply the grease. 
Kepeat this once, daily. If the scabs are not softened 
off when pus collects under them, the )jus burrows, 
and if not liberated, is apt to blemish. 

In mild sweat-blisters, it is not necessary to clip 
off the hair. Simply rub the blister in gently once a 
dav, till sore enough, then grease once a day till nearly 
healed. Repeat this as often as necessary. 

Ointments are i)referable tt) liquid blisters as being 

more manageable, and because they can be kept where 

wished, whili' liquid blisters are apt to run. 

V. Casting. 

There are many ways of casting a horse, all having some merit. The 

chief point to be remembered is to throw him carefully, as broken back, 

broken hips, etc., are among the dangers that attend carelessness. The 




A HOCK WMK.N HI 
TEUKU. 



OPERATIONS. 45") 

most convenient w;iy is to j)ut hohhies on tlu^ feet, and run a eiiain througli 
tiie D's, and draw the feet all together, having a rope running fi-om one 
arm over the hack, to make him fall on the side desired ; also, a good 
man at the horse's head to prevent his throwing it around and falling on it, 
and thus breaking his neek. Always put down a good l)ed beforehand, 
for him to fall on. 

Rarey's plan of casting is good, in the absence; of hobbles, viz: Tie 
up one fore leg ; then tie a strap to the pastern of the other fore leg, and 
pass it over the horse'.s back ; standing at the shoulder, push him over a 
step, at the same instant pulling up the foot and bringing him to his 
knees. He will do some I'earing and jumping about, but when he gets 
lircd, he will lie f)uietly down, when his legs can be tied and held down. 
To prevent him from pounding his head, it is necessary to place a good 
man there, who should put one knee on his neck aud turn his nose up at 
an angle of forty-Hvt! degrees. As a safeguard against too severe strain- 
ing, tie a rope from just above one knee to above the hock of the leg on the 
same side, and draw the legs as close together as possible, and contiuc 
them there. This lessens his ])owei- to struggle. 

VI. Castration. 

The best age for castrating coUs is from one to three years, the exact 
time to l)e determined by the development of the neck and fore jjarts. 
If these are heavy, castrate early ; if light, he will thicken up and grow 
heavier, by being left entire another year. l*r(!pare him by giving soft 
food for a week previous, and nothing at all for about twelve hours be- 
fore the operation. Cast him, and roll him up on his back ; tie the hind 
feet down to a surcingle ; t.'ike the scrotum in the left hand, and draw it 
over one of the testicles so as to bring the dividing line between the two 
sides over it ; next draw a small supeiiicial slit about half an inch from 
the line, (one on each side of it,) thus marking the pro|)er place to make 
the incision ; then cut one slit through to the testicle, letting it out ; slit 
open the inner coverings, one by one, till the testicle pops out clean 
from all the coverings ; (avoid wounding the testicle with the knife, as 
this would cause profuse bleeding, and interfere with the work ; ) then sep- 
arate the tunics from the small end, and let them drop down over the 
cord ; put on the steel clamps, to hold the cord while the ecraseur is 
being applied ; put the ecraseur on as low as possible, and with it bite off 
the cord, still holding on to the latter with the clamps. Let go the cord, and 
operate on the other testicle. Rinse out the sack with cold water, and 
let him up. To avoid danger from bleeding, it is advisable, especially in 
the case of old stallions, to take u]) the artery before using the ecraseur, 
and tie it. 




456 THE AMERICAN FARMEU's STOCK BOOK. 

The old way of castrating with clamps is convcuient, but it gives rise 
to an immense amount of pain, and is a quite inferior method compared 
with using the ecrascur. 

VII. Extirpation of the Eye. 

In cancerous growths in the eye, it is sometimes necessary' to extii'pate 
that organ. After casting the horse, pass 
silk threads through the lids, so that an 
assistant can hold them open ; then, with 
a sharp knife, dissect the ej'eball out, 
cutting the muscles as the}' come, one 
after another, and, finalh% the optic nen'e. 
^ ^I'lDBB^SIP^^^iPWlWy)^" I^i'ess the socket with lotion No. 39, for 
a few days ; then change to lotion Ao. 7. 
As this is a very painful operation, an 
aniBsthetic should always be used, if a 
skillful man can be got to manage the 
case . 

VIII. Firing. 

This is the ai)plication of the actual 

EXTIRPATION OF THE EYE. , , , . , i , , • n , 

cautery (burnuig by red-hot iron) to 
set up a great amount of counter-irritation or of adhesive iurtammation. 
Its most common applications are for ring-bones, curljs, and sprains of 
the back, tendons, etc. Clip fiff the hair, cast the horse, and draw the 
edges (which should be blunt) of the firing-iron on the skin, making a 
yellow crease on it, but avoid cutting through Ihc skin, as that would 
blemish more. Draw the lines, in the form of a feather, over a cori- 
siderable surface; let the horse up. and rub in the l)lister immediately. 
Give absolute rest for a month, and a run at grass for two months. 

IX. Lithotomy. 

This is an operation to extract a stone from the bladder. Cast the 
horse, and insert a metallic sound into the penis to reach up to the cui've ; 
cut down to it on the curve, then insert a hidden bistoury, and open the 
passage into the bladder, making it large enough to allow of the .stone 
beiu"" got out. Insert forceps with one hand, the other hand being in the 
rectum and following up the stone and crowding it out. If too large to 
extract whole, try and break it up with the forceps. 

If the patient is a mare, it will not be necessary to cast the animal. 
She can be controlled sufficiently by using a twitch, which is a loop of 
strong, small rope, on the end of a small stick, for twisting the upper 



OPERATIONS. 457 

lip as shown hy the cut in Section XIV of this ciiapter. Insert the bis- 
touiy cac/ie into tlie Ijjaddcr, the opening to which will be found on the 
floor of the vagina, about three to six inches from the external orifice ; open 
the neck of the l)ladder, and then, with one hand in the rectum, the stone 
can be drawn. 

In either case above described, dress the wounds with lotion No. 39, 
twice a day. The wound in the skin of the horse can be sewed up. 
When dressing the wound, rinse out the bladder with tepid water. 

•' X. Lithotrity. 

This is the name given to the process (mentioned in the last section) 
of breaking the stone into small pieces M'ith foi'ceps, and taking it away 
a little at a time. It is sometimes so large as to make it absolutely nec- 
essary to do this, or, in some cases, even to saw it in two. 

XI. Neiirotomy. 

This is an operation to destroy sensation in the foot, in some cases of 
chronic, incuralilc lanieuess. Cast the horse, and, after clipping off the 
hair over the spot to be operated on, cut in through the skin to the nerve 
three or four inches above the fetlock, just back of the cannon, where it 
will be found running in the same sheath with the artery and vein. The 
last two, however, are deeper seated and together, the nerve running on 
the top of them. Make the incision half or three quarters of an inch 
long, lengthwise of the leg ; dissect away the cellular tissue ; raise the 
nerve, and pass a thread of silk around it, and tie a knot ; (if it is the 
nerve that is tied, the horse will struggle violent!}' from the pain, but if, 
from accident or mistake, the artery or vein has been taken up instead, 
there will be no pain, and consequently no struggle ); sever the nerve 
above the silk with a sharp knife ; then, cutting below the silk, take out 
a section of the nerve about three quarters of an inch long. Take a 
stitch in the skin, and dress with Friar's balsam three times a day. 

The foregoing is known as the high operation. If the lower operation 
is preferred, the incision is made about midway down the long pastern 
bone, on either side of it. The former is usually considered the better 
one, as it takes away the sensation from the entire foot, while the lower 
only takes it away from the heels ; there are filaments from the anterior 
branch of the nerve, extending down to the heels, which destroy the de- 
sired effect, to a great extent. 

Neurotomy should never l)e performed except as a last resort ; for it 
does not cure the disease, but only destroys the feeling in the part, so 
that there is no more pain in it. Although the horse hangs the foot 
down as though it were sound, it is only a (piestion of time for it to go 



458 THE AMKItU'AN FAUMEK's STOCK BOOK. 

all to pieces, either from the tendon iiiving way, or else by suppuration 
from a. nail wound or corn, extending all around the foot. After neu- 
rotomy, it is necessary to be doubly careful in shoeing and taking cai'e of 
the feet, to avoid the pricks of nails, corns, etc., and, should these occur, 
to treat them at once, lest bad complications ensue. Some horses work 
well for four or tive years after neurotomy, and some go to pieces in ii 

few months. 

XII. Nicking and Docking. 

Nicking and pricking are identical in effect, viz: to straighten crooked 
tails. When a horse hugs his tail, it is sometimes necessary to sever the 
tendon on the under side, and suspend the tail over a pulley, for two or 
three weeks. Insert the knife about six inches from the dock, on the un- 
der side at one side of the tail ; pass it in across the tail, holding it Hat- 
■\vise — on its side ; then turn up the edge towards the bone, and, 
with a sawing motion, sc\-er the tendon. 'Pie the tail to a rope 
running over a pulley, witii a weight on the other end, and leave it tied 
up about three weeks. 

In case the tail is crooked or is twisted to one side, insert the knife in 
a perpendicular position from below upwards, just uiuler the skin ; turn 
the edge towards the tail, and saw through the muscle : then tic the tail 
around to the opposite side for a couple of weeks. It is often necessary 
to cut in two or three places. If the cuts suppurate, dress them with 
lotion No. ;3!1. If the tirst operation fails, try it again. 

Docking is amputating a portion of the tail, bone and all, to pander to 
the taste or whim of the owner. It is best done by laying the tail on a 
block or end of a post or plank, placing an axe on the spot decided upon, 
and striking the axe with a maul, thus severing the whole thing at one 
blow. Bind up the wound with a sponge and bandages wet with lotion No. 
39 ; tie a rope to the stump of the tail, passing it over a pulley, and leave 
it so two or three weeks. Dress it once a day. Tetanus sometimes fol- 
lows this operation. 

XIII . Opening an Abscess. 

This is a simple matter, when done properly. If improperly done, it 
is of little use, and the cure is apt to be retarded. When an abscess is 
ripe and ready to open, ascertain as near as possible where the bottom of 
it is. and insert the knife at that point, making an opening (juite to the 
bottom for the escape of the pus. If this is nnpractieable, and the open- 
ins; must be made at the top, the pus nmst be evacuated by means of a 
svringe or sp(jnge, to draw it out. The main point to be remembered 
is to open it as near the bottom as possible. A twitch on the nose is us- 
uallv sutficient to keep the animal (juiet in this and other minor operations. 



OPEKATIOXS. 



459 




OPENING THE ABSCESS OK STKANGLES. 
Also illustrating the twitch :ind manner of using it. 



XIV. Tapping the Chest, and Tapping the Abdomen. 

The chest fills with water in 
hydrothorax ; it is the stage of 
effusion in pleurisy. The lungs 
arc floated up, and suffocation 
results. The presence of water 
ill the chest is detected hv the 
solid sound — a sound of full- 
ness — wlicn tapi)ed with the 
hand, an<l by the absence of 
respiratory murmur ; and, fre- 
quently, the splashing of the 
water l)y the ai'tion of the heart 
can also be heard. 

Clip off the hair from a spot about three inches back of the elbow, 
and five or si.x inches from the bottom of the c^hest. Ascertain the exact 
location where a puncture can be made without striking a iil> (the trochar 
to pass between two ribs); then plunge a scalpel deep into 1h(^ flesh, 

making a hole through tlic skin and flesh 
for the trochar ; insert \\h' latter instru- 
ment and withdraw tlie trochar, leaving the 
cannula to act as ii spout ; hold a pail and 
catcli the water. If pieces of lymi)h clog 
the cannula, pass in a small probe and i)ush 
them off the end. Drain off all tlu^ water 
and withdraw the cannula. It is often 
necessary to repeat this operation. 

This operation is technically termed 
paracenteKix thoracis. Cases so severe as to require it are usually fatal. 
I'aractiife.siti abdomenis means, in plain English, 
tapping the belly. In peritonitis, the belly often fills 
with water, which can be evacuated by inserting the 
trochar and cannula on the median line, a couple of 
inches back of the navel. The operation may be re- 
peated, if necessary ; but, in this case, it is advisable 
to make a fresh hole, rather than insert again in the 
old one. 

XV. Pricking. 

This is identical with nicking, (which see). 

XVI. Probing and Opening Fistulas. 
It is necessary to ])robe fistulous openings, in order 




OPENING THE SKIN. 

reparatory to tapping the chest. 




WATER FLOWING 
FUO.M THE CHEST. 

In paracentesis thoracis. 



to 



)W where they 



Take i)lcntv of time, and do it carefully. 



460 



THE AMEIilf'AN I'AKMEIi S STOCK HOOK. 



UNINll'.KKI IMI-.K .-^liTlKE. 



Find every sinus, if iKKSsilik-. AVlicn iiriicticahle, the l)esl nud ([uiekest 

way to cure tlioni is to open tlieiii right u}) !ik)ng tlieir wiiohi h'ngth ; 

l)nt wlu'M this cannot I)e done williont severing largo l)lood-vesseis 

or too miKtli niuscuilar lihre, pass u scton tiirougii them and draw 

in ( ;uis(i(r substances, such as burnt alum, powdered ])hie-stnne, etc. Or, 

instead, use injections Nos. 1, ;i and f), changing from onc^ to another 

frecjucntlv. 

XVII. Spaying. 

This operation is very rarely performed upon the mare — never, in 

fact, except incase of disease. There is great danger of its pioving fatal, 

and hence it should never be undertaken except l)y a skilled veterinarian. 

It consists in removing the ovaries, corresjionding to the castration of 

the male. 

XVIII. Sutures. 

There are four kimls of sutuics, vi/, : the interrupted, uninterrupted, 
(juiiU'd and twilled. The interrupted suture 
is the one generally used, and for most cases 
is the best. The needle and silk — or, instead 
of the; silk, the silver wire or cat -gut — nvo all 
that are needed. Clip off the hair from the 
edges, and be careful to have everything clean. 

Di'aw the edges of the wound together with a slightly curved needle and 

silk, and when tying the knot give the ends an extra turn through the 

knot, which will keep it from drawing away and untying; then go on 

and make a hard knot on the to}) of the other, and cut off the silk. 

Then take another, and so on. 

The continuous or uninterrupted suture sews 

up the wound by continuing the .stitches right 

along, the same as in sewing cloth, and tying 

the ends. The quilled suture is when two quilN 

or pieces of wood are used as skewers, ami tiu 

ends of the silk caught over them, the skewers 

being i)laced one on each side of the wound, to pre- 
vent the stitches from tearing out . The twisted 

suture is simply a pin inserted and a hair oi 

silk thread wound around its ends in the form 

of a tigure eight, as already described in the ai- 

tiele on l)leetling. In most cases, the stitches 

ought to be taken about half an inch apart. 

XIX. Tapping the Belly for Flatulence. 
It is usually either some of the large intestines or the stonnu'h 

that is affected with ilatulence. The former are tajjped by inserting 




QUILLEl* SUTUltli. 



OI'KHA'l'lON.S. 



461 



the trocliai- and canimla upon a level with the stilie, and below the 
large niti.seles. Pluni;e it in and, withdrawing the troehar, leave the can- 
nula to carry off the gas. If excrement gets into the hole, insert a small 
l)rol)c and push it away. This may be repeated, if necessary, always 
using a small troehar, (one about a <|uarter inch in diameter), and insert- 
ing it in a new place each 1imc. 

XX. Tenotomy. 

Wiicu liie tendons become very much contracted and cannot be relaxed, 

they can be scv(>rcd, wiicn liie ends will extend, grow together again, 

and thus repair the excision. 

This operation, called tenotomy, 

is most commonly practiced on 

the tendon of the leg, and about 

midway between the knee and 

feflock. Insert the knife across 

the tendons, witii the blade on 

its side ; let it go jusi to the 

skin on llic other side, but not 

through it; then turn tlu^ etlgc 

towards the outer pai't of the leg 

and saw away, taking care not 

to cut the skin at the i)ack of 

the leg. When the tendons are 

severed, break up the adhesions 

by bending the leg across your 1 

ing as a simple wound. 

XXI. Tracheotomy. 
This consists in the insertion of a tulx^ into the trachea or windpipe, 

to prevent death from threatened suffocation. The tul)e ought to l)e of 

sijvei-, l)ut in the absence of 
that, on<! made of tin will, 
in the writer's opinion, answer 
every purpose ; it should be 
three quarters of an inch or an 
inch in diameter, curved so as 
to slip into thi^ windpipe easily, 
with a i)late of the same mate- 
rial on the end to tie to the 
neck, in order to keep it in 
place. ()i)cn the skin by an 
incision al)out two inches long, 

at a point eiirht inches below the throat; divide t he muscles, and lay 




PERFORMING TRACnEOTOMY. 

nee. Dicss the wound in the skin, treat- 




TUE STRICTCHES MET WITH IN THE OPERA- 
TION OF TRACUEOTOMY. 

1. The s'.crno maxilaris muscles, (a pair), which liavi 
to be separ:iled, being joined bv cellular tissut 

2. The sterno thyro hyoidei muscles lying 
abo 
being 



lilarlv united. 
Thetrachea, which will be hilly 
nuscles are separated and pulled back. 



nder those 
to be separated, 



xposed wlien tlie 



4(]2 'I'll'". AMKUiCAN fai;mi:e;"s .stock iK)t)K. 

bare the wind-pipe ; cut out a piece of two rings, mailing a iiole large 
enougli to admit the tube. Take tlie tube out and clean it with carbolic 
lotion No. 39, once a day, and replace it as soon as possible. When the 
cause of suffocation is removed, the lube may bo taken out for good. 
'I'lic bole will soon fill up and heal. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 



CONCERNING THE VETERINARIAN'S CERTIFICATE OF 
SOUNDNESS. 



I. EXAMINATIONS IN Tin.S COUNTKV AND IN KITUOl'K. II. WHAT THE VETERINA- 
RIAN SHOVLU .SEE TO, FOR HIS CLIENT. III. CONDITIONS MODIFYIN(; THE CER- 
TIFICATE. IV. THE seller's CfARANTEE SHOILD COVER VICES. 

I. Examinations in this Country and in Europe. 

Under what ciiriinistance.s can a liorsi; be returned to tlie .seller, as un- 
sound? This we i)roi)ose to consider ))riefly, even thougii at tiie risk of 
a little re|)etition of directions given elsewhere. In Europe it is ((uitc a 
coninion practice to have horses examined for soundness by experts, but 
in this country, where every man professes to be a hoi'scman, there is 
much less of it done. Here, if a man gcits bitten in making a trade, he 
usually -says nothing, but contents himself with getting satisfaction out 
of the next one. Still, thei'c arc some examinations made for soundness 
even in this country, and it may bo well to state what a veterinarian base.s 
his decision ui)on, in giving a certiticate. 

II. What the Veterinarian should see to, for his Client. 

The age, size, and general ajjpearance of the animal .should first be 
considered ; also, his adaptability to (he purposes in view. It is the vet- 
erinarian's duty to u.se his influence to prevent his client from buying a 
draft horse for liis carriage, or vice versa ; in fact, he should consult not 
onl)' his client's needs, but his wishes and tastes as well, and should see 
that these are met as fully as possible. 

In making the detailed examination, he should sec that the mouth and 
tongue are all right, no poll evil, no running at the nose, uo cough, fistu- 
lous withers, nor anj'thing wrong with tlu; head or shoulders. He should 
sec that the fore legs arc free from bony deposits, and the feet from 
corns, sidcbones, contraction, etc. ; that there are no ruptures on any part 
of the belly or sei-otuin, no 1)roken hips, nor l)roken tail. Ho should 
carefully note whether the hmd legs are free from bony deposits, capped 
hocks, and spavins of all kinds, and make sure that there is no thicken- 
ing of any of the tendons of either the fore or hind quarters, nor jet 
anv windiralls or cr.rbs. 

4G3 



464 



Tin: A.MKKICAN FAU.MEK S STOCK HOOK. 



Noxl, move him foi' tlic detection of lameness — slow, fast, turning, 
hacking, stopping and starting again,* and also 
for the wind — whether thick or broken, and 
whether there is roaring, whistling, or wheezing. 
Tiicn examine the eyes closely — fii'st in the 
sunlight, next in a dark place, and then in the 
sun again — to detect any abnormal expansion 
or contraction of the pupil, and for opacity or 
cloudiness of the cornea, and clearness or oth- 
erwise of tlic iiuniors of the eye. 




ONK TI'.ST I-OIJ KOARINC. 



III. Conditions Modifying the Certificate. 
Any disease of any kind existing at the time- 



internal, skin or otherwise, is, strictly speaking, unsoundness. There 
are some conditions, however, which, though they are not absolutely 
sound, do no harm, and these should I)o mentioned witii a view of (juali- 
fying the certificate. Under this head will come splints, when not near 
tlic knee ; feet that show tlie pi'cvious existence of corns, but having 
none at present ; and curl)s, when old, as these, though ol)jcctional)lc, do 
not often hurt a horse for work, either fast or slow. The previous exi-^- 
tance of fistulous Avithers, if entirely cured and sound at present, is not 
unsoundness ; but marks of poll-evil would make an animal object iona- 
l)le, as it indicates a tendency to rear and, perhaps, to fall backwards, 
throwing tiic head violently upwards, etc 

IV. The Seller's Guarantee should cover Vices. 

The seller should guarantee a horse free from vice as well as sound, 
for vices cannot always bo detected, even by the most critical examina- 
tion. Under such a guarantee, a cribber ; a windsucker ; a kicker, 
either in the stall or harness ; one that pulls liack, and breaks the halter, 
and a shyer, arc all returnable. 

In case of any departure whatever from an alisolutcly healthv, natural 
condition, the surgeon, in justice to himself as well as his client, should 
state his opinion as to how much the defects noticed are likely to 
depreciate the \alue. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 



POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. 



I. GENERAL RULES. 11. POISONING FROM DRUGS, MINERALS, ETC. III. POISON- 
ING WHILE GRAZING IV. POISONING OF THE SKIN. V. POISONING KROM 

STINGS. 

I. General Rules. 

Horses are frequently poisoned, sometimes by eating noxious plants or 
by getting hold of poisonous 8ul)stances left a))out the stable ; sometimes 
liy malicious jiersons, from motives of revenge toward the owner, or to 
advance some personal intei'est ; and sometimes bj' overdoses of strong 
drugs. It is well, therefore, to know some of the more common poisons, 
with their modes of action and their antidotes ; and it is, of course, ex- 
tremely defiiral)le to be able to find and use suitable remedies with the 
least possible delay, since the loss of only a few minutes will, in some 
cases, cost the animal's life. A few general dii'ections, like the following, 
it will pay the reader to commit to memory, and thus have them at in- 
slnnt command : — When the animal is poisoned by an alkali, give 
him an acid, such as vinegar, &c. For poisoning by an acid, give an 
alkali, such as bi-carbonate of soda (baking soda.) Both the articles 
here specified are nearly always on hand. 

II. Poisoning from Drugs, Minerals, etc. 

ylcojMVe is frcquenth' given in overdoses, causing profuse perspiration; 
spasms of the glottis, seen in the continual swallowing when there is noth- 
ing to swallow ; congestion of the lungs, with difficult breathing ; gas- 
tro-enteritis (inflammation of the stomach and bowels) : and quick pulse, 
gradually becoming imperceptible, fiive strong coffee, in jiint doses, 
every fifteen minutes till relieved. 

Arsenic is sometimes got hold of. It is a corrosive, irritant poison, caus- 
ing diarrho-a, mucous discharge from the eyes and nose, a quick, wiry 
pulse, and injected mucous membranes. Iron sesqui-oxide (iron rust) is 
the best chemical antidote. It is prepared by dissolving copperas and bi- 
carbonate of soda in water, separately, and mixing the two solutions, 
when the iron rust will fall to the bottom. Wash it with warm 
water, put in a bottle, and give three or four tablespoonfuls every ten 
a- fifteen minutes. Being insoluble, it will have to be wa.shed down the 

465 



466 



THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 



animal's throat with plenty of water from the bottle. In the absence 
of this remedy give eggs, oils, milk, powdered charcoal, or l)lue clay. 

Aloes in large doses is poisonous. It produces diarrho-a and superpur- 
gation ; dryness of the mouth ; yawning and straining ; ([uick, hard pulse, 
gradually becoming imperceptible ; injected mucous memln-anes ; and, 
sometimes, irritation of the kidneys. Give powdered ipecacuanha, in 
half drachm doses, every hour; starch gruel, internally, and enemas 
(cold) of the same, with one ounce of laudanum in each injection, re- 
peating both gruel and enemas every hour ; opium, in drachm doses, every 
four to six hours ; clialk ; port wine ; and hot fomentations to the belly. 




(;a.~i i;u-i;m i.Ki i i,-. 
suffering: from inflammation ot the stomach and bowels. 



Ammonia, carbonate, is sometimes given in too large doses or uot suffi- 
ciently diluted, when the mouth, throat and stomach become burned and 
blistered, and salivation follows. Give olive oil in doses of two or three 
tablespoonfuls, five or six times a day ; also, milk and eggs. 

Belladonna is a favorite remedy with some, and, when much used, is 
apt to be given carelessly and in too large doses, giving rise to dilatation 
of the pupils, narcotism (stupor), swelling of the head, and delirium. On 
post mortem examination, the blood will be found fluid ; and decomposi- 
tion sets in early. Applv mustard to the chest, and cold to the head ; 
give milk and linseed oil — a pint of each, mixed, — and gentle exercise. 

Bryony is often given with aconite. Over doses cause gastro-enteri- 
tis ; liquid fceces ; scanty, bloody ui'ine ; and a quick, almost impercepti- 
ble pulse. Give a pint each of milk and linseed oil, mixed, with an 
ounce ,)f laudanum in it ; starch gruel injections, with an ounce of lauda- 
num in each one ; and hot cloths to the loins. 

Calomel is a coiTosive, irritant poison, causing a discharge of black 
offensive fceces, diarrhoea, and great depression. Give o])iuin, in dradi;:! 
doses, three times a dav ; also use lla::s("(Hl tea. 



POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. 



467 



Cantharides is a uiircotic, irritiint poison, causing gastro-enteritis, groat 
iriitatioii and inliamniation of ui'ino-genital organs, imperceptible pulse, 
and injected mucous membranes. Give a pint of linseed oil, which fol- 
low, after an hour, with large quantities of flaxseed tea or mucilage ; 
apply hot cloths to the loins ; give starch gruel and laudanum injections ; 
and opium, in drachm doses, three or four times a day. 

Cliloroform is a narcotic poison. It causes a slow pulse ; slow, heavy 
breathing ; insensibility to pain ; muscular twitchings ; dilatation of the 
pupils ; foaming at the mouth ; and stupor. Thi'ow cold water over the 
animal ; raise and lower the fore legs continuously ; pound the chest to 
induce respiration ; use Ijellows in the nostrils ; and give sweet spirits of 
nitre, in ounce doses, at intervals of half an hour, till two or three doses 
have been given. 

Cliloral Hydrate is similar, l)oth as to its effects and antidotes, to 
chloroform 

CrotoH Oil is an acrid, irritant poison. It may be either swallowed or 
absorbed from the skin, and causes gastro-enteritis, drastic purgation, 
and great prostration. The treatment is that for superpurgation. 




1>1:A>TIC I'UISONING. 

Characterislic appearance and action of a horse 



Copper Sidphate is a corrosive, irritant poison, bringing on gastro- 
enteritis and diarrhoea ; ulceration, perforation and thickening of the mu- 
cous membranes ; quick, hard, almost imperceptible pulse ; and, near 
smelting works, emaciation, paralysis and exostotic disease of the joints. 
These latter symptoms characterize the chronic, slow poisoning resulting 



468 THK AMKUICAN FAUMKU's STOCK l!<JOK . 

'roni grazing in the vicinity of these woiks, and inhaling the con- 
:!enscd funics or eating the poison-tainted grass ; and the remedy is sclf- 
suffijestive, viz : to remove to a greater distance from the works. In the; 
acnte ))oisoning, give a pint of linseed oil, eggs, soap in small (|iiantities, 
and milk, or flaxseed tea. 

Corrosive Sublimate is frequently got hold of in the form of rat- 
poison, and is a corrosive, irritant poison, causing gastro-enteritis, 
erosion of the mucous membranes of the stomach and bowels, foetid 
diarrhoja, salivation, fo'tid Incath, quick, weak pulse, and yellow 
appearance of mucous membranes. (Jive eggs and milk in large quanti- 
ties, with occasional doses of opium — a drachm at a dose. 

Erc/ot of Bye is a fungus that grows on rye and other kinds of grain, 
and which is developed on low, undrained soils by long continued damp 
weather. Large doses cause narcotism, colic, diarrhoea, and perverted 
nervous action ; impairs the appetite ; induces weakness and wasting, and 
serous — sometimes bloody — discharges from the mucous surfaces ; and in 
a bad case, oedema and gangrene of the ears, tail, and even the limbs. 
Give a pint of linseed oil, following it with large quantities of flaxseed 
tea, and give a drachm of opium three or four times a day. 

Ferriim Sulphas, (sulphate of iron), is a corrosive, irritnnt poison, 
causing the same symptoms as sulphate of copper. Give, as an antidote, 
galls, powdered, half an ounce ; or, bi-carbonate of soda, an ounce. 
After a few minutes, give large (juantities of flaxseed tea. Repeat the 
entire treatment cveiy few houis. 

Xux Vomica is an irritant poison, manifesting itself by tetanic spasms 
and general convulsions ; convulsions of the diaphraghm, causing labored 
In-i'athing ; and, sometimes, asphyxia. Give hydrated chloral in doses of 
half an ounce, every two hours, with occasional doses of opium : also, 
employ galvanism when practicable. 

Opium is a narcotic poison, producing partial or total paralysis, stu- 
por, stertorous (labored) breathing, slow pulse and contracted pupil. 
After death, the blood is fluid, and decomjiosition sets in early. Shower 
with cold water, give tannin, half a driulnn, and an occasional dose of 
sweet spirits of nitre — half an ounce at a time ; and force the animal to 
take exercise. 

Lead, in all its forms, is a corrosive, irritant poison, which, in acute 
cases, produces violent constipation, delirium, colicky pains, tremor of 
the muscles, and gastro-enteritis. In chronic eases, where the symptoms 
develope slowly, there will be noticed what is called Plumbism — exos- 
totic deposits, anchylosis of the joints, paralysis, staring coat, a blue line 
around the gums, emaciation, quick and wiry pulse ; with f^ces black, 
irlazed and foetid, the abdomen tucked up, and constant moaning. Give 



I'OISONS 4X1) TIIEIU ANTIDOTKS. 4(!y 

epsoui salts, two to four ounces ; after an hour, give iodidt; of potash, 
two or three drachms ; accompany these with occasional doses of opium 
in drachm doses ; put mustard paste to the belly ; and use large quanti- 
ties of flaxseed tea, 

Nitrate of potasli, in large doses, is an irritant poison, causing gastro- 
enteritis, (with vomition in pigs), injected membranes, inflammation of 
the gullet, colic, etc., and it iuis a powerful sedative action on the heart. 
Give linseed oil, and follow it with flaxseed tea and whisky ; i)ut mus- 
tard paste to tile l)elly and over the gullet. 

Common salt ( or sodium cliloride ) , in large quantities, acts as a corrosive, 
irritant poison, causing gastro-entcritis, injected mucons membranes, 
diarrhoea, weaiv and irrita})le pulse and excessive thirst ; also vomition in 
dogs and i)igs. Give milk and eggs, with a drachm of oi)ium every three 
or four hours ; if there is abnormal pain, apply mustard paste externally. 

Sulpliur is an irritant poison, causing diarrhani, gastro-enteritis, ema- 
ciation, and ebullitions of sulphuretted hydrogen gas from the anus, 
(foul wind-breaking). Give a dose of oil, with opium ; also starch gruel, 
both internally and as an injection. 

Strychnia is to be treated for the same as nux vomica. 

Turpentine is an irritant poison, causing gastro-enteritis, strangury of 
the kidneys, quick and hard pulse, diarrhoea, and a violet odor and high 
color to the urine. Give a small dose of oil, with opium, starch gruel, 
and laudanum, both internally and as an injection ; put hot cloths to the 
loins. 

White Hellehore, (^veratruin album) is an irritant poison, causing vomi- 
tion in dogs and pigs ; in the horse, intermittent pulse, gastro-entcritis, 
diarrhoea, spasms of the siqierficial muscles, salivation and great prostra- 
tion. It is liable to be absorbed from the skin as well as taken internally, 
doing the same amount of damage in either case. Give eggs and milk in 
large quantities, and small doses of olive oil and sweet spirits of nitre. 

III. Poisoning While Grazing. 

Acoi-n.i: when eaten in large ijuantities, cause gastro-enteritis ; consti- 
pation, followed by fluid fteces ; offensive breath ; glazed eyes ; (juick, 
wiry pulse ; discharges from the nose ; and gnashing of the teeth. Post 
mortem examination discovers acorns in the stomach ; inflammation of the 
coats of that organ and of the bowels ; and, sometimes, ecchymosis and 
gangrene. In the case of cattle, rumenotomy must be performed to 
remove the undigested acorns. For horses, etc., give oil and gruel, with 
laudanum, and follow these with gentian root, in two to four drachm 
doses, three times a day. 



470 THE AMKKICAN KAiniEll's STOCK BOOK. 

Copper sulphate poisoning, in its chronic form, from j,n-aziiig near 
smelting works, has been considered in the previous section. 

The tobacco plant is a narcotic, irritant jjoison, causing gastro-cnteritis, 
convulsions, metastatic inflammation, contracted pupil, sweating, inter- 
mittent i)ulse, diarrho-a, stertorous breathing, and stupor. Treat the 
same as for opium. 

Sumach, or Poisonous Oak, is an acrid poison, causing gastro-cnteritis, 
etc. Give oil, opium and flaxseed tea. 

Lobelia is an acrid, narcotic poison, causing salivation, gastro-enteritis, 
feel)lc pulse, convulsions, and stupor. Give oil, opium and niihl stimu- 
lants. 

rv. Poisoning of the Skin. 

Vegetable poisoning of the skin is not an uncommon occurrence, from 
the nose or lips of the animal coming in contact with some no.xious weed 
or plant while grazing. There arc many such plants, besides the poison 
oak and white hellebore noticed in the preceding section, such as poison 
ivy (or poison vine), hemlock, St. John's wort, etc. The symptoms of 
such poisoning correspond very nearly to those manifested in the human 
economy from the same cause, and which every one living in the coun- 
try is familiar with. The treatment is both constitutional and local, — the 
former by the use of alteratives, together with such purgatives as may bo 
recpiired to keep the bowels moderately loose ; the latter, l)y washing the 
irritated surface with a solution of sugar of lead, or other cooling and 

healing wash. 

v. Poisoning from Stings. 

In manv sections, every farmer is liable, in the summer season, to 
have his team severely stung by hornets, l)uniblc-bees, or the like ; while 
in the Southwest, the torture inflicted on stock by the swarms of certain 
Snats and poisonous flics is fairly nuiddening. Then, too, a stock man in 
the latter section is almost sure to occasionally meet with such urgent 
cases as rattlesnake or tarantula bites. 

A homely remedy for the sting of bees, wasps, etc., is to wash with 
salt and water ; and this is excellent, in ordinary cases. Onion juice is 
another. For severe cases, it will be better to anoint the parts with a 
compound of hartshorn and oil, — three parts of the former to one of 
the latter ; or spirits of turpentine and laudanum, in equal parts, will 
afford relief . It will be a good idea, if the irritation is very great, to 
sponge the whole body Mitii lime water or a weak solution of soda, and 
then smear M'ith linseed oil. 

To protect against gadflies, Avash the flanks and parts most likely to 
be attacked, with i\ strong infusion of the green bark of the commoa 
elder. 



POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. 471 

To protect agiiinst buffalo-gnats, etc., that are so trouljlcsome in the 
lower Mississippi regions, smear the i)arts they most affect with a mi,\- 
ture of tar or lard, in the proportions of one to two, respectively; or 
instead, with equal parts of petroleum, lard oil (or bacon drippings), 
and tar. 

For the bite of a rattlesnake, coppcrliead, or other venomous serpent, 
give the following as quickly as possible : 

No. 90. 1 Teaspoonful of hartshorn, 

1 Pint of whiskey, 
^2 Pint waini water, 
Mix. 

Cauterize the wound immediately, with an iron at white heat ; and keep 
the adjoining parts constantly wet for some hours, with ammonia, by 
means of a sponge. Unless the symptoms are urgent, the above recipe 
may be made up with half a pint (instead of a pint) of whiskey ; but in 
every case it will be best to repeat this smaller dose every hour, till relief 
is obtained. 

Stings of centipedes, scorpions and venomous spiders, (of wjiich the 
tarantula is the most common), should be treated the same* as snake bites ; 
but, in these cases, it is not so customary to cauterize. 



CHAPTER XXV. 



INSTRITMENTS, APPABATUS, AND MEDICINES. 



I WHAT INSTRUMENTS TO KEEP, AND HOW TO USE THEM. II. SURGICAL APPARATUS 

AND APPLIANCES. III. A CHEAP AND SERVICEABLE SURGICAL OUTFIT. 

IV. VETERINARY MEDICINES AND DOSES V. WHEN AND HOW OFTEN MAY THE 

DOSE BE ItEPEATED? VI. SIMPLE DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING AND USING MED- 
ICINES. VII. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

I. What Instruments to Keep, and How to Use Them. 

Bistoury. — For iiisiking incisions. It consists of a handle to which is 
attached a hhido, variously shaped, according to the exact use intended, 
and cither tixcd or movable. 

Catfie(er. — Used to draw off the couleiits of the bhidder when the 
horse cannot make water in the natural way. Also used in treating deep 
ulcers, liquid being injected through them by means of a syringe. In 
veterinary practice, it is a round gutta percha tube, of which one end is 
open, and the other rounded with two openings at the side near by. Oil 
well, and introduce cautiously; then slowly push it along the canal or 
passage, taking care to occasion no unnecessary pain. 

Firing-iron. — For making the actual cautery (burning with red-hot 
iron), which, though less practiced than formerly, is still useful in certain 
cases elsewhere specified. It is a heavy iron, with a blunt edge and a 
handle to hold it by. 

Fleam. — Strictly speaking, one kind of lancet, and that which in old 
times was alone used in veterinary practice. The manner of using it is 
fully explained in the article on bleeding. The incision must always be 
made lengthwise of the vein. 

Forceps. — Used for extracting splinters, pieces of bone, etc., and in 
the operation of lithotomy and litliotrity ; also, for seizing arteries in 
order to tie them. They are simply pincers with long jaws. Those with 
a spring are much to be preferred. 

Knives. — At least three or four different knives should be kept, and 
always keen and bright, for surgical purposes — some rounded and others 
pointed at the top. (See scalpel and shocing-knife.) 

Lancets. — There are two kinds, tluiinb and spring lancets, these 
names beingderived from the power that operates them. They are a great 
improvement upon the fleam, which is their primitive form. "We give 
the preference to the thumb lancet. 

472 



INSTRUMEXT8, APPARATUS, AND MEDICINE. 473 

Needles (^surgical). — Forsewing up wo;/iids, otc. Thfy:irc of different 
shapes as well as different sizes. (See seton needles.) 

Probang. — A straight, flexible rod, with a sponge on one end, for 
pushing substances down the throat, in cases of strangulation. Two 
kinds are shown in the cut on jiage SoH. 

Probe. — For exploring wounds. They are made of silver wire with 
one end slightly knobbed, and of different sizes. 

Scalpel. — A surgeon's knife, straight and keen edged. For vetcn-inary 
purposes, it should be broad and strong. 

Scissors (curved). — Indisjjensable for triniming the edges of wounds, 
clipping off the hair, etc. 

Seton needles. — For drawing setons under the skin. Their blades are 
broad and curved, with a round shaft eighteen inches long and one eye 
at the blunt end. 

Shoeing-kni/'e. — Sometimes called the frog-knife or drawing knife, 
being the knife used by blacksmiths for cutting into and paring the hoof, 
in horseshoeing. It is a thin blade with a sharply curved end, fixed in a 
handle, and will be found quite useful in the care of the horse's feet, in 
health, as well as in treating the same when diseased. 

Syringe. — There are regular horse and cattle syringes now procurable. 
For giving small doses of liquid medicines one that can be worked 
with one hand is almost indispensable. The old-fashioned pail and india- 
rubber pipe is a clumsy, yet in most cases, efficient substitute in giving 
injections. A small syringe for injecting abscesses, cleaning wounds, 
etc., will also be desii'al)le. 

Trovhar. — A simple surgical instrument, resembling a pointed awl. It 
is now generally provided with a cainiula, which is a hollow tul>e enclos- 
ing it. (See cut on page 724.) Its uses in puncturing the abdomen, 
chest, &c.,have been repeatedly given elsewhere, the cannula, as a rule, 
l)eing allowed to remain in the orifice, as a channel for the escape of the 
water, serum, or gas, as the case may be. 

II. Surgical Apparatus and Appliances. 

In addition to the instruments described in the last section, there are 
various apparatus and api)liances which the stock owner should always 
keep on hand, or at least have at ready command in case of need. The 
following list will, we think, be found sufficiently complete for all prac- 
tical purposes. 

Drenching bottle. — This is now generally used, instead of the old-time 
drenching-horn. It should hold a quart at least, and have a long neck. 
A champagne or ale bottle will be about the thing. 



474 TIIK ASIKinCAN FAltMKu's STOCK HOOK. 

lIohhh'H. — To i)rcvent a horso from kirking ; more especially, for use 
in casting. (Soo article on casting in chapter XXII of this Part.) 
Tlicy are two strong ropes, each about twenty-live feet long, with the 
same number of strong leather straps, doubled, each with a two inch 
seam between and a strong buckle. It rc(iuires three or four men to cast 
ahorse. Put a loose collar on the horse, and fasten both ropes securely 
to llii^ bottom of it, or, better (if the yo\w is long enough), loop the mid- 
dle lo the collar. Buckle one of the two leather straps tightly on each 
hind pastern ; through the rings or D's of the straps pass the ends of the 
rope, carrying the same forward through the collar, for the assistants, 
(standing well ahead) to pull away at, while a good man manages the 
animars head. To prevent kicking (while standing), fasten the ends of 
the rope to the collar, after drawing suiUciently tight. 

liiijatures, — Cords or strings, most commonly silk thread, used for 
tying arteries and thus preventing or stopping hemorrhage. Tie with a 
surgeon's knot, made by jiassing one end annnul the other twice and tl;en 
drawing tightly. 

^osi'-bag. — This should be roomy, and be kept scrupulously clean. 

Scton. — A cord or small roll of leather, tape or clotii, drawn under 
the skin and then out again at a short distance, by means of the seton 
needle. It is usetl to promote and keep up a discharge of pus, and thus 
reduce inilammation, and, \\\i> better to secure this end, it is soaked with 
turpentine or smeared with some other irritant, and daily turned or 
drawn forward and backward through its channel. Setons have almost 
entirely superseded the old-fashioned rowel, which is a ring of leather, 
suitably prepareil and pushed down into a pocket made in the skin. 

Slings. — These are well illustrated on pages 'IhO anil 2.S(i. The}' arc 
not so difKcult to make as many imagini\ Take, for the girdle which 
passes under the horse's belly, a broad strip of leather or strong I'anvass 
twenty-eight inches M'ide and about seven feet long, stiffening the ends 
by sewing them around smooth sticks or chunks of wood, to which fasten 
very strong loops of ropo. Double blocks and pulleys being attached 
to these loops by strong ropes passing through ti.xed pulleys over- 
head, the animal can be nearly or entirely lifted from his feet, as may 
be desired. This girdle is kept in proper position by suitable breeching 
and breast-straps attached to it, as shown on page 2^{\. 

SpongcK. — From four to six of these should always be at hand, of 
which at least one (a small one) should bo very fine. Their sizes should 
be graduated, the largest being such as are often used for washing car- 
riage's. 

Tents. — Like setons, these are suppuratives, but are employed in the 
dressing of wounds. They consist of pledgets of tow, lint, or the like, 
moistened with turpentine. 



INSTRUMENTS, APPARATUS, AND MKDICINES. 475 

Twitch. — This has been described and iiiustratod in the chapter on 
Operations. One shoidd be kept lianging in the stable constantly, ready 
for immediate use. 

III. A cheap and serviceable Surgical Outfit. 

The following convenient outtit will serve the purposes of the great 
7najority of horsemen, and can be selected, at very moderate cost, from 
the stock of any surgical instrument dealer. Most of the histruments, 
in fact, can l)e bought at the larger drug stores of cities. Everything 
should be kept together, in a neat wooden box. 

1. A thumb lancet, and, if wished, a fleam. 

2. A pair of spring forceps. 

3. A bistoury, blunt pointed. The slightly cui'ved form, with the 
sharp edge on the inside, is considered the best for most purposes. 

4. An aneurismal (a long, blunt) needle, which is also very serviceable 
for introducing small setons. 

5. A silver probe. 

6. A shoeing (or frog) knife. 

7. A pair of curved scissors. 

8. A broad scalpel, for which, however, any straight, 1n-oad-bladcd 
knife, with a keen edge, may be substituted. 

9. A seton needle. 

10. A few sui'gical needles, of different sizes and shapes ; some white 
thread, and thin cat-gut or, instead of the latter, fine sewing silk. A 
leather case or roll will be needed to keep these articles in. 

rv. Veterinary Medicines and Doses. 

The following list comprises the principal drugs used in veterinary 
practice, those of them not among the farmer's own stores being easily 
procurable at any drug store. Many of these it will be advisable to keep 
always on hand, — say enough for ten doses, — everything in white bottles, 
the latter well corked and carefully labeled. Corrosive subtances it will 
not do to cork ; the stf)pi)ers must be ground glass. When medicines 
have been kept so long that they have lost their strength, they should be 
thrown away, and replaced with fresh. Old compounds not likely to be 
used again soon, ought not to be kept with the other medicines. The best 
plan is to throw them away, as they will only clutter up any cupboard 
you may put them in, and ten to one, even if you want to use the same 
prescription again, you will decide to compound it afresh. 

For an explanation of the terms below employed in classifying these 
drugs, the reader is referred to page 237. 

Acetic acid. — Antidote to alkalis, cooling astringent. Horse, 1 drachm ; 
ox, 2 drachms ; sheep, 1 scruple. 



476 TIIK AMEKIC.W FAltMEK's STOCK BOOK. 

Aconite, tincture of. — Sedative, diaphoretic. Hoi>e, 10 drops ; ox, 30 
to 40 drops ; slieep, 3 to 5 drops. 

Alcohol. — Stimulant, diuretic, narcotic. Horse, ^ ounce; ox, 3 to (J 
ounces ; sheep, ^ ounce. Locally, a I'ooliiig astringent . 

Aloes, Barhadoes. — Purgative. Horse, 4 to (! draclnns 

Alum. — Astringent. Horse, 2 to 3 drachms ; ox, 3 to 4 drachms; 
sheep, ^ to 1 drachm. 

Ammonia, liquid. — Diffusii)le stinudant, anti-.spasmodic, antacid, diu- 
retic. Horse, ^ ounce ; ox, i to 1 ounce ; sheep, 4 to 1 drachm. It 
should be well diluted. 

Ammonia, carbona/c of. — I)iffusil)h' stimulant, anti-si)asniodic, ant- 
acid, diuretic. Horse, 1 drachm : ox, 4 to 6 drachms : sheep, ^ to 1 
di'achm. 

Anise seed, caraway, cardamon, fennel seed. — Stomachic, carminative. 
Horse, 1 ounce ; ox, 1 to 2 ounces ; sheep, 2 to 4 drachms. 

Arnica, tincture of. — Stimulant, diuretic. Horse, 1 drachm ; ox, 1 
drachm ; sheep, 1 scruple. 

Asafijetida. — Diffusible stinuilant, carminative, vermifuge. Horse, 2 
drachms ; ox, 4 drachms ; sheep, ^ to 1 drachm. 

Balsam of Peru. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant. Hor.se, I 
ounce ; ox, I to 1^ ounces ; sheep, 2 drachms. 

Borax. — Nerve sedative, uterine slimulant. Horse, 2 to (! drachms ; 
ox, ^ to I ounce ; sheep, \ to 1 drachm. 

Blackberry root. — Astringent. Horse, 2 to 4 drachms ; ox, i ounce ; 
sheep, 2 scruples. 

Camphor {gum). — Anlispasmodic. Horse, 1 to 2 draclnns; ox, 2 to 4 
drachms ; .sheep, 1 scruple. 

Carbolic acid — Sedative, iuiodj'ne, astringent, antiseptic, disinfectant. 
Horse, 10 to 20 drojis ; ox, 1 drachm ; sheep 10 drops. 

Cherry bark, tvild. — Expectorant. Horse, 1 ounce ; ox, 1^ ounces ; 
sheep, 3 drachms. 

Copaira. — Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant. Horse, 2 to 4 drachms; 
ox, 3 to 4 di'achms ; sheep, i to 1 drachm. 

Creain of tartar. — Diuretic. Horse, ^ ounce ; sheep, 4 to (i drachms. 
Laxative : horse, 5 ounces ; ox, 5 to H ounces ; sheep, 1 to 2 ounces. 

Ergot. — Checks bleeding, ])arturicnt. Horse, i to 1 ounce ; ox, 1 ouin-e ; 
sheep, 1 tt) 2 drachms. 

lro)t, jxroxidc. — Tonic. Ilcn-se, 2 drachms; ox, 4 ilrachms ; sheep, 1 
drachm. An antidote to arsenic. 

Laudanum. — Narcotic, sedative, anodjne, antispasmodic. Horse, 1 
to 2 ounces ; ox, 2 ounces ; sheep, 2 to 3 drachms. The druggist calls 
this tine/ lire (f opium. 



INSTUUMENTS, Al'l'AKATU.S. AND MEDICINES 477 

Lime, chloride of. — Chcoks tviii));iny. (lisiiifectaiit . Horse, 2 dnicliiiis ; 
sheej), 1 to 2 drachms. 

Linwed oil . — Laxative. Horse-, 1 to 2 pints; ox, 1 to 2 (|uarts ; siioep, 
i pint. 

Lobelia. — Sedative, aiitisj)asni()dic, expectorant. Horse, 1 to 2 
drachms ; ox, 1 to 3 drachms ; sheep, 15 grains ; swine, 5 to 15 grains. 

Lunar cauntic (^nitrate of .silver). — Nerve tonic. Horse, 5 grains ; ox, 
5 to 8 grains ; slieep, 1 to 2 grains. 

Mallow. — Demulcent. Give freely of cold infusion. 

Oak hark. — Astringent. Horse, 1 ouiuie ; ox, 2 to 4 ounces; sheep, 4 
drachms. 

Olive oil. — Laxative. Horse, 1 to 2 jjints ; ox, 2 to 3 joints ; slu^ep, 3 
to fi ounces. 

Opium. — Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic. Horse, ^ to 2 
drachms ; ox, 2 to 4 drachms ; sheep, 10 to 20 grains. 

Pepper, black. — Stomachic, stimulant. Horse, 2 drachms ; ox, 3 
drachms ; sheep, 1 to 2 scruples. 

Peppermint . — 30 to (50 drops. 

I^iwipkin seeds. — Vermifuge, t«niafuge (ta])e-wonn medicine). Horse, 

1 ))int. 

llliuharh. — Laxative, tonic. Horse, 1 ounc^e ; ox, 2 ounces ; sheep, 1 
draciun. 

Rosin. — Diuretic. Horse, 2 drachms ; ox, ^ to 1 ounce ; sheep, 2 to 
4 drachms. 

Soap. — DiuH'tic, antacid, laxative. Horse, h, ounce ; sheep, 2 to l> 
drachms. 

Sweet spirits of nitre. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic, diaphoretic. 
Horse, 1 to 2 ounces ; ox, 3 to 4 ounces ; sheep, 3 to (j drachms. 

Tobacco. — Sedative, antis[)asmodic, vermifugi!. Horse, 4 drachms ; 
ox, 4 to (5 drachms ; sheep, 1 drachm. 

Tar. — Expectorant, antise])tic. Horse, ^to\ ounce ; ox, | to 2 ounces ; 
sheep, ^ ounce. 

Turpentine, oil of . — Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic. Horse, 1 to 

2 ounces ; ox, 1 to 1^ ounces ; sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. Vermifuge : 
Horse, 2 ounces ; ox, 2 to 3 ounces ; sheep, 4 drachms. 

Valerian. — Diffusible stimidant, antisi)asmodic, vermifuge. Horse, 2 
ounces ; ox, 2 to 4 <Hinces ; sheep, ^ ounce. 

Zinc, sulphate of. — Astringent, tonic. Hors(>, ^ drachm ; ox, 2 to 3 
drachms ; sheep, 15 to 30 grains. 

V. When and How Often may the Dose be Repeated ? 
The graduation of doses, accoi-ding to age, condition, etc., has been 



478 THE AMERICAN FARJVIEK's STOCK HOOK. 

explained on page 238. Wo add the following general tlirections for the 
reader's guidance in repeating the dose. 

Alteratives. — Give twice or thrice daily. 

Anodynes. — ^Four hours apart till tiicy effect their object. 

Antispasmodics. — Same as anodynes. 

Diaphoretics. — Same as alteratives. 

Diuretics. — Two to four hours apart, according to urgency of the case. 

Js^inetics. — These are not given to the horse, his anatomy being such 
that vomiting is not possible. For other animals, repeat every five or ten 
minutes, assisting their action by opening the mouth and irritating the 
throat with a feather. 

Febrifuges. — Two to four times daily. 

Narcotics. — Four hours apart till the desired effect is produced. 

Ptirgatives. — As these are usually very powerful, overdosing must be 
guarded against, by waiting till the first dose has had full time to operate. 
This will be not less than thirty-six hours for the horse : twelve to fifteen 
hours for sheep and cattle ; and seven to ten hours for hogs. Draughts 
of lukewarm water, or of warm gruel, hasten the action of purgatives. 

Refrigerants. — Twice or thrice daily. 

Sedatives. — Every four hours, as long as necessary. 

Stimulants. — Four hours ai)art till the desired effect is produced. 

Tonics. — Twice or three times dail}-. 

VI. Simple Directions for Preparing and Using Medicines. 

Balls. — Made of drugs (in powdered form) mixed with honey or molas- 
ses and linseed meal to about the stiffness of dough, and then wrapped in 
tissue paper, oiled for greater ease in swallowing. Care nmst be taken 
not to make it too large. A little thicker than a man's thumb will be 
right for horses and cattle. The ball must not be round, but cylindrical 
in shape, as shown in the cuts given in Chapter XXI, of this Part. 

Drenches. — Made, when the remedial agent is itself not alicpiid, either 
as decoctions or as infusions. Tlie latter are made with eitiier cold or 
hot -water. Small quanties of powdered drugs can be mixed witJi thick 
gruel or mucilage, and given as a drench. Directions for giving drenches 
will be found on pages 239 and 448. Care must be taken tt) thoroughly 
dilute strong irritating liquids, so that if held in the animal's mouth for 
as much as live minutes, it will do no harm. There are some licjuids of 
this class, as oil of turpentine, croton oil, etc., that will not mix with 
water, and hence should be prepared with olive or linseed oil, or milk 
beaten witii eggs ; or, in some cases, they may l)o given in mucilage. 

Hgpodermic injections. — From the rapidly increasing use of theso 
expedients by physicians, there seems to be a growing disposition to 



INSTRUMENTS, APPARATUS, AND MEDICINES. 479 

employ thoni in veti'i-iiiiiry practice also. They can only be administered 
with a hyi)odermic syringe, and, us a rule, ought not to 1)0 resorted to 
without the advice of a competent surgeon. 

Injections or Enemas. — These are not at all difficult to give, especially 
if one has a regular horse sj'ringe. Patent injectors that pump in the 
liquid continuously arc in the market. (See article "Syringe," in Section 
I, this chapter.) 

VII. Weights and Measures. 

In compounding drugs it is necessary to be very exact as to weights 
and measures. The druggist, with his delicate scales and expertness in 
manipulation, is the best person to put up your veterinary prescription, 
if it is otherwise convenient to have him do so. Frequently this is not 
the case, however, and we therefore recommend farmers to provide them- 
selves (as can be done at small expense) with a pair of scales and a meas- 
uring glass for liquids. The weights for the former should be accord- 
ing to what is called apothecaries' weight, instead of avoirdupois, while 
the glass will l)e already marked according to wine measure, so called. 



TABLE OP AI'OTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 

20 gr.ains make one scruple, 
3 scruples make one drachra, 
8 drachms make one ounce, 

12 ounces make one pound. 



TABLE OF WINE MEASURE. 

60 minims, or drops, make one drachm, 
8 drachms make one ounce, 

16 ounces make one pint, 
2 pints make one quart, 
4 quarts make one gallon. 

Sufficient accuracy in fluid measure for anything not violent in its 
action, will be the following: 

60 drops, or 1 tea-spoonful, make 1 drachm, 
4 tea-spoonfuls, or 1 table-spoonful, make }4 ounce, 
2 table-spoonfuls make 1 ounce, 
1 wine-glassful makes 2 ounces, 
1 tea-ou|)ful makes 5 ounces, 
1 tiuiililiTful makes '^ pint. 
1 tin-cupful (commonest size) makes 1 pint. 

A handful of flaxseed, or other seeds usually innocent in their nature, 

will weigh al)out 2 ounces ; a handful of leaves or dried herbs will weigh 

about 1 ounce. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 



BECIPES FOR THE HORSE. 



As a matter of convenience to 
precious in treating his sick stocl 
prescriptions for the horse. 

XO. 1. l.OTIOS KOU FISTULA. 

Sulphate of copper, 2 dnu-linis, 
AVatei-, }.2 pint, 

Mis.' 
Inject ouci! or twice :v ilay. 

XO. 2. LOTION KOU FISTULA. 

Sulphate of zinc, :{ drachnis, 
AVater, }.^ Jiint, 
Mix. 

Injci't oni'c or t\\ ii-e a day. 

No. ;i. LOTION FOR FISTULA. 

Corrosive sublimate, 1 drachm, 
AVater, >2 pi"t. 
Mix. 

Inject once or twice a day. 

No. 4. FEVER MIXTURE. 

Sweet spirits nitre, 1 ounce. 
Tincture aconite root, 1 drachm, 
Nitrate of potash, 1 ounce, 
AVater, }.i pint, 

Mix. 
Give a tablespoonfnl every 2 liours 

No. ."). CARBOLIC LOTION. 

Carbolic acid, 1 part, 
AVater, 30 parts. 

Mix. 
Inject three limes a day. 

No. li. CARHOLIC LOTION. 

Carbolic acid, }.i ounce, 
AVater, 1 pint. 

Mix. 
Use three or four times a day. 



the reader, to whom time will often be 
c, we add this chapter, resuming all our 



. WHITE LOTION FOR FLESH WOt:NT)S. 

Sulphate of zinc, drachms, 
Sujfarof lead, 1 ounce. 
Water, 1 pint, 

Alix and shake. 
Apply three times a day. 



No. 8. HOOF OINTMENT. 

Pine tar, 4" fluid ounces, 
A\liale oil, 4 vmnces, 
(If too 4hiu in warm weather, add 
nuitton tallow, 2 ounces). 
Mix. 
Api.ly nncc a ,lay. 



No. 9. FLY BLISTER. 

Powdered cantharides, 3^2 ounce, 
Lard, 2 ounces, 

Mix. 
Kub well in. 



No. 10. RED MERCUlilAL BLISTER. 

Biuiodide of mercury, 2 drachms, 
Lard, 2 ounces. 

Mix. 
Kub well in. 



No. 11. COMPOUNU LINIMENT. 

Tincture of iodine, 3 ounces, 
Aqua annnonia, 1 ounce. 
Oil of turpentine, 1 ounce. 
Glycerine, 1 ounce. 

Mix. 
Bub well in twice a day. 



480 



RECIPES FOR THE HORSE. 



481 



XO. 12. COOLING LOTION. 

Muriate of ammonia, 1 ounce, 
Xitrate of potash, 1 ounce. 
Water, 1 quart, 

MLx. 
Apply tlu-ee times a day. 



'So. 13. COOLING LOTION. 

Vinegar (strong), 1 pint. 
Common salt, a handful. 
Water, 1 pint, 

Mix. 
Apply three or four times a day. 



No. 14. LINIMENT FOK SPRAINS. 

Liquor ammonia, 1 ounce. 
Tincture arnica, 1 ounce. 
Tincture opium, 1 ounce, 
Oil turpentine, 1 ounce, 
Alcohol, 1 ounce. 
Water to make 1 pint, 

Mix. 
Jiub ^^■ell in twice a day. 



No. 1."). LINIMENT FOK SPRAINS. 

Tincture arnica, !);> ounces. 
Tincture of opium, 1 ounce, 
Ijiquor ammonia, !}£ ounces. 
Water to make 1 pint. 

Mix. 
Kuh well hi twice a day. 



No. Hi. DIURETIC POWDER. 

Rosin, 2 ounces. 

Nitrate of potash, 2 ounces. 

Powder and mix. 
Divide into twelve powders, and give 

one night and morning in soft 

feed. 



1". IODINE LOTION. 

Iodine, 1 drachm. 
Iodide of potash, 1 drachm. 
Alcohol, 1 ounce. 
Water to make 1 pint, 

Mix. 
Inject twice a day. 



No. 18. EEVEK MIXTURE. 

Tincture aconite root, 1 drachm, 
Fluid extract l)elladonna, 2 drachms, 
Sweet spirits nitre, 2 ounces. 
Carbonate of ammonia, 1 ounce. 
Nitrate of potash, 1 ounce, 
AVater to make 1 pint. 

Mix. 
Give a taWcsiioonful cveiy 2 hours. 



No. lit. PASTE KOR OPEN .lOINT. 

( 'arbolic acid, 1 draclim, 

(ilycerine, 2 drachms. 

Flour, enough to make a paste. 

Mix. 
Make a paste, and apjily to the cut 
twice a day. 

No. 20. TOMC POWDER. 

Sulphate of iron. 2 ounces, 
Cinchona bark, 2 ounces, 

Powder and mix. 
Divide into twelve powders, and give 
one night and morning in the feed. 

No. 21. FEVER MIXTURE. 

Tincture aconite root, i drachm. 
Sweet spirits nitre. 1 1., ounces. 
Nitrate of potash. I'.j ounces. 
Water to make 1 pint. 

Mix. 
Give a tahlespoontul every two 
hours. 



No. 22. TONIC POWDER. 

Sulphate of iron, l^.i ounces. 
Nitrate of potasli, 2 ounces. 

Powder and mix. 
Divide into twelve powders, and give 
one night and niorniiig in soft 

feed. 

No. 28. PURGATIVE BALL. 

Barbadoes aloes, 'i drachms. 
Ginger, 1 drachm. 
Gentian root. 1 draehin. 
Syrup or sua)), enough In combine 
foregoing. 
Powder and mix. 
Make a ball, and give as one dose. 



482 
No. ■- 



llir, AMi;i!l(AN I'AKMKU S STOCK HOOK. 



No. 



I. ASTKIN(ii;N T WASH. 
Sii;;;if (if lc:iil. I oiiiici', 
Wlll.T. I piiil. 

,Mis. 
.\|i|ily IllliM' lillU'S ;i il:l\ . 



■>. i.orioN I'oi; iiiaisi;. 
'I'iiicliin' (if iiniicn, 1 (mncc, 
I.iukIiiiiiiiii. I ounce, 
Wiitcr lo make I |iiiit. 

Mix. 
.\|i|'l,V lliii'c limes :i dav, and liand- 



li. A('ll> LOTION. 

llydnicliloiic acid, '^ ounco. 
Water, I pint. 

Mix, 
Apply Iwiee a day. 



:7, I.OTION (ANOHYNH.) 

'I'lnelure of arnica, 1 (inuce, 
Tlnefure of opiinn, I ounce. 
Water to nlal^e I piul. 

Mix. 
Apply thi-ec limes a day williout a 
baudau'c. 



2S. I.OIION I'Olt I'l.CI'.KA rKI> llONK 
llydrocllloric acid. J dracluu-. 
Water, '•« pint. 

Mix. 
Apply iw ice a day. 



!'.!. .sril()N<i CAKUOl.lC I.OTION. 

('arl)olic acid. '... ounce, 
l.inseed oil,>'.,. pint. 

Mix. 
Appi) three times a day. 



;10. I'Kvi'.it Mixn i;k. 
'riiiedire aconite root, I drachm, 
Klulil exlrael belladona, l! draelims. 
Water, I ounces. 

Mix. 
(live a taliles'ioouful ever\ 'J iioiirs. 



I. ;!1. ausokhim; ointmknt. 
Iodide of potash, •• draeliin.-, 
Lard, 2 oimces. 

Mix. 
Apply once a day \\ ilii friction. 

>. IfJ. r \NN1C I.OTION. 

'I'amde acid, '.j ounce, 
\'iue;;ar. 1 ounce. 
Water. I (piart. 

Mix. 
Appl\ Ihrce times a day. 

,). ;i;t. i>n liKiic rownKii. 
Uosin, '2 oimces. 
Nitrate of potash, 1 ounces, 
l.inseed meal, '.' oimces. 

Powder and mux. 
(live a tal>lespoouf(d morniii;:' and 
ui^iil in the feed. 

o. ;! I. tonic ro\vi>i;ii. 

•Sulphate oi' iron. 1'... ounces. 
Nitrate of potash, I oiiiice, 
K(emi^recU seed. '1 drachms, 
l.inseed meal, 2 ounces, 

I'owder and mix. 
(;ive a tahlespoonful moruini;- and 
nifihl in tlie feed. 

o. ;i.'i. roNic MlXTlTii;. 

'I'iuclure of Iron, 1 ounce, 
'rinclure of }rentian, I ounce. 
Water, III ounce--. 
Mix. 
(iivelwo tahlcspooufuls three times ii 
day. 

O. ;(H. roWUM! KOK UIIKIMATISM, 

('olciilcuinseed (powdered'). 1 oiinee. 
Nitrate of potash. 1 ounce, 
[■'(cnn^reek seed. "J dvaelinis. 
Mix. 

Divide into twelve powders, and jiive 
one nii;ht and nuvruin-;- in soft, 
feed. 

o. :17. Ai.ri;i!A rivK comithnp. 
Kpsmn salts, I ounces. 
Nitrate of potash, •_' ounces, 
i.iuseed meal, I ounces. 

Mix. 
(iivea lahles|io(>uful twice a day in 
soft feed. 



UKCIl'ICS I'OK Til 10 llOltSK. 



AH3 



No. :lS. M.IKIiAllVK, MIXTUUIC. 
I'dlas^iiiiii iiiilidr, 'J (iiinccs. 
WiiliT, I pirn. 

Mix. 
(ilvc u Inlih'spnoiiliil iiioniin^' iiiid 

llijrhl. 



N<). It'.). fAKBOl.K' LOTION. 

Ciirliolic iirid, 2 (liacliiiis. 
Wilier. 1 jiiiil. 

Mix. 
Iiijerl three limes ;i day. 

No. 10. KKVKK MIXTIIHK. 

Sweet spirits nitre. 1 '.j oiiiiees, 
'IHiietiin' iK'iiiiile root. 1 <liailiin, 
Fluid exlrucl lielliidoiina, -J dnicliiiis, 
'I'iiietliri' ffeutiaii, 1 oilliee. 
Nitrat(! of potasli. 1 oiiinc, 
Miiriateof aininoiiia. I miiici'. 
Water 1oiiial*e I pint. 

Mix. 
(Jive a \viiie;;lassfMl every two lii>iii> 

ill l)a<l eases, and tlireeorfoiirtinieiJ 

a dav in mild cases. 



No. II. AMMONIA Itl.l.STKK. 

M(|iii>r ammonia, 2 ounces, 
oil Inrpi'iitine, 2 ounces, 
hinseed oil. ".' outk-cs. 

Mix. 
Huh well in (.nee a day I ill mildly 
hllstereil. 



No. 12. I'OWDKU I'-Oll IlKAVKS. 

I'owdered lohelia seed. 2 ounces. 
I/mseed meal, 2 oniK'cs, 

Mix. 
Divide into ei;;ht powders, and J?ive 
one nif;hl and niornin;; in soft feed ; 
wail a week, and repeal. 

No. Hi. (,'Ol(!ll I'OWDKH. 

(iiiin camphor, I '.^ ouni^es, 
I'ow<l('red (li;jitalis, I ounce, 

l.iiiseed nieal. 2 out s. 

Mix. 
Divide into twelve pow<lerH, and give 
o:ie night and morning In soft feed. 



No. II. I'KOI'. ]>!( k's COli;!! KKCIPK. 
Cmij camphor. I drarlim. 
Ilpiiim. I ilrai'lim. 
Digitalis, I (Ir.'ichm. 
Calomel. I ihaclim. 

Mix. 
Malic a ball with syrup, unilgiveas 
one dose, repealing onci' a day for 
a week; wail a week, and repeat. 



\o. I."), coicii Mi.XTiim;. 

I'l iissic acid, dilute, 2 diaclnns, 
'I'iiiclurc of cainphor. I ounce, 
I'Muid (•xhai-l licllailomia. :t dracUinS. 
'rinclurc gciilian, I oimcc\ 
Chlorali'of potash. I ounce. 

Water I iKc I pinl. 

Mix. 
(Jive two tahlcspoonluls three times 
a day. with a syringe. 



No. Hi. l.OIION KOlt SOUK MOUTH. 

Uorax, 1 ounce, 
Honey, 1 ounce, 
Water to make I pint. 

Mix. 
.\pply thri'c limes a day. 



No. 17. Ml.XTlMfK KOK KI.ATIJLKNCK. 

ni-i^!irhonale soda. 1 teuspoonful. 
(iingcr, I omice. 
Water, '^ pint, 

Mix.' 
(JiV(! as one <l()sc. 



No. IH. A srnoNc i-iu(;ativk. 
Barl)aiIoes aloes, C, drachru! 
Ijnsci'd oil. I pinl. 

Mix. 
Give as one <l()sc. 



No. ID. STIMII.ATINd MIXTUII 

Whisk(^y, 2 ounces. 
ICxtract ging('r, 1 ounce, 
Water, 'aPlnt, 

Mix. 
(ilve as one dose. 



484 



•I'lIK AMKIMCAN I'AiniEli S STOCK HOOK. 



No. .'lO. MIXTT'KK FOU COLIC. 

Swi'("l si>irits nitre, lijj ounces, 
'rinctuiv o|)iuiu, 1 oiiiioe, 
Kxtriu'l {>iiifcer, }., ounce, 
Water, }g pint. 

Mix. 
(!ivp !is line dose. 

No. ."ll. MlXTl UK l-OK WIND COLIC. 

Chloroforni. )s ounce, 
liinseed oil, 1 (juart. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose. 

No. ."l2. ANODVNK MIXTfUK. 

.Sulpliali" of iiiorpliia. 4 grains. 
Water, )ij ounci'. 

Mix. 
(live as one dose. 

No. 53. MIXTl'UK KOK WIND COLIC. 

Bi-carbonate soda, a tablespoouful. 
Water, a leai'iipful. 
Mix. 

(!ive as oiu' dosiv 

No. 51. MIXTl UK KOK \V1M>C0LU'. 

Oil luipenliiic, I oiiiicc, 
I.insecd oil. i., piiil. 
'I'lui'liin' of npiiini. 1 oiuu'C, 

Mix. 
Give as one dose. 

No. 55. MIXTl'UK KOU WIND COLIC. 

Chloroform, 1 ounce, 
Linseeil ojl, 1 pint. 

Mix. 
(iive as one dose. 

No- 5(;. MlXTl UK KOU COXSTU'ATION. 

Linseed oil, 1 (iiiart, 

'rineluri' mix vomica, 1 ounce, 

Mix. 
(iive ;i- one dose. 

No. 57. CUOTON OIL I.INIMKNT. 

(^roton oil. 1 ounce, 
Linseed oil, :! oimecs, 

Mix. 
Knl) in well to lli.' liellv. 



.58. MIXTLKK FOK 1>IARUH(BA. 

Prepare<l clialK, 1 ounce. 
(iingiT, 1 iiuiiee. 
Opium, 1 (liarlim, 
Starcli gruel, 1 pint. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose. 

, 51). ASTUINCKNT MIXTURE. 

Linspcd oil, '.j pint. 
Opium, 1 (li';u'hm, 
'rinilure < aU'iliu, 1 ounce, 

,Mix. 
( iive ,is one dose. 

(ill. ASTUINCKNT MIXTURE. 

'rinclure caleelm, 1 ounce. 
Spirits of campluM-. K, ounce, 
TiiielMre opium. I (lUiiee, 
Starrli gruel, 1 i|narl. 

Mix. 
(iive as one dose. 

. (il. ANODYXK IN.IKCTION. 

'I'iiuline opium, 1 ounce, 
SulplMiric eilier. I ounce, 
Slari'h. 1 (piail. 

Mix. 
(iive as injeclioM. 

. tJ'J. ANODYNK MIXTURE. 

Uromide jailassimn, 8 ounces, 
\\'alcr. I pitil. 

Mix. 
(ii\i' l\\<i lal)lcsi)oonfuls three times 
a day. 

. (i:i. MIXTURE KOU TETANUS. 

Fluid extract belladonna, bounces, 
I'rus-iic acid (dilute), 2 ounces. 
Water to malce S ounces. 

Mix. 
(iive a tablespoouful three times a 
day. 

. (U. NKRVE TONIC. 

\ux vomica. 1 drachm. 

Gentian root, powdered. 2 drachms. 

Linseed nu'al, '^ ounce. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose. L'lpeat morning 
and night for a month. 



KIX'Il'K.S FOIt TlIK 110K.sk. 



485 



No. (!."). MIXTURE FU1{ SlNSTliOKK. 

Whiskey, 2 ounces, 
Sweet spirits of nitre, 'o ounce. 
Nitnito of potusli, 1 iliiicliin. 
Water. 4 ounces, 

Mix. 
Give as one dose, iuid repent as lli 
case reipiires. 



No. OO. Al.TKItATIVK AM> TONIC. 

I'otassinni iodide, 1 diaeUm, 
Nux voMiicii, 1 dra<'liMi. 
Fa'nni;rccU seed, 1 dracliiii. 

Mix. 
Give as one. dose, and iei)eal moiii- 

ing and iiiglit for three or four 

weeks. 



No. Ii7. TONH' rowiiicK. 

Nux voniiiM, 1 dradiui, 
Sulpliate iron, I <h-achni, 
Fceinigreek seed, ] drachm. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose, and repeat morn- 
ing an<l niglit for llu-cc or fii\ir 
weeks. 



No. U.S. TONIC KOK PUUPI:KA. 

Tincture muriate of iron. 1 ounce. 
Tincture gentian, 1 ounce, 
Water to make 4 ounces. 

Mix. 
Give a tablespoonful every 2 hours. 



No. 0!). MIXTURK FOR I'lRl'URA. 

Oil turpentine, 1 ounce, 
Linseed oil lo make I ounces. 

Mix. 
Give a tablespoonful every 2 hours. 



No. 70. IKON I.OTIDN. 

Tincture muri.ile of iron. ] ounce, 
Watci-, }.2 pint. 

Mix. 
.\pply locally. 



. 71. ISAM. FOR DIAIiKTKS. 

Iodine, 1 drachm, 
Iodide potash, j.j drachm, 
Jiinseed meal, enough to co 
the foregoing. 
Mix. 
.Make a ball and give as one do 

72. I,F.A1» I.OTION. 

Sugar of lead, U ounce, 
Vinegar, 1 ounce. 
Water lo make 1 ([Uarl, 

Mix. 
Inject a little once a day. 

7:{. SIl.VKR LOTION. 

Nitrate of silver, l."i grains, 
Wali-r. }.: pint. 

Mix.' 
Inject a little twice a day. 

74. IODINE I.OTION. 

Iodine. 1 drachm, 
I'ola-h iodide. 1 diaclmi. 
Water, ^o pint. 

Mix. 
Inject a little twice? a day. 

7.">. ZINC LOTION. 
Sulphate of zinc, ■> drachms. 
Water, 1 jiint. 

Mix. 
Injei't twice a day. 

70. LEAI> LOTION. 

.Sugar of lead. 3 drachms, 
Water, 1 pint. 

Mix. 
Inject twice a day. 

77. CAMl'HORATEI) OIL. 

Gum camphor. 1 ounce, 
Olive oil, }.._, jiint. 

Mix. 
.\pply three times a day. 

7X. <l)OLlN(} MIXTURE. 

Chlorate of potash, 2 ounces, 
Water, 1 quart. 

Mix. 
Give four ounces three times 



486 



THE AMERICAN FARJIER 8 STOCK BOOK. 



No. 79. ALTERATIVE MIXTURE. 

Iodide of potash, 1 drachm, 
Water, }.2 pint. 

Mix." 
Give as one dose, repeating 
times a day. 



No. 80. EYE LOTION. 

Atropin sulphate, 2 grains, 
Water, 1 ounce. 

Mix. 
Apply four or six times a day. 

NQ. 81. EYE LOTION. 

Niti-ate of silver, ."> grains, 
Water, 1 ounce. 

Mix. 
Apply twice a day. 



No. 82. EYE LOTION. 

Nitrate of silver, 10 grains, 
Water. 1 ounce. 

Mix. 
Apply twice a day. 



No. 83. WORM POWDER. 

Sulphate of iron, 1 drachm, 
Tartar emetic, 1 drachm, 
Linseed meal. 2 drachms. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose. Repeat morning 

and night for a week, and follow 

it with No. 84. 



No. 84. WORM DRENCH. 

Oil turpentine, 1 ounce, 
Linseed oil, 1 pint, 

Mix. 
Give as one dose. 



No. 85. LOTION FOR LICE. 

Tobacco. 2 pounds, 
Water. S gallons, 

Mix. 
Steep, and wash the animal. 

No. 86. LOTION FOR LICE. 

Quassia chips, 3 pounds, 
Water. 1 gallon. 

Mix. 
Steep one hour, and wash the aui- 
inal. 

No. 87. OINTMENT FOR M.\NGE. 

Sulphur, 4 ounces. 
Oil of tar, 2 ounces. 
Linseed oil, }.> pint, 

Mix. 
Rub well in once a day to all affected 
spots. 

No. 88. CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE WASH. 

Corrosive sublimate. 40 grains, 

AVater. 1 i)int. 

.\pply once a day till (■'.ii<m1. 

No. 89. ANT.ACID POWDER. 

Bi-carbouate of soda, 2 ounces, 
Powdered gentian, 1 ounce. 
Linseed meal, 2 ounces. 

Mix. 
Give a tablespoonful morning and 
night in soft feed. 

No. 90. MIXTURE FOi; SNAKE niTES. ETC. 

Aqua ammonia. 1 teaspoonful. 

Whiskey, 1 pint. 

Water, (warm), ^n pint. 

Give as one dose. Repeat every 
hour, but reducing the quantity of 
whi.skey one-half, till the animal 
is evidently out of danger. 



PART III. 

CATTLE. 



HISTORY, MANAGEMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS 
OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. 



CATTLE. 



CIIAI'IKK I. 
EARLY IIIHTOHY A N I) TY PICA I. IIUKKDH OK (BATTLE. 



I. Wd.li AM" ^I.MI WILD m;illi,s. II. 1 111. I lllsr ClllIONirl.KKS AMI llltKKIlKKH ((K 

rA'ni.K. -III. rill'; oiikunai. in-K. iv. iiNUOMHsi'irAinn iikuum ok 

KI'UDI'i; ANI> AMI A. -v. MI'A N I.MII • A M KUH 'A N IIIIKKIIM. VI. Till'; lll'.VONS. 

VII. TIM'; IIKllKI'IHIKH. VIII. 1111'; IHIIIIIAM Oil TKKMW ATHIl lllll';l';il. IX. 

lltlMIJ l'AI'l'1,1';. X. Mi;o'l'('ll ANI> IIKIIII.ANII rAI'TLK. — —XI. MWIHH (lA'ITI.Ii;. 

XII. Dirrcii cATTi.i';. xiii. I'Ohhii, cA'ni.i';. — xiv. tiik wii.j) OATIXIO 

OK I'.Ndl.AM". XV. NA'IIVI'. lilM'K l( rs Ol'' MOMK llllHKIJtt. 

I. Wild luiil Siiiiii-Wild lldrrlH. 

Wlicri^ lioi'iittd cilIMk lii'Ml. rxJHii'il in ii wild nliilr is iittcr'ly iinUiiovvn, 
uiid l.lii^ir oi'i;4iii Ih (■,(|iiiilly iiin'iTliiiii. 'I'licn^ nvf ii iiiimlicr of HpccirH of 
tilt* Hiiiiio ^miUH — lilt) iiriiiiH /(<>.i — oxiHliiin; in m wilil Ht'alc; hiicIi mh llif 
Kisoii, niisniiincd itnlTido, ol' Aniri-irii, iind llir line HiilTiilo id" Al'iicii. 
'I'll! re MIT, iil,-i(), H()-(!illr(| wild lallii: wiiicli roiini in viihI licrdn in Noi'l.ii 
Mild Soiilli Anii'rii'ii, iind in iiunir |):ii'Ih ol' Kiiro)ir nnd Ariiii. 'riicH((, 
liowovci-, ;i-i widl lis ;dl ol licr ( ol' llii' ^ciiils /las '/'ii iiriiM, lo wliirji oni' 
priiisciil domi'Mliciilod otillhi ludoii^, iiri), wIk^ii Coiiiid wild, llm di-Hct^iid- 
iiiiIh of iiiiiniiils wiiirli oHciLpt^d f'i'oiii l.ii<' ronl.rol of iniin at, hoiiio poriod, 
iiiorr or lo.MH roniolc 

II. Tho llrHl. ChroniolorH iiiid UroixlorH of Crittlo. 

.Jiiliiil, llic lon of lyMiiici h, who livi'd in tiii' lii d' Adiun, is recorded 

in K''i"i|>l nee as lieini^ "the rallierof hiiili iih liiive call li. ' Slill, il e:in 
iKil l>e aHHiinieil llial .liiliai'H eiill li' were in iiny way idenlie:d wiliiflu' 
(lonieHlif ox id' laler linieH, for I lie word "eiillle" in lined hy liu) early 
Si'riplui'iil wi'ilei'Hlo deiioi.e nearly all ^ni/in^' aniinidM, inidiidiii^f Hlieep 
iiiid jj;'oa(H. .lol), liowever, who liv<'il nnne Ijinn two llioiiHand yv.ni-H 
li(d"ore ( 'lirinl , irt diHiinelly npoken (d' as llie possesHor of one (hoiiMand 
y()U<!H of <)x<^ii. IloiiKM', ei^hreen iiiiiidred yt'MVH lad'ore t lie ( !|iriHl,ian era., 
wrole ee.UOiratin^X M><' iiohh; liidloek.s, wil.li <roldeii kiioliH on llie lipH of 
Iheir horns, and he iniiiiilely deHerilx'.Hl lienilinner of r:isliiiiii;' llieknol)H. 
.Imiio, anion;.' liii' p:i;.';iii ^joildesHeH, in called ox-eyed, from I hi' cleariiesH 
and liipiicl expression of I hoc feal iire-,. .lereiiiiali, Hixly-I wo years hel'ore 

■I'M 



45)2 TUV. AMEiaCAN FAIiMEU's STOCK HOOK. 

Christ, speaks of a "fair iicifer ;" and Virgil, alioiit the time of the Chris- 
tian era, wrote admiriiiiily of tiie Ix'autiful cattUi of tiie Roman Campag- 
nas, and of their value in lmsl)andry. 

The Eg3'ptians worshipped tiie bull A[)is, and, it is proljal)l(' that they 
were the tirst to domesticate the ox. Tliat the domestication of horned 
cattle was anterior to that of the horse is more than prohaljle. 
III. The Original Tjrpe. 

What the tirst cattle were like is mainly a matter of conjecture. The 
Egyptian hieroglyphics, the most ancient known, leave us entirely in the 
dark as to what the cattle of that remote antiquity resembled. No 
description of the original type has come down to us. The earliest draw- 
ings, or pictures of cattle, represent them as l)eing ruggeil in form, of 
great length, gaunt, and with upright, .spreading horns, somewhat like tiie 
descendants of Spanish cattle now running wild in Central America. 

rv. Undomesticated Herds of Europe and Asia. 
The Steppes of Tartary still nourisii vast droves of semi-wild cattle, 
that are not regularly herded, and are wild to all intents and purposes. 
In Hungary, also, and in Russia, and on the grassy plains of all the more 
temperate climates of Asia, herds of cattle abound that arc as wild as 
neglect on the part of their owners can make them. 

Cattle have been reared by every Celtic nation from the earliest period, 
and have been regarded by all barbarians and pagan people as the greatest 
of the divine gifts to man. The herds ran half-wild when ever these tribes 
migrated, until, as civilization advanced, the least desirable l)reeds were 
exterminated, while the fittest survived in a state of real domestication. 
Dcscendentsof one of these ancient breeds, are still seen in the Chillingham 
eattle of England ; they are wild only because all possible means are used 
to keep them so. The wildest and least frequented tracts of two exten- 
sive parks are set apart for their use. They are probably the descend- 
ents of the best of the ancient cattle of (xreat Britian. 

V. Spanish-American Breeds. 

In Texas and on the plains of Mexico, in Central America, and in the 
sub-tro[)ical and more temperate regions of South America, there are 
immense herds of cattle, the descendents of aniinals which escaped trom 
the early Spanish invaders. In Spain these fierce, almost untamable cattle 
are still bred for the barbarous sport witnessed in their l)uiitightmg 
arenas, where the animals are pitted against men on foot and on horse- 
back, until they are tortured to death. 

The cattle of Texas, and the Southwestern plains possess at least one 
good qualitv in a high degree — tiiey reproduce rapidly, and take care ot 



EARLY HISTOnV AND TYPICAL BREEDS OF CATTLE. 



493 



themselves at small expense to their owners. Within the last twenty 
years large numbers of them have appeared in the markets of the West, 
where thev have been slaughtered for export to Europe in various forms 




I'EXTUAI, AIIKIUCAN OX. 

of cured beef. When Avell-fatteiied, their beef i.s excellent, and its 
ubundauce furnishes an unfailing supply of cheap food. They are fast 




DEVON BULL OK FIFTY YEAItS AGO. 

being modified l)y crossing improved stock upon them, and in a compara- 
tively short time but few of the original type Avill be found, except in 



494 



llli; A.MKIMCAX lAliMKU's STOCK HOOK. 



K A. 




KAIM.V IIISTOKV \NI) I ^ I'lCAl- ItlMOKDS OF CATri,!;. 



4!i:> 



(ycntral ;iii(l SoiUli Aiuorica, wliorc modilicatioiis of Uic jiiiciciit hi'c'cd may 
!)(' lon;^' i>i)st|)()iic(l. 

VI. The Devons. 

Anioiv^f ilw oldest of tlic^ distiii<t lirccds of Kiiglaiid, \hv Oovoiis liavc 
always been, as they now arc, one of dislinguislicd merit. Tlu^y belong 
to tlu! class ealled \Iid(il(;-IIoriis — Irish loiiii-horncHl cattle, and tlu; Tex- 
ans fiiniishiiiii; jiooil tyix^s of tlu^ long-horned breeds, while! the old cattle 
of Durham represimt the Sliort-IIorns. Tin; Devons, as known 100 years 
ago, arc thus described by Youatt, whose writings arc our best aiilhorilv 
on breeds of British cattle : "The north of Devon has becMi long cele- 
brated for a breed of cattle beautiful in the highest degree, and, in activ- 
ity at work and aptitude to fatten, unrivaled. The native country of the 
Devons, and wiierc they arc; found in a state of the greatest purity, 
extends from the river Taw westward, skirting along the Bristol channel ; 
the breed becoming more mixed, and at length comparatively lost before 
we arrive at the Parrctt. Inland it extends by Barnstai)lc, South Mol- 
toii, and Cluimleigh, as far as Tiverton, and thence to Wi^Uington, where; 
again the breed becomes unfre(|ucnt, or it is mixed before wc reach Taun- 
ton. More eastward tlu; Somersets and the Welsh mingle with it, oi' 
supersede it. To the south tluM-e prevails a larger variet}', a cross prob- 
ably of the D(!Von with (he Somc^rset ; and on tlu; west the Cornish cattle 
ari' found, or contaminate the bi-ccd. The Devonshire man conlines them 
within a narrow distri(!t, and will scarcely allow them to be found with 
purity beyond his native county. From Portlock to Biddeford, and a 
little to the north and the south, is, in his mind, tlu; pcuadiar and only 
residence of the true Devon. 

"From the earliest records the breed has here nimained the same ; or 
if not (juite as perfect as at the present moment, yet altered in no cssen- 
tial point until within the last thirty years. This is not a little surprising 
wiicn it is i-cmcmbcred that a considerable part of this district is not a 
breeding country, and that even a projxn'tion, and that not a small one, 
of Devonshire cattle, are bred out of the county. On the bord(!rs of 
Somerset and Dors(!t, ami partly in both, extending southward from 
Crewkern, the country assumes the form of an extensive vallc}', and prin- 
cipally supplies tli(! Exeter mai'kiit with calves. Those that nw. dropped! 
in February and Man^h, are kept until May, and then sold to tlii! drovci's, 
who convey them to Exeter. They are there purchased by the Devon- 
shire farnujrs, who keep thcnu for two or three years, when they arc sold 
to the Somersetshire grazici's, who fatten them for the London market ; 
so that a i)ortion of the Devons, and of the ver\' finest of the breed, come 
from Somerset and Dorset." 



49lJ 'IIIK A.MKIMCA.V TAUMKU's STOC'R liOOK. 

'IMic illiislratioii on puiii^ 4Ii;5 will j^ivc an idea of the excellciu'c of those 
catllc. fvcu lifty years ai,M). Since that time they have been inueh 
improved and only lack jsize to cause them to he more generally hred in 
the groat grazing ilistricts of the United States. 
VII. The Herefords. 

The Herefords are Middle-Horns, and havi; many of the eharacteris- 
tios of the Devons to which they are, without doubt, allied. They have 
long been known and highly esteemed in Knglund. Within the last thirty 
years they have been bred to such perfection tiiat they compote with the 
Short-Horns in the })rize fairs of England and the United States, and 
c'arr\' off honors with the best of tliem. Of this breed, as tlu^y were 
known in the early pai-t of the century, Youatt says : "The Hereford 
white-faced breed, with the ((xeeption of a very few Alderney and Dur- 
ham cows, have almost exclusive i)ossession of the county of Hereford. 
The Hereford oxen are considerably larger than the Devons. 'IMiey are 
usually of a darker I'oil ; some of them are brown, and even yellow, iind 
a few are brindled ; but they are principally distinguished by their white 
faces, throats and bellies. In a few the white extends to the shoulders. 
The old Herefords were brown or red-brown, with not a spot of white 
about them. It is only within the last fifty or sixty years that it has 
been the fashion to breed for white faces. Whatever may be fiiought of 
the change of color, the i)resent breed is certainly farsuperioi- to the old 
one. The hide is considerably thicker than that of tlu^ Devon. Com- 
pared with the Devons, they are shorter in the leg, and also in the car- 
cass ; higher, and broaiier and heavier in the chine ; rounder and wider 
across the hi])s, and bettor covered with fat ; the thigh fidlor and more 
muscular, and the shoulders larger and coarser. 

"If it were not for the white face, and somewhat larger head and 
thicker neck, it would not at all times bo easy to distinguish between a 
heavy Devon and a light Horofortl. Their white faces may probably be 
traced to a cros.s with their not distant relalions, ihe Montgomerios. 

"Th(> Hereford cow is apparently a xcry infi-rior animal. Not only is 
she no milker, l)ut even her form lias been sacriticed by the breeder. 
Henre the lU'reford cow is comparat i\ely small and delicate, and some 
would call lier ill-made. SIkms very light-fieshed when in common con- 
dition, and beyond that, while she is breeding, she is not suffered to pro- 
ceed ; but when she is ac^tually put u|> for fatti'ning, she spreads out, and 
accunudatos fat at a most extraordinary rate." 

The illustration on page 497 is a good i)icture of the Hereford cow of 
twenty years ago. The reader w(>uld scarcely recognize the Hereford of 
ISNl MS (lie sann' brood described bv Youatt, so nmch have thev been im- 
pn.ve,!. 



EAULY IIISTOKY ANI> TYl'ICAl, liltEKDS ol' CAl ri.K 



497 




i^wm^ 



408 THE AMERICAN I'AKMEU's STOCK HOOK. 

Vin. The Durham or Teeswater Breed. 

This breed, wliicli lias hoeoino famous as the original of the celebrated 
Short-Horn cattle of to-day, is a mixed race, though it has been a dis- 
tinctive Knglish breed for hundreds of years past. The Kev. ^Ir. Berr^', 
author of a much-criticized history of Short-Horn cattle, written in the 
early part of the century-, but und()ul)tcdly correct in relation to their 
early history, sa3's : 

"From the earliest periods as to which we have any accounts of our 
breeds of cattle, the counties of Durham and York have been celebrated 
for their Short-Horns, but prinoipally, in the ijrst instance, on account of 
their reputation as extraordinary milkers. It may be the best evidence , 
that, as a breed, they have never in this particuhir been equaled. They 
were generally of large size, thin-skinned, sleek-haired, bad handlers, 
rather delicate iu constitution, coarse in the offal, and strikingly defective 
in girth in the foreHpiarters. When put to fatten, thvy were found slow 
feeders ; producing an inferior meat, not marliled or mixed fat and lean, 
and in some cases the lean was found a particularly dark hue. 

"A period of more than one hundred years has now elapsed since tiie 
Short-Horns, on'the* banks of the river Tees, hence calhul the Teeswater 
breed, assumed a very different character to the foregoing descrii)tion. 
In color, they reseml)led th(^ Short-Horns of the present da}', being occa- 
sionally red, red and white, and roan, though the last not then so preva- 
lent as now. They possessed a fine mellow skin and flesh, good hair, 
and light offal, particularly wide carcasses, and fore-quarters of rxtraor- 
dinarv depth and capacity. When slaughtered, their proof war extaor- 
dinary, and many instances are recorded of the wonderful woigl/ of their 
inside fat. 

"The remarkable merit which existed in the Teeswater may, with pro- 
l)rietv, be ascribed to a spirit of improvement which Inul some time man- 
ifested itself among the breeders on the banks of the Tees, whose laud- 
able efforts were well seconded l>y the very superior land iu the vicinity 
of that river. No doubt can be entertained that they proceeded on a 
judicious sj'stem of crossing with other breeds, because it was utterly im- 
possil)le to raise such a stock as the Teeswater from puiv Short-Horn 
])lood. One cross to which they referred was, in all jjrobability, the 
white wild breed ; and if this conjecture be well-founded, it will be ap- 
parent whence the Short-Horns derived a color so ju-evalent among tiieni. 

"It is also asserted that, about the period in question. Sir William St. 
Quintin, of Scampston, imported bulls and cows from Holland, which 
were crossed with the stock of the country. It would tend to little 
advanta"'e to conjecture as to whut other breeds were resorted to, if 'uiy : 



EAULY lII.STOIiY AND TYPICAL lUtEEUS OF CATTLE. 



499 




500 



TllK AMKIMCW rAU.MEIi S STUCK ItOUK. 



this iiiiicli is (H-rtiiiii, tiiiil <;rc.it improvcincnl i\x soon inanifostcd, .'iiid a 
Viiiiiuhic variety ostiil)lisii('(i."' 

All illnsiialioii oC tiiis v,iiiial)i(' hiccd, as it was known fifty years ago, 
is jiivcii on paii'o l!)!!. Jt is to bo logrctted tliat the fine milking (|iiaii- 
tics of liieir doscondaiits should have boon ahiiost entirely l)rcd out, and 
aw now only found oceasionally, through honulit}', and this in l>ul a scry 
few families. 

IX. Irish Cattle. 

'i"he eattlc of Ireland are of 1 wo (listinctiv(^ breeds, the Long-IIorns aiul 
the Middle-Horns. Whence the Long-llorns caiiu- seems not to ho 
known, since ancient rcH'ords are sih'nt u|)on tlu> subject. Botli in 
England and Irelaiul they can be traced far back. By souu' excellent 
authorities it is nuiintaiue<l that the Long-Horns originated in Ireland ; 
hut in Lancashire, England, also, long-horned cattle have existed since a 
renu)te anti(|uity. 

Tile Irisii Middle-I loriis seem to hav(* been an original breed, since 
the\' were found in all tlu^ hill and ne)untain regions, in almost every 
district. j\Ir. \'ouatt says of them that tliey are small, ligiil, active and 
wild. The head is small, although there are exceptions to this in various 
parts ; and so luimerous, indeed, are those exceptions, that some describe 
tluMiative Irish cattle as having thick heads and necks; the horns are 
short compared with the other l)reed, all of them tine, some of them rather 
upright, and freipiently, after i)rojectiug forward, then turning back- 
ward. Although somewhat delicient in the hind-(iuarters, they are high- 
boned, and wide over the hips, yet the bone generally is not heavy. The 
hair is coarse and long ; they are black, brindled and black, or brindled 
with white faces. Some ai'c tiner in the bone, and tiner in the neck, with 
a good eye, a sharj) nuiz/.le, and great activity. They arc exceedingly 
hardy; they live through the winter, and sometimes fatten, on their 
native mountains and moors ; and when i-enioved to a better climate and 
soil, they fatten with all the rapidity of the aboriginal cattle of the Higii- 
laiids and Wales. They are generally very good milkers, and many of 
them are excellent. The cow of Kerry is said to be a favorable speci- 
men of them. 

X. Scotch axid Highland Cattle. 

Scotland has always been eelebrateil for its cattle, and for none more 
than its polled or hornless cattle. The Highland breeds are of great 
nnti(|uit\ . The most celebrated of the polled breeds are the Galloways, 
originally said to have been middle-horned cattle. They are widely dis- 
seminated in lOngland and the United States, and in their improved 
forms are rci^'arded with much favor. Many sub-families are now known, 



EAULV MISTOKV AM) TYPICAL lUJKEDS OI' CATTLK. 



501 



Thev are dt'scTihed :is liuviiijr l>i'C'ii .stniiiilit and l)r(ja(i in this back, and 
nearly level from tiie head lo the ruinp ; round in the ril).s, and also, 
between the. shoulders and ribs, and the ribs and loins. The loins were 
broad, and without large projecting hip (hook ) bones. In the early 
])art of the century they were described by the Rev. Mr. Smith, author of 
a "Survey of (ialloway," as being short in the leg, and moderately fine in 
the shank bones — ihe hapin' medium preserved in the leg, which secures 
hardihood and disposition to fatten. With the same cleanness and short- 
ness of shanks, there was no breed so large and muscular al)ove the knee. 
Clean, not fine and slender, l)ut well proportioned in the neck and chajjs ; 
broad shoulders, deep chest, and close, compact form. The neck of the 
Galloway bull was, and still is, thick almost to a fault. The head ratiier 
heav}' ; the eyes not prominent, and the ears large, rough, and full of long 
hairs on the inside. The Galloway was covered with a loose mellow skin of 
medium thickness, clothed with long, soft, silky hair. The skin is thinner 
than that of the Leicestershire, l)ut not so fine as the hide of the Short- 
llorn, ])ut handling soft and kindly. The prevailing and fashionabh; 
color was l)lack — a f(!W dark brindle-brovvn, and still fewer speckled with 
white spots, and some of them a dun or drab color. Dark colors were, 
and ar<! yet, uniformly j)ref'erre(l, from the belief that they indicate 
hardiness of constitution. 




WEST IlIGIILANU FEEDING OX. 



Highland Cattle. — The West Highland cattle are an ancient breed and 
are foimd in all tiie mountain regions of Scotland and the Isles. Their 
great value consists in the eminent superiority of their flesh. They are 
hardy, and easily fed; in that they will live, and sometimes thrive, on 
the coarsest pastures ; that they will frc(|uently gain from a fourth to a 



.'^i02 TlIK AMKIMCAN 1 AUMEK's STOCK ISOOK. 

third of tlu'ir oriii'mal wciirlit in six iiiontiis" <;ood feeding; that the pro- 
portion of offal is not jireater than in the most improved larger breeds. 
'I'liey will lay their fle.sli and fat equably on the best parts ; and, when fat, 
tiie beef is elose and fine in the grain, highly flavored, and so well mixed 
or marbled, that it commands a sui)erior i)riee in every mark(^t. 

The principal old l)reeds of Scotland, as given by Youatt, may be sum- 
marized as follows : Scotland contains several distinct and valuable breeds 
of cattle, evidently belonging to our present division, the Middle-Horns. 
The West Highlanders, whether we regard those that are found in the 
Hi'brides, or the county of Argylc, seem to retain the most of the 
aboriginal character. They have remained unchanged, or improved 
only by selection, for many generations; indeed fi-om the earliest 
accounts that we possess of Scottish cattle. The North Highlanders 
are a smaller, coarser, anil in every way inferior race, and owe the greater 
part of what is valual)le about them to crosses from the AVestern breed. 
The Northeastern cattle were derived from, and bear resemblance to tlii^ 
West Highlander, but are of considerably larger size. The Ayrshire 
breed is second to none for milking. The Galloways, which less than 
two hundred years ago, were middle-horned, and with difficulty distin- 
guished from the West Highlanders, are now a polled breed — increased 
in size, with more striking resemblance to their kindred, the Devons — 
with all their aptitude to fatten, and with a great hardiness of constitu- 
tion. 

XI. Swiss Cattle. 

The Swiss have long had a valuable bi-ccd of milking cattle which of 
late years has attracted some attention in the L'nitcd States. Jii France 
they are held in high repute. A careful and accurate observer describes 
them as being ro])ust, hardy animals, usually of a dun color or dun and 
white, with medium heads, hanging dewlai)s, rather coarse shoulders and 
broad hii)s and quarters, with well developed udders. Removed from 
their native mountains they are said to manifest little impatience at the 
change, and though kept in stables and soiled, they seemed to thrive and 
carry a good coat of flesh: when dry, they fatten readily. In Switzer- 
land they are wintered in the valleys, on the coarsest food, and as soon as 
the snow melts from the southern slopes of the mountains arc driven tf) 
their jiasfurcs, which, as the season advances, are gradually changed for 
the higher ranges. For four months in the year they are kept on the 
most elevated feeding grounds, and there, attended by a single man, 
uniting in his person tlu^ offices of cowherd and dairyman, they feed on 
the close, sweet herbage, often at the very edge of the snf)w fields, till 
their short summer is over, and they are driven by the autunui storms to 
the more slultercd pastures again. ( 'hcc>se is the chief pi'oduct, and its 



EAIJLY IIISTOUY AM) TYPICAL BKKEDS OF CATTLK. 506 

manufacture is conducted iu tlie lonely chalet, perched on the mountain 
side, iu th(J mo.st i)rimitive iiumner. The hest cows yield from ten to 
twenty quarts of milk daily, and each cow produces by the end of the sea- 
son of four months, on an average, 225 pounds of cheese. 

XII. Dutch Cattle. 

The Low Countries of Europe, Holland and the neighboring States, 
have, from a i-emote period, had a most valuable milking Ijreed, that is 
now broken up into numerous varieties. The most noted of these are the 
Holstein or Friesian cattle, celebrated for the immense quantities of milk 
they give, and for their large frames, which take on fat and flesh kindly 
when dry. On page a young Holstein bull of the modei-n Chenery 
milking stock is represented. The late Mr. Klipi)art, when Secretary 
of the Ohio Board of Agriculture, wrote from personal observation 
of Holstein cattle, as follows: "The native cattle of Holstein are the 
Angle cattle, which are far more numerous than any other kind or I'ace. 
The}' are small aninuils, with Hue bones, short-legged rather than other- 
wise ; a very fine, snuill head, and delicately formed neck. The predom- 
inating color is red or brown, but there are many dun, black, or spotted 
ones. According to the amount of food consumed, thisi'ace gives a more 
abundant supply of milk than any other in the Duchies. It is a very 
highly esteemed race and is nuich sought after for its milking qualities 
and kindliness in taking on flesii. The flesh is very tine, tender and juicy. 

"In the marshes is found a race of cattle much larger and heavier than 
the Angles, larger-boned, and of a dark, reddish-brown, and known as 
the Marsh race. 1'his race seems to be adapted to the marshes, but does 
not do well on the higher and dryer uplands. Upon the rich pastures of 
the marshes, for a time after calving, the best cows will give from forty- 
eight to .sixty-four pounds, (from si.K to eight gallons) of milk daily. 
But the milk is not near so rich as that of the Angles. 

"In Schleswig, rather than in Holstein, are found many of the .Jutland 
race of cattle. The.se have very tine bones, and are long in proportion 
to their height, and are, as a rule, short-legged. The prevailing color is 
gray, black, or gray and black mixed with white, l)ut very rarely red or 
brown. This race is more highly esteemed for its early maturity and 
readiness to fatten than for its milking qualities." 

XIII. Fossil Cattle. 
The original type of the modern ox is said to have been theUrus. An- 
cient legends have thrown ai-ound him my.sterious qualities. He was 
described as being an animal of great fierceness and enormous size; 
but despite these fabled attributes, the Unis probably did not 



504 Tin: AMKUiCAX farmer's stock book. 

compare better in size with the inodeni ox, than did the ancient 
horse, or our modern semi-wild horses, with the great thaft horse of 
to-day. 

That there onee existed species of cattle in some pre-liistoric age, mon- 
strous as compared with ours, there is no doubt. Youatt, in his history 
of British cattle, says that in almost everj' part of the Continent, and 
in eveiy district of England, skulls, e\'idcntly belonging to cattle, have 
been found, far exceeding in bulk any now known. There is a line spec- 
imen in the British Museum : the peculiarity of the horns, resembles 
smaller ones dug up in the mines of Cornwall, preserved, in some degree, 
in the wild cattle of Chillinghain Park, and not quite lost in the native 
breeds of Devon and East Sussex, and those of the AVelsh mountains 
and the Highlands. 

XIV. The Wild Cattle of England. 

Of the wild cattle Kept in Engiana nn the estates of the Duke of Ham" 
ilton, and the Earl of Tankerville, known in his day, the same authority 
says : 

•'The wild breed, from being untamable, can only be ke|)t within walls, 
or good fences ; consequently, very few of them are now to be met with, 
except in the pai'ks of some gentlemen, who keep them for ornament, 
and as a curiosity. Their color is invariably white, muzzle black; the 
whole of the inside of the ear, and about one-third of the outside, from 
the tips downward, red ; horns, white, with black tips, very line, and 
bent upward ; some of the bulls have a thin, upright mane, about an inch 
and a half or two inches long. The weight of the oxen is from thirty- 
five to forty-five stone, and the cows from twenty-five to thirty-five stone, 
the four quarters (fourteen pound to the stone). The beef is finely 
marbled and of excellent flavor. The six year old oxen are generally 
very good beef ; whence it may be fairly supiiosed that, in projjcr situa- 
tions, tliey would feed well. 

"At the first appearance of anj' person the\' set off in full gallop, and, 
at the distance of about two hundred yards, make a wheel round, and 
come boldly up again in a menacing manner ; on a sudden they make a 
full stop at the distance of forty or fifty yards, looking wildly at the 
object of their surprise ; but upon the least motion they all again turn 
round, and fly off with equal speed, but not to the same distance, form- 
ing a shorter circle, and again returning with a more threatening 
aspect than before ; they ai)proach probably within thirty yards, when 
thev again make another stand, and then fly off ; this they do several 
times, shorteningtheir distance, and advancing nearer and nearer, till they 
come within such a short distance that most people think it prudent to 
leave them. 



EARLY HISTORY AND TYPICAL BREEDS OF CATTLE. 505 

When the cows calve, they hide their calves for a week or ten days in 
some sequestered situation, and go and suckle them two or three times a 
day. If any person comes near the calves, they clap their heads close to 
the ground, to hide themselves ; this is a proof of their native wildness. 
The dams allow no person to touch their calves, without attacking them 
with impetuous ferocity. AVhcn any one happens to be wounded, or is 
grown weak and feeble through age or sickness, the rest of the herd set 
on it and gore it to death." 

The breeds now found in Great Britain, are almost as various as the 
soils of the diiferent districts, and are purely artificial in their breeding, 
accoi'ding to the several fancies of the originators, and successive 
breeders. 

XV. Native Districts of Some Breeds. 

The same careful authority, heretofore quoted, has divided them into 
Long-Horns, Short-Horns and Middle-Horns. Their history, which may 
l)e taken as correct, their classification, and their habits, as knf)wu in 
his day, are given as follows : "The Long-Horns were originally from 
Lancashire, much improved ]ty Bakewell, and established througli tiie 
greater part of the midland counties ; the Short-Horns, mostly cultivated 
in the northern counties, and in Lincolnshire, and man}' of them found in 
every part of the kingdom where the farmer attends nmch to his dairy, 
or a large supjjly of milk is wanted ; and the Middle-Horns, not derived 
from a mixture of the two preceding, but a distinct and valual)le and 
beautiful breed, inhabiting principally the north of Devon, the cast of 
Sussex, Herefordshire, and Gloucestershire ; and, of diminished l)ulk, 
and with somewhat different character, the cattle of the Scottish and the 
Welsh mountains. The Alderney, with her crumpled horn, is found on 
the southern coast, and, in smaller numbers, in gentlemen's parks and 
pleasure-grounds every where ; wliile the polled, or hornless cattle, pre- 
vail in Suffolk, and Norfolk, and in Galloway, whence they were first 
derived. 

"These, however, have l)een intermingled in every possible wa}'. They 
are found pure only in their native districts, or on the estates of some 
opulent and spirited individuals. Each county has its own mongrel breed, 
often difficult to be described, and not always to be traced — neglected 
enough, yet suited to the soil and to the climate ; and, among little farmers, 
maintaining their station, in spite of attempts at improvements by the 
intermixture or the substitution of foreign varieties. 

"The character of each important variety, and the relative value of 
each for breeding, grazing, the dairy, or the plough, will be considered 
before we inquire into the structure or general and medical treatment of 
cattle. ^luch dispute has arisen as to the original breed of British cattle. 



rjOti TIIK AJIKKK'AN FAIi.MEU's STOCK HOOK. 

'riic l)iittlc lias 1)0011 stoutly fouj^lit. htitwccu tho advocalcs of tlie Middle 
itiul tlio Loiiir-Iloni.s. 'riio Sliort-IIonis and tlic polls i-au liavo no claiiii ; 
llio latlor, altlioiigli it lias oxistod in cortaiii districts from time iiuinonio- 
rial, was prohahl}' an accidental variety. We arc very iiiiicU disposed to 
adjudge the honor to tiie Middle-Horns. The Long-Ilorns arc evidently 
of Irish extraction. 

"Britain has shared the fate of other nations, and oftener than 
they, has Ikhmi overrun and suhjugated i)y invailers. As the natives 
retreated, they carried with them some portion of their })roperty, which, 
m those early times, oonsistod priMci[)ally in cattle. They drove along 
with them as many as they could, when they retiri-d to the fortresses of 
north Devon aiul Cornwall, or the mountainous regions of \A'alcs, or 
when they took refuge in tiie wealds of east t^us.sex ; and there, retaining 
all their prejudices, customs ami manners, were jealous of the preserva- 
tion of that which remindetl them of their native country before it yielded 
to a foreign yoke. 

" In this manner was })reserved the ancient breed of liritish cattle. 
Difference of climate wrought some change, particularly in their bulk. 
The rit^h pasture of Sussex fattened the ox into its su[)erioi size and 
weight. The plentiful, but not so luxuriant, herbage of the north of 
Devon, [iroduced a smaller and more active animal, while the privations 
of Wales lessened the bulk and thickened the hide of the \\'clsh runt. 
As for Scotland, it set its invaders at detiance ; or its inhabitants 
retreated for a while, and soon turned again on their pursuers. Tlicy 
were proud of their country, their cattle, their ehoii'cst possession ; and 
there, too, the catth^ were [ireserved, unmixed and undegeiieraled. 

••riieiK'o it resultetl that in Devon, in Sussex, in Wales, and in Scot- 
land, the cattle have been the same from time immemorial ; while in all 
the eastern coast, and through every district of England, the breed of 
cattle degenerated, or lost its original character; it consisted of animals 
brought from every neighboring and some remote districts, mingled in 
every possible variety, yet conforming itself to the soil and the climate. 

"Observations will convince us that the cattle in Devonshire, Sussex, 
AVales, and Scotland, are essentially the same. They are mitklle-horned ; 
not extraorilinary milkt'rs, and remarkable for the (piality rather than the 
iiuantity of their milk ; actixcat work, and with an unequaled aptitude 
to fatten. They have ail tiie charactersof the same breed, changed by 
soil, climate, and time, yet little changed by man. We may almost trace 
the color, namely, the reil of the Devon, the Sussex, and the Hereford ; 
and where the iilack alone are now found, the memory of the red pre- 
vails. Kvery one who has compared the Devon cattle with tiic wild breed 
of (.'hatelherault |iark. or CMiillinghani castle, has been struck with the 



EARLY HISTORY ANT) TYPICAL ISliEEDS OF CATTLE. 507 

great resemblance in many points, notwithstanding the difference of color, 
while they bear no likeness at all to the cattle of the neighboring coun- 
try." 

For these reasons Mr. Yoiiatt considers the Middle-Horns to be the 
native breed of Great Britain, 



CHAPTER II. 
STRUCTURE OF THE OX. 



I. COMI'AIJATIVE UESCUIPTION. II. A GOOD COW DESCRIBED IN VEUSE. III. 

SKELETON OF THE OX. IV. ANALYSING THE HEAD. V. EXTERNAL PARTS 

OF A PAT OX. VI. TEETH OF THE OX. VII. AGE OF CATTLE TOLD BY THE 

CHART. 

I. Comparative Description. 

The ox, like the horse, is made up of a l)oiiy structure, upon which 
rests the inuscuhir and fleshy covering, and over this again lies the skin. 
Tlie only means of defense possessed by cattle are their horns, which, in 
breeds that have been running wild for generations, develop into long 
sharp, and most formidable weapons. These are most securely fixed and 
rendered effective by the expanse of the fi'outal bone, shown at numeral 
G, skeleton of the ox, as represented in the cut accompanying this chai)ter. 

The horse is long in the limbs and neck ; the ox is comparatively short 
in these members. The body of the horse corresponds to the s(juare ; 
that of the ox to the rectangle. The illustrations showing outlines of fat 
bullocks, as presented a few pages further on in this cha[)ter — four forms 
exhibited — are accurate representations. The ribs of the ox are botli longer 
and larger than those of theliorse, since the several stomachs and the bow- 
els of the ox are more capacious. The width of the bosom gives ample 
space for the fore legs and for the viscera ; and this width is carried cor- 
respondingly behind, giving, in the modern ox, a broad loin and massive 
rump and hind quarters, where the choice parts of the beef lie. 

II. A good Cow described in verse. 
The physical proportions of the cow have l)een so accurately described 
in verse, by an old English writer, that we reproduce his stanzas as em- 
bodying the general characteristics of what goes to make up a perfect 
animal : 

Slug's long ill her face, she's flue iu her horn, 
She'll (juickly get fat without cake or corn; 
She's clean iu lier jaws, and full in her chine. 
She's heavy iu flank, and wide in her loin. 

She's broad in her ribs, and long iu her rnmp; 
A straight and tlat back, witliout e'er a hump; 
She's wide iu her hips, and calm iu her eyes; 
She's tine iu her shoulders, and thin iu her thighs. 

She's light iu her ueck. and small iu her tail; 
She's wide in her breast, and good at the pail; 
She's line iu her bone, and silky of skin — 
She's a grazier's without, and a butcher's within. 

508 



STRUCTURE OF THE OX. 

m. Skeleton of the Ox. 



50i> 



If we look at the skeleton of the ox Ave shall there see the basis of 
the iiumeiise but sluggish strength for which this animal is noted. It 
will not l)e necessary to translate the names of the bones. They should 
])e (tailed by the scientific names here given. The corresponding bones 
found in the horse have been sufficiently explained. 








SKKI.KTON OF THE OX. 

Names of the Bones. — a — Cervical Vertebra?. B B — Dorsal Verte- 
l)r;e. C — Luinl)ar ^'ertebrDB. D — Sacrum. E E — Coccygeal Bones. 
FF — Ribs. G — -Costal Cartilages. // — Scapula. / — Humerus. KK 
Radius. L — Ulna. M — Carpus or Knee. 1 — Scaphoid. 2 — Semilu- 
nar. 3 — Cuneiform. 4 — Trapezium. 5 — Trapezoid. <i — Os Magnum. 
7 — Unciform. 8 — Pisiform. N N — Large Metacarpal or Cannon. — 
Small Metacarpal. P P — Sesamoid Bones. Q Q — Phalanges. 1 — Os 
Suffraginis or Pastern Bone. 2 — Os Coronas. 3 — Os Pedis. li — Pelvis. 
1— Illium. 2— Pubis. 3— Ischium. /S'— Femur. T— Patella. U— 
Tibia. T'— Fibula. TF— Hoclss. 1— Os Calcis. 2— Ostragalus. 3— 
Cuneifoi-m jNIaguum. 4 — Cuneiform Medium. 5 — Cuneiform Parvum. 
(5 — Cuboid. A'— Large Metatarsal. 1, 2, 3 — Phalanges. F— Small 
Metatarsal. Z— Head. 1 — Inferior ilaxilla. 2— Superior Maxilla. 3 — 
Anterior ]\Iaxilla. 4 — Nasal Bone. 5 — Molar, fi — Frontal. 7 — Parietal. 
8 — Occipital. !l — Lachrymal. 10 — Squamous. 11 — Petrous. 



510 



TIIK A.MKUICA.N I'AUMEIl 8 STOCK HOOK. 



Elogiincc, speod, ami muscular aotivity arc the qualities for which the 
frame-work of the horse seem best suited. In the ox tliero is also the 
beauty of symmetry as shown in smooth lines, wiien fat, and the devel- 
oi)ment of great strength with slow motion. Hence, the luubs are 
straiichter and more massive than in the horse. 




OUTI.INK OF FAT HILLOCKS. 

In the ox we tind tiie same two plates at the top of tiie head, that 
In the ox and other horneil animals these 
plates have a considerable space l)e- 
tween them, as shown in the accom- 
panying cut giving a vertical section 
of the head. This si)ace is tilled with 
cells having bony ridges passing from 
tiie inner to the outer plate, or table, 
securing tirnmess ; and these cells 
form large and strong sockets for the 
horns. The cavity of the brain is, in 
the ox, about one-fourth the size of the 

skull the other i)arts being occupied by the organs of smell, the teeth 

and the jaws, which are exhibited in vertical sections here given. 




VKUTICAL SUCTION OK TUK UKAl). 



sTiu("rri!K OK TiiK ox. 



511 




SECTION OK IIKAI) Ol' OX. 



IV. Analysing the Head. 

The second cut representing a section of tiie lic:id of an ox, reveals a 
portion of tiie upper jaw, showing the mohirs, or grinding teetli. 

Explanation. — -<1 — Molai-s or grinders. B — Sni)erior niaxiUary bone 
and its palatine process. C — Cells of th(' ])alatiue hone. IJ — Anterior 
ma.xillary hone, destitute of incisor teeth. 

The frontal hones shown at (i in tlic skeleton of the ox, extend from 
the nose to the superior ridge of the skull, presenting a flat, irregular sur- 
face, quite bare of fleshy or niuscai- 
lar covering. The ox has the same 
division in the center of the fi'ontal 
sinuses as the horse , l)ut the divis- 
ion between the nostrils is not i)er- 
fect. There is a continuous cavity 
from the muzzle to the horn. In 
polled or horned cattle tlie fi'ontal 
bones reach from tin! nasal l)ones to 
the parietal I'idgc, but sin<'e there are no horns, thes(> bones become narrower 
towards (h(! poll. In cattle tiie temporal bones are small, but dec|) in tiu" 
temporal fossa and have no si|uamoHs structure. The occipital bone has 
little importance ])y comparison with its use in tlie horse;. The sphcmoiil 
and ethmoid bones relatively occupy the same position in the two ani- 
mals. A comparison of the skeletons of the horse and ox, will fuily 
illustrate tiiis. 

V. External Parts of a Fat Ox. 

As beef is a univcsrsal article of food, tlic value of a very large pro- 
portion of the cattle reaivd is determinetl by their capacity to develop 
juicy, palatable meat. The illustration on tlie ne.xt page shows a 8hort- 
Ilorn o.x in prime condition, and the a(<-onipanying explanation points out 
the several i)arts of the animal with reference, mainly, to theii' (|ualities 
and use as bcM'f. 

Where the choice Beef lies. — The [)rime parts of the ox, as shown in 
the cut, lie from X to /.', and from R to S, and back to N. lictwecn 
P, Q and 1' are the best pieces. The second l)est are l)ctween M, >S', 7', 
T', W and Ii. Between S and IT arc valuable ])ieces for smoked or 
dried meat. The ribs lietwcen ilf and *S',- the flanks T', TF, and thence 
to the bri.sket K arc good corning pieces. Tlu; (|uart(U-s of such an ox 
will dress sixty-flvc per cent, of his gross weight. The loin .■il)o\(; /' 
and from thence to tin; top of tiie shouhiei- ahox'c ,V will gi\c superior 
steak and roasting pieces. The shuuhler-point or neck \ciii hack of 7 
and thigli at S make the best siiiokiiig-pieces. 'I'he plates 11' will make 



512 



THK AMKKICAN l-'AHMKi; S STOCK HOOK. 



excellent eoriiod beef, while li, ti and L (the rump, louiid and brisket) 
make f lie l)est pieces for uickling — good, thick, juicy meat, and in large 
(|uantities. 




Explanation. — A — Forehead. /> — Face. C — Cheek. D — .MuzzU\ 
l^ — >«eik. /•' — Neek-vein. G — Shoulder-point. // — Arm. / — Gam- 
brel or hock. A' — Elbow. L — 15risket, bosom or breast. jSf — Crops. 
O — Loin. P — Ilip. Q — Rump. R — Pin-bone. S — Round-bone, 
timrl or whirl. T— Buttock. T— Thigh, or gasket. T'— Flank. W 
—Plates. A'— Back, or cliine. V— Throat. 



STKUCTUUE OV TIIM OX. T) 1 .'{ 

VI. Teeth of the Ox. 

Tlio ox has 32 teolli. Tlicsc! uri; divided iulo 2 1 iiriiidiiii;- or molar 
tcotli, six oil each side of ciuli upper iiiul lowci' jaw, and s iiippcrs or 
cutting tcM^th (incisors) in tiu^ front lower jaw. '^ll(^ ox lias no canines 
teeth (tushes,) and no t(H'lli in tln^ fi-oni part of the u[)p(!r jaw. in 
phiee of the front ujjper incisors, those of the lower jaw nun^t against a 
callosity iiliove, thick, hard and, in old cattle, almost horny. Scientilic- 
ally the teeth arc represented by the following Dental formula: 
Gviiii.s /ios. C'atlle; incisors, Jl, canines, Jf, molars, J ^.= Total, 152 teeth. 

But in order that the reader may judge accairatel}' of the ag(^ of any 
animal of the genus /ins, hut especially the age of cattle, a chart is an- 
nexed, showing the nijjpcrs, (incisors,) from Iiirth up to the ag(^ of live 
years past^ — that is, up to the sixth year ; and also tlw; t(H'tli as they appear 
at ten years of age. 

An ox at tive years old, is past, his prime for lieef, and at six is past, 
his prime for econoiiru'al farm lal)or, e\<'ept at lieav\', slow drafi . Tlie 
cow will breed good calves from tiirec years to the age of ten years, and 
often up to fifteen years. The bull should bo sure in his get, up to al)out 
the ago of eight years, after which he usually gets logv. 

VII. Ago of Cattle told by the Chart. 

The age of cattle is only told l)y tiie horns and the ((H'tli. The lioi'ns 
will show th(^ age with reasonuble accuracy ui) to tlii^ age of six years, l)\ 
means of the annual rings, and tolerably well up to the age of (en, un- 
less they have been KUhI, .sand-papered and oiled to deceive. .Vs the 
animal gets oidci-, the annual rings, or wrinkles, of (lie horns Ix-eome con- 
fused by growing together. 

Mr. Youatt, in his analysis of the teeth of the ox, gives six years as 
the ago at which the animal attains the full mouth, such as we have shown 
at five years past. In his day, cattle wc^rc slower in maturing than now, 
and they were certainly ke|)t in service to a greater age. If the animal 
is badly kept during the winter, and is turned upon insutiicieiil pasture* 
in summer, development will, of coursi;, be slower. After the teeth are 
mature, if the pasture is short and gritty, they will be worn away faster. 

The rules M'e give for determining the ages of modern (tattle ajijjly to 
well-kept, early-d(^veloping animals. A\''oo(ls-<'att le, those raised in the 
timber on scant fare, might [iresent tiic same appearance at six years old 
that wc have shown for live years past. In studying the chart, therefore, 
allowance must be made for the contingencies wo have named. A refer- 
ence to the chart will show that at birth there arc I)ut two centiid tecth- 
(igure 1 ; at two weeks the calf will have fom- Icctli, figure 1'; al lince 
weeks it will have six teeth, ti<j:ure ;! ; at a month old the iaw will con- 



.'JH TIIK AMKIMCAN I'AltMKU's STOCK HOOK. 

lain (M;;lit. iiici.socs, iuul prcsoiit tlic iipijoariuiw' aw in lijriirc 4. 'IMic moutli 
is tlicii called full, as coiitaiiiiiif^ tl)i> iillitnati^ iiuiuIxm' of incisors. Tluisc 
ai'c iKil pcriiiaiiciil , Will tciiiporaiT, or niilU Icctli, as llicy tim ciillod. 
At six lo (sifjjlil moiitlis old tlii^ ci'idral Icclh hcjriii lo Ik' worn, and show 
smaller llian llio oUkm-s, sco tifjjuiHi T). Al leu niontlis absorption and tlio 
widcninj; of tlu^ jaw will have cai-ried the two central te(^th still farther 
uwiiy from each other, an<l two ollu'i- teeth, one on each side, will hav(i 
l)e<inn lo diminish, in dwl will have distinct spaces hetween them, see 
(iji'nrc (I. At twehc months ahsorptiou will have eoiitiinied to two more 
teeth, iDavinf;' inlacl only the two outside teeth, seo tiiiure 7. At fifteen 
months tho wliole of the teeth will present the ap|)oaraneo as seen in liijnre 
<S. At this time tln^ Irni^ or pcnnaiuMit tooth will have been fi;rowing in 
the jaw, hetween and l)uelv of tho milU t(!oth. Figure '.) shows the 
ajipi^arance at lifteen months of ajusthe two pci'mancnt central loc^th 
appearing in tlu^ phuHfof tho two first milk teeth which have disappeared, 
iin<l Iho other p(>riimnont U^oth are shown in their si-vt-ral stag(!S of 
growtii. Figures It), 11 and 12 show tho tootli at two, threo and four 
years ])ast. At the age of five yiiars the animal will have a full mouth, 
as shown in figure I.'!, and at ton years I lie incisors will present the ap- 
l)oaraiu'(^ as in figure II. 

Tims any person by tlu^ use of the chart, and hy examination of tho 
teeth of cows, of ages known to <^oi'respond therewith, may easily 
hocome ,'in accurati^ judge of thc^ ago of cattle np to the age of fouryoars. 
In th<' four-yi^ar-old mouth, the two central i)aiis of teeth aro hogimiing 
to 1)0 worn down to tho edges, and in a flat direction, or inclining slightly 
to tho inside ; yet tho animal has not a full nntnth — that is, tho incisors 
are not fully up until it is fivo yoai's old. See figure II. 

At live years old the teeth aro fully grown, and the peculiar mark on 
tln^ t(H"f h, called tho cup, is shown in all. At the same tinm all will have 
Itecomo flatlonotl, while on tho two confer ones there begins to b(^ a tlis- 
tinct tlarkor lino in the middh\ bounded by a lino of harder bone. From 
this limo on wo may tlopond both on tho incisors and tho grinders. At six 
yi^ars ohl the animal will havi^ ae([uired tho last grinding tooth, 'i'liis is 
the sixth nn)lar and is, from the bogiiming, a permanent tooth. From 
this time until tho eighth year, and indeed thereafter, in determining tho 
age of tho animal, the nature of tho soil ui)on which it has boon fed must 
bo taken into account. (Jrilty, oloso-fod pastures will wear them faster, 
and flush pastures slower. Thus in all tho pasture regions of tho West, 
ami Southwest, tho wear will be light. As a general rule, but admitting 
of many exceptions, at seven years old this lino is becoming broader and 
nM)re irregular in all of the teeth; and a second and broader, and nn)re 
circular mark a|)[)ears within the center of the fornu'r one, the most 



8TRUCTUKK OK THE OX. f) 1 f) 



I 




Fiij. 1. 



Teeth of Calf al liiitli. sliowing the first 
two incisore, milk teeth. 



Ghart for ilccurately Telling the Ages 

CATTLE. 

N. D. THOMPSON & CO., Publishers, 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 

For /'iirtlier ftirtu conieming the Ages of Cattle see Part III, Chapter II. 

Copyright. 1882. by N. D. THOMPSON & CO.) 




Fig. ». 



Teeth at two weeks old, slmwing four tem- 
porary iiirisors. 





Flff. 3. 

Tei4b at three weeks' old, sho 



Teeth at one month ..Id, showing; eight i 
isors, or the full set. 





Fit/, 5. 



Teeth at six to eight months old, she 
ear on first two. or eeiitral I.etli. 



Fin. 6. 

Teeth at ten months old, showing absorp- 
tion in first two pnii-s of teeth, and wear of 
two outside ptiirs. 




Fiff. 7. 

\ Ttcih lit twelve months old. showing iibsorp- 
.11 ill ill! the nipiicis, except outside imii . 




Fif/. a. 



Teeth iil llfteen niontbg old. sliowiug jih- 





Ftff. !K 

Teeth at tiglitet 11 months old showing two fli-st 
permnneiit incisois (1 1) imd mxt ri\o pans (2-2 



Fiff. 10. 

Teeth at two vcai-j* old post, showing four 
permanent incisors, and four temporar.v ones, 
ahsorption nearly oomplete ; also murks of 
we.u' on two first pairs 




Fig, 11. 

Teeth at three years past, showing six per- 
manent nippers, and two ontsidc temporary' 
ones nearly gone; al-o wear on two centra) 
pairs. 





Fiif. 

Teeth at four yearAjt 
pei'manent incisors - 
C'om|>lete complement ; 
outaide teeth. 



Fig. 14. 

Teeth at ten years ohi, showing permanent 
spftces between them : and also shape from 
naturnl wear bv use. 



STRUCTUKE OF THE OX. 515 

distinct in the central, or two central pairs — and which, at eight years, has 
spread over the six central incisors. 

At eight years, a change takes place which cannot be mistaken. The 
process of absorption has again commenced in the central incisors ; it is 
slow, and is never carried to the extent seen in the milk teeth, but is 
sufficiently plain, and the two central teeth are evidently smaller than 
their neighbors. A considerable change has also taken place on the 
surface of the teeth ; the two dark marks are worn into one in all but the 
corner teeth. 

At ten years old the four central incisors are diminished in size, and 
the mark is becoming smaller and fainter, as shown in figure 14. At 
eleven years the six central incisors are smaller, and, at twelve, all of 
them are very considerably diminished ; but not to the same extent as in 
the young animal. The mark is now nearly obliterated, except in the 
corner teeth, and the inside edge is worn down to the gum. 

From the age of twelve years and onward, the teeth diminish more and 
more, so that the animal cannot properly gather or grind the food. There 
are many instances, however, of cows breeding, and remaining good 
milkers, up to twenty years of age and over. But in this day of early 
development, no careful farmer will keep a cow breeding after the age of 
twelve years, except, perhajjs, in the case of some extraordinary milker, 
or an exceptional cow, of great physical powers, and excellent breeding 
qualities, whose stock it may be desirable to peqDetuate. 



CHAPTER III. 
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF BREEDS. 



I. ANCIENT AND MODERN BREEDING. II. CATTLE OF THE CAMPAGNAS. III. PIO- 
NEERS OF IMPROVED STOCK. IV. ILLUSTRATIONS OF NOTED ENGLISH BREEDS. 

V. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO FORM A BREED. VI. HOW A BREED IS FORMED. VII. 

BREEDING FOR CERTAIN USES. Vlll. VARIATION IN TYPE. IX. IN-AND-IN 

BREEDING AND BREEDING IN LINE. X. ALTERING THE CHARACTER BY CROSSING. 

XI. INFLUENCEOF SHELTERAND FEEDING. XII. HEREDITY IN CATTLE. 

XIII. HEREDITARY INFLUENCE OF PARENTS. XIV. ATAVISM. XV. PECULI- 
ARITIES OPANCESTORS PERPETUATED. XVI. HOW THE SHORT-HORNS WERE BRED 

IP. XVII. SHORT-HORNS DURING THE LAST FIFTY' YEARS. XVIH. THREE 

SHORT-HORN STRAINS. XIX. THE THREE PRINCIP.^L TYPES OF CATTLE. 

Ancient and Modem Breeding. 

It might l>o ciiriou.s to trace the history of cattlo, step by stepjintheii- 
improvement from the Ciivlicst times ; but the results of such a task would 
be larsiclv coinposed of conjecture, neither valuable as history, nor intcr- 
cstin"', except to a few. The aim of this work is to be practical, and its 
object is to give only such valuable information as will be useful or inter- 
cstina; to all readers engaged in the breeding, rearing or use of live- 
stock. 

Wiiile luanv distinct breeds of cattle iiave been known from the begin- 
ning of tlie historical era, it is only within the last 200 years that careful 
and systematic breeding has been resorted to. And it is prol)ablc, or, 
i-ather, it is positively true, that during the last tifty years greater results 
in the breeding of all farm animals have been accomplished, and greater 
proijrcss towards perfection have been made, than in all the time before. 

Jacob was the tirst systematic breeder of whom we have any record. 
It is tolerably certain that he understood something of the principles of 
mating cattle, else he could not have proc'uced pied and other parti-colored 
animals in such numbers as to have assured him large profits and increase 
in the herds of his father-in-law. But Jacob's plan consisted simi)ly in 
])rin<'ing to<rether cows and bulls of certain different colors, with a view to 
securint!,- a commingling of these colors, in the offspring. It does not 
appear tiiat lie made any systematic attempt to imprt)ve, by breeding, the 
(jualities of hisauimals as milkers, draft oxen, or beef cattle. Tlie results 
of such efforts, if they had ever been made, would as certainly have been 
noticed asthe extensive production of "ring-streaked and speckled cattle." 
II. Cattle of the Campagnas. 

"Wc have already spoken of the once-famous cattle of tiie Camiiagnas, 
in the time of the Komans. Their excellence was i)robably due more to 

olti 



DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF BKEEDS. 517 

the kindliness of the climate and the natural abundance of the pastures 
around Kome, than to any systematic endeavors to perpetuate good qual- 
ties, except by the simple rules of natural selection. The same is true 
of other ancient peoples M'hose cattle were once held in high repute. 
Abundant i)asturage, extensive ranges and a genial climate were the 
important factors in the production of their superior stock, which, in all 
probability, was not much superior to the half-wild cattle herded upon 
our great western plains. 

During the dark ages which succeeded the fall of the Koman Empire, 
agriculture degenerated with the arts, and, until about the sixteenth cen- 
tury, little attention was paid to the breeding of cattle, except by a primi- 
tive sort of selection, and by keeping certain strains of cattle confined 
to given sections of country. 

III. Pioneers of Improved Stock. 

But little had been done in a systematic way to improve British cattle 
mitil Bakewell improved the Long-Horns. Subsequently the Collings 
bred up the Durhams or Tecswaters, and later breeders developed the 
Devons, to which the Sussex and Hereford breeds owe some of their most 
eminent qualities. The celebrit}^ of the improved Leiccsters ceased soon 
after the death of Bakewell. But the Short-Horns had then already 
become famous, and at the present day there is no other breed of 
beef cattle that combines so many good qualities, except the Herefords. 
And this noble breed, it must be confessed, is the peer of the Short- 
Homs in every respect, except perhaps early maturity, Avhile in butchers' 
proof, it is proiiably superior to the Short-Horns. On the butchers' 
block, however, both the Short-Horns and the Herefords must yield 
precedence to the Devons, and the Devons again to the West Highland 
cattle of Scotland. 

IV. Illustrations of Noted English Breeds. 

That the reader may become familiarized with noted English breeds 
of cattle, for beef, for labor, and for milking, we give on page a 

model of the Sussex cow ; on page a Short-Hprn cow in outline ; 

and on page an improved Hereford Bull, allied to the Sussex. On 

page a North Devon cow is represented ; and on page a Jersey 

or Alderney bull. On page will be found a group of Durhams as 

they were knoM'n fifty years ago. "With the descriptions of the various 
popular breeds, as they will be noticed hereafter, illustrations will be 
given showing their characteristics. The comparisons will be found a 
valuable study to all who make the breeding of cattle a part of their 
farm economy. 



518 



TIIK AMKUICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 



Do not Attempt to Form a Breed. 
In tlio breediug of cattle do not attempt to form a new breed out of 
incongruous materials, such as you may happen to find near you. Good 
feeding, good shelter, and careful selection, will do much for any breed* 




but to undertake to form a new breed can only end in failiu-o. It will 
be fomid infinitely cheaper to take one of the breeds already formed, ac- 
cording to the use for which the animals are intended, than, by crossing 
and breeding up, to form one that at the end of one hundred years wiU 
be no better than some of the now-existing herds, and, perhaps, not as good. 
If there is any improvement to be made, make it on the model of the 
best of the more reputable breeds. For instance, the Short-Horns can 



DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF BREEDS. 51y 

easily be bred back to the milking (iiiality by selecting tlio proper fami- 
lies ; for they once possessed this (luality in an eminent degree. If you 
wish to improve your common stock, do it l)y crossing upon the best of 
your common cows good, staunch, vigorous bulls, of the breed conform- 
ing to the type of cattle you wish to attain. The lii-st cross will give you 
half-bloods ; the second tiiree-quarters blood ; the third cross seven- 
eighths blood, and the fourtli cross — fifteen-sixteenths blood. These lat- 
ter, and, even the scven-eightiis bred cattle, are, for all practical purposes, 
of beef, labor or milk, essentially as good as those purely bred. But it is 
necessary that pure and tlioroughbred stock be kept intact, by every 
possible precaution, since they are the source from which all excellence is 
bred. Therefore, if you are able to breed the best, let all others alone. 
And there are so many cattle of pure and thoroughbred stock now, that 
such sires are not difficult to ol)tain, unless you wish to breed the very 
highest caste, and this, too, from a purely fanciful standpoint. 

VI. How a Breed is Formed. 

A breed is a variety. In plants a new variety of a species is pro- 
duced by crossing one variety on another. In the case of crossing two 
species of the genus, to produce a hybrid, the fertility is generally de- 
stroyed, and the hybrid cannot be perpetuated. In crossing two animals 
or plants of the same species, but differing one from the other, the pro- 
duct is fertile, though not in so great a degree as in animals or plants of a 
like kind. The descendants will partake more strongly of one ])arent 
than the other, and these variations, in some cases, crop out aftergenera- 
tions. 

This atavism or striking back to some remote ancestor is not infrequent 
in the Short-llorns, notwithstanding the extreme care taken in breeding, 
and the many years that have passed since the particular cross was made. 
On the other hand, the Devons breed constant to type, or nearly so. 
Hence, the Devons are called a pure breed, and the Short-Horns arc 
called thoroughbred. The Herefords also retain this constancy in gen- 
eral character to a remarkable degi-ee, for the reason that they are an 
original breed, and not, like the yhoil-Horns, and racing horses, made up 
of a mixed lineage, and developed within a comparatively short time. 
Thus the reader will see the force of the advice, "Do not attempt to 
form a new breed." 

VII. Breeding for certain uses. 

For present practical purpose let your sires be tlic best you can afford, 
of some improved l)reed, which should be chosen with reference to the 
purpose for which the offspring is intended. For beef and early maturity 
choose a Short-Horn or Hereford bull. If you breed for beef and labor, 



,'520 THE AMERICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK. 

take the Hereford for heavy work, and the Devon for lighter and more 
active work, such as ordinary farm labor. For cheese or (juantity of 
milk alone, take the Ilolstcins. For butter and cheese the Ayrshires 
are best, while for milk, exceedingly rich in cream, but, of course, not so 
great in quantity, the Jerseys, Alderncys or Guernseys would be indi- 
cated, accordingto the fancy of the breeder. In every ease select the best 
■cows possible as dams, at least for the animals intended to continue the 
cross. 

VIII. Variation in Type. 

Wo have spoken of variation in ty[)e, e\en of cattle bred with a view 
of perpetuating distinct characteristics. IIow common this is, any 
person may satisfy himself by inspecting the animals of any given kind 
at our animal fairs, especially horses and cattle. Among animals pro- 
ducing twins, such as sheep, the type may be established sooner, since 
there is a greater number of young to select from. In swine it may be 
established in a still shorter time, for they not only have many j'oung at 
a birth, l)ut they breed twice a year, and a sow has even been known to 
produce tivc litters in less than two years. In the longest-established 
breeds of swine, however, pigs of a litter will vary materially. Hence, 
in breeding swine, while it is comparatively easy to perpetuate a particular 
strain by careful selection, it is also as easy to destroy the effects of 
previous good breeding by bad selections as it is to depreciate them by 
neglect in feeding. For it is an axiom which should be more generally 
understood than it is, that bad feeding will soon mar good breeding. 
And as no success can be had with any breed, however ordinary it may 
be, without good feeding, it is essential that the improved breeds be care- 
fully and liberally provided for, especially since the better the breed the 
better do the animals pay for their feeding. 

rX. In-and-in Breeding and Breeding in Iiine. 

The meaning of these terms has been defined in a previous part of 
this volume. One is the breeding together of animals very closely ro- 
lated ; the other is the perpetuation of qualities, by continuing to breed 
together animals having similar characteristics. From in-an-in and line 
breeding we get, more often, what is called a "nick" — that is, the inheri- 
tance of some essentially good qualit}' — than 1)}' what is known as out- 
crossing, or breeding to animals of dissimilar quality. The careful 
breeder wU hesitate long before he resorts to out-crossing, and should 
only consent so to do where the family has become too fine, and con- 
stitutionally weak, from being bred very closely together for a considera- 
ble length of time. 



DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF BREEDS. 521 

X. Altering the Character by Crossing. 

When it hecomos iiccessuiy to ultor the form, do so through some animal 
•of the same l)reed. Never go out of the breed for improvement even in 
constitutional vigor. If you do, you ^nll ahvays rue it. The Kyloe cross, 
made in the Short-Horns, nearly a hundred years ago, still crops out in 
certain families, in the sloughing of the horns, or in defective horns. 
Thirty years ago the outcrop of this peculiarity was quite common. If 
the character of your cattle needs altering, select for the purpose a bull 
possessing the characteristics desired, or as near thereto as may be possi- 
ble. Once the effect is produced, return again to the practice of breed- 
ing in line, never neglecting careful selection. So also in breeding up 
common stock, by means of superior males, when once you have decided 
what breed is best for your particular use, stick to it. If the result is 
unsatisfactor}', try another breed on certain cows, but not on those of 
your best improved stock. If you are breeding pure or thoroughbred 
stock, quit the business rather than take an out-cross upon some other 
distinct breed. Once the blood is in your herd, you cannot breed it out 
in your life time, nor can your successor Ijreed it out in his life time. 

XI. Influence of Shelter and Feeding. 

In the breeding of all farm stock too many persons suppose that ani- 
mals, especially cattle, may be exposed to the storms of winter without 
serious detriment, and that if they get very thin in winter, the}' will 
recuperate in the succeding summer. No mistake could be more fatal 
to the stock raiser than this. An animal that barely survives the winter, 
seldom more than regains the flesh lost, during the next summer. Those 
that have to be "tailed up" in the spring never are good for much there- 
after. The only protit there is in stock of any kind, is made by keeping 
them steadily growing, until they reach maturity. This is especially true 
in the case of improved stock of whatever l)reed. They must have suf- 
ficient warmth and feeding, for if disability arise from neglect, the loss 
is serious by comparison with the loss from similar injury to ordinary, 
chea)) stock. It ma}' ])e taken as an axiom, that no money was ever 
made bj' neglecting or starving farm stock ; and no farmer ever will 
make money from cattle if he lets them take the " warm side of a straw 
stack" for food and shelter in winter. 

XII. Heredity in Cattle. 

We have already spoken of the hereditary influence of ancestors. In 

cattle this is often plainly shown . The thirteenth axiom of Stonchege, and 

one undoubtedly correct, is : The purer and less mixed the breed, the more 

likely it is to be transmitted luialtercd to the offs[)ring. Hence, which- 



522 THE AMERICAN FAU.MER's STOCK HOOK. 

ever parent is of the purest blood will be more generally represented in 
tile offspring ; but, as the male is usuall}- more earefully selected, and of 
l)urer blood than the female, it generally follows tiiat he exerts more 
intkuMue tlian she does ; the reverse being the ease wlien she is of more 
unmixed blood than the sire. 

Tliat tiie relative ages and vigor of the parents have a decisive influence 
on the offspring there is no doubt. Hence tiic necessitj^ that animals be 
mature l)efore they are allowed to breed, since only mature animals can 
be relied upon to produce offspring of the highest form and vigor. And 
on the other hand, that excessive age in either male or female, will dimin- 
ish potency is too well known to be denied. It is certain, also, that 
where there is a marked prepotency in either the male or female parent, 
the progeny will most closely resemble the prepotent progenitor. The 
following case is reported by Mr. Talcot in the " Countrj^ Gentleman : " 
" I had a nice cow with nice bag and teats, which I took to a bull in the 
neighborhood, and the produce was a heifer-calf, which was raised be- 
cause of the good milking-qualities of her dam ; but when she became a 
cow, instead of the good qualities of her dam as was expected, her bag 
and teats were more like those of a sheep than of a good dairy-cow. I 
then began to investigate the cause, and found that the heifer was the 
counteri)art of the dam of the I)ull, she being an ordinaiy cow with a 
small bag and still smaller teats, and from that time to this I have found 
that too frequently that is the case, especially if the bull was from such 
stock or family of light milkers that it was not desirable to perpetuate 
them. I remember distinctly the first pure-bred Short-Horn bull I ever 
had, that the bag of his dam was the largest in the hind-quarters, conse- 
quently that she gave the most milk from the hind-teats, and that quality 
was transmitted to the majority of his heifers when they came to be 
cows, their bags tending largely in the hind-quarters. And I think, from 
such observations, that there can be no doubt that such is the case gen- 
erally." 

Mr. Sedgwick says, tin? supply of milk is hereditarily intluenced by 
the bull, rather than by the cows from which the offspring is directly 
descended. Of this tliere is no doubt ; but it is not so clear, as asserted 
by him, that tile character of tlie secretion, as regards both quantity and 
quality of tiie milk, is derived chielly from the paternal grand-mother by 
atavie descent. 

Xlii. Hereditary Influence of Parents. 

Mr. ^\■alkcr, writing on intermarriage, and the physiology of breeding, 
gives the following: 

"It is a fact, estalilished by uiv observations, that, in animals of the 
same variety, eitiier inale or female parent may give either series of or- 



DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF BREEDS. 52S 

gans — that is, either forehead and organs of sense, together with the vital 
and nutritive organs, or back-head, together with the locomotive organs. 

"The second law, namely, that of crossing, operates where each parent 
is of a different l)reed, and when, supposing both to be of equal age and 
vigor, the male gi\'es the back-head and locomotive organs, and the female 
the face and nutritive organs. 

"The third law, namely, that of in-and-in breeding, operates where both 
parents are not only of the same variety, but of the same family in its 
narrowest sense, and when the female gives the back-head and locomo- 
tive organs, and the male the face and nutritive organs — precisely the 
reverse of Avhut takes jjlace in crossing." 

Xrv. Atavism. 

The appearance, occasionally, of horns in the Galloway, Suffolk and 
other breeds that have been hornless for many generations, but which 
were originally a horned race, are remarkable instances of atavism. The 
appearance, in a litter of Essex pigs, of two young ones showing the 
Berkshire cross of twenty-eight yeai's before, as cited by Mr. Sidne}', is 
also a remai'kable case of the same kind. We have already noticed the 
occasional appearance, through atavism, of deformed horns in Short- 
Horn cattle. In calves, also, this race shows remarkably in this respect ; 
the following case is given by the ''Country Gentleman :" 

"Mr. Wadsworth owns the twin Princess cows. Lady Mary seventh 
and eighth ; they are both good roans, got by fourth Lord of Oxford 
(,")903 "American Herd-Book" ), a roan bull; their dam. Lady JIarv, a 
red, got by Hotspur (31893), a roan ; their granddam. Baroness, a red 
roan, got by Barrington (30.501), a white ; their great-granddam, the im- 
ported I'ed Princess cow. Red Rose, second, got liy Napier (6238), red 
roan. These twin heifers. Lady Mary seventh and eighth, were both 
served by the Princess bull. Earl of Seaham (8077 "American Herd- 
Book"'), a good roan, and each dropped a bull-calf; but the one from 
Lady Mary seventh was a red, while the other, from Lady Mary eighth, 
was white." 

XV. Peculiarities of Ancestors Perpetuated. 

In the breeding of animals of a pure and homogeneous breed, there 
will bo a [jcrfect blending of characteristics, without marked peculiarities, 
as a rule. In the offspring of dissimilar parents, as in ci'ossing, there is 
never complete fusion or blending of character, but the offspring in such 
cases will follow, more or less closely, the prepotent parent. It is not 
necessary to cite authorities on this point. Instances are of such constant 
occurrence, both in the human family and down through all the domestic 
animals, that thev have been noticed by all intelligent ()l)servers. In wild 



r)24 TIIK AMKRICAN I'AUMEU's STOCK HOOK. 

animiils, boiiifi pun! viiccs, the rulo i.s not, so apparent ; for in them is 
found tlu! nic!(!st hltMidin<f of transmitted (|ualilii's. Yet it is observed 
even in wihl animals when l)red in eonlinement. Devon eattli^ and other 
pure liircds of doniestie stoek, also show peeuliarities to ii less extent 
thiin more mixed i-aees. I'eeuliurities of ancestors iij)peiir most frequently 
in the common mixed stock of the farm, especiall}' when bred to sires of 
improxcd bhxxl. 

XVI. How tho Short-Horns wore brod up. 

'I'ht^ iiilicritancc ol' the prepotent l)lo()d of sires, upon an already valua- 
ble bi'iH'd, careful selection and at length the im[)i'css of a bull, ( Hub- 
back,) remarkable in every respect, iner<;jed what were known us Tees- 
water, Durham or Yorkshire cattle, into what has come of late 3'cars to be 
known, the world over, as Short-Horns. The name is an unfortunate 
one in some respects, since it is used to desijiuate one of (he Uwvv dis- 
tinct classilications of horned cattle. 

Less tlian l'(K) years ago tho first improvement was made in Short- 
Ilorn cattle, ac(^ording to Cullcy, Marshall, 15;uicy, and others of the last 
<'cntm-y ; and it is only within tho last 100 years that tho great improve- 
ment was made whii'h causes this magniticent breed of cattle to bo so 
highly prized. The "Alloy," a (Jalloway, or hornless, cross niiido by 
Charles Colling was unfortunate, and breeders are careful that their stock 
shall not tvM-vi back to this cross, which runs to (Jrandson of IJolingbroko 
and Lady — In tiie "Alloy" as this pi-ogeny was called. 

XVII. Short-Horns During tho Past Fifty Years. 

It is wilhiii lli(^ last \\{'{\ years that the Siiort-I lorns, once remarkalde 
fcu- tiu'ir milking (|ualities, have tiegenerated in this respect so that they 
are now almost worthless for tho dairy. They have been bred to enii- 
neut lineness and elegance, but it is (pu'stionable if, as beef producers, 
th(> less fashionable are not the better cattle. Originally the Short -Horns 
ran niiicli to white ; and roans also were very eonunon. Of late years it 
has hccn more fashionable to breed to self-colors, or to animals in which 
the colors, whatever they may be, (red and white being the best,) are 
distinct and well defined, one from the other. 

lmi)ortations of Siiort-Horns from (Jreat Britain were made to tho 
Kastern States in ISb"), lS-.>2, 1S2."., 1-S2S, l,s;5r), l,s;j;), and l,S4!»-r)(); to 
Kentucky in bS17, and a^ain in IS.'iT-.'iS, and in 18;!!*. Large in:porta- 
iions were made into Ohio in lS.")l,and in lS35-3t). The tirst direct 
importation to Illinois was made in 1S.")S. Since 1835 Canadian breed- 
ers havi' imported many line animals, and within the last ten yeai's their 
herds have taken high rank m the world of Short-Horns. At the present 
time there are no States of tlu^ AA'est, the Northwest and Southwest, but 



DEVELOPMENT AND IMPKOVEMENT OF BREEDS. 525 

luivc most v:iliial)lc herds of those reniiirkiiblc beef cattle. When not 
bred from :i mere fanciful standpoint of fineness, it must bo confessed 
that they are unexcelled in stoutness, early maturity and great develop- 
ment of flesh. 

XVIII. Three Short-Horn Strains. 

Among the lessons learned from these changes, we have seen the 
Short-llorns gradually lose their great milking qualities, but they have 
gained in early maturity, and in disposition to take on flesh, ^rhey 
may now bo divided into tin-ec classes : 

First, are those combining good grazing qualities with fair milking 
qualities, as may be seen in the descendants of the importation of 1?S17 
into Kentuckj% or the " Seventeens" as they are called. None are better 
than these for the average farmer to l)reed from, and fortunately, Avhen 
found, they sell at prices comi)aratively but little above those of the best 
native cattle of mixed breeds. 

Tlie second strain is the Booth blood, eminent for large frames, 
covered with great masses of flesh, but of small account as milkers. 

The third principal strain is that of the Bates cattle, eminent for style 
and early maturity, with sub-families, ))roducing occasionally most 
excellent milking cows. 

The young breeder may rest assured tiiat by studying carefidly the 
precepts laitl down in this chapter, and l)y faniiliari/ing himself Avith the 
characteristics of the several strains, and also by studying carefully the 
pedigrees as given in the herd Ijooks, he Avill bo (lualiflcd to select animals 
for the imcleus of his herd, that will breed constant to type, if he pos- 
sess the judgment properly to mate them. 

XIX. The Three Principal Types of Cattle. 

It remains to close this chapter with a recapitulation of the throe prin- 
cipal types of cattle. These are the Long-Horns, the Middle-Horns and 
the Short-Horns. Of the Long-Horns, sub-breeds remain worthy of per- 
petuation in competition with the Widdle-Horns, as rei)resented by the 
Herefords or Devons, or the Short-Horns, as represented by the Dur- 
hams. The milking ))reeds arc tlio Jerseys and other Channel Island 
cattle, and the Ayrshires and tlie Holsleins. 

Amon<i; the traces of long-horned l)lood, characteristic of the old Shrop- 
shire, with their horns dropping down forward and suddenly rising, the 
Derby with their horns running sideways, and curving upwards and l)ack- 
wards, and the Cravens, with thv'ir " lopped horns," may all l)e found 
occasionally in the ordinary mixed breeds of the country, showing liow long 
a time it lakes to work out the 1)lood from whence they originally canu'. 



•)2fi 



TIIK AMIOKK^AN KAUMKlt H HTOC^K HOOK. 



As for (li(( oiKici-lniiioiis Now liciocstcM-s, of lliil^'wcll, tlicir populiirily 
wiiH Hliort-livcnl, niri('() llioy pnictically died out vvit.li tlic di!!i(li of timir 
foiindor, Itiikcwcll. 

'I'lic Slioil-I loriiN will 1)1' ti'fMtcd of ill llicii- ;i|)pro|iriiil(i clKiiitcr, tlu! 
Ilcrc^fords and I)(^voiih in tlio ciiaplci' approprialcd lo (lie Middlc-llorim, 
and llio polled catUu, alno, in a Hcparato cliaphM-. 



CIIAITKIt IV. 



THE BREEDING OF CATTLE. 



I. KAItl.V HVSTHMS OK HUKKIirNO. ^11. i) AKIOWKI,I/.S TUN rii;i,KS. ^[11. WHAT 

iiiK [ii(i:i;i>i;it mi;mt know. iv. comi-auk iti;Mi;i,TH. v. thk assimila- 
tion OK I'OOJ). VI. TIIK IlKKICIIKIC Mi;ST UK A (lOOl) I'A ItM Ilk. VII. 

DIlUKOINIl KOl: IIKKr. VIII. UimiCDINIl I'Oll MII.K. 1.\. IlltKKKI Nil KOK 

I.AIIOK. X. Till', IlKKUDS I'Olt IlKKI'' ANK MII.K. .\I. MOMIC I'Ar "IS ADOIIT 

IIICICK. .Xll. VAI.IIK Ol'' SIKKS IN 1)1 KI-KRHNI' IIKUIIS. XIII. KNOW WHAT 

you miKKI) KOIl. XIV. HKI'-INITION ok TICItMS.— XV. now TO MTAIIT A 

I1HIII>. XVI. now TIIK IIICIII) WII.I. tUlMH'.. XVII. TAKINU A LINK 

(;i«)SS. XVIII. HOME MI'KClMliNM OK <!l,O.SK IIUIiEUlNO. XIX. TIIK (IKSTA- 

TION OK COW.S. 

I. Early Syatoms of Brooding. 

Unlil williiii llir l;isl 200 yc;irs llic whole iirl ol' lircrdin;;' ;iiiiiii;iln 
iiii^lil liitvc! Iici'ii kiiiiiiiiimI ii{i in lli<^ .'ipliorisiii, "liikc |iroi|iii-cs like ;" 
;ui(l liciicf! lliiit- oilier |)ro\iili, "liiecd froin Iheliesl." Vel , Hiinplo mm 
tlicso [)rin(;i|)l(;s \v(!i'e, lliey Hcein to luivci lieen l'ollovve(| in u very I'eelilo 
wiiy, as, iii(l('(!(l, llu^y iiro to IIiIh (Jay liy a inajorHy of farmers, or l>y 
tlios(! wlio liav(? nol Htii<li(^(l flie pririniiile.s of iJic! art, llioy practice. 

Up to t,li(! tinio of I{iikew(dl, who, liail he undertake!!! any otheipi'o- 
fcHwion thai! tliat, of hreediiif^ aniinjilH, vvoiihl liave hocii cininc^ntly muc- 
fCSHfiil, the l)!;(!Oi|er'H ai'l, con.sisi.ed in inalin^ t.lioHc aniinal.s whose j^^cii- 
(M-al (iliaractf^ristJcM Hccnied t,h(! hcMt,, wliolly diHn^jrai'dinf^ t,h(! Jidviiiitai^cM 
of lireediiijf toaiiinialH pic-eminent, foi- tin; possession of pai'ticiilai' (pial- 
ilics fiiat. it was essential to perpetuate. I'.akewell liejii'ved not only that 
lik<! would produce like, in a ;;-cneral way, liiil seems lo lia,ve known 
that, th(! rule extended to the minutest, detail in the or'jaiii/,at icm and 
inako U|) of tiieanimal. 1 lence, iiis st iidy of form, in t heanatomy and |)hyH- 
iolofry of animals, was made with a, view to the ailoptioii of a standard, 
or model, \>y wiiieh Ik; souifht. lo Heeure, larirc propoi'tioiis, I'arly matu- 
rity, Hiiptii'ioi' llc^sh in th(!(;hoie,(!Hti)arf,H, and unifoi'inity in the transmiHision 
of thesi! (|iialiti(!H fi-oiii the Hii-e and (Jam to thi! youiif^. 

His eye, sc(!in,s to liavo hcicii so W(!ll ti'ained in detcctiiiL^ faults in tlii! 
(J(!V(!lo|iin(!iit, of animals, and tin; pi'oper cori'elation of thi! pails, one; l,o 
the. oliiei-, that the sli<fl!tcst, vai'iatioii of foi-m m^ver (iscajied him. No 
l)i'(U!(J(!r HJiKte his time, neiiins lo have iise(J siieh i!i(!() judi^ment, or to have 
poss('ss(!d HO ei-itical and thoroii^dily traii!(!(J an eye. None of his siie- 
CCHHOI'H \vAV(: e(|ualed him in the capacity to trace cause and effect, or to 

."327 



.')28 THK AMKlflCAN lAiniKU's STOCK liOOK. 

I)reed closely to a wcll-dciiiKHl staiulard. In atlditioii to his nice jud"'- 
ineiit ill selection, lie was tiie most careful of feeders ; tlio object in view 
beiiiij constant development from hirtii to the Imlcher's block. None 
before or since his time have! everbrouglit a breed up to the highest pos- 
sible standard in a single lifetime, and what is more curious, none wore 
found al)le to maintain tli(^ standard he had tixcd. The methods insti- 
(iiled ]>y Hakewcll have been practiced by others, and are undoubt- 
edly the Ix'sl in the ln'ceding of live stock. They may be divided into 
separate! heatls as in the following section. 

II. BakowoU's Ton Rules. 

1. — Correct training of the eye and juilgineiit in (he anatomy and phys- 
iology of the animal. 

2. — 'I'he correlation of the several parts one to the other. 

3. — The selection and mating of animals with a view to the fullest 
development of the most valual)le parts, according to the use intended. 

4. — Selection with a view to the perpetuation of essential (|ualities to 
induce form, symmetry, high feeding (|ualities, and great vigor of consti- 
tution. 

5. — Feeding with reference to early maturity foi- giving develoi)ment in 
the least possible time. 

(5. — Shelter and warmth indispensable to perfect development. 

7. — Variety of food is essential, and this according to the age of the 
animal. 

H. — .V strain of blood once established, never go outside of it for a 
new infusion. 

!). — The most jjerfeet care and regulai-ity in all matters i)ei-taining to 
feeding and stable management. 

10 — Kindness and careful training al)solutely necessary with a view to 
the inheritance of high courage combined with docility and traetability. 

III. What the Brooder Must Know. 

The animals which possess the qualities that are di'sired in the offspring, 
whether for beef, labor, milk, butter or cheese, or for a combination of 
these, are the ones to breed from. In the selection of parents the breeder 
himself must of course be the judge of the fitness of certain animals of his 
herd to transmit the desired ciualities. We have endeavored to aid the non- 
professional breeder in the perforinanee of this delicate task, by carefully 
describing the j)eculiaritiesof the different i)reeds and varieties, andbyin- 
dicating the best points of each of them. Nothing more is necessary to 
enable the average farmer to breed his farm-stock prolitably and success- 
fully, except such personal experience with animals as every competent 



Tin: liKKKl)IN(! OK CATTLE. f}2'J 

fanner jjossesses as a matter of course. 'I'lioso who i)roi)oseto go exclu- 
sively and scieutitically into tiio business of stock-hrecdiug, must not only 
jjass through a careful course of reading in the best authorities on the 
subject, but must also have a thorough practical training. The impor- 
tant thing of all, however, is to possciss tlu; peculiar talent to make a 
breeder — that is, a critical eye for form, symmetry, and the proportion 
of the several parts of an animal, each to the others. 

rv. Compare Results. 

A careful eomi)arison of the results oblaint^d by others and by onts's self, 
is iimong tlu^ best means of trainingfor ail. The animal that will mak(^ tlu! 
most lieef at thrive years old, and the (row that will give the most milk, and 
the richest in butter or cheese during the season, on the least relative cpian- 
tity of food, are the best. These tilings can only be leariuHl through 
personal observation and from the statements of those whose word you 
can trust. 

v. The Assimilation of Pood. 

it is an idea with many jjcople that an animal, to be valuable, must be 
a small cater. Nothing could l)e further from the truth. It is merely a 
question of i)roper assimilation of the food eaten — an animal of perfect 
digestivi! and assimilative organs Ix'ing al)le to extract far more nutri- 
ment from a given (piantity of food than one in which these organs per- 
form their functions but imperfectly. In this respect the im[)roved 
breeds of stock of any family stand pre-eminent. Their digestive and 
assimilative organs are 'of the best and they give gr;!iter returns foi- the 
food eaten than illy-bred animals. 

The lungs and blood vessels of the ox arc not re(iuir(Hl to Ix; so cn[y,i- 
cious, according to the weight of tlie animal, as those of the olood-horse ; 
for they are not recpiired to do fast work. The improved Ijreeds of 
other farm stock are not recjuired to take more exercise than is necessary 
to gather their food. Hence, with care and artificial feeding, the incli- 
nation to active exercise is bred out of them, anti a Short-Horn or Hi^rc- 
ford will keep fat on what a Texan would run off in untamable nniscuilar 
efforts. Thus, foi' domestic use, the highly-lired Shorl-IIoin or Here- 
ford possesses two important advantages over the wild Texan, \ iz : early 
maturity, and tlu; tendency to fatten readily. 

A raw-boned ox, oi' on<! with a hide like a board, will not fattcMi l^indly. 
Hence, the outlines should be scpiarc! or round, with no undue bony 
prominences, and the skin should be soft, but firm and supple to the 
touch. 

Restlessness, which is only anotlurr t(;riu for wildncss, should never 
be tolerat('(l in any breedini!; animal. Sui-h animals should Ik; sent to 



530 TIIK AMKKK AN !■ Al.'M i;i;"s STOCK ISOOK. 

tlio butflicr"^ block willioiit lifsihitioii. A panic will Ihi-ow a whole herd 
off llicii- feed for a week, soiiietinies, uiul a siiijilc wild liriilo is iiini)ly 
siitlicieiil (o ji'et iip a slaiiipcdc at Uie .sliglito.st provocation. The luiiiuiil 
(hat shows vicionsiioss alone, or in connection with restlessness, is not to 
bo tolcnited anywhere, and least of all in the broedins; stables or yards. 

VI. Tho Brooder Must be a Good Farmer. 

The best animals cannot be raised except on a variety of food. The 
breeder should therefore be a good farmer, and should know what 
grasses are most mitritious and best adapted to his locality, lie needs, 
also, to know the varieties of gra.sses wiiicli make the best hay, for all 
farm animals — cattle and sheep es[)(H'ially — should be kept as nuieh on 
grass as possible, lie should also have studietl tiie important (luestioii 
of winter feeding with a view to deciding what grains are best adapted to 
his use. 

An important matter, wliieh nearly all American breeders and feeders 
more or less neglect, is the use of succulent food in winter. It Is seldom 
one sees a sup|)ly of roots raised foi- winter feeding in this country. We 
have dcfei-red too much to Knglish authorities, and because we coukl not 
I'aise English white turnips we ha\i' ignored roots almost entirely. \'et, 
tliere is noeonntr\- ixittcr adapted to cai'rots and beets, for feeding, than 
oms, nor one whei'c they can be more cheaply laised. And carrots in 
winter, especialU' for breeding cows, and later on beets for all farm 
stock except hoi'ses, are worth more than t\\ic(^ their bulk intuinips. 
A peck of beets or cai'rots daily, to each cow oi- ox would assist in an 
imj)ortant manner the iligestion and assimilation of dry food — aiul herein 
lies their chief value. The writer has raised them in large tields at a 
cost of three dollars a ton, including tiie expen.ses of hauling and pitting 
for wintci'. 

VII. Breeding for Beef. 

If you brt>ed for beef you will have the choice of, say, four breeds of 
cattle — the Short-Horns, the llerefords, the Dt'Nons, and the Galloways. 
The Short-Horns and llerefords are, by all odds, the best breeds 
wherever the pastures are Hush, and the feed plentiful. On short 
pastures, and when the winter feeding is not ample, their great frames 
tannot be supi)lied ; but wlu'ii the feed is alunidant they may be turned 
off fat at an age at which native cattle ai'e only just getting reatly to bo 
fattened. 

Upon all hill pastures, both North and South, the Devons ar(> admira- 
ble cattle, and their bi-ef is of a quality supi-rior to that of either of the 
br(>eds just nanu-d. 

Farther North, the (iailoways or hornless cattle are nuu'h liked for 
their good feeding (pialities, for their liardnu>ss and for the superior 



TlIK IJItKKDINC. Ol' CATTI.K. 531 

•'(iiality of tlicir beef. In inoro Northern regions the (Jallowiiys may jusHy 
1)0 ivgtinlcd iis tlio lufst iimong our Ixu-f breeds. I$iil llicy will never 
ooinpsiro with the Short-Horns or Hen^fords in milder regions where feed 
is ahnndunt. 

vni. Breeding for Milk. 

If milk he the soki objeet, the I)rceder will ehoose the Ayrsliires, tiic 
Jerseys or the Ilolsteins. (^f these the Ilolsteins give tiie largest (juan- 
titv of milk, are tlic largest cattle and they make heavy beef when dry. 
They are the best for choose, and are, also, the most pro(ital)le when the 
milk is to 1)0 sold directly to the consuiner. 'Plie Ayrshires conio next in 
the (juantity of milk given, and they are, also, excellent both for bntter 
and dieese. The Jerseys, Alderneys, and Guernseys arc smaller cattle 
than either tho Ilolsteins or Ayrshires, but, for their size, they give large 
(luantities of milk that is extremely rich in cream and butter. 15nt they 
re(|nire more fcn-d in pro|)oi'tion to tiieir size tlian eitht^r tho Ayrshires 
or Ilolsteins. 

IX. Breeding for Labor. 

\Vhere animals capable of perfoi'ming labor arc desired, either the 
llerefords or the Devons should \h\ selected. For heavy draft , such as 
hauling grc^at logs in tho timber, the llerefords are excellent cattle. 
For general utility on tho farm, and on the i(»ad. the Devons are supe- 
rior to any other known i)reed, since they combine groat activity with 
nniscular strength, and tho ability to go long distances at a quick pace, 
without distress. The Ilolsteins also make cxc<'llent draft animals, and 
to our thiid<ing ari; among tho best , where many purposes, milk being 
tho most imi)ortant, are to l)c considered. 

X. The Breeds for Beef and Milk. 

For tln^ two purposes of milk and beef combined, t he Tuilking strains of 
tho SluM't-Ilorn family are the best. It is a pity that the noble brcc^d of 
milking cattle, known formerly as tin; Fatton stock, should have been 
practically lost. Forty yc^ars ago tluiy wer<! the staunch, excellent Short- 
Ilorns of the W(^st, good at tho pail, large, smooth-framed and kindly 
fatteners. The fanner who wishes to brood similar cattle, may (!asily do 
so by selecting the botti^r milkers of the importation of 1H17 — the "old 
Seventoons" as they arc called. Hut i)e sure you do not get animals 
of this race with " to[) crosses" of the now fashionable Short-Horns. 
They will make beef ))ut not milk. 

The Ilolsteins sliould not be passed over in naming cattle for general 
utility, especially in the West and Southwest. They are abundant and 
uniform milkers, and good feeders. They make more than fair working 



532 THE AMERICAN FARMERS STOCK BOOK. 

steers, and when fat they iilso turn out a heavy carcass of beef, of fully 
as good quality as the Short-Horns. Yet, they lack early maturity. 

XI. Some Pacts About Beef. 

The breeder for utility, from a purely practical stand point, wants ani- 
mals that will bring the largest return in dollars and cents. A steer that 
loads with mere fat, instead of muscle, will not bring so much as the 
one whic'Ii turns out more meat and less fat. So, again, the steer whose 
flesh is marl)led throughout with fatty tissue will bring a higher price for 
beef than one all lean in the lean parts, and all fat in the fat parts. 
Hence, in estimating the possible profits in breeding for beef, one must 
know how the animal will cut up when killed. As a rule the smooth 
steer will "kill better" than a patchy one, or one with lumps or patches 
of fat over the surface. An animal will not marble with fat until it is 
mature, neither will it take on fat largely, while in a growing state. 
Hence, the value of early maturity, and the importance of knowing those 
breeds, or families of a breed, whicii mature earliest. The Short-Horns 
have somewhat the advantage of the Herefords in earl)' maturity, while 
the Herefords have the advantage of the Short-Horns in the (juality of 
their flesli. The Devons mature still later than either, Ijut their "butch- 
ers' proof" is better. The Galloways mature between the Hereford and 
Devon in point of time, and their flesh is certainly excellent. Those ani- 
mals which mature earliest are, as a rule, not so excellent in the quality 
of the flesh as later-maturing ones. Hence, in England, the Highland 
cattle bring the highest price per pound of any, and in the United States 
the Devons ought to. 

Xn. Value of Sires in Different Herds. 

The average farmer camiot pay the extravagant prices demanded for 
the highest-caste animals of a pure lireed. These, however necessary to 
the special breeder, are not so to the general breeder, or to the farmer 
who breeds simply for beef or for milk. The farmer M'ants animalshav- 
ing thick flesh and good feeding (jualities, with constitutional vigor, from 
wiiicii to lireed beef cattle ; and when milic is an object the animals from 
which he breeds should also be known to possess high milking (jualities. 
In the one case it is the flesh that pays, in the other tiie udder. 

To the breeder of a particular strain, an animal containing certain val- 
uable points might be worth many thousands of dollars in liis herd, while 
to the farmer the value of the same animal would be counted by hundreds 
of dollars only. In fact, that particular animal might not be worth as 
much to the farmer as another that might be bought for $100. In respect 
to milking qualities, a certain bull might be worth $1,000 to the breeder 



THE BREEDING OK f'ATTLE. 533 

of a particuhir sul)-f;iinily of milkers, while to the farmer, inteiKliii!; to 
breed him ii[)oii a mixed herd, $100 would ho his full value. 

Across of "Seventeen" blood might he a good and sufficient reason foi- 
the refusal by some special breeder to buy a particular Short-Horn, while 
to the general breeder it would be no disadvantage ; and if the animal 
were a pure " Seventeen" — descended in a direct line from that im[)oi'ta- 
tion — the outcome might be richer in beef and milk then the other. 
Hence it is seen that the farmer who breeds simply for milk or beef, 
should po.ssess as accurate information concerning what he wants as the 
breeder of select animals of some particular strain of lilood. 

Xm. Know what You Breed For. 

The breeder for general utility nuist po.ssess as accurate knowledge as 
the breeder for si)ecial utility, but this knowledge needs to be of a dif- 
ferent kind from the other. The breeder for general utility cares not 
so much that the blood be of some i)articular strain, as that it shall com- 
bine certain points that will bring beef or milk into the jjroduce of his 
herd, and at the least expense. 

What the general breeder is seeking for is such rctinenient in the head, 
neck, lungs, digestive organs, blood vessels and limbs, as will tell in the 
best manner upon his coarser stock. He would be guided l)y diffi'rent 
standards in buying a thoroughbred horse; from those ho would adopt in 
buying a draft horse ; and in buying an animal solely for beef, the 
breeder must choose from a different standi)oint from that which ho takes 
in buyinii for milk, labor, or a combination of two or more of these (|uali- 
tios. But in this day of special breeds for special purposes great excel- 
lence in all points cannot be expected in one and the same animal. No 
bull can be a getter of great milkers, great workers, and great beef 
makers. All thi-si; qualities wore iie\or combined in oneianimal and 
never will be. 

XIV. Deanition of Terms. 

Pure Bred. — The words "pure-bred," "full-blood," and "thorougii- 
bre(l" have often boon stumbling blocks to the uninitiated. A pure race, 
or race of "• pure-bred animals is one of unniixo(l lineage whose charac- 
teristics arc well defined, and wiiich broods pure to the ty[)o in every 
essential particular, including form, color, temper, and of course; power 
to transmit the same. The Devons come nearer to filling all those 
ro(iuirements than any other cattle, and are tlio Ix-st type of a ])ure breed. 

Thoroughbred. — A thoroughbred is the descendant of animals origin- 
ally of mixed lineage, but which have been inter-bi-ed for so long a time 
— without furtiici admixture — that llioy come essentially ti'uo to the type 



534 TIIK AMKKICAN FAKMEU's STOCK ISOOK. 

desired. Short-Honis and Ilerefords among cattle, and I'aeing lioi-scs 
are tliorouglihred. 

Full-Blood. — Full-l)lo()d is a term tliat .should not be used to denote 
cither inirity of jilood or thorough-blood, though mueh confusion has 
existed in the popular use of these three terms. High-giade animals ai'e 
the produce of pure stock upon common stock, and when pure stock is 
repeatedly bred to the progeny of such unions the progeny in the course 
of some generations nearly approaches the pure race in every character- 
istic and is then called " full-blooded." 

Grades. — This term was partly defined in the preceding paragraph. 
It is used to denote the offspring of {>ui'e-blooded or highl3'-bred animals 
with those of less breeding, and is genei'ally applied to a cross of pure- 
l)lood on common stock. 

Cross-Breeding. — The breeding together of animals of different breeds 
is called cross-breeding, as for instance the union of Hereford and Short- 
Horn blood. In the first cross, the progeny theoretically possess equal 
proportions of the blood of sire and dam, but the blood of pure animals 
l)eing prepotent the progeny will possess more strongly the charateristics 
of the highly-bred parent than of the other. Hence the advantage of 
using a bull of pure blood on a herd of mixed blood. 

XV. How to Start a Herd. 
From among the best cows of the ordinary mixed farm stock, select 
those possessing in the highest degree the characteristics desired in the 
offspring. For ten two-year old heifers select a pure-blood yearling bull, 
that has come of stock noted for getting uniform milkers, if this be the 
object ; or, if beef be the object, he should be of excellent fineness, with 
great loins, rump and thighs and round barrel-ribs well sprung out, and 
ribbed close to the hips. The next season's produce should be ten calves, 
half of which are likely to be heifers. Save these and geld the bulls at 
the age of about three or four Aveeks. When these heifers are two 
years old breed them to their sire, who will then be four years old. 
The female produce of this union may again be bred to the same bull, 
and this process may continue to the fourth generation, if the bull lasts so 
long in the possession of vigor. His last get will thus inherit fifteen six- 
teenths of the blood of the sire. Select from these the heifers that show 
the strongest constitutional vigor, and follow this down through the inter- 
mediate grades, keeping the families distinct. That is, record the breeding 
of each animal sepai-atcly in a Ixxjk sjx'cially prepared for the purpose. 

XVI. How the Herd will Grade. 
Your herd will grade as follows : The first generation will l)e half-blood 
grades; the second three-cjuaiters blood; the thu'd, seven-eighths blood 



THE 15KEEDING OF CATTLE. 535 

!ind the fourth gcnci-iitioii, liftcen-sixtecnths blood, and will compare 
favorably with pure-blooded animals, except among eritieal judges. 

XVII. Taking a Line Cross. 

In breeding so closely as we have recommended, the exercise of careful 
judgment is necessary, so that j'ou may cease breeding in-and-in when- 
ever it is found that the constitutional vigor, or feeding qualities of the 
progeny are impaired. If it be found that the progeny is not im- 
proving in all essential quailities select another sire, but one combining 
the same essential qualities as the discarded sire. This departure will be 
breeding in line. Breed again with this bull to certain select heifers for 
two generations, and then take another line cross. In this way a 3'oung 
farmer, who is not able to attempt thoroughbreds, may soon establish a 
herd that will give the best possible satisfaction as beef makers or milk- 
ers, as the case may be. Do not listen to any sentimental talk about 
incestuous breeding. Incest is not a crime among the lower animals ; it is 
nature's plan with them. Among gregarious animals the strongest 
males take the herd, to the second and third generation. The object 
is to throw the good qualities of the sire in a lump, and also to secure the 
first impress, amostinqjortant point, upon the heifer, and to tix this impress 
by concentration. For, the oftener the dam is bred to the same sire, the 
more will she be in)l)ued with the V)lood of the sire of her progeny, 
through the intcrcirculation of blood between the dam and the foetus. 
This intcrcirculation, though denied by some, is undoubtedly a physio- 
logical fact, proven by many coincidences, if not l»y absolute demon- 
stration, and f<irtitied liy striking resemblances. 

XVIII. Some Specimens of Close Breeding. 

As showing close in-an-in breeding the first volume of the Americiin 
Herd Book contains a diagram of the breeding of Comet, fi'om Hub- 
back and Lady ]\Iaynard, as follows : 

1. Bull, Hubback. .S. Cow, Lady Maynard. 

2. Dam of Haughton. !•. Bull, Bolingbroke. 

3. Richard Barker's BuU. 10. Cow, Lady Maynard. 

4. Cow, Haughton. 11. Cow, Phoenix. 

5. Bull, Foljambe. 1:^. Cow, Young Phoenix. 

6. Cow, Yoimg Strawlierry. 13. Bull, Favorite. 

7. Bull, Dalton Duke. 14. Bull, Comet. 

In I'elation to Favorite or Lady Maynard, Mr. A. B. Allen sa3^s : " It 
was conceded by a company of old breeders in 1.S12, in discussing the 
question of the inqjrovement of Short-Horns, that no stock of jSIr. Col- 
ling's ever equalled Lady Maynard, the dam of Phoenix, and granddam of 



530 TIIK. AMKliK AN lAUMKIs's S r()( K HOOK. 

["'uvoritf (liy l'"()lj.'iiiilpi' ) mikI ot" yoini^f I'lid'iiix ( li\ ['"Mvoritc, licr .^oii, 
upon Ills own rnollicr.) IIk^ diini oI' ('onicl, IT).''), .so (•('l(^l)i'iiU'<i !is liiiviiijj; 
Ix'cn sold Cor 1000 ijiiincus (JaOOO,) iilso \ty Vtivov'iU', a sptu^inicn of as 
closo in-and-in hnu-dinji; as can p(>rlinps Jx- found on record." 

Ah an cxuniplo of wonderful depth of in hi'eediiii;- \vi(li continued 
{^ood rosiiKs, the cow (Marissii may l>t^ mentioned. She possessed 
.si.vty-tliree Hixly-foni'liis of the hiood of I'^avoritc ilcr pedin'reo runs 
thus: " (\)w (Miirissa, roan, calved in IHl I ; l>red liy Mv. li. (\)irm<f, got 
hy Weilin-^'ton (CSO) out. of — by Favoi'it(>, («•">-.') — hy Favorite, — l»y 
Favorite — by l<'avoi-ite — by {"'avoi'itc^ — by Favorite— by a son (d' Iluli- 
Imek." 

\\'ellin<j;ton, the sii-e of ("Clarissa, was also deeply in-l>red wilii the blood 
{){ l''avoi'ite. Taking; (he two pediui'i-es — that of (Marissa and Wellinjj;- 
lon lo^i'ethef — they will l-ead thus: 

1. Hull, llubbnck. 10. (it h cow by Favolile. 

1'. Son of llni)bark. 11. Clarissa. 

;;. Cow, by son of ilid)back. 12. BullWellinj^Mon, sire of Clarissa. 

•1. Hull, Favorite. KJ. Bull, C(.met. 

Ik 1st cow by l''avoritc. II. Cow, ^^'ildair. 

(i. "Jnd cow \>y l'"avorile. IT). Cow, ^'ouiin' IMiu'iiix. 

7. .'ird cow by l''avorite. Hi. Cow I'lKcnix. 

H. Ith cow b\ l'"a\(>rite. 4. Same bull FaNorite on the side 

of Clarissa's sire a> on tin- 
side of her dam . 
!>. fith cow by l<'a\(.rile. 17. Hidl, Uoliniibrokc 

IS. Crandilauiiiitcr of llnbback. 

'riu'rc (PUi;iit to be no U'-Ar of followini; where Mich results haxc been 
atl.aini'd by others, and these the most eminent anil successful breeders 
of llieir da\. The best successes since llieir day have also been obtained 
by eontinuiny the same course to such a de<:ree as intelliiicnt obsei'vatiou 
showed to \w |)rae(icaliie, and especially l)y breedim^ in line. 

XIX. Tlio Qostiition of Cows. 

S()m(< veai's since the writer coIIccIimI a number of fads in relation to 
testation and the inlbicn.'c of the varying- limes of gestation on the 
youni;-, to refute a pre\alent idea (hat protracted jicstation produced 
males. Mr. Tessier, for forty years an aeeuratt- and acute observer of 
various animals, <i-ives i-esidts in the case of oxer .'"i7.') cows, and these 
sutise(|uentlv haviuii' been extended to l.l.'ll cows the extremes were not. 
i-hauiicd, but results as to a\<'i-ai;'es are as stated below. 

F.arl Spcu<'el also carefully tabulated (he ])eriod of i;i"station of "lit! 
cows,th>« least period bcini;- -'-<» days; tiie mean -JX't days; and the lorn;- 



TUE liUKEDINU OK CATTLK. 537 

ost 313 days. He was able to roar no calf prochiced at an earlier period 
than 240 days. According to Tessicr, a cow niaycai-ry a calf 321 days 
and produce it sound ; and from the fact that Tessier and Earl Spencer 
ajjjrce almost exactly as to the mean time of gestation, 28.') days or nine 
and a half months may I)e taken as the average time of gestation of 
<!ovvs, slight variations being allowed from this for diffctrent breeds. 

It is quite safe to contdude, from the results of experiments with vari- 
ous races of animals, that the period of gestation lias no influence whatever 
upon the sex of the offspring, nor is it probable that the sex of the fu^tus 
has any influence upon the period of gestation. There is a strong prob- 
ability, however, that heredity in sires and dams, early maturity, ages of 
the dam and sire, and other causes, may result in longer or shortc^r periods 
of gestation. 



CHAPTER V. 



SHORT-HORN CATTLE. 



I. SHORT-HOKNED BREEDS. II. THE OLD TEESWATERS. III. ORIGIN OF MOD- 
ERN SHOUT-HORNS. IV. WHAT MA1>E THEM FAMOUS. V. THE HULL lUli- 

HACK. VI. BEEF FROM THE OLD TEESWATEKS. VII. SHORT HORNS IN 

AMERICA. VIII. THE GREAT OHIO IMPORTATION. IX. KENTUCKY AND 

OTHER IMPORTATIONS. X. IMPORTATION OF BATES CATTLE. -XI. CANA- 
DIAN SHORT-HORNS XII. WESTWARD MARCH OF THE SHORT-HORN. XIII. 

SHORT-HORNS AS BEEF MAKERS. XIV. THE FATTON F.iMlLY OF SHORT-HORNS. 

XV. GRADE COWS AND STEERS. XVI. SHORT-HORNS CRITICALLY DES- 
CRIBED XVII. THE HEAD. XVIII. THE NECK. XIX. THE BODY. XX. 

THE LE(;S SHORT AND STRAIGHT. XXI. THE LOIN BROAD. XXII. WIDE IN 

THE CIKJPS. .X.XIII. THE BACK STRAIGHT AND BROAD. .XXIV. THE RIBS 

BARREL-SHAPED. XXV. THE TOUCH. XXVI. THE HIDE. XXVII. THE 

HAIR. XXVIII. THE COLOR. XXIX. BEEF POINTS ILLUSTRATED. XXX. 

SCALE OF POINTS FOR SHORT-HORN BULLS. XXXI. SCALE OF POINTS FOR 

SHORT-HORN COWS. 

I. Short-Horned Breeds. 

Of the short-horned breed.s of Eiighuid of 100 years ago, repre- 
sented by the Durham or Teeswater, the Yorkshire, the Lincohishire and 
the Holderness, all are probably descended from a common orighi. The 
descendants of the old Durham and the Channel Islands cattle, (Jersey 
and Alderney notably) are all that can now be distinctively recognized as 
having attained special celebrity. The name Short-Horn is not now used 
to designate any but tlie descendants of the Durham cattle, as improved, 
and is now applied distinctively only to them. 

The Jerseys will be treated of in their proper chapter as among the 
breeds entitled to distinguished merit, the Short-Horns as standing at the 
head of established beef l)rceds being under consideration here. 

n. The Old Teeswaters. 

There has existed from a remote period in the region of the Teeswater 
(one of the small rivers of England), a race of short-horned cattle that 
were possessed of good feeding ()ualities eoinl)ined with early maturity 
and thick flesh, as weights were considered 200 j'ears ago. Their origin 
has been variously stated, but nothing is truly known of it and only 
traditionary statements are extant. 

III. Origin of Modern Short-Horns. 
The origin of the modern Short-Horn is not fully agreed on, except 
that they have descended directly from the Teeswaters or old Durhams on 
one side, and that they were gradually im[)roved by breeders who recog- 



SUOKT-HOI!>f CATTLE. 539 

nizcd their excellence. In the l:\ttei- part of the last century, such breed- 
ers asthe Collini^^s (Charles and Robert), Sir Henry Vano, Col. Trotter 
and Mr. Mason, and — early in the present century — 'Slv. John Stevenson, 
Mr. Bates, and Mr. Booth proceeded scientilically and systematically to 
improve them. Mr. Bates died in 1840. at which time the breed had 
attained a world-wide celebrity, and this steadily grew, until the extrav- 
agant sums of $20,000, $30,000 and even $40,000 were bid for single 
animals. To-day there are none of the cow kind that bring such prices 
for single animals. 

IV. What Made Them Famous. 
Youatt and Martin say tlie circumstance which lirst brought these 
wonderful cattle into special notice was the production of the " Durham 
ox,'' which was exhibited all over England, and at the age of eleven 
years dislocated his hip and was killed, weighing 3,780 pounds, after 
having been carried from place to place in a "jolting carriage" for 
seven years, or since he was five years old. In Februar}^ 1801, at five 
years old he Aveighed 3,024 pounds. This extraodinary weight, our 
authority says, did not arise from his superior size, but from the excess- 
ive ripeness of iiis points. 

V. The BuU Hubback. 

Probably no single animal in the history of • Short-Horns has exer- 
cised so great an influence for good on this breed as the bull Hub- 
back. Of him Mr. Youatt saA's : " The following account of Hubback 
we had from Mr. Waistell, of Alihill, who, although his name does not 
appear conspicuously in the Short-Horn Herd Book, deserves much credit 
for his discrimination here. He used to admire this bull as he rode by 
the meadow in which he grazed ; and at length attempted to purchase him. 
The price asked, 6'?., seemed nuich, and the bargain was not struck. 
Still he longed for the beast ; and happening to meet Mr. Robert Colling near 
the i)lace, asked his opinion of the animal. Mr. Colling acknowledged 
that there were good points about him ; but his manner induced Mr. 
Waistcll to suspect that Mr. Colling thought more highly of the bull 
than his language cx^jressed, and he hastened the next morning, concluded 
the bargain, and i)aid tiie money. He had scarcely done so before Mr. 
R. Colling arrived for the same purpose, and as the two farmers rode 
home together they agreed that it should be a joint speculation. 

" Some months passed by, and either Mr. Waistell's admiration of the 
bull cooled, or his partner did not express himself very warmly a]>out the 
excellences of the animal, and Messrs. Waistell and R. Colling transferred 
Hubback to ]Mr. C. Colling, who, with the quick eye of an experienced 
breeder, saw the value of tiic beast. ^Ir. Waistcll expressed to us 



/)-l() 'I'lii: \Mi;i:i('AN iAiaii;i;"s sincu huok. 

(()('t()l)er, 1832) his ri'^ird at liaviiii;; liccn iiidiici'tl lo |):irl with iiim, ami 
hi.s cxtronio disiippoinliiiciit liiat when lliiliharU was ><) sold, Mr. (liiarhi.s 
Coiling conliiu'd him lo liis own slock, and woidd no! Id iiiiii scwvc cvcmi 
one of Mr. Wiiislcil's cows." 

VI. Boof from tho Old Tooswaters. 
'i'hiit tiio original Tccswatci-s and llicir caiiy descendants wore good 
cuttle, mid a most iweclienl foundation to work on, l\w following record 
of weights from 1791 to 1H22 will siiow : in I7!l|, of an ox four years 
and ten months old, tlu^ fonr (|narters weighed 14.') stones, 'A lb. ; tallow, 
•_' I stones, 7 II)., ( 2.'17(I ll)s.) A steer, unilei' four years old ; four (juar- 
ters, 10(1 stones; tallow, l!l stones, 7 11)., (I7r)7 ll)s. ) jSM. — .\ steer, 
three yeans and nine months old ; four ((uarters, 101 stont's, tallow, ir> 
stones, ( 1()24 lbs.) 1815. — A steer, three years eleven months old ; four 
(luarters, 112 .stones, 7 lb.; tallow, 21! stones, ( l!t;5!) lbs.) A heifer, 
three years eight months old; four (luartcrs, 8i) stomas, (1241) lbs.) 
1817. — A steer, thre(5 years two months old; four (juarters, Kf) stones, 
10 lb. ; tallow, 17 stones, 10 lb. ( l.')28 ll)s.) 1822.— An ox, four years 
and a half old ; four (|iiarlers, I'M't stoutts ; tallow, 21 stones, ( 2184 lbs.) 

VII. Short-Horns in America. 

Mr. Allen, tlie editoi- of the Shoi't-IIorn Herd Book, in hi.s work on 
American cattle, gives an exhaustive account of importations of Sliort- 
Ilorns into tiie United States, from \Tliich we g.alhcr the following record 
of the more important importations: 

Soon after the Kevolutionary war, a few cattle supposed to 1x5 pure 
Shorl-llorns, were brought into N'irgiuia. 'I'hesii were saiil to be well- 
Hesh<"d animals, and tlu^ cows remarkable for milk, giving as high as 
thirty-two (piarts in a day. Some of the i)roduci? of tiiesc cattle, as 
early as 171'7, wci'c t.aken into Kentucky by Mr, P.atton, wlier(5 they wore 
called tin" " ration stociv." 'I'licy were well cared for, and made a 
tlecided improx cmciit in tiie cattle of the Hi ue grass coimtry. 

in 181.'')-l(i, Mr. Cox, an iMigiishman, imported a bull and two heifers 
into Kensseher county. New ^drk. They were followed in 1822 I)v two 
bulls, imi)orted l)y another iMiglishman named Ilayne. Descendants 
I roni tills ('ox stock wi're said to l)c l)reil pure, and afterw.nrtls crossed by 
Mr. llayne's bulls. The stock now exists in coiisideiable numbers and 
of good (piality, in that and adjoining counties. 

in 1817, Col. Lewis Sanders, of Lexington, Kentucky, niaiic an im|)or- 
taliou of three bulls .and thrc(> heifers from Kugland. They were of 
good ijualitv and blood, ami laid the fiuuid.ition of many (>xcellent herds 
in thai Slate. In isls, Mr. Cornelius Cooledge, of Boston, Mas.s.n- 
chusetls, imported .i yearling heifer — "I'Mora" — and a l)ull — "Cicero" — 



SHOI;r-II(>IiN CATTl.i:. 



541 



into tliat city, from the licrd of Mr. Mason, of Cliilton, in the county of 
Durhain, Eriirland. These wore cai-cfully bred, :iii(i many of thoir 
descendants are now scattered (lirf)Ui;iiout several Stat<'s. 




Shortly previous to 1^21, the late John 8. Skinner, of lialtimore, 
Maryland, impf)rted for fJovernor Lloyd, of that State, a l)iill — "Cham- 
pion" — and two heifers — '•A\'i]i(c Hose" nnd " Slicpjicrdess" — fi'r)ni the 



542 



TIIK AMKI!IfA\ rAliMKI! S ST(1CK HOOK. 



herd of Mr. C'luimi)i()ii, a noted English breeder. From the^c, several 
good animals descended, some of which are now known. 

In 1828, Mr. Skinner also imported for the late Gen. Stephen Van 
KeusselBBr, of Albany, New York, a l)ull — " Washinirton" — and two 




heifers — " Conquest" and " Pansey" — from tlio same herd of Mr. 
Champion. ■Con(|uest did not l)recd ; I'ausey was a successful breeder, 
and many of her descendants are now scattered over the country. 



SHOUT-IlOriX fATTLK. 



543 



During the years 1822 to Ls;;(). Mr. Charles Ilenrv Hall, of New- 
York, imported several Short-Horn ))ull> and cows, from some of the 
best English herds. Their desin'ndaiits are now seattereil throusrh sev- 
eral ffood herils. 




In 1824 the late Col. John Hare Powell, of Philadelphia. Pa., com- 
menced importations, and for several vears continued them witli much 



544 TIIK AMERICAN FAKMEK'.S STOCK I40()K. 

spirit and judginciit. He bred them assiduoutfly at Iris fine estate at 
Powcltoii, near tiie city, and sold many to neigliborine; breeders, and to 
fro into ( )liio and Kcnduky, where many of their dcsiHuidants still 
remain. 

Ill the year 1X33, the late Mr. AValter Dun, near Lexington, Ky., im- 
ported al)ull and several valual)lc cows from choice herds in Yorkshire, 
iCiiirlaiid. He bred them with much care, and their descendants are now 
found in many good western herds. 

vni. The Great Ohio Importation. 

But the first enterprise in importing Short^Horns upon a grand scale 
was commenced in 1834, by an association of cattle breeders of the 
Scioto Valley, and its adjoining counties, in Ohio. They formed a com- 
pany with adcujuate capital, and sent out an agent who purchased the 
best cattle to be found, without regard to price, and brought out nine- 
teen animals in one shii), landed them at Philad(d[)hia, and drove them to 
Ohio. Further importations were made })y the same company, in the 
years 1835 and 183(5. The cattle were kept and bred together in one 
locality, for upwards of two years, and then sold by auction. They 
brought large prices — $500 to $2,500 each. 

rx. Kentucky and other Importations. 

In 1837-8-fl, importations were made into Kentucky, by Messrs. James 
Shelby and Henry Clay, Jr., and some other parties, of several well- 
selected Short-Horns, some of which were kept and bred by the imports 
ers, and the others sold in their vicinity. 

In 1837-8-9, Mr. Whitaker sent out to Philadelphia, on his own 
account, upwards of a hundred Short-Horns, from his own and other 
herds, and sold them at auction. They were purchased at good prices, 
mostly by breeders from Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky, and dis- 
tributed widely through those States. 

About the year 1839, Mr. (uiorge Vail, of Troy, N'. Y., made an im- 
portation of a bull and heifer, purchased of Mr. Thomas Bates, of Ivirk- 
leavington, the first cattle from that particular herd which had been intro- 
duced into the State. A few years later, he purchased and imported 
several more cows from the herd of Mr. Bates, crosses of his "Duchess" 
and other families. He bred them with success and widely distributed 
their blood. 

X. Importation of Bates Cattle. 

Mr. Thomas Bates, a distinguished Short-Horn breeder in England, 
died in 1849. His herd, fully ci|ual in quality to any in Kngland, was 



SIKJKT-HOHN CATTLE. 



')4rj 



!<()lcl ill IHoC. Tlio choicest of tlicin — of the "Duchess" and "Oxford" 
ti-il)cs — fell mostly into the hiiiuls of the late Lord Dacie. He was a 
.skillful breeder, and of most liberal spirit, and during the brief time he 




held them the reputation of the Bates stock, if possible, increased. 
Widiiu three years from the time of the sale; of Mr. Bales' herd, Lord 



rxii; 



Till. \Mi;l!ll\N l'Al!Mi:i;'s s|l)( K |;(>(>I\. 




sii(ii;i-iii>i;\ ( ATTI.K 



'17 



DiU'io dii'tl. Ill isr).'!, pcrciiiiiloiv >:i\>- nf |ii,s slock wtis widrly ihIvit- 
(iscd. Allured \>y (lie rc|mliiti()ii of liis herd, HC'vcral American fj;eiille- 
ini'ii went ov<'r (o wIIih'sm it. 'I'Ik? (lUeiidiiiicc of iMiiilisli lireederH win 
\(i\' l:ii 'je, iMid lli(^ sales avera;,'e(l liijilier prices in iiidiv idual niiiiii:ds I han 
li.MJ been rci. lied since llic famous sale of ( 'liarlcs < 'oHiii'j in IMO. Mr. 




>iiimuel 'I'lionie, of Duchess county, N. V., l)ou;^lit sc^veral of the IkshI 
and lii^lu'sl priced animals, of flic; "Duchess" and "Oxfcn'd" tribes, iind 
added to IIkmu several moi'c ciioice om^s, from different herds. Messrs. 
\j. (i. Morris, and Hk^ hit(! Noel J. Hecar, of New '^'ork, l)ou;^ht olliers<d' 
the "Duchess," and "Oxfords," to wiiich liiev added more from oth.> 



r(4H TIIK AMICIilCAN lAKMKH S STOCK UrxiK. 

(•hoin- herds. These "IWes" iiiiiim-tiitioiis have isiiicc been bred so suc- 
cessfiilly hy their holders here, tliul several youiij; hulls and heifers hav<^ 
been piirehased by English !)reed('rs, and sent over to them a( good 
prices, where they are highly valued. 

Ill 1852-3-4, several spirited eompanicis were formed in Clinton, Mad- 
ison, and other counties in Ohio, and in Bourbon, Fayette, and some 
other counties of Kentucky, and made imfjortations of the ])est cattle to be 
found ill the English herds, and after their jiirival here, distributed 
among their stockholders. .Mr. R. A. .Vlexander, of K(^ntucky, also, 
during those vears, niiule (?xtcnsiv(! importations of choice blood for his 
own'breeding, .so that ill the year 1S.')(), it may be said that the United 
States possc.s.sed, according to their numbers, as valuable a selection of 
Short-Horns as eouki be found in England itself. 
XI. Canadian Short-IIorns. 

Keeping paeo with the Stales, a mimlier of enterprising Canadians, 
since the year IHIV), among whom may be named the late Mr. Adam 
Fergus.son, Mr. Ilowitl, Mr. Wade, the Millers, near Toronto, Mr. 
Frederick Wm. Stone, of (Jui!l[)h, and Mr. David Chri.stie, of IJraiitford, 
ill Canada West, and Mr. M. H. Cochrane and others in Lower Canada, 
have made sundry importations of excellent cattle, and bred th(Mii with 
skill and spirit. Many cattici from theses importations, aiidthi^ir dciscend- 
ants, have beiMi iiiterchangcnl between t\w United States and Canada, 
and all may now be classed, without distinction, as American Sliort- 
lloriis. 

Xn. Westward March of the Short-Horns. 

Ill the West, the North-west and in the South-west, as fast as the set- 
tlement of the country allowed, the Slioit-IIorns were every-where iiitro- 
duceil, and within tlie last tifteeii years, annual safes have lieen made at 
im|)<)rtant cities and on the farms of the wealthier breeders, where the 
surplus stock is bid off at aut-tion. These sales are attended by bii^'ci's 
from all i)arts of the country, esp(!eially by breeders from the newer 
settlements West, until now Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Coloradoand 
even tli(s territory (>f Dakota, have most excellent herds of their own. In 
addition to this, Short-Horn bulls arc shipped by the car-load to the 
great Ju'rding grounds of the far western plains to improve the stock 
there. 

xm. Short-Horns as Beef-Makers. 

ft is to be regretted that wc; no longer iiave tin- HiKs milking strains of 
Short-Horns, that were so aimndant thirty years ago. Nevertheless, their 
jilaees are amply supplied by the Jerseys, the Ayishires and the Dutch 
Friesiaii or Holstein cattle. 



siioin-iioiiN CArri.i;. r>i'.) 

n tlic J^liort-rioriis fail as inilkcsrs tlu\v have l)Coii woiidcrfiillv im- 
proved as iK'cf-iiiakcr.s, and as wondei'fuiiy developed in [joiiitof early 
iiiatiirily, so that they are now produeed ripe for the lnit,eh(U' at three 
years old, and arc quite fit for Uillinj;' at, any age fi'oni yearlings up. 

While Ihey arc wonderful as heef-niak(M's, they (U!rtainly an^ Uk; hand- 
somest cattle, to the eyi', of any in the known world. 'I'lu^y have great 
thiekuoss of carcass, and the prime points especially are full. Tiio offal 
is no more than in ordinary stc(u-s tiiat will not attain more than half 
their weight. They have ])een snecringly ealle<l " the gentleman's steels.'' 
The breeding of tlicni is certainly pati'oni/ed by the wt-althy, as oljjeets 
of beauty, and butchers seem tol)c especially anxious to get the ripe ones 
for Christmas beef. In the older settkul |)arts of llu! coinitiT there are 
few cattle but show uionMH- lessof tliis almost uMi\-ers;dh- admired blood. 

XIV. The Patton Family of Short-Horns. 

Soon aftei' tile lievolntionai'y war, as already stated, cattle, supposed 
to liav(^ been pure-l)rc<l .Short-Horns, were bi-ouglit to X'irgiiiia. The 
progeny of some of these eattk^ wci-(^ taken to Kentucky b\' a gentleman 
named Patton, from whence, in course of time, they became widely dis- 
seminated as Patton stock — a name which was even coi'ruplcd into 
"patent stock." This was not a misnomer however, since, as wc knew 
them over forty 3'ears ago, they wcro heavy cattle, that ripened at an 
early age, for that day, and among them were many renuirkabic milkers. 
They \\crc sonuswhat eoai'se as comparted with the Short-Hoi'iis of to- 
day, but lliick-meated, broad-loined, round-l)arr((Iled animals, good at 
th(^ l)ail ; and, on th<' butfher's block, liiey gave large; carcasses of excel- 
lent beef. 

XV. Grade Cows and Steers. 

A report in the fifth Nolinnc of tin; "'I'ransactions of Massachusetts," 
gives the well-authenticated statement of Mr. liobinson of llarrc, from 
which we gathi'i' the following interesting facts: 'i'hc cows under f rial 
were half and I luc<'-(|uartcrs bred. Se\('n of llicni \iclili'(l, (iin-ingthc 
first seven days in Jinic, I'.i'OT poiui<ls of milk, a\craging foity-tive 
pounds per diem to each cow. From this milk '2'.)2 pounds of chcM'si- was 
made, averaging one pound of cheese to nini; and a half jiounds of milk. 
The sanu' cows gave during the three following days ',\~k> pounds of milk, 
from which forty-one jxiunds nine ounces of buttci- wcic made, averaging 
one, ])ound of battel' to twenty-three i)ounds of milk. It will Ik; sf^en 
that tin; milk that makes one pound of butter will make; two and a half 
pounds of cheese. These cows had no <'xt ra feed during the trial, hav- 
ing been turned to pastur<' on the l.'ith of May. This instani'c is sclect-d 
not as a very extraordinary pei-formanee, but as a well-authcMiticated 
and carefully-conducled e\|)erinu'nt . 



^.W riiF, .\:\ii:i!i(^\N i-aumkk's stock uook. 

So fill' iis tlio grade stcors are I'oiu'oriied they are well known to ho 
llirifty, cusily-fod animals that niatiire fully a year in advance of the 
native cattle, from wiiich they ar" in part descended. 

XVI. Short-Horns Critically Described. 

For a full and i:ra|)iiic descri[)tion of all the points which <io to ni;dve 
up a hijj.h-castc Short-Horn, there i.s no better authority than the 
wrilinirs of Mr. Rotch of New York, and Mr. A. C Stevenson, formerly 
I'residcntof the Indiana Siiort-1 loi-n P>reeders' Association. By the aid 
of the careful analysis niadcs by th(;se critical judges, the many e.xcellent 
and valuable qualities of the breed may be readily estimated. The ma- 
jestic size, i)roud carriage and beautifully variegated colors of the Short- 
Ilorn render him easily recognized l)y tiie merest tyro. But few who 
thus admire and recognize them are aware how many qualitications go to 
make uiithis splendid whole, or how carefully each point has been weighed 
and discussed, and its relative value decided ; how the useful parts are 
divided from the ornamental and fashionable, and how systematically the 
whole has been carried out. 

XVII. The Head. 

Tiie hiijh-caste Short-Horn should lia\e a small liead. a broad, llat 
f(ucli('ii<l, with no projection of the frontal boiu's ; tin- face should li;' 
well cut out below the eyes, tajjcring to a tine nuizzh^ with opi'u nostrils. 
The nose must be flesh or chocolate colored ; any discoloration hinting 
towards black or blue is very obj(>ctionablc, though occasionally seen in 
some of the highest bred families. The eye must be in'ight, prominent, 
and yet placid ; a small, i)igi:ish or hollow eye, or one showing viciou?- 
ness or nervousness, is alike to l)e avoided, the latter indicating a bad 
feeder almost invariably. The circle around the eyes should be of a 
bright yellow or tlesh color. As a very large ear indicates sluggishness, 
one of medium size is preferable. The horns should be well set on, 
cm-ving forward, not too heavy, and of a clear, waxy yellow color at the 
base, though this waxy color is not tuiivcrsally tleemed essential — some 
claim that the horns should be Ihit. 

XVIII. The Nock. 

The neck is moderately long, clean in the throat, and running neatly 
into the shoulders, which should not be too prominent at the points, nor 
too wide at the top, else the crops will be certain to seem defective ; they 
should mould nicely into the fore-r(narters, and be well covered with flesh 
on tjie outside. 'I'he neck-vein should be well tilled up with flesh, and 
form on smnothlr to tiie shoulder jjoiiits. The chest must be bioad and 



sii()i:t-ii()I!.\ cattlk. T)")! 

(li'('i), and full l)a(k of the ciijows, whicii scciires a jrood girth and consc 
iiuciit i-doiii for tiu^ most iniporlaiit vital orgaiis. The ])risk(>t should ho 
full and hroad rather than narrow and projecting ; it is of inferior quality 
as hcef , yet, as a point of Iieauty and as indieating a propensity to fatten, 
must not he overlooked. A thin, hroad neck is sure to indicate weakness 
and poor feeding ijualities. Animals having such may well he avoided as 
l)rceders. 

XIX. The Body. 

The hodv should he s(juare, massive and svmmetrical. The line of tin; 
hack should he straight ; the line of the helly nearly so, swelling a little 
behind the rihs : the tiank low ; the ribs harrel-shaped ; the loins wide, 
and the rump long and wide. 'llii'liMcU should he wide, and the thigh 
should he long and wide; the legs siiort and comparatively small, or at 
least not coarse ; tail light ; liaii' soft and tine. The color should Ik^ red 
or white, or a mixtme of tht; two, as roan oi' i)ied. The body shoulil Ix^ 
ncarlv a s(|uai-c. A very lengthy bulloih never fattens so readily as a short 
one, for he does not possess all the elenu'iits of health and vigor in the 
same degree as the shorter and more compact animal. 

XX. The Legs Short and Straight. 

The body should he set on slunt legs which should he straight and well 
under the animal ; the fore legs should be small in the bone below the 
knee, whilst the forearm must be broad and tapering downwards, fitting 
level into the girth ; the hind legs must be nearly straight. If the hocks 
are too nuieli bent, turn inward, or not well under the body, it not 
only gives an awkward gait in walking, but is generally a sign of weakness. 

XXI. The Loin Broad. 

The loin must be broad and well carried forward into the crojjs, and 
covei'ed with thick flesh moulding nicely on to the hips, whicli though 
witie must not he too prominent, hut slope away gradually to the rum[> 
or side hones at the tail. A (|uai-ter badly tilled up between hijis and 
rumps or scooped-out , as it is termed, is very ohjectionahle. The bat-k 
must be level from neck to tail, with no drops hai'k of the shoulders, nor 
anv rise where the tail is set on : the laimps must be well laid up hut not 
too high, else when the animal is fat w(^ shall have those large masses of 
fat aggregated about tiiem so common among the breed some years since, 
but now deservedly stigmatized as i)ad. The twist should be well filled 
out in the seam, wide and deep, the outside thigh full, the flaidc deep, 
and forming with the fore-tlank and belly (the latter well supported by 
its plates) a parallel line with the animal's hack. 



fl^'i 'nil'. WII'IKHAN I'AIJMI.i; S hi" II II IIDOK. 

XXII. Wlflo ill lliuCropH 

riic :iliilii:il lil'iiad in llii'ri'cijis Iimm il li(<lli'l' liMi'k ; liiil il is mIsii cviilflUUf 
(if II l)i'll<'i' fill lirnnilli I lid Hli(Mil(lci'-lilMilf, ;L>i\ ill";' {frciilcr widlli to tlu< 
cIichI within, ;iii<l i'iiiisci|iifiil I y j^ii'mIit pl.iy tn llic liiiij;s, TIiIh |)(isil,i(»ii 
iif I lid n1iiiiiI(Ii'I'-IiIii(I<' (•iialilcH tlid Iv'^H III lid lirdii^i'lil iiiiiiti j;ri(Cdriilly 
iimldi' I lid dlid.Hl lidiidiil II. 'I'lidiu' ni'd .soiiid lidMsjs wliiisd i'oi'd Idi^^i sImikI wu 
W idd ;i|iMI'l llinl |Ih'\ \diyinil(li livsdiiilild |\\i> slicks si nek ilil (i ;l liil'ifc 
|>iiiii|ikiti. Siii'li aiiiiu;il^Mi'i' I'diisiili'i I'd :i\v kv\ Mill and iiii'niis diiidiil mI Idast . 

XXIII. Thd IliidU SlnuKliI 1111(1 lli-oiiil. 

.\ lin.ad liark arfoids \alii;il.|d loasliiii; i.idcd^. and will l.e llid drlinlil 
of Hid luilrlidi-. 'I'lid ■^liai;^iil liat-k aflunK a lidljcr s|iinal c-ipliiniii, and i^i\ I's 
llid |iiii|idr s|iai'd Id llid daNilii's lidncalli, wliidli, as \\ d lia\d jii^l scdii, ai'd 
<MCil|iidd liy llid luii^l iin|iin'lanl iiiL'aii>. .\ sIraiLllil liiid al-.ii^i\cs In llic 
I'ilis M imird lii'ai'drni as wdll as a inni-d duindnidnl :il ladliindiil . 

XXIV. 'I'lid Kll.^4 llaridl-Slmpdil. 

'riid nli.s 1'i.sind' Wdll I'l'diii llids|pind, i-ivini; In llic body .1 iiiiind ni' li.ii- 
idldd .s|iii|id, ^i\fs nilldll tiKiid MiiHii III llid iiiL'.iiis williiii I lid hd.iil and 
limji's - lliMli lliiTd would lid ir Hid rilis dd^dciidi'd in smli a niainidr as to 
divd a Hat side. A licast willi Hat sidds, ;iiiil iiinsdi|iidnll\ a n.ii'row 
lliiiial. will lai'k L^i'dalU in Ni^ui.and lid.illli, ami all llid csMail iai ijiiali- 
lids that donslilnld a i;i.nd l.nlloik. A liad ril. liiv d , |iiiiir s|iadd In I lie 
;i I idol ulna I organs wliirli lie iiuniddi.-itdU lidliind tliosi. of the d|id',| , mi less 
llid jidliy is iiTduliy saijddd, wliirli i^ L't'iidiallv llid d.asd. 

XXV. Ttid Totidh. 

\\\ liandlin^ or llid loiuli, Imlrlidrs a^rdrlain lidl'nidliand llid i|n;ilily of 
tiit'lldMli. l»y il Hid lii'ddddr iisddiiaiiis tlida|ilitiidd to fallen a^udll aNihr 
(iniilily Mild i|iiiiiitity <d' tl(<sli tliiit Hid aniiiiiil williany. ( >!' all llic ijnal- 
iti(<.4 of Hid o\, this is |irolial>ly tjid most ditlidiill to nnddisland. ilis 
thd [iddiiliar sdiisat ion of softness ,aiid diastidilv lli.il is piodiiei'd li\ tin- 
prdSHiii'd of Hid hand nii d i t'Cd I'd 1 1 1 jiails id' Hid liod\. This sdiisalion <U-- 
pdiids, ill jiai'l, ii|iiin a lai'i;d ddlliilar dd\ dlo|inidiil lidiidalh the skin .and 
hdlwddii Hid iniisrlds, and in jiarl u|ion Hie iniisenlar s| nirl iiii', .idaiil iiii;' 
ilsdif to Hid diilids il has lo |idifonii. Il is vdr\ eotninon to lind a sofl- 
diiiiiii of thd iiiiisdnlur lilii'd as an aeioiii|ianiiiienl or a preeiirsor of dis- 
card that iiia\ iiiisldad. I'lid same nui\ he olisdivcd in Hid ai^cd of Imlh 
lllllll .and lidasl. What is -loiieh,' or what is il lo • liandid w dll V How 
is il to lid disliiiunislidd from that w liieli iioilends h.nl lieallh .and old aue? 
1>\ its elastidily — its [lower to replaee Hie |iaits when lUdssdd a s|iiiiiijy 
sdiisalion. 



HKOICI-llOlIN CAI"!!,!;. .l.'i.J 

ll will i'(t(|iiiri' iniicli pnirlicc id Im'(;imiic an uili!|)l in lliit kiiowlctl^i*. 
Slill, iiiiiiiy iiHi-fiil l(!SH(iiis inuy Ix' <|aily litid liy I Ik; cxuiiiiiiiil ion uiid liiuiil- 
liiitr of oiio'h own Hlork. ('onipiirativi^ litMi(lliii<^ will alToiil niiicli aHhinl- 
aiH'c. Take, tlioscr luiinials llial ai'<' known lo accnniiilalr I'al readily and 
lar}j;oly, iiM tlic oposHntn or llir l)i:ii-, or anv oMici' kn<twn lo lake on 
fat readily, ami yon will line! :i |H'l'llli:l^l^ <>l'l and ineliotv Momli.' 
XXVI ■I'lii) IlJdo. 

'I'Ik! Mkin slioiiJil \>r lliiik, ioll ,iiii| I'laMlie—lidin^i; alike eillicr a poor 
or fal ox, A lean animal, wilii an inelasjie nkin Hf.i'(^t(:li(ti| npon liiin, 
<'oidd not, fallen for llie want of npaee to exjiand in. iliil with an elaKli<^ 
.--kin lie may lie Hwelled to <rreal diinenr^ionH in wlial seenn-d to lie lint a 
eoverinjj;' for his lionen. 'I'ln' ^kin perforniM \ery imporl ani fimelionrt in 
llMMinimal eeononi>. ll i-^ nol only a eoverin;^ foi' u\\ the parlH lienealii 
it, lint it iH flit! Heal, of a vant HyHtem of minnlc lilood vcHHelH and capil- 
larieH. of exIitilenU and aliHoi'lient.H. A \a^l nerMinn I iHHni^ eenlei'H liere 
llial riiicli r lln- -kin Mensili\e in llie liij;;iieHl dejrree. 'I'lie <.>re:il vilal 
Udi'lii ami iiiipoi'lanei' of llie ;-<kin niM\' lie riMidily appie.eiateil liy any 
injnricH <lone ii . 'llie rapidity willi w liicli exIeiiKive liiiniH dentroy lifd 
may MiU've as a ^nllicient illir I ral ion. " l)i:~.lroy my Hkin, and yon >-liall 
liavc my liones al^)." 

XXVII. Till) llalr. 

The hair nhonlil lie l,hi<k , -.oil , Mio-,y and line, formin;.' a prole<'|ion 
a^rainMl imIemeneieK of weather. I''iiie hair in an evi<|eneeof ;i linely 
<ii';^Mni/ed Mkin,a nkin exi|iii>ile|y liniilnd in its whole, nli'nelnr'ir of minute 
veMMiflH and tiKMUCH. A ^kin Ihn^ delirately orf;;ani/.ed Ik alHo (^vi<jene(! 
llial other or^^aMH are alike eonnti neled. .N.ilnre in all her pariN nndonlil- 
idly prodneeK a eori'CHpondeni'e, mi Ih.il if one p.irl i of .a pei uluir 
.Htrnelme, either line or eoarMi", other p.'irl- are ,ip| |o eorreipond, I'arlH 
.Hcen m.iy lie iiiii^iilereil indiealivi^ of pail^ nol :.ei'n, ll may lie per'- 

inilled I Id Ih.il in .'ill the hi'i-nli eallle that I have -.'ra/eij and fed, I 

h.i\e iicMi rniind one w iili line .silky hair liial, (Ji<J nol fallen well and 

make a desiral.h' l.llllork. 

XXVIII. Tho Color. 

Ah re;rar<|:< lolor, IIm' l.ilihele in Vfiy fJI'eat, fioin deep lilood-red 
Ihroii^rh all the intermediate hliaden and mixlnren to pure white, hut any 
other eolor-, as liidwn, lilaek or dun, are iievei' in(M with in thoro(iu:ii- 
lind-. I'li-hioii ii.i-i vindieateil the rich red and purple roan an Uw iiiomI 
de-iralili' < iilor , and afli'i' Ihein red. While in HOUM-limeH olijeeled lo, 
nndei' Ihi' inipre^ion thai it i-i apt lo Hpreinl lhrou;;h a Jiiu'il and over- 
po\\ei- the olhir i-olor- ; linl llii- le:ir i-i more eominon in I Ihm eonnt ry 



554 



THE AMKIiKAN KAUMKR S STOCK BOOK. 



than ill England, whore white hulls are often used. Red and white, in 
blotches, with defined edges not running into roan, is disliked, and the 
term i)aleliy is applied to it. This discrimination, however, as regards 
color, is entirely arhilrary, animals of equal excellence and breeding 
being found of all these colors. 

XXrX. Beef Points Illustrated. 

In the accompanying outline illustration of the points of a Short-IIorn 
bull the letters a, h, r, (/,/", /*, «*,./, A', x, y, ,~, represent the inferior 
parts: from the girth 7), back, iucludiug r,s,f,n,i\ the superior i)arts. 




POINTS OF SnOKT-nOi;N BILL. 



From this it will be easy to understand the points and the respective num- 
bers given in the tabulated scale of points as authoritatively stated in the 
American Herd Book 

XXX. Scale of Points for Short-Horn Bulls. 

rolNTS. 

Ai;t. 1. — Puritj' of breed on male and female side : sire and dam 
reputed for docility of disposition, early maturity and aptitude 
to fatten ; sire a good stock-getter, dam a good breeder ; ami 
giving a large quantity of milk, or such as is superior for 
making butter or cheese. - - - - - 7 

Ai;t. '2. — Head muscuhir and fine ; the horns tine and gradually 
diminishing to a point, of a Hat rather than a round shape at 
the base, short and inclined to turn uji, those of a clear, waxy 
color to lie preferred, but such as aw of a transparent white, 



SHORT-HORN CATTLE. 555 

iuul tiused with yellow, admissiilile ; cars small, thin and cov- 
ered with soft hair, playing quick, moving freely ; forehead 
short, broad, especially between the eves, and slightly dished ; 
eyes bright, placid and rather prominent than otherwise, with 
a yellow rim around them ; lower part of the face clean, dished 
and well developing the course of the veins ; muzzle small, noso 
of a clear oi-ange or light chocolate color ; nostrils wide and 
open ; lower jaw thin ; teeth clean and sound. - - •"> 

Art. 3. — Xeck tine and slightly arched, strongly and well set on the 
head and shoulders, harmoniously widening, deepening and 
rounding as it approaches the latter point; no dewlap. - 2 

Art. 4. — Chest broad, deep and projecting, the brisket on :i lower 

line than the belly. __._--- -5 

Art. 5. — Shoulders broad, strong, tine and well placed ; forelegs 
short, straight, and standing rather wide apart than narrow ; 
fore-arm muscular, broad and powerful, slightly swelling and 
full above the knee ; the bone fine and flat ; knees well knit and 
strong; foot flat, and in shape an oblong semicircle; hin-n of 
the hoof sound and of a clear waxy color. . - - - 2 

Art. ti. — Barrel round and deep, and well ribbed up the hips. - 4 

Art. 7. — Back short, straight and broad from the withers to the 
setting on of the tail ; crops round and full ; loins broad ; huckle 
bones on a level with the back ; tail well set, on a level with 
the back, fine and gradually diminishing to a point, and hang- 
ing, Avithout the brush, an inch or so below the hock, at right 
angles with the back. _--_----4 

Art. f<. — Hind quarters from the huckle to the point of the rump 
well filled up ; twist well let down and full ; hind legs short, 
straight, and well spread apart, gradually swelling and rounding 
above the hock ; the bone fine and flat below ; legs not to cross 
each other in walking, nor to straddle behind. _ - - 3 

Art. !I. — Skin of medium thickness, movable and mellow ; a white 
color is adniissable, but rich cream or orange much preferable ; 
hair well covering the hide, soft and fine, and if undercoated 
with soft, thick fur in winter, so much the better ; color, pure 
white, red roan, bright red, or reddish yellow and white. (A 
black or dark brown nose or a I'im around the eye, ])lack or 
dark spots on the skin and hair decidedly objectionable, and 
indicative of coarse meat and l)ad blood. )----}] 

Art. li>. — Good handling. .-.----4 

A:;t. 11. — Sure stock-oretter. - - ----- 4 



fjoC THE AMKUICAN FAliMEI! S STOCK 1U)()K. 

Ai:t. 12. — Stock, when made stocr. certuiii to feed kindly for beof- 

crs at any ago, iiiul make prime hoi'f. ----- r> 

Ai;r. l.">. — (icncral aitpcarancc. ------ '2 

IVrfcction. - - - - - - - - _ 50 

XXXI. Scale of Points for Short-Horn Cows. 

roiNTS. 

AiiT. 1. — Purity of l)rccd on male and fenial'.' side; sire and dam 
reputed for docility of disposition, early mutuiity and aptitude; 
to fatten. Sire ii good stoek-getter. Dam a good breeder; 
giving a large quantity of milk, or such superior for making 
butter or cheese. - - - -----7 

Ai;t. -2. — Head small and tapering; long and narrower in propor- 
tion than that of the bull. Horns tine and gradually diminish- 
ing to a point ; of a flat rather than of a round shape at the 
base ; short, and inclined to turn up ; those of a clear waxy 
color to be preferred ; but such as are of a transparent Avhite, 
slightly tinged with yellow, admissible. Ears small, thin, and 
well covered with soft hair; plaving (]uick, moving freely. 
Forehead of good breadth between the eyes, and slightly dished. 
pjVes bright, placid, and rather prominent than otherwise, with 
a \ellow rim round them. The lower i)ait of the face clean, 
dished, and well developing the courses of the veins. Muzzle 
small ; nose of a clear bronze, or light chocolate color — the 
former much preferred. Nostrils wide and mi'11 opened. Lower 
jaw thin. Teeth clear and sound. - - - - - 5 

Akt. ;!. — Neck tine and thin, straight, and well set on to the head 
and shoulders, harmoniously widening, deepening, and slightly 
rounding in a delicate feminine manner as it apiiroaches the 
latter point. No dewlap. __-- ---2 

Ai;t. 4. — Shoulders fine and well placed. Fore legs, short straight 
and well sfux'ad apart. Fore-arm wide, muscular, slightly 
.swellinir, and full above the knee ; the bone tine and flat below. 
Knees well knit and strong. Foot flat and in shape of an 
oblong semi-circle. Horn of the hoof sound, and of a clear 
waxy color. ---------- 2 

.\i;T. T). — Chest broad, deep and projecting — tiie l)riskcl on a lower 

line than the belly. -------- r> 

.\i!T. Ii. — liarrei round, deep and well ribbed uj) to the hips. - 5 

Ai:t. 7. — Back slioi'l, strong, straight from the withers to the set- 
ting of the tail. Croj) round and full. Loin l)road. Huckle 
lioiies on a le\el with the back. Tail well set , on a level with 



MI<)i;T-n()i;\ ( ATTI.E. "l.J? 

the Imck or very sliirlitly below it ; fino jiiid gradually diminish - 
ing to :i jxtiiit ; and h;ingiii<;', without the brush, an iiu'h or so 
below the hock, at right angles with the buck. - - - 4 

Akt. S. — Hind (juarters from the huekles to the point of the ruiii|) 
long and well tilled uji. Twist well let down and full. Hind 
leg.s short, straight and well s})read apart ; gradually swelHng 
and rounding above the hoek ; the bone tine and Hat below. 
Foot flat, and in shape of an oblong semi-cirele. Horn of the 
hoof sound, and of a elear waxy color. Legs not to cross cach- 
other in walking, nor to straddle behind. - - - - 3 

Aur. !•. — Udder broad, full, extending well forward along the belly, 
and well up behind. Teats of a good size for the hand ; squarely 
placed with :i slight oblique pointing out ; Avido apart ; when 
pressed by the hand the milk flowing from them freely. Extra 
teats indicative of good milking qualities, but should never be 
milked, as they draw the bag out of shape. Milk veins largo 
and swelling. - - -------4 

Akt. 10. — Skin of a medium thickness: movable and mellow; a 
white color is admissible, but a rich cream or oi'ange much pref- 
erable. Hair well covering the hide ; soft and fine, and if 
undei'coated with soft, thick fur in the winter, so much the bet- 
ter. Color pure white, red, roan, bright red, red and white, 
spotted roan, or reddish and yellow and white. (A black oi' 
dark brown nose, or rim around the eye, black or dark brown 
sjxits on the skin and the hair decidedly objectionable, and indic- 
ative of coarse meat and bad blood. ) - _ _ . ;; 
Akt. 11. — Good handler. --- . _ - - . ^ 
Akt. 12. — Sure and good breeder. ------ 4 

Akt. i;?. — General appearance. - - _ - - _ '2 

Perfection. - - - - - - .'iO 



CHAPTER VI. 
THE JERSEYS, ALDERNEYS AND GUERNSEYS. 



I. A FASHIONABLE BHF.Ell. II. THE GUERNSEYS. III. THE ALDERNEY IN 

YOrATT'S TIME. IV. THE JERSEY OF TO-DAY. V. CROSSING THE JERSEY'S. 

VI. THE JERSEY DESCRIBED. VII. MILK MIRRORS. VIII. GIENON'S 

THEORY OF MILK MIRRORS. IX. THEIR rKACTICAL UTILITY. .X THE 

ESCUTCHEON MARKS. XI. GOOD MILKERS IN ALL BREEDS. XII. VALUE OF 

HEREDITY. XIII. INFLUENCE OF GOOD DIGESTION AND ASSIMILATION. .XIV. 

THE MILK VEINS. XV. THE UDDER AND TWIST VEINS. XVI. MR. SHARl'- 

LESS' OPINION. XVII. SYMMETRY ESSENTIAL ■\VHATEVEIl THE BREED. XVIII. 

THE JERSEY NOT A DAIRY COW. XIX. SCALE OF POINTS FOR JEHSEV COWS AND 

HEIFERS XX. RILES IN AWARDING PRIZES. XXI. SCALE OF POINTS FOR 

JERSEY BULLS. XX[I. ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF POINTS. XXIII. COLOR 

AND SIZE. XXIV. FliOM A PRACTICAL STAND-POINT. 

I. A Fashionable Breed. 

Within the hist fifteen years, the Jersey, Altlerney and Gueinisey cat- 
tle, second in importance of tlie short-horned ])rceds of Great Britain, 
have acqnired great celehrity, not so much for the quanity of the milk 
they o;ive, as for its exceeding richness in cream, and the excellence of 
the butter made therefrom. Those originally brought from the islands 
of Jersey and Alderney are now called Jerseys, just as all Dutch cattle 
have been called Hol.steins, while the Guernsey cattle are kept separate 
and distinct, under the proper name of tiie island from which they came. 
II. The Guernseys. 

While tile Jerseys and Alderneys have the most admirers, especiall}'' 
among fashionable breeders, from tlieir deer-like forms and general air 
of elegant lightness, the Guernseys are coming into prominence as being 
larger, better-built, (that is, not so angular,) and better feeders ; for it 
must l)e confessed that the Jersey cow, for its size, is a great consumer. 

The Guernsey cow is also a larger pi-oducer of milk, though it is 
averred by the Jersey breeders that it is not so rich in quality. Jersey 
cattle, however, vary much in this respect, and it is certain that the 
Guernsey cows are growing more and more into favor every year as l)ut- 
ter and milk producing cows. 

III. The Alderney in Youatt" s Time. 

Youatt says of this breed, which he classes with the cattle of \or- 
maudy, that they are from the French continent ; that the cattle of Nor- 
nuiudy are larger and have a greater tendency to fatten ; that others are 

558 



THE .IEKSEY8, ALDEKNEYS AND GlEUNSEVS. rt59 

from till' islands of the French coast, lint that all of them, whether from 
the continent or islands, pass nuder the common name of Alderne^'. 
Youatt also adds, on the authority of ^Ir. Parkinson, mIio seems to have 
been a prejudiced oljserver, that, "The Akleruey, considering its voracious 
a[)petite — for it devours almost as much as a Short-Horn— yields very 
little milk," but admits the milk to be rich in quality, though "it is not rich 
enough, yielding the small quantity she does, to pav' for what it costs."' 
If this be true, the Jersey has improved fully as much within the last 
fifty years as any other breed. 

IV. The Jersey of To-Day. 

i>e tlu' statements of the autliorities quoted what they mav, the Jersey 
of to-day is a very different animal from that which they describe. That 
the Jerseys are large feeders for their size there is no doubt, and that-the\ 
give the richest milk of any known breed is quite as certain. That some 
of them, at least, give large quantities of milk, the following e.xtract from 
the American Encyclopedia of Agriculture will show: 

"The butter from the eows is very rich in cream and deep yellow in 
color, so much so that a few cows in a herd will decidedly change tlie 
color of the butter of the whole herd. The percentage of cream to 
milk varies from eighteen to twenty-tive per cent., and the proportion of 
butter to cream varies from 3.70 to 8.07 in 100 parts. Twenty-six quarts 
per day has been recorded as the product of an individual cow, and four- 
teen i^omids of butter per week. Sixteen quarts per day may be re- 
garded as a good yield, and when we take into consideration the light 
weight of the cow, and the fact that the milk will yield from one-quarter 
to one-sixth of the richest cream, we need not wonder that these gentle 
and deer-like cattle have become universal favorites as famih'cows." 

Our own observation is that twelve quarts a day may be considered a 
good average 3'ield of milk, from the pure-bred animals — an averase 
fully one-third more than that of good native herds. 
V. Crossing The Jersey. 

Crossing the Jerseys with other improved breeds has not resulted satis- 
factorily. Their value, however, is priceless when crossed upon good 
milkers from native herds. They have added largely to the qualitv of 
the milk of the inferior stock ; and crosses of the Jersey bull upon the 
ordinarj' native cows of a district, have not onl}' imparted richness to the 
milk, l)ut have resulted in an increased How. Their sole use is among 
those who wish exceedingly rich milk, and, whatever the strain, we think 
no advantage will be found in crossing them on any of the beef breeds. 
They are milking cattle, and their legitmate use is to supplv the demands 
of people who want quality, and not quantity of milk. 



.OtU) 



Till-; AMKUICAN lAKMKKS STOCK HOOK. 



The Imlls may iinp.ov the nalivc i„ilki„o sto.'k of tli.^ coui.tr}-, and 
what(!Voi- variety is used, nlicthcr rims,. fr.,i„ tii<. Islo of .I.Tsev, Alder- 
ney ,„• (Juenisey, use only pure hulls. Uo not take a urade-I.ull at any 
prue ; those ])urely bi-ed are now suffieiently ])leiitv, s.Hhat (h.-v can he. 



III"! r-'l' I'J 

''"'It 




had at reaso.uihle priees. 'I'he ,.ure hulls are prepotent in perpetuatin- 
rich iniikinir qualities. The -rades an. not. If an additional reason 
were wanted, please remember that the produce of a i)ure animal on one 
not of improved blood is a half-blooded ealf. Th<- produce ,.f a lialf- 
blorxl on native cattle wnidd he only one-ipiarter hlu,„i. 



THE .lEUSEVS, ALI)!-:iINEVS AM) (UEliNSEVS. 



■.fil 



VI. The Jersey Described. 
Mr. Lewis. F. Alien, :i eoii.seientious and acearale historian of eattle, 
l)ut vvlio, it must he confessed, has S(jnictiiini>" of a prejudice in favor of 
the (to him) favorite Short-Horns, accurately describes the Jersey, as fol- 
lows : "Beginning with the head — the most characteristic feature — the 
muzzle is tine ; the nose either dark hrown (jr black, and occasionally a 
yellowish shade, with a peculiar mealy, light-colored hair, running up 
the face into a smoky hue, w'hen it gradually takes the general color of 
the body. The face is slightly dishing, clean of flesh, mild and gentle in 
expression ; the eye clear and full, and encircled with a distinct ring of 
the color of the nose ; the forehead bold ; the horn short, curving inward 




.IKUSEV liUI.I,. HEIFER AXI> CALK. 



and wa.NV in color, with black tips : the car sizai)le, thin, and quick in 
movement. The whole head is original, and blood-like in appearance, 
— more so than in almost any other of the cattle race, — reminding one 
strongly of the head of our American elk. The neck is somewhat de- 
pi'essed — would be called ewe-necked by some — but clean in the throat, 
with moderate or little dewlap ; the shoulders are Avide and somewhat 
ragged, with prominent points, running down to a delicate arm, and slen- 
der legs beneath. The fore-quarters stand rather close together, with a 
thinnish, yet well developed brisket between. The ribs ai'c flat, yet 
giving suflicient play for good lungs ; the back depressed and somewhat 
hollow ; the belly deep and large ; the hips tolerably wide ; the rump and 
tail hiirh : the loin and (luartcr medium in lennrth ; the thiiih thin and 



5<>:2 TllK AMi:ilKAN 1 AUMKU's STOCK BOOK. 

deep; the twist Avido, to iicconiinodatc ;i cloiui, good-sized udder; the 
flani\s inediuui ; the liocks or gainijrel joints crooked ; the hind le<fs 
small ; the udder capacious, square, set well forward, and covered with 
soft, silky hair ; the teats fine, standinff well apart and nicely tapering ; 
the milk veins prominent . On the whole she is a homely, blood-like, 
gentle, usefid little housekeeping body, with a most kindly temper, lov- 
ing to be petted, and, like the pony with the children, readily becomes 
a great favorite with those who have her about them, either in jiasture, 
paddock, stable or the lawn. The colors are usually light red or fawn, 
occasionally smoky grey, and sonu'times black, mixed or splashed more 
or less with white." 

VII. Milk Mirrors. 

To M. Francois (irucnon, a farmer of Sibourne, France, is due the 
credit of having i)erfected a system for determining the value of a (^ow 
for milk, by the escutcheon or milk sign, (min-or as it is sometimes 
called) extending fi'om the root of the tail, in the best animals, down 
over tlu^ udder behind and between the thighs. The writer studied it 
and brc'd by it when engaged in active farming, and, while not willing to 
accord full credit to the judgment of the French committee of agricul- 
ture at Bordeaux, in 1828, he believes them conscientious in their report. 
They used this strong language : " This system we do not fear to sa}' is 
infallible." My own observation leads me to regard it as being so essen- 
tially correct, that a careful study of the "signs" will enable any person 
to judge pretty correctly as to the quantity and quality of the milk 
given and also as to tiie time of giving milk, after the cow is again in calf. 
In breeding, exMuiine also the coiTcsponding escutcheon in the bull, for 
we have always found that the bull showing the nuirks eminently will be 
pretty sure to get calves that will grow up to be good milkers. 

VIII. Guenon's Theory of Milk Mirrors. 

In the (iuenon system there are twenty-seven diagrams representing 
the \ari()us grades of milking qualities, including what is called a bastard 
escutcheon to each grade. These vary from the fullest development in 
the growth of upward hair, and in the "scurf marks," down to the least 
possible exhibit — the "bastard escutcheons" showing, by ])eculiar signs, 
that the cow will not only give poor milk, but will fail early after again 
coming to be with calf. The hair indicating a good milker turns upward, 
is short and fine, and contains peculiar oval marks or scurf spots. The 
skin over this whole surface is easily raised, and is especially soft and 
fine in good milkers. 



THE JEIISEVS, ALDEUNICVS AM) (JUEUNSEYS. 503 

rx. Their Practical Utility. 

To illustrate the Viiliie of the sion.s of ;i good milker, we give the re- 
sults ohtaiiied by two close and intelligent observers, one a French 
authorit}', Prof. Magne, V. S., of the Veterinary iSchool at Alfort, the 
oilier Mr. Charles Sharpless of Pennsylviiuia. In relation to the indica- 
tions Prof. Magne, differing somewhat from Mi-. Guenou, lays downi the 
following rules : 

" The direction of the hair is subordinate to that of the arteries ; when 
a large plate of hair is directed from below, upwards on the posterior 
face of the udder, and on the twist, it proves that the arteries that suj)- 
[)\y the milky system are large, since they pass backwards beyond it, 
convey much blood, and consequent]}^ give activity to its functions. Ui)- 
per tufts, placed on the sides of the vulva, prove that the arteries of the 
generative organs are strongly developed, reach even to the skin, and 
give great activity to those organs. The consequence is, that after a cow 
is again with calf, it draws off tiie blood which was flowing to the milky 
glands, lessens, and even stops the secretions of milk. 

" In the bull, the arteries, corresponding to the mammary arteries of 
the cow, being intended only for coverings of the testicles, are verv 
slightly developed ; and there, accordingly, the escutcheons are of small 
extent. 

X. The Escutcheon Marks. 

" This explanation, which accords veiy well with an tnat lias lieen ob- 
served, renders it easy to comprehend the value of the escutcheon. The 
more the lower ones are developed, the greater the quantity of milk ; but 
shape is of consequence. 

" But the quantity of milk, and its cjuality, do not defjcnd solely on 
the form and size of the escutcheon ; they depend on the food, the par- 
ticidar management, the climate, the season, the temperament, the size 
and energy of the principal internal organs, the capacity of the chest, the 
influence of the generative S3'stem, etc. AH these circumstances cause 
tiie ([uantity of milk to vary, without making any change on the extent 
of the escutcheon ; consequently, it is impossible that the same relation 
can always exist between the escutcheons and the quantities of milk. We 
often see cows equally well shaped, having exactly the same escutcheon, 
and placed under the same hygienic condition, yet not giving equal quan- 
tities, or equal qualities of milk. It could not be otherwise. Assuming 
that a given tuft has the same value at birth, it cannot be the same in 
adidt age ; since, during life, an infinite number of circumstances occur 
to diversify the activit}' of the milky glands, without changing the figure 
or size of the tuft. 



5()4 THE AilZIMCAX ?"Ai:Mi:i;"8 STOCK DOOK. 

"But the escutcheon has the advaiitase of funiishiiijj; a mark which can 
be easily discerned and estinialed, even l)y persons of no great exi)e- 
rience in the selection of cows — a mark pereeptil)le on very young ani- 
mals, and on bulls as well as heifers — a mark which, when disencum- 
bered of the complicated system in which it has been wrapped up, will he 
in common use and facilitate the increase of good cows, by not allowing 
any but those of good promise to be reared." 

XI. Good Milkers in aE Breeds. 

Professor Mairue also gives the following dii'ections for choosing a good 
Cow, of an\' breed : 

"We tind good milkers in all breeds, but they arc rare in some and very 
common in others. It could not be other^vise. Milk properties, depend- 
ing on the conditions which determine the formation of l)reeds, are due 
l)artly to the climate, the soil, the air, and the plants of the countries 
Avhere the breeds have originated ; and must therefore vary with the con- 
ditions peculiar to each locality. Milkers, and more especially animals 
intended for breeding, must be selected among breeds celel)rated for abund- 
ance of milk. For as milking rjualities are in a great measure dependent 
on structure and temperament, which are moi'e or less hereditary, de- 
scent exercises a great influence. 

XII. Value of Heredity. 

"In each breed, therefore, we should choose individuals belonging to 
the best stocks, and the offspring of parents remarkable for their milking 
(pialities ; for it is certain that good milch cows produce others which re- 
seml)le them. A cow of a bad milking familv, or even breed, may occa- 
sionally be an excellent milker, and more than this is not wanted when it 
is not meant to breed from her. The same cannot be said when breed- 
ing is intended, because there would be little chance of her transmitting 
the accidental or exceptional qualities possessed by her ; whereas the 
qualities forming the fixed and constant characters of the stock would al- 
most to a certainty be transmitted to descendants. 

"These remarks, with regard to breed and parentage, apply to the se- 
lection of the bull, which, as experience demonstrates, acts like the cow 
in transmitting the milking qualities which distinguish the breed and 
stock. 

Xm. Influence of Good Digestion and Assimilation. 

"The digestive organs have a great influence on the exercise of all the 
functions, and particularly on the secretion of the milk-glands. Where 
the ditrcstive orirans are defective, good milch cows are i-arely met with 



THE .IEnSEY8, ALDEUNEY.s AND til EUNSEVS. 5(j5 

Good digestive organs are known b>' a belly of moderate size, with 
yielding sides, free from tightness, (in aged animals the belly is of ten 
large, though the organs which it contains are in good condition) ; a large 
mouth, thick and strong lips, a good appetite, easy and quick digestion, 
glossy hair, supple skin, yet firm, and somewhat oily to the touch. Ani- 
mals possessing these characteristics may be exjiected to feed ;»id drink 
heavily, and, if they arc properly fed, make much blood and yield large 
quantities of milk. The respiratory organs complete the system of nu- 
trition. The lungs bring the air breathed into contact with the blood, 
and render the system of nourishment complete. Hence, a good form, 
quick digestion and a healthy condition of the lungs are necessary to the 
production of a large flow of milk. 

XIV. The Milk Veins. 

'■If the veins which surround the udder are large, winding, and varicose 
(dilated at intervals), they show that the glands receive much blood, 
and, consequently, that their functions are active, and that the milk is 
abundant. The veins on the lateral parts of the belly are most easily 
observed, and all authors decide them to be among the best tests for 
ascertaining the activity of the glands. These veins issue from the udder, 
iu front, and at the outer angle, whei'e they form, in very good cows, a 
considerable varicose swelling. They proceed toward the front part of 
the body, forming angles, more or less distinct, often divide towards their 
anterior extfemit}', and sink into the body by several openings. We can 
make the size of the milk veins prominent by compressing them in their 
passage, by pressing them at the place where they penetrate into the 
body. If we press the thuml) strongly into the opening through which 
the vein passes, the width of the opening represents the diameter of the 
vein, and the thickness of the thumb which stops it represents the vol- 
ume of blood whose place it occupies. Sometimes the veins are divided. 
It is then necessary to examine all the openings by which they pass, in 
order to form a correct estimate. 

XV. The Udder and Twist Veins. 

"The veins of the udder and twist are able to furnish valuable indica- 
tions. They should, in both cases, be highly developed, large and vari- 
cose ; that is, appear swollen and knotty. The veins of the udder have 
no definite direction. They present themselves irregularlj', with zigzag 
lines, knotted and more or less oblique. The}' are never of very laro-e 
size, except in cows that give large quantities of milk. 

"The veins of the twist directed from above downward, forming a 
winding line, interspersed with knots, resemble those of the udder in not 
being visible either in heifers or in cows of only fair milking quality. We 



sBe 



THK AMKUICAN FAUMEU S STOCK IK>OK. 



cjinnot iisccrtain their presence in iiny hut very good cows. Of all the 
marks of abundant milk secretion, the best, and in fact tlie only infallible 
marks, are furnished by the veins of the twist and of the udder. To 
estimate thcni correctly it is necessary to take into account the state of 
the cow in respect to flesh, the thickness of skin, food, ability to stand 
fatigue, heat; all the circumstances, in fact, which cause variations in the 
general state of the circulation, and in the dilation of the veins. It is nec- 
essary, moi'covcr, to recollect that in both sexes all the veins are larger in 
the old than in the young ; that the veins which encircle the udder are 
those which, if ilic cows ai-c in milk, vary most according to the age of 




;i!EAT MII.K MIUROU ON UOI.STKIN COW. 



tlie animal. Small wlicn the animal is young, they continue to incTcasc 
in size until after the cow has had several calves, when they come to their 
full development. 

"This propoi'lion between the size of the veins and tlic milk sccn-tcd. 
is observed in all females without exception. 'I'lie size of the veins and 
their varicose state being due to the blood attracted by the increased 
activity of the milk-glands, is not only the sign, but also the measure, 
of this activity — this coimection. In fact, this connection is soclose that, 
if the glands do not give an ecjual quantity of milk, the larger veins nn- 
on the side of the udder whi<h gives the largest quantity. 



TiiK .M;i;sr.vs, ai.di-.knt.vs a\i> (;i'ki:nsi:vs. 'iCtJ 

"The length of time during which milk is given corresponds with the 
activity of the organs which supply it. Cows which givo most milk a 
day, also give it the longest ; and hence, if no special mai'k is perceived, 
we can judge much of the duration of milk by the mirks which deter- 
mine its (|uantity. It may tluirefore ho accepted that as a rule an 
abundant milker may be expected togivc a longcontiimcd flow of milk." 

In illustration of what Prof. Magne says of milk min-ors in all breeds, 
we give an illustration of a wonderful milk mirror on a Uolstein cow, 
coi-responding to the best escutcheon of Mr. (nienon, which he names 
the Flanders, and which as is well known is one of the Dutch breeds. 

XVI. Mr. Sharpless' Opinion. 

Mr. Charles L. Sharpless of Pemisylvania, a careful breeder of Jersey 
cattle, and a closi; observer in relation to milk mirrors, holds the fol- 
lowing : 

There is no point in judging a cow so little undci'stood as llu; cscutcii- 
eon. The conclusion of almost every one is, that her escutcheon is good, 
if ther(5 b(^ a l)road band of up-running hair from the udder to the vulva, 
and around it. 'JMicse cows with the broad vertical escutcheon are nearly 
always paiallcl cows ; that is, with bodies long l)ut not large, and with 
the under line parallel with (he l)ack. Their thighs arc thin, and the 
thigh escutcheon shows on tiie inside of tlic! thigh rather than on its rcai'. 

Next comes the wedge-shaped cow, with llu; body shorter but very 
large, dee[) in the flank, and very capacious. This form does not usually 
exhibit the vertical escutcheon running u|) to the vulva, but with a broader 
thigh may exhibit a thigh (jscutclieon, which is prefcsrable to the other ; 
see Fig. 2. — Milk Mirrors of Jersey Cows, on the next l)age. 

In both vertical and thigh mirrors, when! the hair runs down, intruding 
on th(! udder (as low as above the dotted lines) as in Figs. 3 and 4, it 
damages the escutcheon. If 3'ou find a cow with the hair all running 
down, and betwecMi the thighs — that is, wi(li no up-i-unning hair — stamp 
her as ;i cipher for yitdding milk. 

Tiiere are times when tlu^ udder of a cow with an csculchoon like Fig. 
4 will be cnlargc(l by non-milking, for the purpose of decc|)tion. It is 
always safer to judge by the escutcheon rather than l)y the large size of 
the udder. 

The escutciieons of the best (^ows — those? yielding the most and con- 
tinuing (he long(!st — will be found to hr. those which conform to Fig. 2. 

The vertical es(!utch(!on of Fig. 1 would not injure it ; l)ut if tiiat orna- 
mental feature has to be at the expense of the high escutcheon, Fig. 2 
i.s best as it is. 

Whencn'cran escutcheon is iicconipanicd by a curl on each irni(l-(|iiartcr 
of II1C udder, il iiulicalcs a \ icld of the liiiiliest order. 



r>(]H 



rili; A.MI'.KHAN I'Ali.MKl: S SI'OCli IICIOK. 



So far, \vr lia\c iiiiliccd ohIn iIic vf.w (■sciilclicini, or that wliicli rcpri^- 
sciits ( lie t wo hiiid (|uaii<'is of (lie luldcr. 'I'lic Iwofroiil i|uarl('rs arc 
Justus iinporlaiil , and .--lioidd lie. capacious uiid nui well forwai'd under 
liio body. If tlic u<ldcr in front ho concave, or ciil up, indicating small 
capacity, it represents reiluccti yield. 

Tills front or level cscutclieon is distinctly marked in the younu^ heifer 
or hull, and can he seen 1>\' lavinjf th(^ animal on its ha<'k. 'i'lie u(hler 





. :;. I'k;. I. 

MILK Mn:i;oi;s di' .ikuskv <()\vs. 



hair mider the liody all runs hackward, conuuenciu^' at the foi'ward line 
ot" the escutcheon. This dividiuj:; line is vi-iy piM'ceptihle, from the fact 
that the hair in front of it all runs fui-\vard towards the iu-ad of tlu^ 
animal, while the cscutclieon, or udder hau', all runs hackward, o\'er the 
forward (piarters of the utidci', around aiul lic\-ond the teats, and ceases 
at the marknies of the rear cseulchcon on and hclwccn the thiiiiis. 



I'll!'; .iiiitKiovs, .\i,|)i:i!m;> s and (iinoitNMKvs. 



W.) 



'I'lic hri'adlli :iii(l cxlriit. rui-WMril of lliis IViiiil csciitclH'oii iii(|ir;i|<vs llii' 
i','i|i,'ii'il y ill llii' iiialiin' mihiiimI, uI' IIic IViiiiI i|iihi'I<'|'s of licr imIiIci'. In 

SOIIK! CIISCH IIiIh IVollt CSCIltcllcoil will lie roillKJ (if I wire \\n: (\\t.(Mll, llllll it, 
is ill otiicrs, illi(] in (ivi(i('ll(^<' of lliat iihhIi iiidic yi<li|. 

Tliis cxiiniinal.ioii ciiiililcs oiii' to sec t lie .-^izc of iUo, tc'iit.s iiiid llKiir 
(listiuicc apart, and to tc-^l IIk^ Ioomciicss ami sofliK^HH of llio iidcji^r Mkiii. 
It is marked precisely llie sann^ in Imlls, aii<l i-an lie easily examined at 
any aj^c! Ix^tweiMi oik! and ten monllis. 

Many MiinU that tli(!es(!ul,elieon of the bull is of lillle momeiil, ho tlial, 
lie lias a j^ood look. So far is this from hein^ (he easo, that, a hull with 
a mirror liki; V\<x. 4, or worse, will stamj) his cscuteheon on, and to that 
extent daniai^e, his daiiirhlers out, of cows with escuteiiiions as choie(! as 




:^ 



I.UM.V lll.lli'.l; 



Fijr. 2. In this way I he daiiuiiler, of some of llie Ixsl cows eoim- very 
ordinai-y, while, if you u-e a hull maiKecl like l''in-. 2, In: will make a 
poor esculeheon heller, and will improve' llie hesi . His injury or hemlil 
will lie douliled aeecjnliliL'- lo the eselitcheoii markili^.'-s under Hie liodv ill 
fidiil of hi- Mioliim. Ileiii'e llie iiiiporlane<' of Ihe dam of a hull hein;; 
Uliexeeplionahle ilJ her lldili'l' and e^^cait eheoil . Her (|ualilies inheriled hy 
her Non will he, ti-aiismitted lo his daiif^liter. 

W'iiile careful as to eHciilcheouH, we must not iiei/h^cl the other essciiilial 
fi'aturcK of a ^'ood row — tiie hack, skin, hide, llie rich colored skin, and 
the fine hone. Lei Ihe hair Ix; soft ami thickly se|,aiid lei (he skin he 
mellow, 'riiis lallcr (jiialily is easily determimrd l<y ;L(raspiii<^ helweeii the 
I liuiiih and forednjrer I he skin at the r(;ar of iIk! rihs, or IIks douhle Ihiek- 
liess at Hie hase of the Hank Ihal joii;> Ihe stifle-joint to the hody, or thai 



:.70 



THE AMERICAN FAUMER S STOCK BOOK. 



on the inside of the niinp-l)one at tiic setting on of the tail. Let tho 
touts 1)6 well apart ; let them yield a free and full stream and lie large 
enough without the necessity, in milking, of pulling tliem between tin; 
thunihs and forctingers. And let us ever keep in mind that, the large 
yielders must be well fed. 

XVn. Symmetry Essential Wliatever the Breed. 

Jn estimating the value of a breed its characteristics must be studied. 
Each breed has its peculiar style and conformation, and thus, symnietrv, 
which is found in all good stock, will vary in different breeds. The Jer- 
sey has ik standard of symmetry i)e(uliarly its own, which we illustrate l)y 



.^-. 







JERSEY cow. 



two engraA'ings, one of a heifer, tJic other of a cow, which fairly exliiliit 
the characteristics of the breed. 

The symmetry of the Jerseys is angular. They are essentially tine in 
the h(!ad, with thin necks and rather light fore-(]uailers, but with large, 
barrel-shai)ed bodies, inclined to be flat, rather than round, and swelling 
behind into deep but rather thin thighs. This same conformation will be 
found measural)ly in all milking lireeds, but modified, each liaving its 
own peculiar symmetry. 

The Jerseys are essentially milking co\\s and nothing else, altliougli 
they fatten rather kindly when jiast milking : but tlie i)eef is neither supe- 
rior in (luality nor large in (|tiiuititv. 



THE JERSEYS, ALDERNEVS AND GUERNSEYS. 571 

XVIII. The Jersey not a Dairy Cow. 

In the .strict seiisc of the word the. Jersey is not :i dairy cow. She is 
essentially the cow for rich milk, but not a cheese-maker ; she lacks size 
to give (juantity in this respect. The butter globules are not only larger 
than in other breeds, but the covering — the film enveloping the fat-globules, 
is weaker. Hence the globules give up the liutter easily in churning. 
The cream is also high-colored from the excess of yellow pigment it con- 
tains. 

For the family requiring milk rich in cream and butter, the Jerseys 
will always be desirable, and, since they have taken kindly to our climate 
in nearly every section of the union, and even in Canada, they have from 
their docile and tractable dispositions become universal favorites where 
kindly treated. The bulls are not always good-tempered, and hence re- 
quire not only a firm hand, but careful management; and the cows, if 
abused, will liy no means fail to resent the brutal treatment. 

XIX. Scale of Points for Jersey Cows and Heifers. 

The scale of points adopted by the Royal Agricultural and Horticul- 
tural Society of Jersey, and by which all animals of the breed are now 
judged is as follows. It will be the more readily undei'stood if studied in 
connection with the accompanying illustration of a model Jersey cow 
figured for perfection. Here is the scale : 

Article. P 

1. HEAD,^sinalI, tine and tapeiinj;' 

2. Cheek, — small 

3. Throat, — clean 

4. Muzzle, — fine, and eni'iifled by a biiglit color 

5. Nostrils, — hijili and oi)en 

6. Horns, — .sniootli. crumpled, not too thick at the liasc, and tapcrinj;- 

7. Ears, — small and thin 

S. Ears, — of a deep orange color within 

9. Eye,— full and placid 

10. Neck, — straight, fine, and placed liglitly on the shoulders 

11. Chest, — broad and deep 

12. Barrel,— hooped, broad and deep . 

13. Well ribbed home, having but little space between the last ril) and (he hip. 

14.^ Back, — straight from the withers to the top of the hip 

15. Back, — straight from the top of the hip to the setting on of the tail, and 

the tail at right angles with the back 

IG. Tail, — fine 

17. Tail, — Hanging down to the hocks 

18. Hide, — thin and movable, but not too loose 

19. Hide, — covered with fine, soft hair 

•20. Hide, — of good color 

21. Fore-legs,— short, straight and fine 

22. Fore-arm, — swelling, and full above the knee 

23. HlND-QUARTERS,— from the hock to the point of tlie rump well filled up 



572 



TIIK A.MKUIC'AX FAR.VElt S HTOCIv IKJOK. 



Akticle. I'oints. 

•24. Hind-legs, — short :iiul straight (below the hocks) and bones rather tine. 1 
'2'). Hind-legs. — squarely placed, not too close together when viewed fr<jin 

behind 1 




■2l3. UlND-LEGS,— not to cinss in walking-. . 

27. Hoofs,— small 

28. Udder,— full m form, ;. <■.. well in lini 



T'.li: .TICltSKVS, ALDEIIXEVS AM) CUEIIXSEVS. 'ij'l 

Article. 1>c ints. 

20. ITuDEI!,— well up l)eliind 1 

'AO. Teats, — lur^i^e, sciuarcly phieetl ; Ijt-liiiid wide iipar; 1 

31. Milk-veins,— very proniiiiciit 1 

32. Growth 1 

3li, General ;ippear:uK-<' 1 

34. Condition 1 

Porfectioii , :U 

XX. Rules in Awarding Prizes. 

>i() [)ri7A' shall lie awarded to fows having less than twciity-iiiuc points. 

No prize shall be awarded to heifers having less than twenty-six points. 

Cows having obtained twenty-seven points, and heifers twentj'-four 
points, shall be allowed to 1)0 branded, liut cannot take a i)rize. 

These points, namely, Nos. 2cS, 29, and ol, shall be deducted from 
the number required for perfection in heifers, as their udder and milk- 
veins cannot be fuU}^ developed : a heifer will, therefore, be considered 
perfect at thirty-one points. 

To which we add : 

One i)oint must be added for i)edigree on male side. 

One point must bo added for pedigree on female side. 

Again, the size of the escutcheon, or milk-mirrors, is a point of especial 
attention, for the escutcheon is now coming to be accepted as an indica- 
tion of the milking (jualities of a cow, and, whatever the breed may be, 
strongly relied upon. And those who discard it, that is, refuse a cow 
with a strong escutcheon, will surely go estray. 

XXI. Scale of Points for Jersey Bulls. 

In judging bulls a somewhat different standard is adopted, and the same 
rule will api)ly in all cattle with proper variations, according to breed. 
The illustration of a Jersey bull, figured for perfection, will assist in 
understanding the scale of points. Here is the scale: 

Article. Points. 

1. I'EDKiUEE on male side 1 

2. Pediokee on female side ] 

3. Head, — fine and lapering 1 

4. Forehead, — broad ] 

."). Cheek, — small 1 

(1. Throat, — elean 1 

7. JFuzzle, — fine and eneircled -with lighl i-olor 1 

5. Nostrils, — high and open 1 

!). Horns. — smooth, crumpled, not thiek at Ihe base and tajiering-. lipped 

with black 1 

10. Ears, — small and thin 1 

11. Ears, — of a deep orange color wiiliiu 1 

12. Eves,— full and lively 1 



574 Tiiio AMKKK AN KAi;:\ii:i;"s stock noon. 

AKTICLK. I'OINTS. 

13. Neck. — ihtIkmI. iKiuorful. Imt iint ciiarsc or liravy I 

14. Chest,— bii):ul ami di'op 1 

15. Baurel,— hoopi'il. liroad and deep 1 




11*14 ' 



IR. WfU ril)l)(Ml lioiiic. liaviii:^ but little spaoi' botwcoii tin- la>t rib ami tlie 

bi|> 1 

17. liACK.— strai^dit from llii' w illiors in the top nf the hip I 



THE .TI-.1!SKV8, ALDERNKVS AND lil EUNSEVS. '>' ~, 

Points. 

18. Back,— straight from the top of the hips to thesettingon ul tin- t;iil. ;ui(l 

the tail at riglit angles with the bacU I 

1!). Tail,— flue 1 

20. Tail, — hanging down to the hocks I 

21 . Hide, — thin and movable 1 

•22. Ill 1>E, — covered with fine and soft hair I 

2:i. Hide, — of a good color • 

24. FoiiE-LEGS, — short, straight and line • 1 

2.'). FORE-.4.RM, — large and powerful, swelling and full above the knee, and 

fine below it 1 

20. HiND-QUAKTEUS, — from the hock to the point of the ninip long and well 

filled up 1 

27. lIl,\i>-LEi;.s,— short and straiglit. (below the ho.'ksj and the Imnes rather 

fine I 

:?S. lIiND-LEGS. — squarely placed, not too close together when viewed from 

behind 1 

2!i. lliND-LEGS, — not to cross in walking 1 

:iO. HOOF.S,— small 1 

:il. Growth 1 

:'.2. (ieneral api)earanee 1 

.13. Condition I 

Perfection 33 

XXn. Estimating the Value of Points. 

The proper estimation of the value of the several parts of an aiiitiial 
has lieeii publicly giveu by high authority iu such matters, the Jersey 
Herd Book. The gi.st of which is as follows : 

The highest excellence of any milking cow lies in the udder. This 
must not only be full in form, that is, in lino with the belly, but it must 
not be cutoff square in front, like that of a goat. It should be rounded, 
full, presenting great breadth l)ehind, and carried well tip between the 
thigh. The milk veins should be fidl and carried well forward toward 
tlie fore legs. If knotted and ^\^th curves, so much the better. 

The tail is another essential point. Whatever its size at the root, it 
7nust be large and tapering, and have a good switch of hair. 

The chest should be l)road and deep ; this shows good respiration, essen- 
tial to feeding and health. But in the dairy cow, especially when viewed 
from before, there will be no appearance of massiveness. On the con- 
trary, she will give an appearance of delicate fineness, and will look large 
behind, swelling gradually from behind the shoulders. She may not be 
closely ribbed, in fact slioidd not be close, only comparatively so. The 
best milkers, every where, will be found to be rather loosely put together 
between the last rib and the hips, and good milkers must be roomy in the 
flank. 

The hind quarters nmst be long from the point of the rump to the 
hock, and well filled up ; yet this does not mean rounded and massive in 



7,76 THE AMEUICAX TAKMEi; S STOCK ISOOK. 

flesh ; oil the t-ontrary, the best milkers will l)e i-;ithei- lean and jjcrhaps 
high boned. Nevertheless, the same animal, when out of milk and fat, 
may iiU up ; and perhaps, present a full}' rounded contour, while 3'eti)os- 
sessing all the delicacy of points chai-acteristic of the high-l)red dairy cow. 

A cow may have large and hca\ y cars ; her back may luit be fidlv 
straight from tiic withers to the top of thi; liii)s ; her runi|) ni;iy be slo[)- 
ing ; her tail may not reach the hocks ; — all these are defects, the latli r 
a serious one, yet if the milKing organs are super-excellent it will out- 
weigh all these. 

A phenomenon may show absolute perfection in all the points : \vc 
have never yet seen such an one. In judging, the essentials arc to <an'- 
fully consider each point of excellence with reference to its bearing u[)on 
the animal as a dairy cow. 

XXIII. Color and Size. 

Do not be too particular about color; solid colors, and black points 
look well in the show ring. The animal that will turn out well at the 
pail, that is docile and gentle, be she what color she may, so long as -,ln' 
adheres to the distinguishing color-marks of the race, is the one for tiic 
milking yard. In relation to size, the Jerseys are a small race of cattle. 
In no breed are overgrown animals the most valuable. With the Jersey 
it is especially to be avoided. So, an undersized animal is not to be 
countenanced. Fair size, however, is desirable. He who seeks to iii- 
ei'ease the size of the Jersey unduly, will ccrtainlygo astray. They iia\r 
been carefully i)red, for many generations, with especial reference to 
milk. The Jersey is the product of islands peculiar in soil, climate, and 
people. Transplanted to the flush pastures of the United States, with 
good shelter in winter, they \vill necessarily increase in siz(!. If you fancy 
"solid colors," and can get i)lenty of rich milk, with solid colors, well and 
good. If not, breed to whatever color, characteristic of the breed, which 
will give you this desirable result. 

We have chosen thus explicitly to state, from coniiJctcnt authorities, 
the Jersey standard of perfection — tirst, f(>r the reason that any brceil 
should be judged by tlu; standard of its breeders, and secondly, because? 
these statements can only he found originalh' in the herd books, and like 
authoritative publications which are not accessible to the majority of 
readers. 

XXIV. From a Practical Stand-point. 

From the practical stand-point of a person not a breeder of high-caste 
animals, the writer has found that slight imperfections, in the make up 
of farm animals, do not militate against them unless they are intended as 



THE .TEnSEYS, ALUEUNEYS AXD GUERNSEYS. .)^7 

breeders of pure stock of the highest type. In fact, few animals of a 
breed attain perfection closely, and almost none absolutely, accoi'ding to 
the standard. As a milking cow, a Jersey or cow of other milking breed 
might be of the best possiV)le standard and yet fail essentially in some 
other important points. Such a cow would be just as valuable for the 
one purpose of milk as the best. 

So in any other particular the person, whether he be a breeder or simply 
a fancier, must study the ciiaracteristics and the points of an animal, and 
then make up his mind whether in the one case it is worth tiie money 
asked for it, or in the other case whether it would be more prolitable to 
sell rather than to keep. 



CHAPTKR VII. 



MIDDLE-HORNED CATTLE— THE HEREFORDS. 



I. THE VALUABLE BUEEDS OF MIDDLK-IIOHNS. II. THE HEREFORn COLOR. 

111. THE HEREKOKDS FIFTY YEARS AdO. IV. YOUATT's TESTIMONY. V. 

THE HEREFORUS IN AMERICA. VI. THE IMPORTATION OK 1^S40 VII. HERE- 
FORD CKADES forty years A(;0. VIII. the OHIO IMPORTATION. 1-\. 

HEREFORDS IN CANADA. X. EARLY IMPORTED HEREFORDS NOT FAIRLY TRIED. 

XI. THE HEREFORDS WEST. XII. THE HEREFOKD AS A WORK 0.\. XIII. 

THE HEREFORD COW. XIV. POINTS OF THE HEREFORD. XV. THE HERE- 
FORD OF TO-DAY IN ENGLAND. XVI. lIKill AND AUTHORITATIVE PKAISE. 

XVU. DISTRIBITION IN THE SOUTHWEST AND FAR WEST. 

I. The Valuable Breeds of Middle-Horns. 

The only v;ilii:iblo ))rccils of the Middlo-Horus, in tiie United States, 
are the Ilcrcfords and the Dcvon.s, mMhuIi will he treated of in this chapter 
and tlie next. They are essentially heef and woiking l)reeds. Their 
inilUiiiij; qualities were never more than moderately dincloiied, and these 
(jualities hy continued breedinjr for beef, (for which they are unexcep- 
tionable,) have been so l)red out, that but little now remains in them val- 
uable for milk. 

The natural history of these l)reeds was noticed in Chapter 1, and it will 
not be necessary to refer to it, further than to say of the Ilerefords that, 
originally named from the country of Hereford, England, where, and in 
adjacent counties, similar cattle have been bred for hundreds of years, 
few, if any, of the popular beef breeds have shown more wonderful im- 
provement within the last fifty years. 

II. The Hereford Color. 
Original! V red or brown without whitt', the Herefords bred to brown- 
ish or 3'ellovvish red, and even lirindh-d. AVilhiii about the last 100 years 
their faces became white or nintllcd-white, until tinally the distinctive 
white of the face was made lo extend along tliet(>|) of the neck, and along 
the throat, dewlap, brisket, belly, and Hanks, and they are now fash- 
ionably bred with the addition of white legs, and the switch of the tail 
white, the rest of the animal being of a uniform red c(>lor. 

III. The Herefords fifty years ago. 
Mr. Marshall writing of them as they existed in England fifty years 
afo, and as then improved, describes them thus : "The countenance 
pleasant, cheerful, open; the forelKuid broad; eye full and lively; 

r)7.S 



MIDULK-HOHXEU CATTLE THE IIEIiEFORDS. 579 

lionis ln-iglit, taper, and spreading; head small; chap lean ; neck long 
and tapering ; chest deep ; bosom broad, and projecting forward ; shoul- 
der-bone thin, flat, no way protul)erant in bone, but full and mellow in 
flesh ; chest full ; loin broad ; hips standing wide, and level with the 
chine ; quarters long, and wide at the neck ; rump even with the level of 
the back, and shar^) above the quarters ; tail slender and neatly haired ; 
barrel round and roomy ; the carcass throughout deep and well spread ; 
ril)s broad, standing flat and close on the outer surface, forming a smooth, 
even barrel ; the hind parts large and full of strength ; neck bones snug, 
not prominent ; thigh clean, and regularly tapering; legs upright and 
short ; bone below the knee and hock small ; feet of middle size ; flank 
large; flesh every where mellow, soft, and yielding ])lcasantly to the 
touch, especially on the chine, the shoulder and the ril)s ; hide mellow, 
supple, of a middle thickness, and loose on tlie neck and huckle ; coat 
neatly haired, bright, and silky ; color, a middle red ; this, with a bald 
face, is characteristic of the true Hereford breed." 

IV. Youatt's Testimony. 

In Youatt's day they were the peers of the Short-Horns, and to-day 
they compare favorably with that famous breed, and take an equal share 
of prizes with them in our best exhibitions and fairs. The}' fatten, 
said j\Ir. Youatt, to a much greater weight than the Devons, and run from 
fifty to seventy score ; a tolerable cow will average from thirty-five to 
fifty score (1000 pounds); a cow belonging to the Duke of Bedford 
weighed more than seventy ; an ox of Mr. "Westcar's exceeded one hun- 
dred and ten score (2,200 pounds). Tlie Hereford ox fattens speedih' 
at an early age. They are not now much used for husl)andry, although 
their form adapts them for the heavier work, and they have all the hon- 
esty and docility of the Devon ox, and greater strength, if not his activit}'. 
The Hereford cows are worse milkers than those of Devon, but then they 
wdl grow fat where a Devon would starve. The beef is sometimes ob- 
jected to from the largeness of the bone and the coarseness of some of 
the inferior pieces, but the best sorts are generally excellent. 

V. The Herefords in America. 

Since there has been so much controversy — sometimes acrimonious — 
))etwecn some Hereford and Short-Horn breeders in the United States, 
and especially in the West, where the Ilerefords have of late grown into 
the higliest favor, we again quote, from Mr. L. F. Allen, the vetei-an 
breeder of Short-Horns, and editoi' of tlie American Short-Horn Herd 
Book. Mr. Allen writes of tiie Ilerefords as follows : 



580 ''"I"' A.MEKICAN I AU.MI'.i: S STOCK liOOIv. 

"At wliiil (late llicy wcrclirst iiiiporlcd iiiti) liiis count ry, wc have no accu- 
rato account ; luil tlial souic llcid^trds came out anioui!; tlic early iMii)oi'- 
tations, is evident froni the oi-easioiial marks of the breed amouj:' our 
UMli\e eatth' wiiere hil(^ iiiipoilalious lia\c not been known. In th(^ 
year isli; or'i7lh(^ i!;reat Kentucky statesman, Henry Clay, ini|Hiite(| 
two jiaiis of them into his State, and put tin'm on his farm at Ashhnid. 
'I'he\' wci-e hied for a time with eaeli other, and t lie hulls were <rosse(l with 
other cows ; hut il is certain tliat they left no pcrinant'nt impress on tlio 
lienU of that vicinity, as Mr. Clay himself became a breeder of Sliort- 
llorns soon afti'rwards, and eventually discarded the blood from his 
herds, if hv had for any length of tiuK! nstained it. No trace of them is 
now seen in Kentucky. 

VI. The Importation of 1840. 

" The lar<i('st importation of Hereford^ into tlie Unitecl States, was made 
alioul the \car 1 S Id, upwards of twenty in ninul)cr, by an Kiiirlishniau 
into the city of New ^'ork, and taken into .lelTcrson county, of that State. 
A A'car or two nflerwiirds the bulk of the hcT'd were removed to the farm 
Mr. Mrasliis Corniui;', near Albany, N. V., and some of them went 
into \'ermoiil, where they wci'c for sonu- years bred, s(dd and scattered. 
^^'hile the slock were at his farm. ^Ir. ('ornim;', with his accustomed lib- 
er:dil\ and enter[M'ise, sent- out aii'ain to Knulaud to purchase' moi-e 
animals, which safely arrivi'd, and w(M'e added to the herd. They were 
then sueeessfuUy bred for several j-ears, many sales made into different 
and distant parts of the United States, and they aecpiired considerable 
))opnlaritv. Tlit^ herd was sul)esc(|ueiitly divided, Mr. (\)rninif retaining 
his shai'c, and his partner taking his, some twenty or more in niinilier, 
to a farm three or four miles from Uuffalo, on the b.iuks of tin- 
Niagara. Hero they were bred, and several sales made, to go to different 
parts of the conntrv, during the four or live years they remaineil ; but the 
herd gradually waned, mainly from want of proper <'are and system in 
their kee|)ing. 

" Mr. (\)rning retained his herd at his farm, where he has suecessfidly 
bred, and made sales from them since, and in llu' hands of his son. 
Mr. IC. Corning, .Ir., who is more an amateur than a professed cattle 
bri!eder, ailded to by occasional im|iortatious from Mngland, they remani 
fine s|)eeimens of their race. 

VII. Hereford Grades Forty Years Ago. 

" ^Ir. George Clark, at Springfield, Otsego county, N. Y., obtained 
several Ilerefords fi-om this iiei-d, and, we believe, made an im|)ortation 
or two from Enuiaud. He bred them successfulU , <listributed his bidls 



mii)uli;-iioi!m;i> (ATTi.r. — the iiehefords. 581 

on toseveral of his farms, aiidhrod nianvL-xccllciit grade Ilcrefords from 
the common cows. His bullocks have, in past years, been highly 
apjjrovcd in the New York catth^ markets. 

Vni. Tho Ohio Importation. 

" About tlu; year 1S52-3, Messrs. Thomas Aston, and .lolui lliun[)liries, 
two English farmers in Elyria, Ohio, nc^ar Lake Erie, imported several 
fine Herefords. They In-ed tlieni wc^ll and successfully, as seen in the 
specimens wo have several times met, but with what success in tlunr sales 
wc have no intimate knowledge. 

IX. Herefords in Canada. 

"In the years 18(50 and "lil, .Mr. Frederick Win. Stone, of (iuclph, 
Canada West, made two importations of sup(uior Herefords from the 
herds of Lord Bateman, in Herefordshire, and the late Lord Benvick, in 
the adjoining county of Siiro])s]iire, England, numi)cring, together, two 
bulls and eleven cows and heifers. Tiieso were remarkable for their 
high breeding, and generally good i)oints. From them down to January, 
lfS<!7, there were bred about sixty, and about half the innnber hav(! been 
sold at satisfactory prices, and distributed, mostly into tlu; United States. 
Some of the cows have proved excellent milkers, and all, together with 
the crosses of tiie bulls witli connnoTi cows, have proved prolital)k! graz- 
ing animals. 

X. Early Imported Herefords Not Fairly Tried. 

" On the whole, the Herefords have not had a fair trial in the United 
States, in the hands of veteran cattle breeders who had the means and 
ojjportunity to properly test them Ity a thorough and persistent course of 
breeding. Had the line herd which was for several years on Mr. Com- 
ing's farm, been taken to good grazing lands in New York, or some of 
the Western States, and properly cared for, their history, we fancy, 
would have been far different from Hint wiijch is jiere recorded." 

XI. The Herefords West. 

Since Mr. Allen wrote, tlu; Herefords have been tried in many West- 
ern States, and in no respect either in kindly fattening, early maturity or 
heavy wciights have they failed fairly to compete with the best Shoil- 
Ilorns in the principal prize fairs of the West, often carrying off the 
highest honors. Besides the breeders already mentioned, none have done 
more for tho Herefords in the United States than Mr. Miller and Mr. 
Culbcrtson, of Illinois, each of whose large herds is com])ose(| of the 
very highcst^caste animals to be found anywhere. 



582 



rill'; AMKiJKAN rAimicK s stock hook. 




MIDULK-IIOKNKI) C'ATTLK TlIK HKUKFORDS. 0M3 

XII. The Hereford as a Work-Ox. 

As work oxen tin; llcrcfords urc inferior to llic Dcvons, wlieii fxctivity 
is wanted, l)ut for heavy draft they have no .sn[)erior, being muscular, 
steady and patient at the yoke. Their capacity for st:indinfr fatigue, and 
their constitutional hardihood and resistance to cold are indeed reniarka- 
l)|p, and of late years they have become great favorites Avitli the ranch- 
men ill lii(! far Western States and Territories. 

Xm. The Hereford Cow. 

Two years ago, in collecting information about this valuable beef breed, 
wc wrote, and now repeat : 

The Ilcn^ford cow compared with the ox is small and delicate, and not 
always handsomely made, to the superficial observer. 

Here again this breed would seem to show its relationship to the 
Devon. She carries but little flesh in breeding condition, and when 
brt^eding, should not be fed suffici(!ntly to accumulate much fat, for, in 
order that tlic^ y^ung be superior, the dam should have pl(>nty of room 
inside. 

With the Herefords, experience has shown that the dam may not be 
too large or coai'se l)ut sIkj should be roomy. Then the breeder will get, 
even from apparently inferior cows, large, handsome steers, that will 
fatten early, and kindly, and to great wtnghts. 

When the (^ow is done breeding, and ready for fatting, it will please 
the owner to see how she will spread out, and accumulate flesh and fat, 
and this to a greater degree than if not allowed to breed. 

The Herefords are a hardy, gentle race, maturing early, and are long- 
lived. The flesh is superior, handsomely marbled, heavy in the prime 
[jurts, and they fatten to weights fully as heavy as any known l)reed. 

Their massive strength, honesty and gentleness make them the best 
working ox(!n known, and the potency of the bulls, when crossed upon 
red or ricarly red cows of the country, renders the steers easily matched 
in color, as they will be easily matched in general characteristics of the 
progeny. 

XIV. Points of the Hereford. 

In judging the Herefords as beef animals the same scale of points may 
l)e adopted as for Short-Horns, except that tiic Herefords ai'(\ if any- 
thing, more; placid, closer to the ground, heavier in appearance, and, as a 
rule, thicker-meated than the present fasliional)!e Short-Horns. 

XV. The Hereford of To-day in England. 
It has been claimed, and we think with trutli, tliat ui some show rings 
in the West the Herefords were discriminated against. Be this as it may, 



Mi 'I'lIK A.MKIilCAN rAlt.MI'.i: S STOCK ISOOK. 

in Kiigliiiid there is no such feelini:- ntjjuiiisl llieiii, and, hesides, the Eng- 
HmU isystiMU of judgini^- preeludi's, to as gi'eat an extent, as p()ssil)l(^, any 
shadow of favoritism. 

Sl)caking of one of the great show rings there in 1878, the iJatii and 
\\'est of Knglund, the Mark Lane Exprfus sa3's of the Hereford exhibit : 

" 'I'iiey ai'e not so nuniiu'ous as tli(^ more fasiiionahie In-eed, l)ut tlit; 
<)uality tiirongiiont is exeelii^nf. In tlie aged hnll elass tiier(^ ariHive 
animals of wliieh tiie llc^ri^ford men need not ix; asliamed. 

" Tiie iieifers in milic or in calf numhenul only three, hut two of tliem 
were fsu(^h animals as it was worth while eoming to Oxfoi'd on purpose to 
sec. Leonora (lirst premium) is one of the most perfect animals that 
has been shown for y((ars. It was first last year as a yearling at Liver- 
l)ool, and will likt^l}' ho fii'st wherever it goes. The champion prize given 
by the Oxfordshire Agricultural Society was awarded lo this heifer as the 
best female iiorned animal in the yard. The companion heifer, Beatrice, 
is also very handsome, and took second to Leonora's first at the Royal 
hist year, us it did last week at Oxford, if Leonora had l)een uOrand 
Duchess Short-Horn a poem would have been composed in iicr honor, 
and translated into several languagiis by this time;, lint no Slioil-llorn 
that wc have over seen was east in such a mould." 

XVI. High and Authoritative Praise. 

The following is iiigh praise, and authoritative, as coming from an Eng- 
lish agricultural |)apia' of the highest elass. The Agricultural Journal, 
of London, says : 

" This breed enjoyed th(^ remarkable distinction of producing both the 
champion aninuds at Oxforil, (irateful being deidared to be the best bull, 
and Ik'atrice (a two year old ln'ifei')bcing tieclared to be the best cow or 
heifer in tlic yard. Holh, as may b(^ siipposeil, were very good, the 
heifer pre-(5minently so. Slu^ is a daughter of the famous bidl. Winter 
d(( Cole, and .-inother instance of hereditary merit. 

" The yearling heifers and calves indicate that this breed is, as beef 
makers at an early age, (juite up to the highest Short-Horn standard. 
The Teeswatcr may milk better, and be more i-eady in adapting itself to 
local circumstances; but \viierc^ the pasture is good, it is hard to Ix'at the 
white-fai^es for grazing." 

Again, the Gltamher of A<friciil/iiri' -/oiwikiI, the organ of the Koval 
Agricultural Society, gives the following testimony : 

" The old bull Hereford class i)r()duced an extraordinary animal in 
Grateful, who secured the reserve at the Hereford show in 187t). He 
lias made wonderful development since ai)pearing as a two-year old, as 
is proved by the fact that 'J'houghtfui, who was tiien jjlaccd abo\'e him. 



MIDDMC-MOliNKl) CATI'I-K TIIK TIKliKFOItDS. 58.") 

imd lias siiico tukcMi Ki'sts at Hirmiiigliaiii, Liverpool and Batli, haw now 
hccii put s(!coik1 to him ; and that not only wa.s li(!Si'loft(Ml l)y th(! judf^cs a.s 
tiie best Ilcrt'ford hull on this fjjroinid, l)ut in the eonUsst for tin! (^Iiam- 
pion.ship succujedcid in carryinif it off against hucIi u Hhort-lloi'n cornpctitor 
a.s Sir Artliiir Ingram. (Jratcful, at four ycar.s old, has capital loins and 
chines, with great thic^Uness and disptii of franu;, and is veiy levcil all over ; 
hut his grand feature is the astounding mass of flesh with wliich his frame 
is covered, lii.s girth is eight feet ten and one-half inciies. 

"In the cow class, Lady Blanche, which took second prize; at Bath, now 
came to the front position. She is marvelous at her fore ilank, and dis- 
play.s a great ina.ssof flesii on a will-shaped, grand frame, whi(;h, however, 
fell off slightly at the rump. 'I'Ik! second i)rizc cow, Little B(!auty, wa.s 
highly commended at Bath, ami wonderfidly rc^tains her show-yard merit at 
eleven years old. 'i'lie two-year old heifers, Leonora and Beatrice, were, 
of course, sin<' to win. Beatrice has i-ecently reared a calf, which is 
slightly against her for showing ; hut Leonora is in full hloom with her 
lieautiful head, symmetrical form, and all that loveliness which is so tak- 
ing to tlu; eye. After being scihjcted as the best Hereford fcMiiale on tlm 
ground, she carried off tlu! champion ])riz(! against a remarkably siiapcdy 
Short-lloi'n heifer, and one of the best Devons that has api)eai'ed foi'yt^ars, 
.so that both cups w(!re awarded to Ilerefoi'ds." 

XVII. Distribution in the South-wost and Far West. 

SiiK^e neither jjains nor moiu^y has been spar'cd in bringing the best 
Knglish animals to this (iountry, there is no doubt but tiiat the ^\'est to- 
day possess(!s Ilerefords, both bulls and cows, as good as there are in the 
world. Hereford bulls arc })eing sent off and distributed in the far West, 
iind South-west, where they are regarded with fully as nmch favor as the 
Short-Horns. Why slK)uld they not? There is plenty f)f territoiy left 
for the spread of lioth these adniii-able breeds of beef cattle. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



MIDDLE-HORNED CATTLE— THE DEVON AND THE SUSSEX. 



I. ANTIQUITY OF THE DF.VONS. II. TUF, DEVONS COMPARATIVELV .SMALL CATTLE. 

III. NATTUAL GKAZING GHOl'NDS OK THE UEVONS. IV. WOllKlNCJ QUALI- 
TIES OF THE UEVONS. V. TIIEIK DECEIVING APPEAKANCE. VI. POINT.S OE 

THE DEVON. VII. NOTABLE CII AKACTEKISTICS. VIII. THE LEG.S OF THE 

DEVON. IX. THE BODY AND TAIL. X. THE DEVON COW. XI. MH. AL- 
LEN'S TESTIMONY'. XII. TIIEV AKE ACTIVE AND HANDY. XIII. IN THE FIRST 

CLASS FOR BEEF. XIV. WEIGHTS OF THE DEVONS. XV. SUSSEX CATTLE. 

XVI. THE SUSSEX COLOR. XVII. DISTINGUISHING MARKS OF THE SUSSEX. 

XVIII. THE SUSSEX COW. XIX. GLAMORGAN CATTLE. 

I. Antiquity of the Devons. 

Ill Chapter I, the general hi.stoiy of thi.s ancient and .superior race of 
cattle is given. They are the only breed of middle-horned cattle, ex- 
cei)t the Herefords, that has attained celebrity in the United States. In 
England, where they have ))eeii known from the earliest times, they have 
been bred pure. In certain sections, and especially in North Devon, par- 
ticular pains was long ago taken in raising them. There the Devon 
unites all the characteristics of the tribe, including medium size, dark 
color, eminent working qualities and great excellence of beef. The pecu- 
liarities in color and substance about the eyes, nose and ears, have caused 
them to be known as North Devons, in contradistinction to the lighter- 
colored, larger and coarser cattle of other districts, but which combine 
some of the better qualities of the true Devon. 

U. The Devons Comparatively Small Cattle. 

The chief objection to the Devons, in the West, is that they lack size to 
prove protitable on the flush and comparatively level pastures of the prai- 
rie region. They are, also, somewhat slow in maturing ; in fact it used to 
lie the practice in England to put the steers to work at three years old, 
and fatten them at five oi- six years old. Then, fully matured and spread, 
they wholly or partially i)aid for their keeping, and the quality of their 
flesh was only surpassed l)y that other slow-maturing, but wonderful 
cattle in the quality of tlu'ir l)eef — liie West Highland cattle of Scotland. 

III. Natural Grazing Grounds of the Devons. 
To-day in all our hill I'ountrv, or where tiie lal)or of the steers can be 
utilized, they are the most valuable of any of the knoAvn breeds of cattle. 
In all the hill country. North and South, they will be found among the 



MIDDLE-HORXED CATTLE THE IJEVON AND THE SUSSEX. .")87 

best, if not the very best, of domesticated cattle, when we consider the 
easewitli which they are kept, their powers of withstanding extreme heat 
and cold, and their valuable working qualities ; for they arc able to i)er- 
form fully as much work as the horse in plowing, especially in small 
fields where there is much turning. 

IV. Working Qualities of the Devons. 
Wc have known them to keep fully up with liorses, day after day, in 
heavy plowing — a yoke of Devon steers at the l)eani, and a pair of horses 
ahead. So, in stubl)le plowing ; a single yoke of Devon steers, week in 
and week out, would do fully as much work on small lands as a good 
pair of horses ; and they turn the furrows quite as steadily as the horse 
team. The horses would gain something in going straight alietid, but in 
coming about the Devon steers always made it up, Tliis was when the 




UKVON WORKIMi STlCKi;, 

steers were fed grain the same as the horses. When both are kept on 
grass, the Devons will do more work than any pair of horses of the same 
weight . 

In I'atciiing times, in hauling hay and grain to the stack, we have 
driven Devon steers at a six-mile trot in going backlight; and their 
wonderful tractal)ility, under kind but firm training, certainly makes 
them most admirable teams for new or thinly-settled districts. For log- 
ging in the woods, or hauling logs to the mill, there are no better or 
(juickcr teams, and it is surprising, under good keeping, the load they 
will start, and the power with which they will nK)ve it along the road. 
V. Their Deceiving Appearance. 

The Devons are essentially muscular cattle. They are far heavier than 
they look. This is owing to their fine bone — nearly as hard as that of a 
blood hoi-sc — their round, compact form, and the full flesh they carry. 



fjMIS THE AMERICAN FAKJIEU S STOCK BOOK. 

The COWS are small ; and the bulls are smaller than the steers. When 
properly developed by two j'ears of work, the oxen are splendidly filled 
out, and are certainly the most beautiful of all the domesticated ox tribe. 
The illustration we give will show the Devon ox in good working con- 
dition. The cut of a high-caste bull, illustrating especially the full, soft, 
mossy coat of hair, as given in Chapter I, is a most excellent and life- 
like drawing. 

VI. Points of the Devon. 

Youatt describes the points of the Devon of his day most minutely. 
Excei)t that they have now, through better feeding in America, been in- 
creased in size and early maturity, the description is as api)licable to-day 
as when it was written. It is as follows : 

" The horn of the bull ought to l)e neither too low nor too liigii, taper- 
ing at the points, not too thick at the tip. 

The eye should be clear, bright, and prominent, showing much of the 
white, and have around it a circle of dark orange color. 

The forehead should be flat, indented, and small, for, by the smallncss 
of the forehead, the purity of the breed is very much estimated. 

The chock should be small, and the muzzle fine ; the nose nmst be of a 
clear yellow. 

The nostril should be high and open ; the hair curled about the head. 

The neck should l)e thick, and that sometimes almost to a fault. 

Excepting in the head and neck, the form of the bull docs not mate- 
rially differ from that of the ox, but he is considerably smaller. There 
are exceptions, however, to this rule. 

The head of the ox is small, vciy singularly so, relatively to iiis l)ulk ; 
yet it has a striking breadth of forehead ; it is clean and free from Hcsh 
about the jaws. 

The eye is very prominent, and the animal has a pleasing vivacity of 
countenance, distinguishing it from the heavy aspect of many other 
breeds. 

Its neck is long and thin, admirably adapting it for the coUar, or the 
more conmion and ruder yoke. 

It is accounted one of the characteristics of good cattle, that tlic line of 
the neck, from the horns to the withers, should scarcely deviate from that 
of the back. 

VII. Notable Characteristics. 

"In the Devon ox, howevei', there is a peculiar rising at the shoulder, 
reminding us of the blood-horse, and essentially connected with the free 
and fjuick action b}^ which this breed has ever been distinguished. 

It has little or no dewlai) dei)ending from the throat. 



MIDDLE-HORNED CATTLE THE DEVON AND THE t^USSEX. ')>>!) 

The horns arc longer thiui those of the l)ull, smalh'r, and fine even to 
the base, and of a lighter color, and tipped with yellow. 

The animal is light in the withers ; the shoulders a little oblique ; the 
breast deep, and the bosom open and wide, particularly as contrasted 
with the fineness of the witiun-s. 

The fore legs are wide apart, looking like jjillars that have to support 
a great weight. 

The point of the shoulder is rarely or never seen. There is no pro- 
jection of bone, but there is a kind of level line running on to the neck. 

Angular bony projections are never found in a beast that carries much 
flesh and fat. 

The fineness of the withers, the slanting direction of the shoulder, and 
the l)road and open breast, imply strength, speed, and aptitude to fatten. 

A narrow-chested animal can never be useful either for working or 
grazing. 

With all the lightness of the Devon ox, there is a point about him, 
disliked in the blood or riding horse, and not approved in tlic horse of 
light draught — the legs ai'e far under the chest, or rather the breast pro- 
jects far and wide before the legs. We see the advantage of this 
in the beast of slow draught, who rarely breaks into a trot, except 
when he is goaded on in catching times, and the division of whose foot 
prevents him from stumbling. 

. The lightness of the other parts of his form, however, counterbal- 
ances heaviness there. 

VIII. The Legs of the Devon. 

The legs are straight, at least in the best hei'ds. If they are in-kneed 
or crooked in the fore legs, it argues a deficiency in blood, and compara- 
tive incapacity for work, and for grazing, too ; for they will be hollow 
behind the withers, a point for which nothing can compensate, because it 
takes away so much from the place where good flesh and fat should be 
thickly laid on, and diminishes the capacity of the chest and the power 
of creating arterial and nutritious blood. 

The fore-arm is particularly large and powerful. It swells out sud- 
denly al)ove the knee, l)ut is soon lost in the substance of the shoulder. 

Below the knee the bone is small to a very extraordinary decree, indi- 
cating a seeming want of strength ; but this impression immediately 
ceases, for the smallness is only in front — it is only in the bone ; the leg 
is deep, and tlie sinews are far removed from the bone, promising both 
strength and speed. 

It may be objected that the leg is a little too long. It would be so in 
an animal destined only to graze ; but this is a working animal, and some 
length of leg is necessary to get him actively over the ground. 



li'.H) TIIK AMKKICAN l'Ainii:i; S STOCK r.OOK. 

rx. The Body and Tail. 

"'I'licrc is soiuo trifliiiLT f:ill Ix'liind tlii^ withers, nut no liollnwiicss. ;iii(l 
the iiiic of tile Imck is s(r;\ii;iit from tiiciicc to the settiiii;' mi of tiic laii. 
If tlicrc is liny sociiiiiiir fauH in llic lircast, it is that the sides ;ire a little 
too tlat. It will apiiear, Iiowcmt, that this docs not interfere Avitli feed- 
inj:', while a deep, althouiih somewhat tlat eiiest is best adapted for speed. 

The two last ril)s are particularly hold and jn'omincnt, leavinjj room for 
the slomacli and oilier parts concerned in diirestion to l>e fully de- 
veloped. 

The liips, or huekles, are hiiiii up, and on a le\el witii the hack, 
wlictiier the heast is fat or lean. 

'i'lie hind ([uarters, or tiie space from the hi|) to liie point of tiie runi]i, 
are partii'ularly Ion;:; and well tilled up — a point of iniiiortauce liolh for 
grazing and working. It leaves room foi' liesh iu the most valuable part, 
and indicates nuieh power behind, equally connected with strength and 
speed, 'i'liis is an improvement (luite of modern date. The fullness 
here, and the swelling of the thigh below, are of nuieh more conseiinence 
than the prominence of fat which is so much admired on the rump of 
many prize cattle. 

The setting on of tiie tail is high, on a level witii the hack, rarely niiicli 
elevated or depres.sed. This is auotlier great noint, as connected with 
the perfection of the hind (|uarters. 

The tail is long and small, and taper, with a round bunch of hair at the 
bottom." 

X. Tho Devon Cow. 

We have stated that the bulls are smaller than the oxen. All steers 
when mature, may be fatted to greater weights than the bulls, whatever 
the breed. In the Devons, the increased size of the steers is especially 
noticeable. The I)»-von cows are also naturally smaller than the bulls, 
but I'spi'cially eU'gant in their comi)aet, rounded forms, constancy and 
licautv of color, and are noted for doeilitv f)f temper when kindly 
treated and for their acti\e, ardent teuipcranicnts. 'i'liey will i-cscnt 
abuse, for tliev liaxc the courage of the bloodi'd horst'. There is no 
more beautiful picture than a herd of Devon cows iu the pasture, for 
there is no animal nion* elegant in foi'in. Yet small as the cows seem, 
put tiicni on the scale, and the (lerson not iisetl to jiulge them will be 
sur[)risod at their weight. 

All Devons arc noted for their round, full, clear eyes, the golden circlet 
al)out the eyes, and the yellow skin of the inside of the ears, as \\ ell as 
for the orange or yellow-colored muzzle. The cow is particularly notice- 
able in these ch.aractcristics. Add to this their clieerful and intelliiit'nt 



MIUDLK-HOUXEO CATTI,K TIIK DICNON AM) 'IIIK Sl'SSKX. 



r);ti 



C'ountcniiiU'C ; tlic cleiiii jaws, tliroal and dewlap ; tlic majjnificciil, loin ; 
llu! round l)ari-cl ; the muscular liind <|uart('r, (juito fnu; from angles of 
any kind ; the long, tapering tail ; and for clcganee, tine tlesh and great 
working i)owers, th(( Dcvons have no supci'iors among eattle. 




XI. Mr. Allen's Testimony. 

Let us see what the venerable editor of llic .Sliorl-Ilorn Ilei'd-I'ook 
says of them as working oxen : 

They are, among eattle, wliai Ihc thoroughl'n'd is among horses. Ae- 
cording to their size, they eomliine inoi'e tineness of hone, moi'e muscular 



;>!'Z TIIK AMKKICAN I'ARMP^Il S STOf'K HOOK. 

powei', more intcUigoiKHs iu'.livily, and " Ijottoni," tliiiii iiny other breed. 
Tlicv liiP'o the .slant iiiji^ slioiihlcr of tlic liorse, l)etler fitted to receive tlie 
yoke, and c^arry it easier to themselves than any othcu-s, (except the llenv 
fords. 

M'itii all workers of o.xen, the nearer the ])cast ai)proaehes in shai)e, 
a])|)eariinee, and aetion to the Devon, tiie more valnahie he is considered, 
according to weight. For ordinary fiirni lalioi-, either at the ]»1()W, the 
wagon, <>v the cart, he is ecjuai to all (-oniinon duties, and on the road his 
•speed and endurance arc unrivalled. It is in these qiKdities that the 
New Kngland oxen excel others of the country generally, and why the 
jx'oplc of tiiat section often c;ill their red o.xen " Devonshires," Avlien 
they cannot, to a e(!rtainty, trace any, or hut a .small j)ortion of that 
blood in them, only by a general appearance and somewhat like aetion. 

XII. They arc Active and Handy. 

For active, h;indy, laboi (>n the farm, oi' highway, underMhc carefid 
li;ui(l of one wiio likes ;ind properly tends him, the Devon is every- 
lliiiii;' that is rc(|iiired of an ox, in docility, intelligence, and readiness, for 
any reasonaliK^ task demanded of him. Their uinformity in style, shape, 
ami color, render them easily matched, and their activity in niovenuMit, 
l)articularly on I'ough and hilly grounds, gives tluMU, for farm labor, almost 
c(iual value to the horse, with easier keep, cheapi'r food, and less care. 
The j)resence of a well conditioned yoke of Devon cattle in the market 
place at once attests their value, and twenty-five to tifty dollars, and even 
higher prices over others of the common stock, are freely given by the 
purchaser. 

The Devon, in his lack of great size, is not so strong a draught ox as 
sonu^ of the other breed.s — the Ilerefords, for instance — or perhaps some 
of the largi'r of the common cattle ; but, " for his inches," no horned 
beast can outwoi'k him. ( )n light soils, and on hillyroads, none other 
equals him, although we intend to give all their due share of nu^rit. 

XIII. In The First Class for Beef 

We must place the Devon in the first class, for fineness of flesh and deli- 
cacy of flavor. Its compact bone gives it the one, and its rapid and thor- 
ough dcvehipmcnt imder good fectling gives it the other. In growth anil 
si/e it matures almost, eijual to Ww Short-Horn, and its meat is finei" 
grained, juicy, and nicely marblctl, (the lean and fat intermixed.) In 
the liondon markets, Devon beef bears the highest i)rice of any, except 
the Highland Scot — usually a penny a pound over that of larger breeds, 
and our American butchers quickly pick the Devons from a drove, 
when they can find them, before most others. They feed well, take on 
fli'sh lapidly, and in the quality of their flesh are all that can be desired. 



MIDDl.E-JlonNEn CATTLIC Till', OKVOX AND TIIIC SI'SSKX. •'>93 

XIV. Weights of the Devons. 
\\'liilc (ii<- Dcvoiis arc called small cattle, tlicy ar(^ only iclatixcly so in 
(•oMiparisoii with iSliorl-IIonis and Ilorofords. A fuU-gi'own ox in <j;ood 
condition will weigh from 1,100 to 1,(100 pounds, and when well-fattened 
fli<v will rea<h 2,000 pounds. The cows will weigh from SOO to 1,100 
pomids, uiid the bulls 1,200 to 1,400. We bred one that at >i >ears old 
weighed 1,81!) pounds, and ho was as extraordinary in his fineness and 
style, as a pn-iniuni taker, as he was in weight ; not large to look at, but 
weighing like a linnp of lead. 

XV. Sussex Cattle. 
Sussex also has long been noted for a breed of middle-horned cattle — 
Jill red, but lighter in color than the Devons, larger and in every way 
coarser. Still they are better milkers than the Devons and fatten kindly. 
'I'here arc a number of breeds allied to the Devons or descended from 
I hem in England. The Sussex is one of these breeds. 

XVI. The Sussex Color. 
The coloi- is a light cheslnnt or blood bay, nmcli lighter than the true 
North Devon, l)ut fully as uniform. The cut of a Sussex cow ^vill, with 
tiio description given below, serve to explain th<^ points of difference. 
They are mentioned here mainly, if not solely, f(u- the i-eason that tluy 
have been sold as Devons. If you buy Devons, or any other highly-bred 
stock, be sure there is no stain in the pedigree. It is a matter of the 
utmost importance to the breedei' of high-caste cattle. 

XVII. Distinguishing Marks of the Sussex. 
On this subject Youatt says : " 'I'he horns are more tapering, pushin" 
farther forward, and turning up more. 'JMie head is small and well formed, 
the eye full, hirgeand mild in the ox, but rather wild and un(jui(!t in the cow. 
TUv tiiroat is clean and tlu^ neck long and thin, but coarser than in tlie 
DcNon. The sliouldcr is wider and rounder on the withers ; slraighter 
from th(^ top of the withers towartls tlu; back, and can-jes much t!('sh, 
giving tof) nuich weight to un[)rotit:d)le parts. On the otlu-r liand, the 
))arrcl is round and deep, the back straight, and tlie back-bon(! (Mitircly 
hidden l)y the nniscles on each side. The heart and lungs are full and 
large, and th(^ belly and flank capacious. The barrel is w(!ll-ril)l)ed home. 
The loins are wide, the iiip-bono low, free from raggedness, larire, and 
well spread, and the space between the hips Avell filled up. The tail, 
which is fine and thin, is set on lower than in the Devon, yet the rump is 
nearly as staight, for the deficiency is supplied by a mass of Hesh and fat 
swcllmg above. The hind quarters are cleaidy made, and if the thighs 
ai)i)ear txi b(> straight without, there is plenty of fullness within. 



;->!t4 



Till'; AMi;i;i('AN kak.mkk s stock r.ooK. 



XVIII. The Sussex Cow. 

•' Till! cows liiivc line liaii-, anifllow, riilhci-tliau thin skin ; a small toat ; 
Ikhms (ino, clean, and transparent, which reach forward from tin' head 
and liuii up at the tips; the neck is thin and clean; hack and belly 




straighl ; rilis round and springinii' out well ; siioiildcr Hat, l)ul projecting; 
at the point. 

Hips and rump wide ; the tail set on le\cl with the rump, and the car- 
cass lar<re ; the lesjjs are ratlicr short and tine. 



MIDDI.r.-IIOUXED CATTLK TlIK DK.N'OV AND THE SUSSEX. 



')95 



The cows are not f^ood milkers ; tlicy aic often uneasy in tiie pasture, 
and often unquiet in temper." 

They have l)ecn e.xhibitcd and sold us Devoiis in the United States, a 
thing which, of course, none but the most unprincipled of men would at- 




tempt. Give them a wide berth. They have little or no value in this 
country anionir better cattle. 

XIX. Glamorgan Cattle. 
The cattle of (jlamor<f:in, Wales, jirc not ('(1 fcu' jrood messes of nnlkjfor 
docility, ability lo foraire for llicnischcs (in ilicir nadvc hills, and for 



:.!i(; 



•nil". AMI'.l.'ICAN I'AKMIOI! S STOCK tlooK. 



1;iking on llcsli kindly wlicn dry. 'I'licy mic iinilnnl)tc(lly of Devon orijrin 
tind licloni:; (o IIk^ Middlc-lloi-ns. 'I'licy ••iic .in Mncicnl v.wo, and liavo 
Imtii |)I(S('i\ rd |Mii'c in (iicir n.'divc rcLiion, Iml :iic lillic known n\v:\y 
Criini I Ik re. ()cc!isi(in;il siiccinicns lime hccn iniporlcd to \h(\ Unilcd 




Sillies, more MS ruriosilics llian I'di' intrinsic \ alnc, fit licr lor niiii< or 
liccf, wluMi tluTc ni'c so mjiny snpcrior breeds in ciliici- direction. Tlui 
ilhistralioti sliows (heir chariU'U'fislies j)erfectly. 



CIIAl'TlOi; IX. 



POLLED CATTLE. 



1. POLI.l'.I) CATTl.K IN (ilCNKHAI.. II. TIIK (i A l.l.OW AYIS. III. I'OINTS ()!'' 'I'llH 

OAI.I.OWAV. IV. TIIK I.IMJIS ANI> IIICAD.— — V. Till', SKIN.— — VI. Til H ('<)l,()l{. 

Vll. TllK (iALl.OWAVH IN AMKItHIA. VIII. \'OlAA'.l> ANdlLS CATTl.H. 1.\. 

COI.OU OF TIIK I'OI.LEII AN(JUS. X. ANGU.S I.'OWS AS M 1 LKHltS. XI. TIIK 

ANHUS COMI'AKEU WITH TIIIC GALLOWAY. 

I. Polled Cattle in General. 

Of the viU'ioiis luccds of polled or lionilcss oaUlc-, liowcvi'i' f>()o(l in 
Eiighiiid, noiio li;ive piovcd viiJu.iMc in llii' Uiiilod Stiitcs and (^aiiiida, 
except tlio Gidlowiiys and tiu! I'olUid Aii^nis. Of Wwm' only IIh' (iallo- 
ways have hecn at all widely disseminated. Docility of temper excn 
amonu; old i)ulls ; the little space taU(^ii up in I Ik^ feediiii;- stalls, on ikcouiiI 
of their mild dis})ositioii and absence of horns ; their hardiness ; tlni ease 
with which they take on flesh, and the thickness and line (luallty of the 
beef are some of the principal eharaetcM'istics of cxeelhMice in polled 
cattle. 

II. The Galloways. 

Fortlie colder and hilly districts, when all callle must be prolected in 
wintei', and in all regions where the Slioii-IIorn proves too t(aider, tlii^ 
(Jalloway cattle are steadily naininn' in favor. They are essentially beef 
cattle, it beiiii^ unusual for the cows, <'\('n under L;ood keeping, to give 
more than twidve quarts of milk .a day, and the average is gi\('ii at six or 
eight (|uarts. But tlu; milk is rich, yiidding a pound of l)nller, accord- 
iugto Knglish authorities, to eight or ten ipiarts of milk, 'i'he «-o\\s, as 
!i rule, go dry foi' two or llirce moiillis in the year, e\'en under the best 
of mauag(uiient . 

It li.-is been said of them thai lliere is, perhaps, no breed of callle 
which can be more liMily said to be indigenous lotlie counti-y, and incapa- 
ble of impro\emenl by any f((reign cross, than the (ialloways. The 
Short-Ilonis almost e\(uywliere else ha\'e improved the callle of the <lis- 
triets to which they have traveled; at least in the lirsl, cross i)rodiiced 
manifest improvement ; but even in the lirst, (;ross, th(! Shorl-liorns ha\-e 
done little good in Galloway, .and, as a ptamancnt mixture, tlu^ clioicest 
.siioi-t-horn bulls have manifestly failed. The inlelligent Galloway breeder 
i 1 now piM-fectly .satisfied that his stock can only be improved by adher- 
ence to the pure breed, and by can^ in the selection. 



/)!)>! 'I'lir. AMKiMc.w iAi!Mi:i;'s srocri hook. 

III. Points of tho Galloway. 

Mr. Ij. H. Allen <ri\c.'^, on llic imtnoiily of an eminent jndjro and 
l)ree<ler, liie charaetcristies of this Inced, as fiijlow^: 

'Pile, (ialloway eattic ai-e stiaiLilit and lirnad in the liaek,and nearly 
level from the lioiid to the rump, 'riiey aic roiuid in the lihs, an<l also 
helwi'cn the slionideis and llu! ril).s, and liie rih.s and the loins. They 
are l)i'f)aii in llu^ loin, without, any lari^e pi'ojcu'ting hook hones. In I'ouud- 
nessof harrei, and fullness of rihs, they will eonipai-c? with any l)reed,and 
also in the proportion whieh the loins Ix^ar to the hook hones, or |)rotu- 
iicranees of the rihs. When viewed from al)ove, the whole hody appears 
lieaiitifidlv roundiHl, like, tlu! lonn'itudinal section of ;i roller. They are 
louLj in th(^ (|nart('rs and ril)s, and deep in the ehesl, hut nut hroad in the 
twist. The slii^htest inspection will show thai therc^ is less space hetween 
the h(i(d< or hip hones and the rihs than in nmst other lireeds, a consider- 
atiiin of nMi(di importance, for t he ad\ ;intai:e of lenat h <d" carcass consists 
in the animal heinj^ W4dl rihhed home, or as little as possihie lost in the 
Hank. 

IV. Tho Limbs and tho Head. 

Th(^ (jalloway is short in the lei:', and moderately line in the shankl 
hones, — the happ\' medium seems to he preserved in the Icl;', which 
secures iiardihood and a disposition to fatten. With the same (dt^anness 
and shortness of sliaid<, thei'e is no l>i'<'ed so hirij;e and muscular ahove the 
kneo, while t heic is nore room for the din-p, hroad and ea[)aci()us ell(^st. 
II(Mseh'an, not line and slender, hut well proiiortioned in the iieek and 
chaps ; a thin and delicate neck would not c()rr(\sp<)nd with th<' hroail 
shoulders, deep chest , and close, compact form of thchreed. The neck 
of tlu^ialloway hull is thick, almost to a fault. 'I'lu^ head isr.ither 
hea\\' ; the eves are not prominent , and the cars are hu'iic, rouL;h,and fidl 
of loni;' hairs on the inside. 

V. Tho Skin. 

Tlu^ (Ialloway is covered with a loose, mellow skin of medium 
thickness, which is <'lothed with l()nf>\ soft, silky hair. The skin is 
thinner than thai of the Lei(H'stershire, liut not so Ihie as the hide of the 
improviMl Durham hroed, hut it handles soft and kiiully. Kven on the 
moorland farms, where the <:ittlc, durinjj; the greater })art of the year, 
are fed on the scantiest fare, it is remarkahle how litllo tliolr hides In- 
dicate the privations thc\' endure. 

VI. Tho Color. 

'{"he pri'vailini;; ami fashion.ihle coloi' is hlack — a few are of a dark 
hrindle hrow n, and still fewciare speckled with white spots, and some 



I'()l.l.i:i> CAlTLIi. 



."»!l!» 




fiOO I'llK AMIOKICAN J AllMKlfs STOCK ItOOK. 

■of them UH) of ji dun or cJral) color, peiliiips :u'(|uii\'d from a cross with 
the Suffolk breed of cuttle. Diirk colors ai'e uniformly jjreferrcd, from 
the belief that lliey indicate hardiness of constitution. 

VII. The Galloways in America. 

The (ialloways arc said lo have been first introduced into Canada about 
the year iS/iO. Since that time the}' have st(!adily increased b}- breedinjf 
jind suijsequent importations, and of late years a good many have been 
bred in tlu^ Northwestern States, where they are greatly liked for their 
many good <jualities, and now have a regular series of i)rizes offered for 
them at all our principal fairs. They are also attracting attention in tiie 
Southwest as a means of improving the Te.xan cattle. To our mind, they 
should prove valuable in reducing the horn, refining the bone, and thick- 
ening the body of the Southwestern cattle, and, especially, in breeding 
out the wildness and viciousncss of the Texans. 

VIII. Polled Angus Cattle. 

This is a breed yet rare in America, though much thought of in Scot- 
land. Finer in their make u\) than the (ialloways, of which they are 
relatives, they have many admirable qualities to comnuMid them in hilly 
districts. There have always been some poHed cattle in Angus ; the 
couiitr}' i)eoplc call them humlies or clodded (iattle. Youatt says that 
their origin is so remote, that no account of their introduction into Eng- 
land can be obtained fror.i the oldest farmers or breeders. The attention 
of some enterprising agriculturists appears to have been first directed to 
them about sixty years ago, and jiarticularly on the eastern coast, and on 
the borders of Kincardineshire. Some of the first qualities which seem 
to have attracted the attention of these breeders were the peculiai quiet- 
ness and docility of the doddies, the easiness with M'hich they were 
managed, the few losses that were incurred from tiicir injuring each other 
in their stalls, and the ])o\ver of disposing of a greater number of them in 
the same space. 

A few experiments upon them developed another valuable quality — 
their natural fitness for stall-feeding, and the i-apidity with which they 
fattened. This brought them into repute. 

They hav'c much of the Galloway form, and by thosi; unaccustomed to 
cattle would be often mistaki-n for the Galloways. A good judge, how- 
ever, would perceive that they are larger, somewhat longer in the leg, 
thinner in the shoulder, and Hatter in the side. 

Climate and mana<rement have caused another ilifterence between the 
Angus doddies and the Galloways. The Galloways have a moist climate ; 
they have a more robust a[)pearance, a much thicker skin, and a rougher 



I'DLI.KU CATTLE. 



col 



coat of litiir tluiu the Angus oxen. The angus cattle are regularly kept iu 
straw yards during six months of the year, receiving tui-nips with their 
fodder every day, and in summer are grazed on drj' and warm jjastures. 
By this mode of treatment tliej' look and feel more kindly than the Gal- 
oways. 




M 






IX. Color of the Polled Angus. 

The greater part of them are black, or with a few white spots. 
The next general color is yellow, comprehending the brindled, dark 
red, and silver-colored 3-ellow. They arc a valuable breed, and have 
rapidly gained ground on the horned cattle, and become far more numer- 
ous, particularly in the Lowlands ; and when the agriculturist now speaks 
of the Angus breed, he refers to the polled species. 



(502 TlIK A.MEKICAN FAHMKI! S KTOCK iiOOli. 

X. Angus Cows as Milkers. 

The (iiuiiitity of milk yielded l)y the dairy eows is vaiious. In tli;' 
hill}' districts from two to three gallons are given per day, but that is 
very rich. In the lowlands the, cows will give live gallons during the best 
of the season. The cows of th'w district were formerly regarded as some 
of the best daiiy-cows in Scotland, but since the breed has been more im- 
proved, and greater attention paid to the fattening qualities, they have 
fallen off in their character for the pail. 

XI. The Angus Compared with the Galloway. 

Thus while Angus cattle have great value in their native climate, they 
would seem to possess no value in this country over the (Jalloway. When 
removed to a warmer latitude, in England, they degenerate, and the 
probability is, that in this country they will not prove so good as the 
Galloways, though it is probable that they will find admirers on account 
of the greater excellence of their flesh. 



CHAPTER X. 



DAIRY CATTLE-THE AYRSHIRES. 



I. THE AXTlyriTV OF AYUSHIRE CATTLE. II. AYRSHIRE ANCESTRY. III. TIIE 

AYRSHIRE AS A MILKER. IV. QUALITY OF THE MILK. V. MR. YOITATT'S 

OPINION. VI. QUALITY OF THE FLESH. VII. THE AYRSHIRES IN AMERICA. 

VIII. AYRSHIRE POINTS EKJIITY YEARS AfiO. IX. THE AYRSHIRE OF TO- 

4JAY. X. POINTS OF AYRSHIRE CATTLE. XI. ESCUTCHEON OR MILK MIRROR. 

XII. THE POINTS SUMMED UP. XIII. THE BODY. XIV. THE SKIN. XV. 

MILK POINTS. XVI. THE HEAD. XVII. THE NECK, BODY AND LIMBS. 

XVIII. IMPOKTANCE OF (JOOD TEATS. XIX. COLOR, STYLE AND CONDITION. 

I. The Antiquity of Ayrshire Cattle. 

There are few climates better adapted to dairying than Ayrshire, in 
Scotland, and no other part of Great Britain has so long been noted for 
its superior milking cows. The climate is moist, with frequent soft rains 
and no severely cold weather in winter. The grasses therefore are natu- 
rally succulent and sweet. 

The origin of the Ayrshire cow is in doubt. In 1733 it is recorded 
that no such breed existed in Scotland. Mr. Robertson, writing in 
1703, credits the introduction of Ayrshire cattle into Scotland, on the 
authority of j\Ir. Bruce Campbell, to that Earl of Marchmont who suc- 
ceeded his title in 1724, and died in 1740. 

n. Ayrshire Ancestry. 

In relation to their origin Mr. Robertson says : From what particular 
part of the country the}^ came, there appears no evidence. My own con- 
jecture is, tiiat thej'^ are either of the Holderness breed, or derived from 
it : judging from the varied color, or from somewhat better evidence, the 
small head and slender neck, in which they bear a striking resemblance to 
them. These cattle, from which, by crosses with the native breed, the 
present improved Ayrshire arose, were first introduced on Lord March- 
mont's estate in Berwickshire. A bull of the new stock was sold to Mr. 
Hamilton of Sundrum ; then Air. Dunloj), in Cunningham, imi)orted 
some of the Dutch cattle, and their jirogeny was long aftei-wards distin- 
guished by the name of the Duulop cows. These were the first of the 
improved, or stranger breed, that reached the bailleryof Cunningham. 
Mr. Orr, about the year 17ti7, brought to his estate of Grongar, near 
Kilmarnock, some fine mihh cows of a larger size than any which had 

603 



(>()4 



Till': AMI'.l.'irW I'AKMKII S STOCK IliKlK. 



luMMi on tJi(< I'unii. Il v\:i- iinl, howcviT, iiiilil mIii.iiI I 7H(), tli!i(, 1-liis 
iiiipriivcd lirt'cd mi'jlil I"' ^:nil In !"■ tinlv ol iiiiiitrd, or vi'iiiu'mIIv rsliil)- 
lislicd in IIimI |imiI uC A yrsliiic. alllidii'jli tlirv' li:id hcjiiii lo rxlcnd lic- 
yolid llu' Irvine, illlo Kyle 




Aliuiil IT'.M). a.foi-dinL: In Mr. Ailon, Mr. I''ult(ni I'nnn T.lil li, farricd 
IIk'ih lir>l inio Carrii'U, and Mr. \\ IImhi, uC Kilpalrick, was llir lirsl who 
((.(lis liirni lollic .s<.nlli.Tli |iarls .d' llial dislri-t. So laleas |SII|, tlicy 
Were inlroduci'd on llic olalc id' rt'iun(ni', on llic Sloncliar, and llicxai'c 



DAIRY CATILK THK A^ I.'SIII IMCS. (K)-, 

(lie cstablislicHl cattle of Ayrshire ; tliey are incrcassiiiff in the iiei<rhl)iir- 
ing eouiities, and have foiiiHl theii'way to iiio.st parts of Britain. 

III. The Ayrshire as a Milker. 

The (|iiantily of milk yielded by tlu-. Ayrsliii'e cow is, eonsidering ner 
size, very j^reat . Fi\e gallons daily, for two or three months after calv- 
inu:, niay Ix? eonsidei'ed as not more than an avera<>'e ((uantit}'. 'rincc 
•ralions daily will he given for tiie next thi-ee months, and one <;allon and 
a half during the .sueeeedin<;' four months, 'i'his would amount to nH)re 
than XoO gallons ; but, allowing for some unproducitive cows, (iOO gallons 
per year may be e()nsi<lcre(I as the avei'age (|uantity obtained annually 
from each cow. 

IV. Quality of the Milk. 

The (luality of the milk is estimated l)y the (|uantity of Imtter or 
cheese that it will yield, 'i'hi-ee gallons and a half of this milk will 
yield about a pound and a half avoirdupois, of butter. An A\'rsliiir 
cow may be reekon(;d to yic^ld 2.")7 English pounds of biilter per annum, 
or about five ))ouuds per week all the year round, besides the value of the 
buttermilk and her calf. 

V. Mr. Youatt's Opinion. 

Mr. You.itt, writing in tin; eai-|y paii of the century .says: They will 
feed kindly and prolilably, and their meat will be good. They will fatten 
on fai-ms and in districts whei'e others could not, e.xccpt sup[)orted by 
artiticial food. They unite, jjcrhaps, tf) a greater degree than any other 
bre(!d, the su|)[)()sed incompatible propei'ties of yielding a great, deal of 
milk and beef. It is, however, ou the inferior soil and the moist eliimite 
of Ayrshire, and the west of Scotland, that their sn|)crioi-ity as milkers is 
most remarkable. On tlunr natural food of pooi' (|uality they give milk 
abundantly and long, and often until within a few <lays of calving : but 
when they are moved to richer |)asture, their constitution changes, and 
they convert their food more into bei^f. It cannot be denied that (^vcn in 
this tendency to fatten when their milk begins to fail, or which often causes 
it to fail, the Ayr.shires must yield to their forefathers, the Highlanders, 
and to their neighbors, tlu! (ialloways, when put on a poor soil ; and they 
will b(! left considerably behind their Short-Horn sires when transplanted 
to lu.xuriant pasture. It will l)e long, perhaps, before they will be 
favorites with the butchers, for the fifth (juarter will not usually weigh 
well in them. 

VI. Quality of the Flesh. 

Tlu^ir fat is mingled with the flesh rather than separated in the form of 
tallow ; yet this would give a more beautiful appearance to the meat, and 



Tldd •nil'; AMKIIK AN !• AllMi;it's HIIX'K IIIMIK. 

kIioIiIiI I'lllinili'c lis |il'i<'i- l<i llir rnir^lHIKT. 'rili-^ I'mcI iif llirir lli'^ll lii'ili'.; 
XII I'llIU liiill'liird W'illi I'nl, \\(riili| Ik' iiii j|ii|i(ii'liiMl ciiilsiili'laliiiii ;il llic 
|iri'-.i'iil fiiiii', iriiiil when Mr. ^diiall wkiIi', I'lir I iilldw Im mil xt \ ;ilii:ili|i' 
iiiiw 11-. I'dniici'lv, >'iiii'(' I III' (lisirsi' of lallow riimllcs, :iii(l I lii,s iniiililnl llc^li 
IM iiiiii'li ,s(iii;ilil hy liiiti'licrh. 

VII. 'I'liii Ayi'HiiiriiH in Aiiioridii. 

Mr. .Mien, \vriliii;j; in iMd/ in i'<'l.'il ion Id llnir ini{idrl;il idii inld .\ni<'i°i('ii 
Hiiys; 'I'lir Ayrshire^ lirsl lirt'ini Id !»■ iin|idilr(l inlo I he I'nih'd Shilcs 
llliiilil llic \riir I.S.'ii. 'riic\' Well' ,sninc\vli;il (|i ITiTi'iil in .M 1 1| ic:i l;i lire 
I'liiin Ihi' hilliT ini|iiil'l III iiHi.s, liriii;j in rdjoi imn:ill\' ilrcji nil, di' lii'dun, 
ll(<('lv('(l willi while, (if nilhi'i' plain look, mikI having iikinIIn liiark mix's. 
In I'oci'nl iin|)(ii'liili(iiis, or lliosii wil liin llic l:is| (illri'ii M'lirs, many iif 
(licin liiiV(MiH,Miini('(l imirelhr Shdil llorn rdhns, I lu' ic'<| inllicin licini; (if 
II li;^ht('r shade, ami ie.'^.s id' il while jieiii'^ I he |ire\ .liiiie^ cdlur in iii:in\' 

and .(Hill' n( Ihein a li\el\ |iali'hei| ruan, willi \e||(iw' im^es, ami h.'iml 
some, and mure m\ niinel lieal Cdriii^, linl aliivc lieaiin;;^' I he iiiafks of eiiod 
iiiilkerH. 

VIII. A.vi'HliIre TonilH Ki^lit.v YiiiirH A^o. 

,\cedrdinv In Mi'. ,\ildii, the .\\r>hire as il wa.s ('(Jiind in ils native 
edimlr\ and in its iiii|ii'iived Conn, in lln^ lie;;'! nil in;:;' iil' Ihe iireM'iil eeiil- 
iir\ had I hese I'lianielerislie,'^ : Head .siiiall, lull ral her hni'^' and narniw 
a I I he iiui/,/le ; Ihe e\e small, lull siiiarl ami lively : Ihe lidriis .small , dear, 
ei'ddked, ami I heir I'dols a I a I'unsidera.lih^ disl.'inei' I'ldm e.ieh dl her ; neck 
hiii'j and •lender, la|)eriiii,i Inward Ihe head, willi mi hidse .sjvin lielow ; 
slidiilders lliiii; rnre'i|narlers liehl ; hiiiil i|ii.'irl ers lai'm' ; li.'iek slraiiihl, 
liruad liehimi, IIh' jdinls ralher luose and d|ien ; eareas.s deep, and pelvis 
e.ipaeidiis, )ind wide ii\ry Ihe hips, with niiiml lleshv linllneks ; tail Inn", 
and small ; iei's i.mall and shdrt , with linn jdiiils ; iiddi'i' eiipai'iciiis, lii'nail 
iiml si|uare, Nlreleliin;^ rnrward, and m'ilher llesh\ , h.w hnii'.;, mir hmse ; 
llie milk-veins larife and prdiiiiiieiil ; teals shinl.all pdinlin;^ diitward, 
iind al eunsidel'illih^ dislanee ri'<im eaeh dllier; skin lliiii ami hxise ; 
hair sdl't and woiilly. The head, lunies, horns, and ail parts of least \ulne, 
small ; and the irenera! liunre eonipael and well prdpiiil ioiied. 

IX. 'I'ho Ayrfilijrii ol To-Diiy. 

'i'he ,\\ rshin^ of lo dav is noted I'di' eixini; a, hir;;e i|iiant ity of milk, 
I'ieli in IidIIi linller and eiieesit ; ami alsd lor I he wnmlerriil (U^velopmenl ot 
the thiejis, the lilllls lieiliji; seleeleil with ret'erenee In liieir feminine ap- 
pearanee. 'I'Iicn' ,'ire dneile in temper, h.ird\ , sunnd eonsi it nl ioned the 
linlls hroad in the hook liones and hips, ami I'nII in Ihe Hanks. Of late 
Veins lliei-e have lieen a iminlu'r <d' hi'l'ds iiil rodnei'il inlo Ihe West, ami 




iJllli:lM:.l '' . .l.iillllLi.ik.iiiiillu 
607 



()08 TllK AMEIMCAN FAHMKI: S srOflv 15(JOK. 

\vli('ri'\or used tlicy have hccii urcatly likod. '"•iretiil snlectioii lias doiio 
niiich to keop down their fatleiiiiiji (|ualiti('s on full feed, and it is proh- 
al)le that there is no strictly dairy cow that to-day combines so many 
good (|ualities as the Ayrshire cow. 

X. Points of Ayrshire Cattle. 

Dr. G. Lewis Sturtevant, of Massachusetts, a scientific investigator, 
and careful farmer, who has given particular attention to the characteris- 
tics and breeding of Ayrshire cattle in A'ew England, minutely describes 
llie points of Ayrshire cattle. "With slight variations the same rules will 
apply to the Dutch or Holstein cattle to be hereafter noticed : 

The usefulness of the dairj' cow is in her udder, and toward the udder, 
its stiape and its yield, all the capabilities of the cow should be directed. 
We may lirst view it as a reservoir for the milk. As such, it nuist l)e 
large and capacious, with broad foundations, extending well behind and 
well forward, Avith distinct attachments ; broad and s(piarc, viewed from 
l)chind, the sole level and broad, the lobes even-sized, and teats evenly 
distributed ; the whole udder tirndy attached, M'ith skin loose and elastic. 
Such a form gives great space for the secreted milk, and for the lodgment 
of the glands, while allowing the changes from an empty to a full vessel. 
The glands should be free from lumps of fat and muscle, well set up in 
the body when the cow is dr}', and loosely covered with the softand elastic 
skin, without trace of flabbiness. Such a covering allows for extension 
when the animal is in milk, while the glands are kept in proximity with 
the blood-vessels that supply them. 

XI. Escutcheon or Milk Mirror. 

I think a broad escutcheon is fully as good a sign as along one ; that 
quantity or quality mean more than shape, yi'.t I would not discard the 
shape entirely. The udder and its dependencies, the milk veins, and the 
escutcheon mai'k, may be considered the foundation of the Ayrshire cow. 
These influence profit, and also the shapes of the body and the form of 
the animal. The milk vessel ?s placed in the pubic region of the cow, 
and is jjrotected on either side by the hind limbs. The breadth of its 
attacliments secures bn>adth of body, and the weight requires also a depth 
of quarter and of Hanks. The breadth below requires breadth of hip 
above, and leng-th of loin here appeai-s related to length of pelvis. So 
much for the physical portion. The physical function of milk-producing 
demands a great and continuous flow of blood, for it must not be for- 
gotten that milk is l)lood, so to speak. This flow is dependent on the 
supply of food, and on the facilities of digestion. To gain this, a large 
body IS requn-ed in order to hold the suitable digestive organs. To gain 
tiie most of our blood after it has absorbed the chvle from the diuestivc 



DAIRY CATTLK TIIK AYKSHIRES. 609 

organs, reason shows that it should tind its way freely and speedily 
throiiah the sj'stem on its labors of sii|)ply and removal, cleanse itself in 
the luntrs, and again pass on to its duties. All this points to a healthy 
heart, not cramped, and lungs of sufficient capacit}' ; for theyield of rnilU 
drains much nutriment from the system, and the constitution must needs 
have the vigor given by healthy and active heart and lungs. In this way 
the chest is correlated with the udder. 

The reproductive functions i'e([uire hook liones of good size, and a 
liroad pelvis is desirable, as uuderlying within are the genei-ative organs. 
Defects here are to be shunned. 

XII. The Points Summed Up. 

Tiie points of the Ayrshii-e cow, as given by the Ayrshire Agricultural 
Society, and the New York State Agricultural Society, have been summed 
up as follows : 

Xin. The Body. 

The whole fore-quarters thin in front, and gradually increasing in 
depth and widtli l>ackward, yet of sufficient l)readth and roundness to in- 
sure constitution ; 1)ack should be straight and the loins wide, the hips 
rather high and well spread ; pelvis roomy, long, broad and straight, hook 
bones wide apai't, quarters long, tolerably muscular, and full in their 
upper portion, but moulding into the thighs below, which should have a 
degree of flatness, thus affording more space for a full udder ; the flanks 
well let down, but not heavy ; ribs, behind, springing out very round and 
full, affording space for a large udder — the whole carcass thus acijuiring 
increased volume toward its ]iost('rior portion. 

XIV. The Skin. 

In connection with the body and the udder, the skin is of great value in 
assisting our judgment. Between the portion of the external covering 
used for leather, and the nmscle, there occurs a layer of cellular tissue, 
which contains a larger or smaller amount of fat cells, and the mellow 
handling caused by these cells indicates a free circulation throughout this 
mesh work. 

Tlu! skin varies from a thin, papery hide, covered with silky hair, to 
a thick, supple, elastic hide, well coated with hair, on the one hand, and 
;i similar variation, with harsh hair and coarseness, on the other. The 
thin, papery hide indicates quick fattening and a delicate constitution ; 
thick, elastic hide, cushioned on fat, and which on the flank comes 
into the hand almost without grasping, indicates the height of vigor, 
accompanied by the fattening tendency, and the possessor of this hand- 
ling endures climatic cliangcs, low (jualily in his food, and neglect, with 



(JIO THE AJIEKICAN FAUMKIl S STOCK BOOK. 

rcmiu-kal)le luirdihood, and (|uickly rospoiids to full feed niid <iood care. 
The iiurt^li iiandlei- is a dull feeder, eonsuines nmeh food, and generally 
contains more than a just. proportion of offal or waste. In the Ayrshire 
cow we desire neither of these extremes, for it is in the milk product 
that wo wish the food to l)e utilized, and it is almost an unchan<;ing law 
of nature, that dcficieiicy in one direction must be compensated for by 
excess in another direction, and vice versa. At any rate, the cow that 
la\s on fat too quickly is seldom a first class milker ; and how well known 
is it that the cow of large yield milks down her condition. A cowthat 
lias a moderately thin, loose skin, of sufficient elasticity and suppleness of 
touch, without being fat-cusliioncd, as it were, with hair soft and mossy 
or woolly, if of correct form otherwise, will usually milk a large quantity, 
and when she becomes dry, will rapidly come into condition. In truth, 
the handling of the Ayershire cow must be good ; it cannot be too good ; 
but it nmst not be of exactly that quality sought for in the grazing breeds. 

There, as everywhere, the dairyman must keep to his line ; milk, not 
fat, is his profit ; and in seeking excess of both, he will be liable to fall 
below the average of either. 

XV. Milk Points. 

It is an axiom of breeders to diminish the useless parts of an animal 
as nuich as possible, or, in other words, to reduce the proportion of those 
parts not conducive to profit to as great extent as possible. Applying 
this rule to a dairy breed, we should desire a small neck, sharp shoulders, 
small brisket and small bone. Moreover, small bone usually accompa- 
nies thrift, and is universally found in improved breeds. We thus have a 
reason for these other Ayrshire points : 

Shoulders lying snugly to the body, thin at their tops, small at their 

points, not long in the blade, nor loaded with muscle; brisket light ; 

neck of medium length, clean in the throat, very light throughout, and 

tapering to the head ; tail long and slender ; legs short, bones fine, 

joints firm. 

XVI. The Head. 

The head should be small, in shape either long and narrow, or broad 
in the forehead and short, according to the type of animal preferred by 
the breeder, generally preferred somewhat dishing ; the nose tapering to 
an expanded muzzle, with good clean nostrils. Opinions differ as to the 
general shape of the head. A broad forehead and short face occurs 
more frequently in bulls, and are generally esteemed a masculine charac- 
teristic ; a more elongated face is called feminine. Yet some families of 
well-bred and good milking Ayrshire cows have the broad and short 
head, and such were, at one time, if not now, the favorites in the show- 
yard in Scotland. 



DAIRV CATTLE THK AVItSIIinES. (ill 

The eye should l>e inodenitcly full, lively yet jjlaeid lookinir. The eye 
is ;i luiri'or of the disposition, and inter[)rets the eharaeter of the cow . a 
fretful, irritable animal is seldom a quick fattencr, and usually disiiii- 
l^oints at the pail. It also gives expression to the features, and physiog- 
nomy aids our judgment. 

The ears should be of a good size, but thin, and their skin of rich 
yellow color. Coarse ears are usually found on ill-bred animals, and 
these may l)c considered, to a certain extent, indicative of general coarse- 
ness. The color of the skin, as shown inside the ear, is usually considered 
indicative of the richness of the milk in butter. 

The horns should be of medium size, of fine texture, with an outward 
and upward turn, or inclining upwards and curving slightl}- inwards, ac- 
cording to the taste of the breeder. They should be set on rather 
widely apart. A coarse horn may indicate a coarse and thick hide, as 
there seems an intimate relation l)etweeu the composition of the horn, hair, 
and hide, and the influence of climate on horn and hair gives an appear- 
ance oftentimes of correlation l)otween the two. 

XVII. The Neck, Body and Limbs. 

The neck should be of medium length throughout, and tapering to the 
throat, which should be clean or free from loose, hanging skin. Yet too 
thin a neck is not desirable, as it usually indicates a delicate animal. A 
thick-set neck, well covered, 3'et not overladen with muscle, accompanies 
hardiness and vigor of constitution. 

The junction of the neck with the body and over the shoiddei-s is 
called the crops ; on a horse it would be called the withers. A hollow 
behind this point is a never-failing sign of weakness. The crops should 
blend in easily with a thin shoulder, lying snugly to the body. This 
shoulder and a well defined spine jjroduce the sharpness of shoulder so 
much admired. The back should l)e straight, with spine well defined, 
especially foi'ward. The tail long, firm in the l)one, and set on a level 
with the back, without depression or notch. A fine tail usually accom- 
panies fine bone, and the fine bone is not only decrease of offal over 
heavy limbs, but accompanies early maturity, and a. tendency to thrift. 
The limbs should be tine-boned, flat-boned, and with joints of moderate 
size. On the forward limbs the cow should stand low. Large joints and 
round bones are found very frequently on dull feeders, and on animals of 
little profit. 

XVIII. Importance of Good Teats. 

The teats should be of medium length, evenly set, and [iroject 
slightly outward when the l)ag is full, of even thickness throughout, and 
of fine texture. They should lie placed about one-thii'd of the length of 



612 THE AMERICAN FAKMEK S STOCK BOOK. 

tho " vessel " apart in oiu- direction, and about one-half the other. 
When the udder is not distended, tliey should hang perpendicuhirl}'. 
Lai'go teats, however desirable to the milker, are usually accompanied by 
coarseness of build in the cow. They are seldom found on Avell-bred 
animals, yet exceptionally they occur, and are much liked. A teat should 
be large enough to grasp, say from two to two and a half inches in 
length. A shorter one would be an objection ; with larger, I should fear 
coarseness. 

XIX. Color Style and Condition. 

In color the Ayi-shires vary greatly. Brown, red, and white appears 
to good advantage, and is fashionable. A good quantity of white, well 
distributed, adds style and showiness to the animal. Yellow and white is 
fre(]uently seen, yet while this color is sometimes stated as indicating lack 
of hardiness, I am not aware of any proofs or argument having been 
brought forward to support this view. Color is as yet a matter of taste, 
for its correlations arc hardly guessed at ; and from almost pure black, 
through the reds to almostpure M'hite, are colors found on the best cows. 
Black spots on the skin, l)arely percei)tiblc through the hair, often occur 
on the best cattle. Strawberry blotched and red and white arc perhai)s 
the more common colors. A self-colored animal, or a roan, or aninud 
with white on the ears, the writer has never yet seen among the Ayr- 
shires iu Scotland or in this country, when the pedigree was unques- 
tionable. 

The carriage should be light and active, the head well up, and the hind 
legs should not cross in Avalking. The condition should be neither fat 
nor lean, but that average which a good cow holds when in good flesh at 
calving, liberally fed while in milk. 

In selecting Ayrshircs, if these points are attended to, and if the 
breeder has carefully studied what Ave have i)reviously written in relation 
to raising cattle in general, there will be no difhculty about the selection 
of superior animals. 



CHAPTER XI. 



DAIRY CATTLE— THE DUTCH BREEDS. 



I. ANTIQUITY OF DUTCH CATTLE AS A DISTINCT EACE. II. FRIESIAN ANDBATAVIAN 

CATTLE. III. DUT(UI CATTLE OLDER THAN THOSE OF HOLSTEIN. IV. ESTAB- 
LISHMENT OF KEGULAlt CATTLE MARKETS. V. IMPORTATION OF DANISH CATTLE 

INTO FRIESLAND. VI. FACTS ABOUT DUTCH CATTLE. VII. VARIETIES L)ES- 

CIIIKED. VIII. RACES OF DUTCH CATTLE. IX. DR. 3EORGE MAY'S TESTI- 
MONY. X. BREEDS OF NORTH AND SOUTH HOLLAND AND WEST FRIESLAND. 

XI. THEIR COLOR AND FORM.— —.KII. YIELDS OF MILK. XIII. FEEDING ijlIAL- 

ITIES. XIV. DUTCH CATTLE AN ARTIFICIAL BREED. XV. THE EARLIEST 

nirORTATIONS. .XVI. THE LEROY IMPORTATION. .WII. THE CHENERY IM- 

I'ORTATION. .XVIII. WHAT PROF. ROBERTS SAYS. .XIX. .MEASUREMENTS 

ADOPTED FOR DUTCH FRIESIAN C.\TTLE. .\X. HOW TO SELECT DAIRY COWS. 

1. Antiquity of the Dutch Cattle as a Distinct Race. 

The ciittlo now culled Diitcii undoubtedly trace, in an unbroken line, 
further back than any other race in repute among breeders. The Fries- 
ians and Batavians long ago inhabited Holland. The hi.story of the 
Fricsians dates back to 300 years before Christ, and they were known 
more than 2,000 years ago as herdsmen, hunters and fishermen. The Ba- 
tavians arc said to have come some 200 years later, or 100 years before 
Christ. Prof. G. J. Hengcrvc^id, of the Royal Veterinary Institute at 
Utrecht, Netherlands, in an exhaustive letter to the United States Consul 
in 1872, goes over the whole history, and without other preface we ex- 
tract such jiortions as seem pertinent to the nuitter in hand : 

The lands of the Friesians comprised the whole (■ol[ntr^• lotlic north of 
the Rhine as far as the shore of the North Sea, to which West and East 
Friesland belonged, conqjosing the present Dutch provinces of Gronin- 
gen, Friesland, Dreiitho, and North Holland, besides the provinces of 
Utrecht, Overyssell, and a pait of (Julderland and South Holland. Of 
all these provinces Groningeu alone ai)pertained to East Friesland. 

II. Priesian and Batavian Cattle. 
Tacitus says of the Friesians and Batavians that they owned cattle, not 
excelling in beauty, but in number. He further states, as does also 
Julius Caesar, that the Friesians and Batavians paid each other in cows, 
sheep and goats, and gave likewise to their children as dowry, oxen 
adapted to the yoke and plough, cattle and horses. When they were 
subdued by the Romans in the lirst century of our era, the conquerors 
imposed upon the Friesians an annual tribute, consisting of cow-hides and 
meat. The Friesians and Batavians a[)plied themselves to the draining 

111.-, 



(114 THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 

of their marshy hinds and tlicir i.shmds, and created meadows on the re- 
ehiimed soil. Something is even known regarding the color of their cat- 
tle, namely, that they held those of a white color in religicms veneration. 
The Friesiaiis, from Oldenburg and the country near the mouth of the 
Elbe, were compelled, through tlic inclcinciicy of those regions — tiien in 
their original conditiou of low alluvial swamps, inundated at every tide — 
to desert them. It can also be shown that the inhabitants of this terri- 
tory were unal)le to make sure i)rovision for their own wants, because of 
the robberies and piracies committed by the Xorinans, by dwellers on the 
w'est coast of Denmark, jjeople from Holstein and Schleswig, Jutes and 
Angles. This was between the eighth and eleventh centuries. Giving 
due weight to these statements, it cannot bo doubted that the cultivation 
of cattle in the Netherlands existed a long time before such a thing 
could be thought of in Holstein. It is also cjuitc as cei'tain that the col- 
onies from Friesland, Holland and AVestphalia, carried with them their 
cattle to Holstein. 

III. Dutch Cattle Older than those of Holstein. 
Hence we see that, tirst, the Dutch race of cattle date from an older 
descent than those of Holstein ; while, probably, second, the Holstein 
cattle orginated from the Friesian breed and from tliat of the Dutch and 
"Westphalia emigrants. After tiiis colonization, we ]ia\e our attention 
directed to another i-emarkable j)ai-ticular in the history f)f Dutch cattle. 

rv". Establishment of Regular Markets. 

From the fourteenth on till the eighteenth century, a large number of 
Danish oxen were annually turned for pasture into the grassy meadows 
of North Holland, and sold at the weekly North Holland caltle market. 
The oldest of these cattle markets is that of the city of Hoorn. This 
market was already established in Kill, and in l?>'d9 the Danes and the 
inhabitants of the Eyder, weie allowed by Albrecht, duke of Bavaria, to 
hold a weekly market there. In 1()0.5, the Danish cattle market was re- 
moved from Hoorn and transferred to Enkhuyzen, when, in ]ti24, the 
number of 1,179 oxen were sold. There was also in Amsterdam a lean- 
cattle mai-ket, beginning in the Spring, in the month of April, but held 
at irregular periods, depending upon wind and weather. wIhmi cattle were 
allowed to be conveyed thither from Denmark and Holstein to graze. 
These Avere mostly brought by vessel. 

v. Importation of Danish Cattle into Friesland. 
In the middle of the eighteenth century, it is mentioned that, owing to the 
cattle-i)lague, the jjcople were comi)elled to import from abi-oad all kinds 
of small cattle, chieliv Danisli. Hut, what was remarkalile, however 



DAIRY' CATTLE THK UUTCII BREEDS. (J15 

smiill and ill-favored these animals might be when compared with the 
handsome Fiiesian horned cattle, an improvement of food induced a 
favorable development of body, and, from the mixtm-eof the two breeds, 
good and choice milch-kine were attained ^rithin two or three generations 
after the introduction of the foreign blood, no matter how much the race 
had in the beginning detericn'ated through the process, and, eventually, 
the type of Danish and German cattle was cjuite lost. 

VI. Facts about Dutch Cattle. 

The chief characteristics of this Friesian breed — its eminent milk- 
giving and fattening qualities — we find in all the districts mentioned, 
and extending .still farther southward ; ^^^th this difference, however, 
that wherever the land is more fertile, the climate milder, and the tend- 
ing, feeding and Ijreeding of the cattle obsei'ved with more care, in that 
measure, they are more developed, attain larger size, and are of a tiner 
texture. 

If the intention be to convey a correct understanding of the true 
qualities of the several varieties or breeds mentioned in their own dwelling 
places, it is better that each ))reed should retain the name hy which it is 
known, and that no collective name, though a historical one, should be 
given them. 

VII. Varieties Described. 

In order to be able to readily classify a group of cattle of great 
extent, possessing the same chief qualities in form and productiveness, 
Stui-m proposed, so long as fifty years ago, to give to a group, subject 
to the same conditions of soil and climate, a name indicating those con- 
ditions, and thus originated Mountain Cattle, Highland Cattle and Low- 
land Cattle. He also heads each of these divisions 1)y the breed best repre- 
sentmg the distinctive feature of its class, as its type. It is under the 
denomination of Lowland Cattle that he places the different breeds of 
the coast lands along the North Sea. Schmalz, Pabst and many subse- 
quent writers, adopt this classification, some with a few modifications. 
According to Schmalz's statement, cattle, adopting Stm-m's classification, 
may be distinguished in the following manner : 

Vni. Races of Dutch Cattle. 

A. Lowland Race. — Primitive cow ; Dutch-Friesian cow. 

B. jNIountain Race. — Degenerate, quite the contrary of A ; Swiss cow. 

C. Middle Race. — Highland race j forms the transition from A to B ; 
Frankish cow. 

To the race A belong the Dutch, as repi-esentativcs, the Friesian, the 
Oldenburg, and chiefly all Lowland races bearing the peculiar ciiuracter- 
istics which identify' it with the place of its sojourn. 



(516 THE AMERICAN' FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. 

This is ii purely iKitiirnl division, and tliero is not the least arrogance 
in assertinii', what history points out, that the Dutch cattle constitute the 
type of the oldest, purest, and best breed. All other varieties arc of less 
intrinsic value ; they are coarser or smaller, possess less productive (juali- 
ties, though of local excellence in their native places. 

One hears in Europe of " Lowland cattle," but purchases of them for 
the purpose of improving other breeds have, for the last hundred years, 
only been made in the chief Netherland provinces, where the choicest 
cattle of the Lowlands are found. Thus, thousands of Dutch and Friesian 
cattle are annually sent abroad under the name of Dutch cattle. 

IX Dr. George May's Testimony. 

Dr. George May, director of the agricultural establishment at Weihcn- 
stephan, says : The Dutch cattle constitute the type of the properly so- 
called Lowland race, which extends throughout Netherlands, Flanders, 
Normandy, Oldenburg, and Denmark. The Oldenburg cattle descended 
from the Dutch race, and are likewise distinguished as East Friesian 
cattle, as still partially found in Hanoverian Fricsland. In the adja- 
cent parts of Bremen it is called Bremen cattle. 

In the transactions of the Ohio Board of Agriculture, 1S72, in an article 
on Dutch cattle, by Professor Furstenburg, we tind the following : 
The breeds of cattle in Holland maybe divided according to their locality 
as follows : 1. The breeds in the provinces North and South Holland and 
West Friesland. 2. The breeds in the provinces Groningen,Guclderland, 
Utrecht, and Overyssel. 3. The breeds in the provinces of Sceland. 
Although these breeds are closely related, still they show differences 
resulting from keeping and the various purposes for which they are bred. 

X. Breeds of North and South Holland and West Friesland. 

The breed most renowned in the kingdom for its milk-[)r()ducing quali- 
ties is found in these three provinces. But North Holland in particular 
is noted for the manner of keeping cattle, which ai"e known by the name 
of Amsterdam race, being no less remarkable on account of sizi! than for 
the great production of milk. The pastures of North Holland arc said to 
contain 100,000 morgen (5iS-100 morgen to an acre) ; every acre furnishes 
nourishment for 49-100 head of cattle. The peasants are engaged almost 
solely in cattle breeding, and the keeping and care which these animals 
receive here has almost become [jrovci'bial on account of its perfection 

XI. Their Color and Form. 

The cattle here are mostly spotted black and white ; however, ))rown and 
blue or gray mixed are found. The hci<i-ht is considerable, bciui;- not 



DAIRY CATTLE THE DUTCH BREEDS. 617 

under two Amsterdam ells, (4 51-100 feet) ; the length of the body in pro- 
jjortion to the height, the middle part of which is particularly developed, 
the quarters fleshy, neck rather short than long, with a strong dewlap ; 
head narrow and long, with the forehead slightly depressed ; fine horns 
crooked forward, and large projecting ears. The withers arc often nar- 
row ; the back, on the other hand, broad across the hips, Mhich are not 
very prominent ; the tail fine and long, with a good tuft of hair ; the posi- 
tion of the hind legs strong and straight ( not knock-kneed ) , the hind-cpiar- 
tcrs broad and roomy, and the bag well developed. The lower part of the 
legs above the hoofs is invariably white, which is regarded as a sign of 
the pure unmixed breed. The live weight of the cows is 1.200 to 1,400 
pounds ; that of bulls reaches 2,000 pounds wlien full grown and fatted. 
The cows are usually productive of milk, and give an average of .3,000 
quarts and over per annum. 

A very excellent milch cow of the Amsterdam race, from the royal 
cow stable in Eldcna, which was brought with a few others to the Inter- 
national Exhibition, took the first premium for milch cows of the 
Netherland race at the International Exhibition of live stock at Stettin in 
1865. This cow, fed in the stall only, gave in one year the great quan- 
tity of (5,142 quarts of milk, and kept up afterwards to 4,000 quarts in an 
equal length of time. 

To the breed of North Holland arc nearly related those of South Hol- 
land and West Friesland, and differ perhaps only in that the latter are 
larger-l)oned, and in general of not so pleasing a form. In regard to 
their milk-producing qualities tiiey are about equal. The manner of 
keeping the stock, and the use of the milk, is also the same, viz. : the 
manufacture of cheese, while the calves are raised and sold as young 
stock at high prices. From these thi-ee provinces, the former two of 
which suffered so much lately from rinderpest, milch cows are l>ought 
for the best dairies in Germany. 

Holland cattle are well adapted to soiRng, although at home they are 
accustomed to pasturage. They are kept profitably on the latter only 
when its abundance facilitates grazing and makes corporal exertion unnec- 
essary. Therefore a great error would be made in placing these aninnds 
on a scant pasturage, and they are not at all adapted to the pasturage of 
a light soil. The result of stall-feeding is more favorable, because proper 
care and fodder can be given to the stock without its exertion. We have 
received from no other race an equal quantity of milk with the same feed, 
as years of observation in the cow stable of the Academy at Eldena has 
shown. 



(lis rilE AMKIMCAN lAKMKi; S STOCK ISOOK. 

XIII. Yields of Milk. 

Tlio yield of milk in istj.") of thcso races was : 

1. Four Toudern cows gave 9,387 quarts, or an average of 2,334 
quarts, or G 3-10 (juarts per day for the year. The largest uiilker gave 
2,345 (luarts, th(! smallest, 2,020 (juarts. 

2. Three Breitcnburg cows gave S,.')!)4 (juarts, or an average of 2,8()4 
2-3 (|uarts, or 7 «5-100 quarts per day for the year. The largest milker 
gave 2,'.i4(i ([uarts, the smallest, 2,IS20 quarts. 

;!. Three Ayrshire cows gave r),3!S() quarts, or an nveiage of l,7!tr) 1-3 
(|uarts, or 4 ;)2-I00 (juarts per day for the year. The largest milker gave 
2,24!t (juarts, the smallest 1,415 quarts. 

4. Twenty-two Holland cows gave 7S.10()(iuarts, or an average of 3,550 
quarts, or !) 7;i-100 (juarts per day for tlie year. Tiie largest niilkergave 
(),142 (juarts, the smallest 2,52() (juarts. 

The average feed per head in the Winter was daily — 10 j)ounds Sum- 
mer stiaw, cut fine ; 2 1-2 pounds oat and wheat chaff ; 25 j)Ounds beets , 
10 jxiunds hay ; S j)onnd refuse malt from beer brewery; 3 pounds rye 
bran. This food is considered about equal to 42 9-10 pounds hay. 

Din-ing the Summer the cows were fed daily per head 135 jjounds green 
fodder, viz., clover and vetches (of the latter very little was used^, and 
three times a day (S jxiunds of hay. 

XIII. Feeding Qualities. 

Although there is no doubt that the Holland cows eat more, generally, 
than the smaller Ayrshire and Toudern, this is of minor importance in 
coinj)arison with the greater amount of milk given by the former. The 
ureatcr amount of feed consumed by the Holland cows can be estimated, 
viz: Nine of them stood at one crib, while ten of the smaller stood at 
.•inollicr of e(iual size ; the fodder was, however, divided the same in each. 
'J'he proportion is as nine to ten, or when the smaller cows eat 45 jjounds 
of hay, the larger ones eat 50 jxjunds. 

From the quantity of milk given, the Holland cows used a trifle over 
5 jHJunds weight of hay to jjroduce one quart of milk ; Breitcnburg used 
t; 25-100 pounds of hay ; Toudern 7 pounds of hay ; Ayrshire i) jjounds 
of hay. By these results it cannot remain doubtful which race is j)referable. 

XIV. Dutch Cattle an Artificial Breed. 

It seems mifortunate that there should have been nuich feeling over 
the name of a breed of cattle, really the most wonderful as milkers of 
anv known race. In the Eastern United States they are known as Dutch, 
Holstein, and Dutch-Friesian cattle. In the West they are almost nni- 
versallv known as Holstein cattle. The junliability is tiiat the name 



daii:y cattle — the ditch 1!i;eeds. 619 

Friesian is niorr iioarl\' correct tliaii any otlicr. Xcxcrtliclcss, tlic modern 
Dutch cow is as piifcl\' an artilicially-hrcd aiiiiuai as the Short-Horn, the 
Hereford or tiie Ayrshire. Tiiey iia\e been hred and selected with 
scientitic care so h)ng that their character is constant and uniform in 
capahilities for milk, and they arc bred to eohn- almost i)urely at the 
whim of the breeder, one thing alone being constant. Where they are 
white they are pure white, and where blaek they are pure black, whether 
they be l)anded in color or spotted. 

XV. The Earliest Importations. 

It is more than probable that Dutch cattle; were among the tirst im- 
ported to this continent, since the Dutch in their settlement of New York 
undoubtedly brought with them the best representatives of their breeds. 
It is recorded that in 1(525 cattle were brought into the Dutch colony. 
These were undouljtedly the true Dutch cattle, since milk and labor were 
the two prime requisites wilii the colonists, and even so long ago as tliat 
date, the Dutch cattle united these points in a high degree. For as long- 
ago as the early part of the seventeenth century (early in KiOO) both 
Holland and Enghuid were noted for breeds of superior and deep-milking 
cattle. After these early inii)ortations of the Dutch and uj) to the early 
part of the present century there were probably no more Dutch cattle 
imported. 

XVI. The Le Roy Importation. 

It is stated that somewhere Ijetween 1.S2U and 1.S2.'), ^Ir. Ili-rman Le 
Roy, a i)ul)lic si)irited merchant of New York <ity, inii)()rtcd some im- 
proved Dutch cattle which were sent to his farm near the city. P)etweon 
1827 and 1<S29, some of the produce of this herd were sent to tlie farm of 
his son, Edward Lo Roy, on the Genesee river. Mr. L. F. Alien de- 
scribes this herd in 1833, as he then saw them, as being large, well-spread 
cattle, lilack and white in color, and rcmarkal)le for their uncommon 
yield of milk, and of great value as dairy animals ; their (|ualities in that 
line were universally acknowledged wherever known. 

It seems unfoitunate that the Le Roys, father and son, slio ild not have 
retained their herd pure, but such seems to have been the fact, for it is 
known that at the sale of the farms of these gentlemen, none but grades 
were found in the ht'rd or in tiic adjacent country. 

XVII. The Chenery Importation. 

According to the record it seems that the tirst imported animals tha 
have been retained pure were those of Mi-. ^V . (". Chenery, near Boston, 
in 18(>1. This was a Imll and four cows, wliicli were successfully bred 
and ke[)t pure. Mr. Chcncrv, pievious to that time, in 1852, imported 



620 



TI!K AMI'.IIICAN' FAUMEK S STOCK UOOK. 



a siiiiilc oow. Ill 1<S,")7 lie made iinjiortatious of a Imll and two 
cows, and in 1859 a further importation of four more cows. 




r,^^*^ 



With this latter importation he was so unfortunate as to imi)ort 
pleuro-piieumouia. Tiie ravaiios of this dread disease extended to 
the entire herd, and with the excepticn of a siiiij'le yuuiii!: hull, 



DAIliV CATTLE — THE DUTCH HUEEUS. H2l 

they were entirely destroyed. In IsiM Mi-. (Mieiiprv made aiiotlier 
importation of a hull and four eow.s, whicli caiiu; over sound. Tlie.se and 
their de.scendant.s were the onlj^ pure-bred herd in America for years. 
That they were the best representatives of their breed is eertain from the 
fact that they were selected with care from the best dairy herds of North 
Holland, and were so certified to by the official authorities of the districts 
where they were bred. 

Later, as they gained a foothold in the West and showed their eminent 
adaptability to the climate, and their wonderful yields of milk l)ecame 
known, sagacious breeders undertook the imi)ortation as a business spec- 
ulation. These cattle are now pretty well distributed from Ohio west, 
and, with full sunmier and winter feeding, are regarded by many dairy- 
men, especially cheese-makers, as superior to any other known railkin"- 
breed. 

XVIII. What Prof. Roberts Says. 

Prof. Eobcrts, in an address lieforethe New York Dairyman's Associa- 
tion, gives the following in relation to breeding and care in North Hol- 
land and Friesland, from actual observation there : 

In the first jilace, but few bulls are kept, and these but for two or three 
years at most, when they are sold in the market fen* beef. These bulls 
are selected with the utmost care, invariably being the calves of the 
choicest milkers. But little attention is paid to fancy points or color, 
though dark spotted is preferred to light spotted, and more attention 
is now being paid to color in order to suit American customers. All 
other bull calves with scarce an exception ai-e sold as veals, brino^ino- 
about one and a half times as much as with us. In like manner the 
heifer calves are sold except about twenty per cent, which are also select- 
ed with care and raised on skimmed milk. The age of the cow is usually 
denoted by the hunii)er of her calves, and in no case did I find a cow that 
had had more than six calves, usually only four or five. Their rule is to 
breed so that the cow's first calf is dropped in the staljle before the dam 
is two years old, in order that extra care and attention may be siven. 
There are other objects gained by this method ; for should the heifer fall 
l)elo\v their high standard she goes to tlie butcher's market before another 
wintering, and though she ])rought little profit to the dairy she will more 
than pay for her keeping at the ])lock. Here we find a three fold method 
of selection. First in the sire ; second, in the young calf, judged largely 
by the milking qualities of the dam ; and lastly is ajiplied the greatest of 
all tests, performance at the pail ; and not till she answers this satisfac- 
torily is she accorded a permanent place in the dairy. 



62-2 



TUK AMEKUAN lAKMKU S STOCK BOOK. 



XIX. Measurements Adopted for Dutch Friesian Cattle. 

'lln- meusuioiuriits adopteil by the Dutcli-Friesiiui Association of Ainor- 
ifii in estimating value, with a view to tal)ulated records in future, iii<lu(l- 
injf niillv records, are as follovs : 1 — Length from point of shouUh'r to 
point of pelvis. 2 — Length from forward jjoint of hips to point of pelvis, 
f hips. 4— Width at the thurl. 5— Height at shoulders. 
— (xirth at the smallest circumference ininiediatclv 



3_Width 

G — Height at hip 

hack of shoulder: 



XX. How to Select Dairy Cows. 

To sum up the whole matter of dairy l:rceds in a few words: If rich 
milk, without regard to quantity, is desired, select the little Jerseys. 




/^•f^/^ ^ I ■ti.i.y C^ 



IIOLSTEIJf COW AND CALF. 



"Astrea ad," Ihe cow wliich took llie Sweepstakes Prii 
is five years old, weighs about 1650 pounds, and is a ; 
milk per week. 



at the Illinois State Fair last year. She 
>ad milker, giving from 56 to 64 pounds of 



lliey will certainly satisfy the most dilBeult to please. If both butter 
and milk are wanted, our preference would lie with the Ayrshircs. But 
if great quantities of milk excellently adapted to the manufacture of 
cheese were the object, we should have no hesitation in saj-ing, the Dutch 
cattle will (piite till the most sanguine expectations. 



CHAPTER XII. 
THE RAISING AND ECONOlVnCAL FEEDING OF CATTLE. 



I. IMI'OUTAXCE OF PROPER CARE MMIILE YOUNG. II. KIFFERENCE BETWF.EN 

GOOO AND B.4.D CARE. III. THE STARVED CALVES AT GRASS. IV. THE 

OTHER SIDE. V. GOOD M'INTEK KEEPING FOR CALVES. VI. WHEN AND 

HOW rO CASTRATE. VII. YOUNG BEEF. VHI. HEAVY STEER.S. IX. FULL 

FEEDING AND EARLY MATURITY. X. ECONOMY IN FEEDING. .\I. THE TRUE . 

POLICY WITH YOlTsi; STOCK. XII. FEEDING THE YOUNG CALVES.. XIII. 

FEED GRASS AND O.^TS EARLY. .XIV. WHERE THE PROFIT COMES IN. 

XV. FEEDING FOR BEEF AND FOR LABOR. .XVI. REACHING RESULTS. XVII. 

WHEN AND HOW TO FEED. XVIII. OUT-DOOR FEEDING WHERE CORN IS CI1E.\1'. 

XIX. A GOOD CONDIMENT. XX. SO-CALLED PERFECT FOODS. 

I. Importance of Froper Care while Youcg. 

There is no more important factor in the inanagemeiit of cattle than 
proper care while j'ounir. Tliose who imairine that the)' arc doiiii; the 
correct thing if they can manage to keep life in a calf until it i.s three 
months old, and then have it get fat on grass before winter come.s, al- 
way.s huve a set of "scrawn.s," with tlieir digestive organs destroyc d by 
improper food, and which never make either healthy steers or cows. Thiy 
are always runts — contemptuon.sly called "scalawags," by the 1)utcliers 
in our markets — and sell for one and a half to two cents a pound, 
when good cattle are worth from four and a half to six cents. 

n. Difference between Good and Bad Care. 

A single illustration will suffice. One man will give calves neM' milk 
until they are six weeks old, and then gradually reduce the quantity, 
substituting oat-meal porridge or fine corn-meal mush, witli a. very little 
linseed added, or mixing ecjual parts of oat-meal and corn-meal in the 
milk, iinlil the calf is four months old. Then it will do well on soft 
grass and oats. 

The other man takes the calf from the cow at one day old, and feeds 
it skim-milk until the age of three weeks, when half-cooked, coarse 
meal — husks and all — is mixed with the milk ; and finally at six weeks or 
two months old, the calf is turned out to grass, recei^'ing, perhaps, an 
occasional ration of sour whey. It is poor, does not gi-ow, takes ''the 
scours," which is onh' another name for indigestion, and if the animal 
gets through the first winter with what such a man calls special nursing, 
and occasional greasings Avith "anguintuni, "' to kill lice, lie finds himself 
the possessor of a scrubby j'earling, ready ( ?) for grass, that will weigh, 
.skin and bones, from seventy to ninety pounds. 

t!23 



(>24 



rilK AMKKICAN lAU.MKK S STOCK HOOK. 



III. The starved Calves at Grass. 

Ho expects his calves to gel on their feed the next summer. Calves are 
endoweii with great vitality, and if their stomachs recover something of 
tone, they will have shed their old hair, (what has not been eaten out by 
vermin) by the tirst of July, and by fall, if it be a good year for grass, 
thcv will be in half-decent store condition, and perhaps weigh l.")Oto 170 
pounds cacii. That is, they will have gained from sixty to eighty pounds 
of llcsh, each, to cover their ])ones. They are at the end of eighteen 
months, jusl where a good calf should have been at weaning time the fall 





IIADLY WINTERED. 



WELL WINTERED. 



before, but witli constitutions i-uined so far as prolilaJiie feeding is 
concerned. 

Thus, this Uind of feeding goes on ; starved in winter and allowed to 
shift for themselves in smnmer, at the age of three years they will aver- 
age 800 pounds, gross weight, if no epidemic seizes them. 

rv. The Other Side. 

The common-sense feeder keeps his calves growing right along, with 
plenty of new milk until their stomachs are capalile of digesting solid 
food, when meal mush is added, and the cream taken from the milk. As 
soon as they will eat oats and grass, they are given as much of these as 
they want ; and in the autunni, wheti ready for wintering, it would not 
be strange if they should average 200 pounds each. 

V. Good Winter Keeping for Calves. 

They are given warm sheltei- and the best and softest hay, with a gen- 
erous allowance of meal daily. So tiiey grow right along, and may \h' 
made to gain a hundred pounds during tiie wint(>r. The next summer 
they arc kept on Hush pasture, or, if grass is bad, they get some corn, 
with i)lenty of pure water, and a place is provided where they may es- 
cape flies. Thus at three years old the steers are heavy beeves, and the 
heifers will have produced a fine calf, each, and be ready to do justice to 
tiicm in tiie wav of nourislimen) . 



THE KAISING AND ECONOMICAL FEEUINU OF CATTLE. (J25 

VI. Wlien and How to Castrate. 

Many persons put off gelding their calves until they are six months old, 
and often until they arc a year old. Tiiis will do if " stags " arc wanted ; 
but stags, however fat, sell for one or two cents a pound less in the mar- 
ket than steers. The proper time to geld hull calves is not later than the 
age of four weeks. 

When the calves are about three weeks old, drive them into a close 
pen. Secure a calf so it may stand at ease, but not struggle severely ; 
or, it may be thrown on the left side for the operation. 

Seieo the scrotum with the left hand, and press the testicles rather 
firmly to the bottom ; with a keen blade, rounded at the point, cut at a 
single stroke down through the scrotum and into the testicles, first one 
and then the other. Separate the mcml)rane cai'cfully, l)ut (juicklv, when 
it unites, and draw out the testicles until about six inches of the cords 
are visible. Cut the cords, first one and then the other, with a pair of dull 
shears (this prevents much lilceding), and let them i)ass l^ack. If severe 
bleeding ensues, inject a little muriate of iron into the cavity, and wet a 
soft rag with the same and pass it gently into the cavity. Some use salt 
and lard, l)ut this is painful. So proceed until all are castrated, and then 
turn them into a place where strange cattle or Hies will not molest them. 

It is as little dangerous, this mode of castration, almost, as cutting 
one's finger. The parts should heal in a week. Castration often comes 
awkward to the beginner, but it soon becomes easy, if fearlessly and care- 
fully practiced. 

vn. Young Beef. 

In England it has been the practice for ;-ears to force fattening animals 
from birth, so that they are heavy weights at eighteen months old, and 
fully ripe at three years old. Some results of this policy are recorded 
in the Royal A<iri cultural Journal of England. Among others Mr. 
Stanford, of Charlton Court, is credited with having sold hish-grade 
Short-Horn heifers and steers in 1878 at ages and prices as follows : 

Return per month 

Pi-ice. from birth. 

One eleven-months-oUl steer ^ 74 00 $ G 73 

One thirteen-moiitlis-iiUl steer 101 04 7 82 

Three fourteen-MK ml hs-old heifers, average 02 40 ti 60 

Tliree flftei'U-inoiillis-dUl heifers, average 101 04 6 77 

One sixtt'en-nuMilhs-olil steer , 102:50 6 39 

One eighteen-nionllis-iild steer 115 50 6 42 

One eighteen-and-u-half-months-old steer 129 36 7 00 

Two eighteen-and-a-half -mouths-old steers, average 122 10 6 60 

The weights were not given, but the i)rice is stated at from 16 to 18 cents 
per pound, net weight — meaning the four (luarters. The l)est 16 months 
old steer nuist have weighed something like l,i'()U lbs. alive, allowing the 

40 



(;2(! rilK A.MICIIICAN I'AKMKIi S STOCK HOOK. 

(|iiiirt(>rs to liavi' Ixcii liT) per cent, of I he whole weiirlil — a not very larire 
iillowiiiice for siu-h eattlo. in tlie Cliieiif^o Fat Stock Show, tlio same 
year, the l)ost steer, 2H months old, weighed l,(i;5() Ihs. The best st(^er, 
one year old and under two \ ,'.VM li)s., showing that our best feeders not 
only show fully as early maturity us English feeders, but likewise as 
wonderfully good weights. 

VIII. Heavy Stoors. 

Until the inauguration of the annual Fat Slock Show in Chicago, under 
theaus|)ie(!sof the Illinois IJoard of Agriculture, at which cattle were shown 
for the best feedeis and breeders in the West and South, l)ut few reliable 
data as to the gaiii<d' animals in feeding could bt; gotten. At the time of 
the first show, in l.Sli'J, it was deun)nstrated that Western and Southern 
breeders perfeetly understood the principles of fattening cattle, both 
young and old, and that they kept in yiew the fact that the young animal 
Siains faster in proportion to the ann)unt of food consumed than the ma- 
ture animal, and the oldei' and fatter the animal becomes, tht^ less the 
daily gain. From the statements of <'.\liil)itors, sworn to in some of the 
more important classics shown there, and llu' I'cports of committee 
1 hereon, we <|uote : 

Among the heayy cattle were the following, and credited to weigh, as 
taken from the pasture and feeding yards, as follows : The steer, (Joy. 
Morton, ."l.r.H) lbs; Hurnside, 2,H70 ; Iloosier lioy, 2,()4() ; Nels. Morris, 
■2,Kt() pounds. The following are the actual vyeights us given by the 
committee, on uninnds 1 year to 4 years old : 

Messrs. Ciraves & (^o., one steer 4 years old, 2,44.') ; one steer 3 years 
old, 2,0G(). 

A. F. Moore, one steer 2 years old, 1,78(). 
,1. I), (iillet, one steer 3 years old, 2,139. 

Wing a Tlunnpson, one steer 4 years old, 2,240 ; one steer 4 years old, 
2,ltit>;one cow, l,r)2.') ; one cow, l,(il(l. 

,lohn U. Sherman, one steer 3 years old, 2,()llt. 

.J.N. Brown's Sons, one steer 2 years old, l,ll(i;one steer 2 years 
old, 1,449 ; one steer 2 years old, l,(i3() ; one steer 2 years old, l,.'>li"i ; 
one steer 2 years old, 1,24(1; one steer 1 year old, l,33H;one steer 1 
year old, 1,249 ; one stcor 1 year old, 1,1!I3. 

Dexter Curtis, one eow, 1,)S33 ; one cow, 2,012 ; one cow, 1,931). 
This record is specially valuables as showing the great \veight attained 
by one, two and three-year-old steers, as well as the great ultimate 
■weights attained by mature oxen, viz. ; Best one-year-old, \yeight 1,.338 
pounds; l)est two-year-old, \veight I.TMC. pounds ; best three-year-old, 
2,139 pounds; and the heaviest 3, 190 pounds. 



THE UAISINU AND ICCONOMU'AL F lO K i; I N < ! OF CATTI.IO. I\27 

In the foregoing wc find a wtcor one yc':ir old iind under two, weighing 
1,1!);:5 pounds — us much iis could he expected from a fairly-fattened four 
year old fed as the average farmer feeds. Does any one suppose the 
feeder siKMit as much on that yiiurling as the farmer ordinarily does on 
his four year olds? 

IX. Pull Fooding and Early Mattirity, 

By studying the forcgomg it will be seen that the best guiii was in liu^ 
sleer one year old and under two, the next hest is a steer two years old 
and under three, and the third best gain is anotiier steer two years old 
and tuider thi'c^e. The four-year old steer made the least average gain, 
aiMJ the older the steer the less was the daily gain. 

Kvery observing farmer knows that a <alf allowed to run out during 
th(^ winter and shift for himself with the other cattle, if fed on hay, with 
perhaps a mibbin of corn now and then, will weigh less in the spring than 
it did the fall befoi'e. And IhoscMvlio have tried both systems of feeding 
(full feeding from birth, with proper shelter, and allowing young stock 
only hay with such shelter as thi-y nniy be able; to find) know there is 
no pi'ofit in tlu^ latti-r, but absolute loss. 

There mv,, indeed, places where ha}' may Ix; had simply for the making, 
wliei-e the grazing is amjjh^ and where! cattle may be raised at a minimum 
cost, if good shelter is i)rovided. Jiut year by year such sections arc; 
being more and more contracted, through the s(!ttl(Mnent of the <()unliy. 
Asa rule, the best profits ai'o now made by the seciding of meadows and 
pastures, by providing good shelter, and by the cultivation of coi'u enonuh 
to carry the stock in good condition through the M'inter. 'i'his is I'cally 
the basis of profitable feeding in the West and South-west. 

X. Economy in Fooding. 

We have striven throughout this work to show that in tlie rearing of 
.stock, the same strict attemtion to busiiK^ss i)rin(riples should prevail that 
is necessary to success in any other calling. 'J'here must be a strict ac- 
counting of i)rofit and loss, else no man can know, except in a ha])liazard 
way, M'hether he is making money oi- not. The feeder should know, in 
a general way, what food containing the (dements of growth and possc-ss- 
ing fattening (jualitiiis is cheapest. This, of course, will vai'ywilh dil'- 
U^H'.nt sections of tlu; country. 

An experience of forty years in the A\'est has taught ns to rely j)rinci- 
I)aUy on corn for all kinds of stock. For cattle, when the prict> was forty 
cents a bushel or less, nngi-ound corn has been found the best : while for 
hoi'ses, sheep .and swine, our experience has been that it does not pay lo 
lii'ind when the price is below sixtv cents, for these animals masticate or 



()28 THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 

grind their food pretty thoroughly. For fattening cattle we prefer, first, 
shocked corn, next snapped corn — that is, corn snapped from the stalk 
Avith the husk remaining — and next, husked corn in the ear, the waste to 
1)C gathered by store hogs. We have found that, with good shelter, five 
pounds of corn and ten pounds of good sweet hay per day was a good 
fattening ration to each 1000 jiounds Mcight of steers fed. 

\\'hcn feeding shock corn, give all the animals will eat clean as to tiie 
cars. They will take what blades arc needed, and stock steers may fol- 
low to glean, M'ith stock hogs after, to pick up what grain is wasted or 
left in the droppings. Sheltered from winds and storms the stock may 
thus be economically fed to heavy weights. 

For 3"oung and growing cattle there is nothing better than equal weights 
of corn and oats, or corn and barley ground together, whichever may be 
cheapest, with plenty of good hay or corn fodder that has licen shocke> 1 
before frost. In the South cotton-seed meal, and mill stuff may take 
the place of corn and oats, or corn and barley, while pea vines, or other 
good fodder natural to the climate, may be used instead of hay. The 
economy of feeding, may thus be summed up : First, good shelter ; 
second, plenty of food to keep the animals constantly impro\ing, and 
third, feed whatever substantial and nutritious food may be cheapest. 

XI. The True Policy with Young Stock. 

We may be allowed to repeat nearly verbatim what we have before 
written upon the subject of raising young cattle. The breeder and 
feeder must exercise sound and careful judgment. It will not i)ay 
to starve even the commonest stock. A calf, to use a common 
expression, "knocked in the head with a pail of skimmed milk," 
will never make a first class steer or cow. Neither is it nec- 
essary that they suck the cow. In fact, in the case of the dairy cows 
or heifers intended for the dairy, they should not suck, for it surely tends 
to diminish the flow of milk, except the calf is turned with the cow at 
stated intervals, and the cow milked clean at the same time. In the case 
of heifers, they should be milked as soon as the calf has drawn the first 
milk, both as a means of training and to develop the flow of milk as 
nmch as possible ; besides this, a calf taken at two or three days old is 
easily taught to suck the finger or an artificial teat attached to a reser- 
voir. 

XII. Feeding the Yoimg Calves. 

For the first two or three weeks they shinild have nothing but new 
milk. It should be as warm as it comes from the cow, and the calf 
should be fed four times a dav. Then thcv mav have milk twelve iiours 



TIIK ItAISINO AND ECONOMICAL FEKDIXG OF CATTLE. i)2d 

old, from which the CTcaiu h;i.s l)cen taken, iidduig four ounces of finely 
ground meiil made into thoroughly cooked mush, to each meal, for strong, 
hearty calves. Thus tiicy nuiy be fed for two weeks more, clianging to 
oat-meal or wheat Hour if the calf is inclined to scour. Some feeders 
add a teaspoonful of linseed meal once a day ; it is not a bad plan. 
When the calf is four weeks old it need be fed l)ut twice a day, giving 
milk warmed to about ninety or ninety-five degrees, which last is the 
natural animal heat. From this time on, more and more musli, or its 
equivalent, may be added as the calf increases in size and strength, until it 
begins to eat grass and threshed oats, which it should be encouraged to do. 

Xm. Feed Grass and Oats Early. 

At ten weeks old the calf should eat freely, and at three months old it 
may be gradually weaned from milk and taught to subsist on grass and 
oats. During all this time the calf should be sheltered from the hot sun 
and rain, by providing a shelter to which it may retire, well ventilated, 
dry and clean, and sufficiently dark to keep out green-iiead and other bit- 
ing flies. In the autumn its rations of grain should be increased, and as 
grass fails the finest meadow hay should be substituted — whatever it will 
cat clean of both. Offer it water occasionally after it is a month old, 
and when w(?aned see that it never lacks for water. 

XrV. Where the Profit Comes In. 

If during the winter you have ko|5t the calves in the warmest quarters 
possible, and fed liberally with grain and hay, in the spring you will have 
received the best profit that you will ever reap from the animal at any subse- 
quent age ; but upon comparing debit and credit with your neighbor who 
has fed skim-milk alone in summer and poor hay in winter, you will find 
that the loss on his calves has gone in the shape of profit in yours. 

From this time on feed liberally of grain in the winter, and give a little 
all summer when they will eat it. Let them be so warm in wnnter that 
they never become chilled. So continue until the aninuil is within six 
months of being ripe for the butcher. Then feed the best you can, and 
you will find that you will get two to three cents a pound, gross weight, 
more than your neighbor who has only half fed and has turned off his 
cattle totally unfit f(U' the butcher. 

The same rule will hf)ld good for those calves intended for cows. To 
make a good cow, she must-be fed well to bring early dcvclo|)ment and 
maturity. She may thus be brought forward strong and lusty, and in 
better condition at two years past to bring you a perfect calf, than those 
of .your neighbor at twice that age, whose policy has been to grudge them 
feed and allow them to shift for themselves. 



Gi50 Till': AMKIMCAN FAKMKlt's STOCK lUtOK. 

XV. Feeding for Beef and for Labor. 

The following, oi-ijiinally written for the Amctioan Kncyclopwdiii of 
Agriculture, contains in tlu^ extracts given the gist of our eonclu.sions on 
the suhject of feeding : 

The time is long since passet.! when it is considered true economy to 
allow young stock to shift for themselves without the intelligent care of 
the master and proper feeding. Th(> most successful feeders of to-dav 
feed all stock liberally, and such as ar(> destined for human food, are 
fed fully from birth, and until ready for the butcher's l)lock. But the 
system of forcing is carefully avoided with all stock intended for either 
labor or breeding. The object here is to develop strong constitutions 
and ample bone and muscle, that a long and useful life may result. Hence 
a different class of foods arc used from those intended for mere fat- 
tening. In this, again, the question of the proper foods to be used be- 
comi's important. 

XVI. Reaching Results. 

The food must be perfect food : that is, adapted to the special require- 
ments of the animal. Young animals ; those i-e(juired for labor ; those to 
be used for fast driving, and those ready for feeding ri[)e (fully fat ) each 
require different food, and, indeed, different care. 

In the fattening of animals, the sooner they can lie brought up to a 
fully fat weight, the greater will be the profit; a weight of , say 1,5U0 
pounds for cattle, 300 pounds for the large breeds of swine, 200 pounds 
for the small breeds, and from 100 to l.')0 pounds forsheej), according to 
the l)rccd. To do this they nmst l)e pressed forward from birth, by 
means of the food best adapted to the animal, and marketed before they 
become fully grown. In summer a pasture containing a variety of good 
grasses will furnish this perfect food. If anything is needed more, it may 
measurably be found, for fattening, in Indian corn, or meal as a supple- 
mentary food, to be given at night. 

For young animals, working and fast driving stock, oats are proper. 
The two first, however, may have any kind of mill stuff, with profit, if 
eheaiter than oats. In the winter all stock, in addition to good, sweet hay, 
should receive daily such grain as will best answer the end, excei)t that 
corn meal, or corn, may constitute a part of the daily ration for all classes 
of stock, since more fat is required for the animal waste than in sunmier. 

For dairy stock the young animals should be fed identically as for 
working stock, but not forced, since sufficient frame-work for continued 
usefulness nuist l)e provided. ]\Iilking stock may receive largely of 
corn meal, in winter, and ground rye, oats, barley, or mill feed, accord' 
ing to relative prices. 



THK RAISING AXD ECONOMICAL FEEDINCf OF CATTLE. o31 

Another iini)()it:iiit niiitter is tho necessity "f c^hanging tlieir diet. An- 
imals will live on one i)artieuhir food. They will even thrive for a time ; but 
the best results, eeonomically considered, have always been gained by 
varying the food, according to the appetite of the animal. The change 
from green to dry, and dry to green food, however, should not be made too 
suddenly. 

XVII. When and How to Feed. 

Hay, in the West, is oneof the most expensive of the stock foods raised in 
all that great region known as the corn belt. In the more central portions of 
the corn zone, a ton of corn and fodder can be produced for less money than 
a ton of the best meadow hay. Hence, feeders use as largely of corn as 
jiossible, and when finishing off cattle fat, it is given almost exclusively, 
or with onl}' enough rough fodder to properly divide it. Regularity in 
the amount of the ration fed is of particular imjjortance. All animals 
should be fed at exactly regular hours, and just what they will eat clean. 
If any is left, it should be removed and given to other hungrier animals. 
As to the time of feeding, three times a day is sufficient for all except 
horses and swine. In fattening swine the best results arc obtained by 
sriving them what they will eat clean four times a day. There will always 
l»e some animals that will be delicate and indifferent feeders. These 
should always be separated fi'om the hearty ones and given special care 
and food. Get rid of them at the first possible opportunity ; certainly as 
soon as they are in passably sala])l3 condition. There is no money either 
in tr\'ing to raise or fatten such. 

When cattle are kept in a stable there should be a room, frost proof, 
where the morning's food may be prepared over night, if mixed food or 
wet food is given. If meal or other grain food is given without mixing 
with hay or straw — and in our opinion this is l)etter for cattle — it should 
be iriven only moist enough so it will not be dry. A little experience will 
soon enable the feeder to so prepare the meal for the whole stock over 
night, that it will 1)e in proper condition in the morning. If it be mixed 
with cut food, use clear I)right oat straw if possi})le, and not cut shorter 
than two inches. 

XVm. Out-Door Feeding where Corn is Cheap. 
In the milder latitudes of the ^^'est it has been found economical to 
feed in the open air where the shelter of timber or artificial plantings may 
be had. Careful experiments made some years since at the Illinois Indus- 
trial University, as between feeding in stables with ground and unground 
corn, showed a decided profit in the latter wa}^ of feeding. This we have 
also found to be the case. Under this system of feeding, whether the 
stock are fed snapped corn, or fed with luisked corn, very little is lost. 



6i}2 rilK AMIOIIICAN TAUMKli's STOCK HOOK. 

Till' riitllc , ■ire fed plcnlifiillv. \\'li:i( tlicv Iciixc ;iii(l tliiit wliicli passes. 
uiKlij;tist('(l is picked up liy swine, I wo 1i();l;s Ix'iiin' usually allowed loeaeli 
Biecr lo 1)0 fatleiu'd, iiiid ul tiic end (if (ll<^ day the liogs iiro f^iven soinc^ 
(•(M II additional, if <liey need it . Tlnis, e.xci'pt in very iiieleinent weather, 
xlecM's niiiv l>i' made fat on iilioiit lifty husiicls of eoni in ahoiil tlii'ec! to 
four nioiitiis' fe(>diiiff, and the slioats reijuire luil little additional food to 
liriuj:' them up to heavy wei^dits. 

The best ])hiii w(> have ever tried for out-door fattening is to feed corn 
<Mit at the roots and slioeUed. This is hauled daily on truck wagons, 
when the j^round is hard, or on sleds when there is snow, iind fed, corn 
and fodder tofi'ether. The e, it lie are not e.N|)ected to <^at the fochh'r clean, 
liut usually they may he expected to consume the hhide.s, which with the 
ears are the valuiihh^ jiart. 'I'he feeding is twice a day, in feeding lots — 
a lot for the morning feed and one for the evening feed. The cattle 
hciiig ahout ilono with the ears, hogs are turned in lo glean the scattered 
corn and droppings. Thus, whatever the system of fei'(ling, if cattlo 
have shelter from stormy and inclement weather, they may he iiiaih^ very 
fat, and healthfully so, ,ind, where lalior is scarce and corn chiiap, at a 
minimum expense. 

XIX. A Good Condiment. 

W'v do not liclievc in colidimcMlal food for .•iniiiials as a rule, liul when 
it is deemed iu>cessary, tin; following will he found to he a good condi- 
ment for sjieeial fe(Hiiiig, to lie given one pound with each ''eed of meal : 
Twenty-live pounds ground linseed oil eaUe, ten pounds groiuid llaxseed, 
forty pounds eorii-nu^al, twenty-four ounces ground turmeric root, two 
ounces gingi>r, two ounces caraway seed, eight ounces gentian, two ounces 
(•ream of tartar, one pound sulphur, one pound common salt and ten oun- 
ces c(M-iaildcr seed. Mix the whole together, and when fed use a (|iiaiter 
of a pound of molasses to each l\'rd, the molasses to he used in the water 
for w<'lliiig the food in which the c(mdiiiient is given. Where sorghum 
inohisses is m.idc, this will not lie found to l)e expensive. 

XX. So-Callod Porfoot Foods. 

So much has been said hv theorists ahout perfect foods, and the 
danger from feeding corn, that many persons liave been brought to lie- 
lieve that com is almost ii dangerous food for growing animals ; that thus 
fed, they will lack bono and muscle, and (^•lnn()t be expected to grow up 
lieaithy. If an animal wen^ to 1)0 raised exclusively on corn this might 
be true, l)ut the same W(Uild be true of other grain. Neither horses, 
cattle, nor sheep can bo properly raised exclusively on grain. Oats tiro 



Till': UAlSlNd AND IXONO.M ICAI. FKKDINd Ol' CATII, 



(!;f;i 



lUKloiihlcdly Uic lifsl iiT.iin llialciin he I'cil lo iiiowiii^- slixU in coiiiicc- 
tion witli hay. Outs, liowcvcr, caiiiiol \h\ iilVordcd. (Juixl hay is a per- 
fect food, so far as i\w distension of tiie sloniaeii is (■oinrnicd. 'I'iio an- 
imal cannot eat cnoui,di to fatten upon. Our pastures m.iiie a perfect 
food, so faras nuiseular development is concerned. For cattle, wliol(! 
corn, that is, oars, husks, and heaves, forms a perfect food eithtn- for 
ijrowinfj; or fatteniiiff stock in winter, so soon as they f^et strenjith of jaw 
suflicient to crush tlu! corn. TlK^ret'ore, no l)i-e(Hler iKM'd he afraid that 
cattle from caH'liood up will fail to develop, with ))lenty of jr„(,(| \y,iy aiid 
corn, HI- rorn-mrul in winter, and plenty i>{<i(>()i\, Hush pasture in summer, 
with |)ure water at all times. 



(MIAl'l'Kli XIII. 



PASTURAGE AND FEEDING FOR PROFIT. 



1. SrrDY THE conditions. II. rilOVIHK AHAINST nUOTT.TITS. III. KINDS OF 

I'-KKD TO UA1.sk. IV, I>AST11KE TllK I'OOK MAN'S WICALTII. V. TIIK V AI.UAHl.K 

CI.OVKIIS. VI. AI.FALKA OR I.IIZKUNK. VII. Cl.OVIiUS NOT (JKNKltAl.l.V VAL- 

IIAIII.IC. VIII. KOUAUE AND FK1CDIN<1 IM-ANTS. IX. OKASS IS TllK MOST VAI.- 

UAlll.K. X. OUASSKS OF SPECIAL VALUE. XI. TIIECOMINO (JKASSES FOU 

THE WEST. XII. THE TIMETO TASTUUE. XIU. FKEDINO IN WINIEU. XIV. 

WATEKINO. XV. FEEDINO IN .SUMMEll. XVI. ECONOMY OF I'TLL SUMMEK 

AND WINTER FEEDING. XVH. SUMMING Ul". XVIll. FINISUINCJ A STEEB. 

XiX. WHEN TO SELL. 

I. Study tho Conditions. 

Ill every I'oiinlrv, :iiul, indeed, in every dislriel of u eoiinlrv, tho VAi'- 
("iinislaiu-es attending the rearinji', and especially the feediiiii; and faltcn- 
in<f of stock iiro so varying and diversilietl, that the aggreirate cost of a 
comparatively insignificant fironi) of items is what makes the tlifferenco 
between profit and loss in feeding. For instance, a few cents a bushel more 
or loss in tho price of corn, an extra month of winter, or greater cost of 
watering in ono case than in another may give one man profit and an- 
otiiei- man it may carry into loss. Insuffii^ient shelter, imperfect conve- 
niences and little wastes, liere and there will often tiUMi tlu; scale both in 
summer and in winter feeding. 

II. Provide against Droughts. 

Tn Slimmer, a drought which finds tho feeder unprepared with gi'eeh 
food, otiier than gi-iss, will destroy profits, as also will a failure of water. 
Tlu! reason is simple. Every caso of this kind which stoiis or retards 
fattening, is not only a loss through the shrinkage of fiesh, but after the 
animals again begin to improve, it takes some time before they really be- 
gin to thrive again when tho pastures become flush. Not so with the 
farmer who provides against a lack of water during drfuights, and has 
sufficient green fodder to sui)ply deficiencies arising from bare or partly 
bare pastures. 

III. Kinds of Food to Raise. 

Tho question of feeding-material is an impoi'lant one, and here the 
feeder must be guided by soil, climate and such olhc r nahnai cDntingen- 
oics as ho may have to encounter. Any fodder crop does best on a rather 

ti;M 



I'ASTllIJAdlO AM) I'lOI^DlNd 1(>I{ I'KOITr. (;,'!.'", 

porous hill riili soil. IlcMcc, if (he soil is slilV, il lilM\' Im' opfucd hy 
plow iliji' iiiidcr loiii;- iiiMimrc ilccplv. If Mlrcad^' too liiilil, i;i\'c il cow 
iiiaimrc, msIics, mikI such special uianiircs as \ou uia\' he in I he hahil of 
usiui;'. 

('urn is I lie iiTcal soiliui;' crop I'oi- farui aiiiuials \orlii aud Sdiilii. Nexl, 
coiiiL' soriilnini, and (Iks nuuiy varieties of Doura corn or ICasI, Inchan niillel. 
In tJic. Soulii, co\v-p(>as ard valnal)U'. Alfalfa, once it is estahlisiied, u:iv(^s 
h(!avy cuttinii'.s of fodder. In tlio North this plant has not, as a rule, 
proved valua!)le, l)uf, some vari(^ties of the cow-pea can he ;.;rown aud 
matured in frum >it'Vvu ti> eii^hf weeks. it is woi-tliyof experiment. 
Sown aftei- the ni»lils liecmne waiau, this crop is a, most valuahie ouc to 
♦ lU'u under as a fertilizer if ni>l wanted for feedini;'. 

VVitii propel- car(^ in seeding- thick on licii soil, any forae(; crop may 
he cut with a mowiiiL;- nniihine, so that the lahor (d" f^iitheriufj^ JH (•()mi)ara- 
tivtdy lifiht, and it, may he fed occasionally iii tli<^ field or iii 1 he yards, 
iiiglit and niorniuif, or only at niejit, as cir(ainistau<'cs niav dictate. 

It must; he i'em<'nd)ercd as a (irsi principle in fccdiiii:, whether for 
Ltrowthor fen- fat leninii-, that, animals must not he all(iwc<l to shrink, 
since every time they do so it is at a loss of lloh to thcmseKcs and <d' 
protit to t 111! owner. 

IV. Pasture tho Poor Man's Wealth. 

Upon plenty of j^ood pasture depends success in sunuiier fccHling; 
with the majority of fai-niers tiie ])iistur(! provides tiie sole, sumnier feed. 
II(Mur(! tlio n(^e('ssi(y that, it- he Hti'oug and vigorous. Nothing is gjiined 
by overstocking a past lu'e. It is hotter to g(;t rid of sonn- of the stock 
tli;in to feed the pastiii-(^ too <-lose, l\>v animals that have to l)iis\- tlieiii- 

scKcs .'ill day to s;itisfy t he cra\ ings of their stomachs iie\'ci- col lit fat . 

If you liavi^ provided for coiil ingcucics, hy means of fodder, \oii may, 
of course, stock your pastures closer than otherwise-. If not, stock them 
only so the cattle <-aii i-.-isily supply their wants. 

V. Tho Valuable ClovorH. 

The heslclovers, or those which do well geiicralh', are pract icall \- in- 
(dlldeil ill three species, \i/, : The K'ed (-lo\ci-, the While or Diilih 
clover, and Ihe .Msikc^ (-lover. The soils hest adaplcd to K'ed clover are 
suc-haswill hring good (-rops of wiiiler grain, though ifcd cloxcr does 
W(dl oil ;ill soils which do not heave hadl\' in winter. 

White clo\ci- will grow on any land adaplcd to lilne grass, ami .-ilso 
oil manyrather moist soils. il f.-ivors a linn, not a. spongy soil. Il inusl 
he c()nfess(>d that, eatth^ do not like it , hut it miikes rii^li feed, ami if 
mixed with Hlni- grass, or other soft grass, cattle will take hoi h together. 



(i.'td Till', AMI'.rilCAN lAKMIOU's .STOCK HOOK. 

Alsikr rlnvcr — often Ciillcil Swrdisli closer — docs well oil lllosl .soils, 
mill will lieiir coiisidenilili' Hooding, if I lie lloodiiiL;' i.s iiol loo loiii;; coiiliii- 
iied. W'c consider il iis ;il(o^'e(,li((r .superior lo While cloxcr for |i;islnre, 
.'llld on soils loo wet for li'ed clover il nillkcs i;;ood li:i v lorenllle. 

VI. AU'iiUa or liuzoriie. 

.\ir:ill':i or i,ii/.eriie - ils Irile inline — is II, \ Jlllllilile liiini I'orML'c : il sliiillld 
lie cul and led Ircsli nv ](;irlly willed. Il llil-i\'es on dee|), dry soils, 

\\ liicli :irc nol snlijecl lo liiird free/inii' in winter. It li.'is licconie t lior- 
oiijilily niitiirari/.ed in ( 'iilil'ornia, and wmild prolmhly do well on the 
Western plains in Texas iind in New ,M<'\ico, as it jins done in soiiu' of 
llie ,S,,ii||i,.rn Stales cast (d' lli(^ Mississippi. 

VII. ClovorH Not Qonorally Valuiiblo. 

What we ha\i' prc\ ioiisU' written iindei' this head, we lia\'(^ since seen 
no reason to chaiiL;i'. 'I'liere ari' niaii\ other species of clovers, some of 
I hem indiLrciious to the West , w hicli we only ineni imi a-^ .1 cant ion a;:aiiist 
their lieinij,- sown. 'These two species of so<';illed liillT.alo clover the 
iipriiihl and I Ih' riuuiinjj; UmITmIo clovers — the iiprii;lil or \ellow cloxer, 
and the Icjw hop clover, a. liiiif-ereepinjj; variety. Tliere is only cnic more 
vai'ieh' worth meiil ioninj:;, and this simply as a w.arniiiL;' to farmers nol to 
sow it, except f(jr lice past iir.'ie'e, and then onl\ when it may not hccomc a 
IroiiMesome wed. W'c have reference to t h<' tree cloM'r or r,okli:ir:i clo- 
ver, spccilicallv the w hitc-tlowercd incllioliis. Il has liecii lecommcndcil 
as valiialile for soilini:, llial is, for ciitlini; ^reen for fcediie^' lo slock in 
slalilcs. W'c ;^i\e the same ail\ ice .alioiit sowini;' this clover that the 
er.alilicd lawverdid toayoniiL;' client who asked his .advice ahoiit e(.||jne- 
niaiiic(l Piiii'l. 

If Ihcicare lie<' men near, your hctli^e rows and waste pla<'es will lie 
well s.'cdcd with this r.okhara clov.'r. ,\t least such seems to lie the 
case, much to the dis^ii-'t <d' the general fariniii!:' eommiinily . It does 
makcuood liee p.astnre no donhl (d" il — liiit it is .a nnisanee in every 
other r<'spect. 

Vrri. FoniRo airl Foocling Plants. 

W'c have alreadv spoken (d' the value id' forau.-e plants, and, in :\ jire- 
cedinu' chaplend' loot crops. 'riirnips, r.apc .and miistaril, so valn.alile in 

I'aejl.'ind and soi tlii'r parts of I'airope, Ih'Ioiil; to what botanists call 

crnciforons plants. 'The riila-liai;a, tin' kohl-ralii .an<l I he calihaut" ar(^ tlio 
principal plants (d' this trilie that are vahiahle lo lli»^ fai'iners in the I'nited 
Slates ; and, ill (lie A\'es) , lliese are not especially viilnahle for fcedini:. 
Of the other special finit and root crops, (he eoiird family includes 



rASTIIKAdK AND I'lCKDINd I'Olt I'KOITI'. (I.'iy 

pumpkiiiH and s(|U!i.s1i('h, wliicli liml a Uiv^r, place in fcH^linj^Htock in niany 
porlion.s of IIk! United HlaU^H. 'I'lm coinposilc! faniily, l.lic lai'ifcsl, of the 
natural faniili((s, (■u^ni.sll(^s arlidiokcs and a, Irw oIJici'h H(dd()ni ns('<l ; lail, 
it i.s rcinarUahlc^ in i(s lack of ns(d"nl species alliiougji wonderfnl in oiiia- 
Tiiental ones. 'I'Ik! niiilil-siiadci family ^ivcH uh tlio potato. 'I'Ih^ piirsiey 
family givcH us tin! cariol, i\\r. parsnip and somo oIIkmh of value, and (lie 
fjoosefoot family furnisiics (lie, su^^ar hoot and manf^iilwurzcl, valualile lor 
fcodinfi; in tlio Wt^st. 

IX. QriiHH iH tho Most Valuablo. 

All tlies(! plants placi'd l()L;;<'t licr are, of minor a(-connt m comjtarison 
with tlu! <f|'eat f^rass faniily, wliich includes our cereal <i;rainH. 

We do not use botanical names usually in s|)(rakin^ of <!;raHH()H. Wo 
oidy introduces tliem below in eoimcctiou with tint common names, be- 
cause in HOUK! casoH the samo f^rass ;j;<>eH by different names in different 
parts of th(( (country. The U'.f.iU^r may se^leet from the followin^f list,: 

'i'imotliy, ( /'/i/rnm pralcnxc) a better iiam(< for which would he, ('al's- 
tail {j;rass, and, for the reason that in Kom<( H(MliouH of tlu! eounti'y it is 
(talh^d 'I'imotliy, as in INnmsylvania, and Herd's frr.-iHS in New lOnj^land 
and Now Vork. Neil liei' of tli<'S(! naincH ffives an indication of its char- 
acteristic llou(a'-liead, while tlu; fornutr names do. in IJlue jirass, { /'oa 
pratenmn) ; Wire f^raaH, {j-Poa comprcsxa ) ; Ked-t,op, (A(/roMf.in vu/,r/(i,ns) 
(ionfusion of naineH aj^aiii com<'s in. in I'ennsylvania, IJlue f^i'ass is 
(•allc(l (iiccn LCi'ass, and ivcMj-top is cidled Herd's j^i'.ass. Orchard jrrass, 
( DacJyIis if/om.crala ) ; Kf)wl-m(^adow jj-rass, ( /'oa scro/ina), and M(^adow 
f(!S(;U(!, {^FcMuca pralnhKiH), are also most valuable f^rasses. 

X. GraesoH of Special Valuo. 

For fccdinfi; duriufi drouf^hts, Indian (orn, sown at the i'a,t,(i of two 
bushels per acre;, in drills two feet, ap;irt , culti\aled thorou^^hly once or 
t,wi<'e, and cut when in blossom will make a f^ood relianec!, as also will 
fjerman millet ( /'rtM/'c7/w Gcrmanirum ), himI eoiTunon milh^t {/'.mi/i- 
accwm). Here we, have nine vari<'ties of j^rass that do vvi'll <fenci'ally. 

The tirst, second, third and fourth, with the, clovers hei'(^tofore named, 
constitute llu! bulk (d" the ^fi'asses (!idtivat,(!d foi- pastiu'e. Ort^hard jrrass 
Ih on(! of the most valuable, in the whole list, ami should be Icied every- 
where, on land not, wet. l<"owl-mcai|ow is also well worthy of (rial. 
Fowl-m(!adow {j;rass (ssjaicially has been found to lake; th(! phice ol' ISliic 
grass in those H(!(^tionH of tho Nortliwc^st wiiere IMiu) f^rass do(^s not suc- 
ceed. Kspcci;dlv has this been tin; casi' in Wisconsin. It is ho|)C(| il 
may be found so in the Southwest, wlicr(^ i>lue ^';r'ass is not, natural to 
the soil. 



^'M iHK AMi;i;i('AN 1AI!MKI;'S SI(»(K HOOK. 

XI. Tho Coming Grasses for tho West. 

We boliovo Orcliiu'd ;j;rnss aiiil Fowl-iiicjidow will l)c foiiiul to Ix- two 
of (he iMo.sf, Viiliiiihlc j;rii.M.soH for tlu- West , [hv Nort Invest, luid pcfliup.s for 
tlici Soul Invest, wluiii tlH\y coiiio to be hotter known. ( )i'(li;ir(l jfriiss, also, 
f;;ivi's <:;oo(l satisf notion in tho middlo r(\f^ion of tiio South, and \\v. think 
that Fovvl-moadow will also provo iiu).st valuahlo tiu-ro. Mr. Frank K. 
Iloyt, a oarofnl faruicf of Wisoonsin, in relation to this gi'a.ss, says ho 
kiu)VV8 of no f^rass in the Northwest that will ooniparo with it, eillier for 
jjasturago or the pro(lu(-lion of hay. It lias lu^vtu- hoc^i winlei' or snui- 
nu'r killed, and he lias found one acrc^ of niai'sji well set in Kowi-nu'.adow 
e(|ual for pasturajif to lliroo aer^^s of upland, stit in IJluo yrass, and (he 
hay produood the second year after seeding has never fulled to pav f he 
entire e.\pense of cultivatin<f and seeding tho hind. Fowl-nu'ad(nv 
hay is eispoeially valuahlo for horses, having all tho advantages of wild 
liay, being free from dust, that infests tinu)tliy and clover, while it pos- 
s(!sses all the nutriment of the best tame hay; and those daii'yniou who 
are ae(|uainted with it, pronoiniee it valuable hay for milch cows. 

XII. Time to Pasture. 

The lime to pasture is when the dew is on, the eaiiier in Uk^ morning 
the bottei'. Our plan has alwaysl)een to allow cattle In lie in IIh^ paslnre 
all night; and this rule is good even in the sju-ing and fail, if shelter is 
[)rovided against cold slornis, and liu^ ])asture is nol (oo remote from the 
house. In that ease llie milch cowsnnist lie in the yaid, but should have 
some food they like, early in the morning, unless milked at day-break. 

XIII. Fooding in Winter. 

Whatever the stock, or the jjlace of feeding, give the first meal as soon 
after day-light as possibh^ in winter — just what they will fidly eat. If 
eaten pretty clean, give a little more food again at noon, and again at 
night, so that the animals may lie down on fairly full stomachs before 
dark. If oidy one f (Hid of grain is given daily, it should be given at 
nighl. 

Slock shoidd be graded in tho feeding yaril as to age and slrcn<j;lh. 
The weak and the sti-ong should never bt; fed togelher, else Ww sirong 
will get better feeding than the weak ones, even when the fullest allow- 
ance is given. Spo(^ial allenlion should be paid lo Ihe allow.'incc of sail. 
Cattle should have it w hei-e lliey can lake it at will. TIkt will consume 
less than if it be given liiein .mI regnl.ar inlei-\als. Sail taken in larli•e 
doses is cat harlic, bul in such (|uaMtilies as animals nal inall\- crave daiU' 
it aids diii'otion and is necessar\' to .ill licrhiverons animals. 



I'ASTUUAOK AM) I'lJ'.Dl \(i lOK I'ltOIMT. (>8i} 

In fcodiiii:' ill sluhlcs oliscrvc tlic sniiic I'lilc — lull rccdini;' of good prov- 
ender, I'urly und laU; and at noon. 'J'liis is what kcc^is animals jrrowini!: 
continuously and insures profits ; for tims tlio feeder s(!curcs llic yrcNitest 
possible gain, with the least loss, to the animal system. 

It is ])<)()r ))()li('y, when grain is eheaix'r than hay — and it is so in many 
portions of the West — to feed largely with hay. Corn and good liright 
straw, with, say, five pounds of good hay daily ])vv steer will keep them 
growing right along. Dry corn with little fodder lends to unnatural 
heat and fever, 'i'lierefoic l«'ep the stomach distended with a j)|-(i|)cr 
quantity of fodder of some kind, and if the t^oi'u can he fed after being 
soaked so nuieh the belter. 

XIV. Watering. 

Cattle should have water offered th(!in twice a day in winter, and in 
sununer it is desirable that they get it whenever they hajipen to want it. 
I'eople sometimes need but little water and at other times a great deal. 
It is th(^ same with slock of all kinds. If the vvahu' is in ))()ols, <lo not 
cut holes in the ice for slock to drink Ihroiigli, indess precautions have 
been t:d<en to prevent their slipping on the ice. This hint nniy seem 
needless; and y<!t, there i.s more loss on stoek, every year, from this 
cause, than would provide suitable pumps and troughs, and also ])ay for 
the labor of punqiing. 

XV. Pooding in Summer. 

In fattening cattle it often happens that the grass i.s not sufficient, or if 
it be .sufficient to keep them full, they do not fatten fast enough. It i> 
just as cheap for the farmei- who only fattens a f(^w head yc^arly to make 
prime cattle, as it is for one who fattens hundreds. In fact a man who 
fattens but a few head should make bettt^r cattle than on(! who feeds 
many. 

In England when grain is high, the most of it being imported, sununer 
feeding of gr.iin with grass has been practiced for years. Why should it 
not be so here in the \\'est, whei'(^ the gr.LJu is grown that the English 
feedei's buy? The ])astures during July and August will not graze as 
many head of cattle as in sjiring and autunm. Hence, Hk; English farm- 
ers <an fully stock their pastures by supplying what meal the cattle will 
eat while the grass is scant. When pastui-es nvv flush and in full hucu-u- 
lence ])ut little if any of the meal will be taken. What meal they do 
eat is so miieli clear gain iu fiittiMiing. .Vuinials, when on suceiilcnl 
p.'isture, re(iuir(! sonus dry food. Tln^y will even eat a litth; hay daily at 
such times. Thus meal, or if the cattle are used to it, soaked corn, not 
onh' modilies the succulence of irreen grass and <'lover, wliieli coMt;iins 



(!|() Till': AMIOItlCAN KAItMIOU's STOCK HOOK. 

from cifilifyio oifility-'ivc per ciMit. of wiitor, l)ut il promotes llio <jro\vth 
of yoiin^ catllc, jiiul l)nni,^s well-matured steers fully fat at inidsuinmcr, 
and at other seasons wlieu prime lieef l)riufj;s tlui hest, |)rices. 

XVI. Economy of Full Summor and Winter Feeding. 

l''rom what has been written tlu^ reader \\ill iiave become convinced 
that. \\i- believe in the economy n{ fidl summ<'r and winter feedinji;, and 
this from calfhood up until tlu^ animal is sold to the l)uleher. The saiiio 
rule will apply to slock intended for bi-eedin<^ and also to cows raised for 
ilu^ir milU pi-oduet. In tiie two latter eases, however, the fi^edinjf nuist 
bo nior(! diversilied ; foi' breedini; and milkinjf animals need to have fully- 
developed frames. 'I'his is not so necessury for stock that is to be sold 
as soon as fit for tlu! butcher. \\'e have shown that three years from 
l)irth is amph^ time in which to prepare cattle for the butciier's block. 
Tlie ])i'ineipal economy in fei'dinjf grain to fatteninjjf animals the year 
round is, that ther(^l)y your pastures may Ix! more fully stock(^d tiian 
othei'wisc, and tluis may be fed mort^ eV(>nly. Ily this course, also, you 
will have more land left for the production of <-orn for winter feeding. 
We have cultivated o\'er si.\ty ai'res of corn to the hand in a lield of 1 ,.^>()() 
acres, the outlay being only one-third of a day's work ])er man jicr acre 
up to, but not including, the labor of husking. '^I'lie a\crage vieid was 
wiliiin a fraction of forty bushels per acr(^ for tlu^ wlioli^ arc.a, and the 
final result was of corn put into tlie criii, ovei- sev(^nt»u'n busliels 
for everv da\''s woik of each iiand enipioyc(l. Tlie sanu) may be done by 
anv farmer on measurably clear land in any season. 

'V\n' first proposition in relation to full feeding, winter and sunuuer, is, 
that your jjastures will thereby carry more cattle. The second is, that 
animals, going into winter (]uai'ters fat, will w'aste less flesh during the 
winter, since tlieanim.al heat is more easily kept up in a fat than in a half- 
fat or lean one. 'I'lie third and not the least important point is, tiiaf you 
ha'^ten maturity and thus save interest on capital, insurance, and other 
items of cost. 

XVII. Summing Up. 

'I'lie whole matter may be simuned u[) .as follows : The pasture grasses 
mixed nudvo a perfect food. 'I'herefore make the most of them. Clover, 
Timothy, lied-top, Orchard grass, and l"'owl-meadow grass also mak<^ a 
perfect food. When they <"in be ecoiiomically raised (and where in a 
grass countr\' I'an they luiti') make the most of them. l\aise all the 
roots you can. ( in tiie West carrots and l)eets) t,o suppKunent your gras,ses 
with. But do not expect to fatten stock without grain. It cannot bo 
done unless extra, warmth is provided, and this is not economical. Never 



rAsi'UKAdK AM) iKiCDiNU I'oi; ri;()iii'. t;41 

jittcnipt to fatten hIocU of iiiiy U'md willioul iliic iillcntioii to coml'oiliihlc 
wlicUcr. Forlliis, cxfx'ii.sivc sd'ncturcs iiri' not ndocssiiry. W(! liavu fat- 
tcucd ctittlc in a striicturc of posts and poles covered wilh liay and (Mn- 
l>anked at Uie sides, and vvilli no lloorinj,' i)ut (lie natural eartli, l»ut with 
a tiiick I)eddin<^ of straw. \r\, if tlie means of ihi'. fanner will allow, a 
H'ood frame struetui-e \villpa\, simply in llie lessened (^ost of lahoi' in cai'e, 
feeding and el<^anin^-. Once yon bejiin to fallen, never allow tln^ s(,oel< 
to lose, l)nl keep llieni going riglit along, and increase llu^ i-iclniess of I lie 
food ii8 tlie animal progresses to i-ipeness. 

Hay will liring a steer into tolcrahK' condilion for falteiiing. 'I'lieii lie 
will stop. (Jood i)asiuri' will carry liim still farther. He will makegood, 
succulent, liealtliy licef, hut. cannot lie made fully fat on grass. llciicc, 
li(^ must at U^ast 1)C tiiiislicMl (df with grain. Indeed, to make him " ripe ' 
(fully fat) nuvil and even oil-eakc; must lie used. 

XVIII. Finishing a Stoor. 

If 11i(^ sle<!r lias heeii liherally fed from a calf, h(^ will be ready to begin 
fatU'iiing (he sining lu^ is three or four N'cars old, according (o (Ik! bribed 
— if a Short-Horn or Hereford, at, two yc^irs old p(^rliaps. Turn him on 
pastures and add what soakecl c(n'ii or iiK^al he will eat,; give him sheltcii' 
from the heat and Hies. If the aftc^rmatii is good add pumpkins, or corn 
in the husk, as soon as it begins to gla/.c ; ami continue incii-asing the 
corn as I he gi:iss fails. 

Do not let your steers siilTci- for waul of slicller rr<im storms, and wlicn 
the grass gives out put tlicm in a warm stable, and tinish Ihcm with meal, 
or meal and oil-cake, allowing of IIk^ best lia\' not (i\cr ten pounds aday, 
with a peck, daily, of roots or the ei|uiv.ilenl in pumpkins, .as long as they 
last. If till! ste(>rs are to be contiiuied in the lields — wiiere th(! climate 
iind shelter will admit — fcu'd shocked <oni, and let store cattle and hogs 
coiisuiiH! the leavings. 'I'liiis you lu.iy always have t hem in (condition to 
s(!ll when the price suits. 

XIX. Whon to Soil. 

Sell in the fall or early winter if the demand will warrant il . If not, 
keep the H((!ers until the price (^oincich's with your vicnvs. Vour books 
should tell you just how niiicli your cat t le have cosi , .•iikI just what the 
profits would be at, any time, if \()U weigh Ihcm on your Iioiik! Hca,les, or 
those nearest you ; you will iiavccatlK^ that buyers will always come to 
you for in either cas(^ And if they ;irc stall-fed — as w(^ have shown how 
tostall-feed — they will always bring the price of l'aM( \ lieef ; and two (o 
thi-e(! cents advam^e over the [)rice of half-fattened beef is just where the 
pr<ilil of feeding lies. 



CHAl'TKR XIV. 



HERDING AND GRA-ZING. 



I. GREAT IIKRDS <H Tl!!) SOITIIWEST. II. LO.SSKS FHOM COLD AND NEOLECT. 

m. CATTLK r>() NOT WANl>Ei; FAU. IV. THRKK THINIIS NECJESSARV IN HERD- 
ING. V. HOW TO ItAISE WATER. VI. TANKS AND I'OOI.S FOR STOCK. VII. 

HAVE THE I'OOl. I>EEI-. VIII. rROTEC'TION AGAINST .STOR.MS. 

I. Great Herds of the Southwest. 

In tlic United States tlie cMiiiliil invested in cattle not eonfined within 
the Ijoinidurics of farnis, hut which u,re herdetl siuniner and winter, is 
cnornH)US. Ten years ago the herds of Texas and New Me.Kieo luinihered 
over 4, 000, 000 head, or about one tenth of all the cattle of the Union. 
Tlujse gaunt, bony, long-horned, half-wild desi'endants of the original 
Si)ani.sh cattle were ever impatient of restraint, not easily contined within 
enclosures and at an early date overran all the fertile but dry region of 
Texas and New Mexico, and even became acdiinated in Soutluirn Kan- 
sas and the Indian Territory. 

Immense droves of them were driven North into Kansas, where they 
were herded during summer, and thence W(!re carried into Missouri, 
Illinois and Iowa and eastward, to be fattened in winter, or else sold di- 
rectly from the grass to the butchers. Still later, the vast herding 
grounds of Colorado, Montana and Wyoming have been occupied l)y sim- 
ilar cattle and by their descendants, crossed with improved bulls of Sliort- 
Ilorn or Hereford stock. Much attention has also been given to the ac- 
climating of well-bred northern cattle in Texas for improving them. In 
CVilifornia also, therc^ were originally great herds of these Spanish cattle, 
but more lately they have been nearly or (|uite supplanted in that State 
by improved stock. 

II. Losses from Cold and Neglect. 

Tjittie or no efforts were made to provide food for these lialf-wiid 
herds in winter, and iience great numl)ers often died in Texas, New Mi>xico, 
California and the Indijin country from lack of feeding, and also from the 
dee[) snows and severe weather encountered when they were taken into 
the more northern plains (sountiy. A little forethought in providing 
;;omc sort of sheltei , and putting up hay for feeding during storms, might 

r,-l2 



HEituixu a:<i> taiAZixG. (143 

li;ivc prevented this, hut the [lioiieer is tor) often iini)rovidenl, and lience tiu! 
iiiiiueusc losses suffered by tlu' herds in IkkI seasons, especially in tlie 
wintei- of 1880-81. 

m. Cattle Do Not Wander Far. 
Cattle, unlike tiieir relatives the liuffaloes or half-wild horses, do not 
wander far from their native feeding grounds. Horses will make long 
journevs in searcli of food and water, and Buffaloes j-eari}' make long 
migrations, extending from the Southwestern plains well up into llu! Brit- 
ish possessions. It is not so with cattle. In times of great drought they 
l)erish if not relieved Ij}' man, and if from any untoward cause tlieir fc^ed 
fails in their ininuidiatc range, they will not malvc long journeys in searcii 
of it. 'I'iieir only migration is that gradual one which year l)y year, 
from increase of numbers, pushes herds further and further from tiieir 
native feeding grounds. 

IV. Three Things Necessary in Herding. 

Since the Indians have been pretty generally confined to reservations, 
tiu^ danger from loss of cattle from their depredation upon lun-ds has 
i)ecu nearly extinguished. The tin-ee principal rcMjuisites for perfect 
herding now are free access to water, plenty of range; contiguous to tlie 
water, and proper provisions for feeding in winter (hiring i)rolonged 
droughts or jjeriodical storms. The great herding ranges of the Kocky 
IMountains, and of Texas and tlie plains, can only be made available 
where they are traversed by running streams, since the plan of getting 
water by means of aitesian W(;lls, once thought to be feasible, has not 
generally realized expectation. 

Many portions of the great Southwestern plains regions are also sparsely 
cut by living streams, and nnich of the country is arid antl subject to ex- 
treme droughts. Hence, although some artesian water has been found, 
by boring under Government supervision, and occasionalh' by private en- 
terprise, the proljabilities now seem to be that only the region contiguous 
to natural water can be permanently occupied, and thus the cattle range 
cannot extend more than al)out five miles from j)ermanent streams, except 
where the deticiency may be supplied from wells. 

V. How to Baise Water. 
Wherev(;r water can l)e found within twi'nty-tivc feet of the surface, it 
may be easily raised by means of tlie modern windmill, and the ordinary 
lift-pump. If the water lies further from the surface, the question be- 
comes more serious, and !i force-pump must be used. As the depth in- 
creases the difficulty increases, so it may be considered impracticable to 
raise water on the plains for a lai'ge herd of cattle \vitli()nt the aid of 



•ill THE A.MK.inCAN' rAliMKlfs STOCK HOOK. 

.stciun. llcncc in i-o<ri<)ii.s wlicrc no fuel is to lie found in :i week's 
ti'MVcl many of our otlicrwisc i^ood iri-a/Zuig liroiinds reniiiin unutilized. 

VI. Tanks and Pools for Stock. 

'I'lu! water when once; pumped may easily l)(^ saved for use, l>v digjjjinj; 
deep tanks or pools in the ground and tliorouiildy [xiddling and grouting 
tlio bottom ; or, in the case of a porous soil, tlie pools must be prevented 
from leaking by a layer of clay eighteen inches or two feet thick on the 
bottom, M'ell trami)ed by cattle while quite soft with water. This grout- 
ing of clay must, of course, extend some distance above the intended 
water line at the top, and the reservoir shoidd not lie less than six or 
eight feet dee|>, to prevent undue loss by evaporation. 

Another important point is that trees must never be planted al)out the 
pool, for the roots will surely find their way to the water, and thus fur- 
nish the means of leakage through the grouting. 

VII. Have the Pool deep. 

The importance of having the pool deep cannot be overestimated. A 
shallow pool will (luickly evaporate under a hot sun, but not so the deep 
pool. There are two reasons for this. In the first place, a pool, say six 
feet deei) will hold six thiu's as niui;h water as the pool only one foot 
deep ; and at tiie same time the evaporation from the dt^ep pool will be 
less than that from the shallow one, since the water in the former always 
remains nuicli colder, and will never become so strongly heated l)y the sun. 
Another ad\:intage is that tiio dee|) pool does not so readily breed germs 
dangerous to tiu' health of the cattle. 

A dee[) pool, as deseril)ed, may (juickly be scraped out by means of 
ti'anis, and the earth used as an (>mbankment. Thus, an oi)long pool, 
say thirty feet wide l)y tiu'ee hundred feet long, will hold an immense 
(|uantity of watcM-. and allow of the drinking at one and the .same time a 
great nmnlii r of callK'. If advantage is taken of some place where water 
Hows, even tem|)orarilv, after rains or during thaws, a dam thrown across 
one end. above the i)ool, may furnisli a reservoir, to fill the pool and keep 
it gradually supplied, exet'[it in casi's of extreme drought. 

VIII. Protection against Storms. 

Severe storms must be provided against, for in !he gi-cat herding 
grounds of t\w West they are sometimes very destructive. Whei'c there 
are gulches they may be taken advantage of for shelter. Where there are 
no gulches the best protected locality must bo sought, and tliis should be 
fui-tlier protected by ])lanting timb(>r adapte<l to tlu^ soil. If the soil 
is dr^■, yellow pine and XorwMV spi-ure are the trees to plant , but the. 



HEKDINU AND GKAZINCi. G4,') 

belts of the trees must be protected from the cuttle. Where there is suffi- 
cient moisture for grass, cottonwood will generally grow if protected for 
a few years. The catalpa ( -Sjoeaosa, not Jiignonioide.'i) would be most 
valuable. It is hardy, grows fast and is less injured, when of some size, 
by the tramping of cattle, than are most trees. 

If the cattle kings, who have acquired great wealth by herding in Col- 
orado and the territories, had attended to this matter, and to the provid- 
ing of fodder for use during storms, it would have saved them heavy 
losses, not only from storms, but from the stampeding of their herds. 
The cattle would be practically safe from stampeding when in the 
timber, and even when stampeded on the range they would instinctively 
seek this shelter if once turned towards it. 



CIIAITKR XV. 



THE HUMANE MANAGEMENT AND CARE OP CATTLE, 



I, A MI'.KCIinll, MAN IS MlCUCM'lir. TO IMS IlKASI'. II. WHAT CONSTITHTICS (i(K)l» 

CAWK AMI KINDNICSS. III. II(»W I'll SIANAIil'. A KlCKKl!. IV. TO I'ltl'.VKN'l' 

.SIlCKINd. V. DUVKIK.H TO I'liKVKNT (i()ltlN<:. -VI. DitlVINCl TO AND KI!I)M 

I'ASTIIIIK. VII. AMKNITII'.S Ol'' TIIK UAUN VAUll. VIII. AS liKI'WKKN (i<JOI) ANI> 

HAD MANAUK.MKNT 1.\. ASSIMILATION OI'' FOOD.— — X. TWO VVAV.S OK L0OKlN(i 

AT II'. \l Till'. ntOI IIS OI'' lirMANK TltKATMKNT. 

I. A Merciful Man is Morciful to his Beast. 

No iiri^iiiiiciit should Ik^ needed to sliow lli;it, in (lio ni;iM;ii.''i'nieiit of :in- 
iniulH good I'iire is <^ood (lolicy, or thai in kindness to Iheiii there is 
iiioncy lis well ms mercy. l'>x;ini|)les of liolh methods of deuling with 
fiirni iiiiimals eaii Ik^ seen in (^very day lifi^ in the yards and pastures of 
llu^ farms \\('|)ass on any eonntry ro.'id. W'lieii th(^ slocl^ is managed by 
hiows and main forre, (he animals are wild, vi<'ioiis and uiun:inag(?!il)lc 
liolh in tiu^yard and tiie pasture. 'Vln'v regard every visitor with suspi- 
cion, and lire rc^ady to take to llight afctlie l(>iist sign ofdanger, or they raise 
their heads and snort at every noise. If corneriHl they will eilhcu- (igiit, 
or else seek to rush over or iiround th(^ suppose<l source of danger, how- 
ever trilling it may lie. ( )n the other hand, when t lie cattle are kindly 
Ciired for, they take no notice (d' anything hul their own individual 
wants, and are ever ready to seek and enjoy the kind word or caress they 
are accustomed to receive. 

II. What Constitutes Good Care and Kindness. 

Ilnmaiie treatment of animals consists in providing comfortahle (|uar- 
Icrs ; ihe training of stock to what tiiey ar(^ expcM'tcd to perform, ratiier 
than " hreaking " them into it ; furnishing plenty of good and whole- 
some food, and so placing it that it niay not Ix^ tranipl(Ml under foot and 
wasted. ( )n('e lini owik^" gt^ts the eoulid(Mice of his stock, the halance is 
easy, and it is cheaper to do this tlian to iiavi^ them lose llesli, from the 
constant fear of injury. 

'I'wo illustrations will sntlice : The (irst shows a cow that has heen 
heaten with the milking-stool, when restless from being annoyed hy Hies, 



inMAM'. M w \(;i;>ii;Nr and cAiiK i>i' ( a'I"I'i,i'.. 



(117 




or ('rum l.nit;il li:milliiii.' of 1 li<U<';ils. Slic li;i> irsciili'd lliis t ic:il iiiciil. 

Willi licr lircls. Shr 

kicks Mild I'liiin III; (^v- 

('IV ii|)|inil iinil y, mid 

ul'Icii, Ml IniLdli, willi- 

oiil |ir<iv<)<':il ion. IT 

oir.Tcd for sal.M.Ml.'ss .^.f^JP^^^, /'^ / "^ ^^^ 

dcccil is priicliccd, hIii^ ^-» -'-w8'><W)ni ,w ^^ 

will 11. , I l.fiiiji li.'iir IIk^ "■" '■:i.j£^""^" "Mfr: 

prico of a. wcll-l ruined iiimii.t ..i hai. iiANniis-:. 

<u)vv ; iind a niMii onco cIii^mIimI w ilh sih'Ii mii iiniiuiii will sti'cr clciir ol" (li(» 

pcrHon who duofived iiiiii. 'V\w Hcidiid |iirluic rc|>rcsi'iils ii row lliiil. has 

Im'cii projxfrly ciiroU for whdii 

voiinjj'. Sim has lieitn t ruined 
|o know Ihal: mIio will iiol. lie 
:iliiisi'<|, and inshMidid' ki(0<iii;; 
o\i'i- I he pail, will siiiiply move 
her I'itI, or her lail when I he 
IlicM hoi her her. if Hies are 
liad, eo\er her willl a, slieel 

when heini;- milked, or Imve a 
ralher dark plae(t to milk ill, 

KMHIJLT <JI' (lOOl) IIANIll.INi:. 

III. How to MiiiiiiK" a Kielcor. 

Ilav<i yon heeil so nnroiliinale as l.o heroine llie possessor of a, eow 
niadi' iiuiy and vicious? 11' sIh^ kicks, a harness made likt^ Ihal, repr(^s('iili'(l 
ill Ihi' illiisl ration, so that a pad can Ixt hroii^rht; Id presH ti;>;||||y in (ijidi 
Hank, li\' iiieaiis of I he <^nards forced 
down iiil<i one (d' Ihc iiulclics, will ciii'e 
her. II will, in fail , hurt her when sho 
kicks. A si roii;j; cor<| drawn IIliIiI jiisl, 
hack of Hie shoulders will answer in I he 
majorilvof cases. I'\>r exicpl ioiially 
had kii'kcrs a close pen iiiiist he made, 
into which the cow is driven. It, iiinsi 
he oiil\' widi' I'lioii^li to admit her, and 
ha\'ea post set at t he proper place auainst, 

which Id lie her Ic-. At Icii.ulh it, will "' '•'"■^vknt a row i iiom khiun.i. 
onl\' he necessary lo throw the, si r.ip around the |c'j,aiid linally she may ho 
milked hv simply driving her into lln' pen. In all this no vioh^nee miiKt, 
li<' used. (ii'l lii'l' (|uielly iiilo Ihc pen a few liini's, at whatever pains, 







(MH 



■rill''. Ai\li;i!M AN I'AltMI'.l; S STOCK l!()l)l\. 



Mild slu" will sonii liani lo uu in willioiil didiciillv. VMUcv of llicsc |)liiii« 
is cMsicr iiiid ciicipcr ihaii li\ iii'j Id lufiik licr of tlic iiidiil by blows. 'I'liiil 
<iiil\' iii;ikcs ii biiil iiialli r wur.-c 



m't'^:^ 



IV. To Provoiit Suuking. 

Soni<'l,mi(!s II ciilf I |M(i|iiTly wciiikmI, 

will ll('(|llir(( tll<^ li;ibil of Mickiiijj,' oilier 

cows, mid Uuiro iirc, j;ciu'r;i.lly <;i)i>d iialiiicd 

cows tliid. will idlowil. 'To pffxcnf lliis, 

liiiv(^ II spiked iiin/./.ic iiiiido IIS sliow II in 

l,li() ciijj;-nivinii, iinl so li^lit IIS jo iMTvcnl 

"^Tiiziiiji, bill siillii-icnlly so lo |ircvrnl licr / .;/ ^ ''ynf 

from siK'kin^. If ii <'nw sink Iht nun ^^'•// '' '^*'' 

milk, II. Iiiinicss IIS shown in cillici' of I he (G';,^xVj' |,,,ffflWjW i 

two ciils of liiirncss lor cows, on the iicxl \:!!lffjj^M-'"*^^ \)^ 

|):ii;c, will keep licr nil I'iiihl . The second 

form we consider prefcriible. 

■lO I'KHVICN'I' SCCKINC 



-Vv'^T-, ' "' 



V. Dovi(!OH lo Provont Goring. 

If nil Miiimiil — cow , o\ or bull —is \ ieioiis wilii I he horns, if should be 

iiollcn rid (d' iif once, unless if Im^ so 
valniiblc MS lo make il iili objcel to 
■JO lo eoiisiderable I rouble lo pre- 
vent ils doin^■ mischief. The same 
ride >\ill iipply lo MiiiiiiMis liMAiiiu;' 
an\- \iec. Sell Ihcm or fiillcn lliciii, 
unlcNS I heir \;ilnc makes il liecessM- 

r\ lo siilTcr Die incoinenience. A 
^ood arrani;-enienl lo pi-e\cnl liook- 
iiiu is represcnlcd in I he annexed 
pici lire, (d'li vicious ox's licnd. ( )iicc 
il is Mlliiclied, (he uiiimid Mltcmprm^j; 
lo j.'(n-e will only pnll ils own nose. 
An cITcclivc liMrness for liMiupcriiiii' 
a vicious bull is also shown in llie 
TO niKVKNr iH>oi<iN.;, illiist nil ion on next pauc Willi this 

hariK'ss on, no bull, however iiiily, <an do serious harm, cillier to iiimm or 

beiisl. 

In mild I'Mses, L-dod bulls securely lixed on the lunns will be el'feelive lo 

prevent '•(U-iiiii-. Thev should always be lixed to the horns of !(nll>, and of 




■IllK III MANK MANAdKMKSr AND CAKI'; Ml' (Alll.i;. 



CI!) 



sh,'ir|(-liciiii<'(l I. MM uikI tows ;if^ well. Sclrcl iiilli.r liiif^v-si/.cd bniMs lips, 
with M, ijooil Hcrcw IlircJid inside l''asl<n llir iiiiiin;il siTiiivly; piil Iwo 




IIAIINI>^ Ti" n(l'.\'l' N'l' •'lU'KIN 



III rue i-oiiiid |pij|,il(n's in I lie om-ii Id r<>;i I I u hen ,;iilii(iciil Iv Iml , ; liiN 

one (III cihIi Ikiiii, lo hoI'Icii llm 1.i|)H. Wlii'ii sol'L cnoii'jli, or lidoii' llio 




1 1 1 1 1 III 1,1. 



|)(il;il() lici-oiiii's (■(Mil, sdi'W liic liMJls as liiiiily as po.sniMd Oil 1,li(i (!iid, 
iisiii"; a, wiHuicli and llicy will iicvcr ciiinc olT. 



VI. DriviiiK l'> and Irorn faHhiro. 

'riiis, if cnl iiihIccI Id lioys, willioiil due caul inn, oClcii r(!Hiil(H in iiijni'V 
1(1 thr aniniais. I'' rum sheer luiinial spiiil , II ic hoys will oCleii drive I he in 
on a run, i>v make llieiii jiiiiip Hk' pailially lo\\cr<-(i hars. TlK^lirsI dimiii 
ishe - the (low (d' milk if it, does IK. 1 make il had rroni overliealiii;,' ; and 
llic Heeond iil'li'ii oieasioiis injiiriMl linih--. We liavi^ even known a emv lo 



( ;.')() 



rill': AMIOKK'AN I'Alt.MKlt S MOCK HOOK. 



I'iill and lircalv lirr -k in iiiiii|iiiii;- I liii hars, lo say iidtliiii^f uf llic; 

Urcacliy lialiils lli. y jiid ;i|i| lo ii((|uir(. iidiji .siu'li Usa^c. Hi'lico it is 
iiM|)()r;aii(, lliat. (Iir 1k)\s l)r iirilcclly trained, us well us tlio oowa. 

VII. Amonitios of tho Barn Yai'd. 

If ill! fiinn stock aro properly trained, fiiey will liv(! toijetlKT in good 
fcllo\vslii[), if till) (xu'asionul incorrij^iMc one is prevented from doini; 
luiseliief. Kven a too lK'lli<j;erent, <-oek may lie r(Midcred crost-falleu Ijy 
< ulliniT lii.s spiirx, and a. fi'orinij: cow may lie pri'\enl(Ml even from injni'ing 
sheep liy the. nose piec(^ and ciiiil IhroiiLili I lu' horn. Yet it, is altogether 




A MAI'P\ lAMII.V. 



hett('r to get rid of unruly stock at any price, and then youi- farm yard 
may present tilt) a ppeai'ance, of tho |)icturo wo give o I' "A llappv Fam- 

VIII. Ar Botwoon Good and Bad Management. 

We ha\'e alrea<ly staled t hal humane m.iiiagcmcntdocs not consist in e\'- 
pcnsivi^ linilding.s, or costly li.xtiires. The po(H' man's slock may he just 
as well cared for at a cost, within his means, ;is tli.il of (he rich man. 
The rich farmer may not, indeed, make so much })rotita.s the poorer one, 
even with all hi.s line Imildings. The profit in feeding, for instance, is in 
.so managing as to get the best returns for the food given. Some kind- 
lieartcd persons stuff their animals so full that they aro micomforlablc. 
This is neither kiinlncss nor Ljdod manai;-cmciit . 



Tin: iiimam: m.w \(:i;mi;.\ t and cakk of cattmo. 
IX. Assimilation of Food. 



c,:>\ 



The system will i)rn|)crly assimilali' a ciTlaiii aimnmt of Mourisliiiiciil, 
and 111) iiKiic. All tiial is <^ivcii hcyoiid this is a ilcad loss. Ail that, is 
j^i\cii liciow the riMjiiircd (|iiaiili(y is at a sacrilicc of riiliiri' prolils. 
ISolli show l)a<l iiiaiiai;ciiiciil. Wiiilr ^ciicnd inlcs may lic^'ivfii, every 
mail miisl, lur coiiipelent Id jildiic lor himsi'lf, and lieiice liie care we havo 
tal<eii ill explainini;' and descrihin;!' all that, I'clales lo the aMiniai, so faras 
iiia\' lie jiiducil from outward a|i|)earanee, and IVoin tin' liony and physi- 
cal slrnclui'e. 




rnr ca>ii in; m i aumku •■wkm.-to-ho.' 

A pleasant, picliire may lie seen in a view of a poi'lion of I lie farm of 
Fanner "W(!ll-to-<lo." IIer(^ we have lin- ^i^ieral appearance of ()niel, 
and jrood luanaji'enienl ; it is a far more; eh)()H(uit lesson than whole 
j)a<^eH of print. 

X. Two Ways of LookinR at it. 

I'Ik^ wcallli\' man, especially I lie ainalenr, loo oflcn spends money for 
lh(! sake of iippearanees solely, llis slahles will l)(! too costly for |irolit, 
his appliances too elahoi'utc for practice'. TIk; practical man \\ill icach 
lii(! sann^ end so far as fcediiiu; and siieKer arc; (concerned, and with ])ro(il 
lo himself and comfort to his animals. His shelters may lie most homely, 
even mad(^ with poles and straw, lint they an^ warm and I'omforlalilc. 



652 THE .\.Mi:i;i(A.\ kaumkk's stock isook. 

IIo ciinnot afford iron mangers and water pipes in his stables, but his 
trouiilis arc tight and solidly built, and his animals arc reguhirly fed and 
watered. He may not have blankets in winter and sheets in summer, but 
liis animals will be well and carefully fed, and .sheltered from the 
earliest agi' until ready fur sale. 

XI. The Profits of Hiunane Treatment. 

Two years ago, in writing on this subject, wc reviewed the matter of 
feeding as follows. \\'c do not know that wc could better it by rc-writ- 
inii" it, anu thus wc quote : "The humane man will get ten dollars more 
for a cow because she will be gentle and well trained to give down her 
milk without resistance. His steers will bring from one to two cents 
per i)ound extra in market, fin- the reason that the constant care given 
them will have resulted in extra weight and condition. Let us .see what 
two cents per pound amounts to. His steer of a given age, .say three 
vears, is fed from birth so that it has never fallen in condition, but has 
constantlv gained, and will weigh from l.iOO to KiOO pounds, accordingto 
the breed. The steer of the man who does not believe in feeding nor 
properly treating his anmials, will weigh off of grass 900 or 1000 jxjunds. 
The si'ood feeder mIU get five-and-a-half cents per pound gross weight, or 
$71.50 f(U- the 1300 lb. steer, and $88 for the heavier one. The poor 
feeder will get, say three cents per jxiund, or $27 to $;)0. One may see 
this every day of the year at the stock-yards of our western cities. It 
does not cost $20 more to make the good steer than the poor one ; .so the 
enhanced profits are nearly $2.5 in the one case and $48 in the other ; in 
other words, the good and humane feeder gets the enhanced price on the 
poor feeder's 1000 pounds, and on what he has put on besides by his con- 
siderate care and constant good feeding. "We have partially shown this 
in another part of the work, in alluding to the daily animal waste. That 
is one intei>er. Another is that animal waste maybe 2)roduced excessive- 
ly, whatever the system of feeding, if animals are subjected to frights 
and bruises, as well as by exposure to storms and lack of sufficient food." 

The little cut ut the end of this chapter piettily illustrates some results 
of humane treatment of stock. The cow and calf are quietly chewing the 
cud in the foreground and in the dislanci^ one cow is watching for danger 
while the other drinks. 




CIIAPrKK XVI. 



THE TRAINING AND WORKING OF CATTLE. 



I. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRAINING AND aREAKlNG. II. WHEN THE WHIP IS 

NECESSARY. III. TWO WAYS OF DOING IT. IV. ADVANTAGES OP TRAINING 

YOUNG. V. WHAT AN OX SHOULD BE TAUGHT. VI. TRAINING THE CALF. 

VII. TRAINING TO LEAD. VIII. TRAININ(i A BULL. IX. TRAINING A MILCH 

COW. X. HOW TO MILK PROPERLY. XI. DO NOT FEED AT MILKIN(; TI.ME. 

XII. HOW TO MANAGE A KICKING COW. XIII. HOW TO TRAIN STEERS. 

XIV. TRAIN THEM WHILE THJ-:!' .■UiE YOl'NG. XV. A SUMMING UP. XVI. A 

SAILOR AS A TEAMSTER. 

I. The Difference Between Training and Breaking. 

This subject o.*' tniining vs. l)reakiHg lias been pretty fully treated of in 
the chapters on horses, and the same general rules will apply to all farm 
stock. The horse must he highly educated in order to get the most satis- 
factory labor out of him ; so must all other farm animals, l)ut it is not 
necessary that their education be as perfect as that of the horse. The 
difference between the two .sj'stcms is, that in the one case the law of 
kindness is used, by which the animal is taught to rely solely on the mas- 
ter's will, and is also taught that disobedience will i-esult in inconveni- 
ence and pain. In the other case, the animal is subdued by main force, 
under the M'hip alone, and comes to regard the master as a terrible 
power simpl}' to inflict injury, and consequently works solely under the 
impulse of fear. 

II. When the Whip is Necessary. 

In some cases, even after careful training, the whip is ncces.«ary in sub- 
duing a refractory animal. Perversencss, however, is often the result of 
misuse by a previous owner. If the animal has been broken under the 
whip, the continued use of the whip will be necessary. If he has been 
properly trained, the whip will seldom be necessary, and, generally, only 
as an admonisher when some extraordinary exertion is to be made. 
This is its sole use, except as an instrument of correction for a refractor}' 
animal when training, and sometimes after tlie animal is trained. A bull 
must be trained under the whip ; but once trained to the service he is to 
perform, the whip will seldom be required, if a good ring is put in his 
nose. 

Animals are not naturally .stubborn unless their innate power of resis- 
tance is bi'ought out by abuse. Thej' will generally do what is required 

(if) a 



(>54 



rill'; A.\ii;i;i(A.\ iaumkh s s'idck iiooi^. 



of IIk'hi when once tlic\' know \vli;it is wiiiitcd. AiiiiiKils (Miinol lie cx- 
2)t'(l(Hl to iiii(lcrsl;iii(l ;is a cliild will Tiicy liiivc iidI (lie |i(i\vcr of direct 







llNDKli ■niK Wlllr. A IlliOIvKN TKAM, 



siK'ccii, Miul lliiis we imist iisc' si^ns, (heir iKiliiral lucaiis of (■oiiiinmiica- 
tioii. as well as word*;. 

m. Two Ways of Doing It. 
AV;' fjivo two piolurcs from ica! life. One sliows a siivairo teamster 
wofUini:' iiis animals by niMM\ Minr, under (lie whip. In the otliiT is .seen 




agood train( r d living- liis wiiiiuji- ox without linos, and guiding him solely by 
the sound of tiio voice. It is not dilUcult to see which will l^'I tiic most 



IKAININC AND \V()UK1X<: <)1' CAI'll.i: 



()55 



la])or out of his team and in tlio casiof-t maniior. ( )t' course, liic time has 
passed when tobaceo is rolled to the warehouse in the manner represented 
in the first picture. But in many new settlements, a single ox is still used 
to plow corn and other crops ; and a very good and tractable power he 




makes, if i-ii:h(ly liandled. We have even seen a cow plowinii' corn, and 
if the master have no better team, kind and careful usatie will get con- 
siderable labor from her, and milk besides. Such hibor is certainly no 
harder on the cow than is the task imposed on the woman who rears a 
family, and has to do the household work. It is not economical or hu- 
mane in the one case or the other, except under dii'e necessit}'. 



(l/ill iiii'; A\ii:i;ir\N i ahmi'.k's sr<)( iv ikhik. 

IV. A(lviiiiliiK'>H oj TniiiiiiiK YoiiiiK. 

In dm l)^(>(•t^(iill<i »h;i|)lrr wo liiivn illiisli:i(4Ml till' (lil'r('i'ciic(' Ix-twccii ill 
1111(1 fidoii ii.Miiii'i' ill llir niiUiiij^ciiKMil. of ('III lie. II is willi nniiiiiilM iis with 
cjiiidri'ii. Broii^lil up uiitlcr Mows iiiid ciirscvs, i licy make in llir our cuho, 
vicious or uiiwilliiij;- ,H((rviiiits, in tlic ollici' i'iist> iniilai iiicn. 'I'lic <'.'iiTKir 
till' Ir.iiniiij;' of nil rmiii iiniiimls is licunii tlm licttcr. In (Ik^ cliMptiMV on 
lior.--(s \\i\ liM\(i iiiriilcMlcd lli(^ principle tliiit <'olts hIioiiM he tniiiu'd voniiu;, 
anil lia\<' show II that this course really takes iii> more lime in llie I'lid 
llian lo allow llie animal lo eel, ils full Nlreni;tli IicI'imc licj^iiiiiinij,' lo I rain. 
Tlie same is I rile in llie Irainini;' of callh'. In fact, it is an economy of 
I imc and laJior lo lieeiii llie Iraiiiiii!;' a I an early ai;'c, for I lii' yoiiiiL;- animal 
lias nul the pipwcr of resistance, and lieinj^- sulijecled lo llie iiillueiice cd' il 
kind master, iie\er lejirns ils .streni;lli. In nine eases oiil of Icii, all (lie 
dillienlty expcricneed in " lireaUiiiij; " results from llie lacl llial llie 
iininiiil liMs lieen allowed to ji'o too loni;' willioiit licint;' ma<le ramiliar with 
lliii pri^sonmt luid (M)nli'<)l ol" the niiislcr. 

V. Wliiil Mil Ox Hliould 1)11 Taught. 

All Ihid is expected of a pair of o\eii is, lliat the olT o\ sli.'dl stillld 
ijuielh' lo lu' yoked, and that I he ol ln'r shall come promptly forward at 
Ihe word, and pass under I he yld^e ; llicn,lliat Ihcy shall step hriskly 
forward w illi the load, (inn prompll\ to llic li^hl (haw) or lo the left 
(a'ee ), and slop proinplly , or hack up a I the word. 

The inslriictious i;i\eii in llic chapters on the Irainini;' of horses, will 
sntlii'c for lialteriiii;' and trainiiiu of eatlK', with such inodilii'al ions as will 
niitnridlv sngiii'st. Ilienis(-lves in addition to the liiiils ei\cii Ixdow. The 
trainer nnisldistinfinisli helwcen sliililmrn iiuliness, and lack of comprc- 
lii'iision in (he animal. Hnt even slnlilioriiness is nioi<' easily coiii|iiered, liy 
siinplv renderini;- the aniiniil nncomfortalile imlil it iitteiids to Ihe wislu'.s 
of Ihe master, than hy licMlinj;' it for somel liiiii;- il knows not wli.at. 

VI. Triiiiiinn tlio Calf. 

Let us suppose the calf nol lo Ikim- liecii raised Ity hand, — for if so 
raised il should ha\c hccii laiiehl to fear not liiiiL:,' — lint tliat il lias sucked the 
cow iiiilil read\' for wcaiiiiiL'. In this cas(i the tirst tliiiii;- to do is |o<i'ivi» 
il a name and (hereafter ••all it hy llial name. If llie name is associated 
with somclhine,' the calf likes, the calf will soon undcrsland il .'ind <'oim' 
when e.'illcd. The uc\l step is halterine. (ie| the calf, as (|ui.'l ly as 
possihlc, into a close place, with ils dam, and put on a halter il <'ami<it 
lircak. 'riirn out the cow and let I he calf pull until it >,nv(>s n|). walcliinji 
that it docs not injure itself, and pii^hiiiL; il forward o<'casioiially to eawsii 
il to know that it is easierto stand wilhoul pulliiii:-. 



riiK riiAiMNti \M> NNoiJKiMi <>i' t'Airi.i;. 



(i57 



VIII. TraiiiiiiK to Load. 
TllC IlOXt. slcp is lr:iiniii;: lo Iniil. 'I'likr the «"il(' into :i close yill"<l. 
lliivd II six-fiM.t rope M( llic cud of IIk' li:illcr. SImikIiii- in IVoiit of (ho 
calf, s:iv "come," ("illiiiu il li\ iKiinc. M llic smiiic lime |.iiil ii lit I Ic on 
(li(! rope, 'riie e;iir will iiol . orcuiiise, (lo;is liid. Call a-aiii, ami let, an 
iLssisliint (ouch il li-lilly IVom hcliind \\ illi a. whip, ijallicr in llic rope, ami 
wIkmi yon Hiic(!(>cd in ^cllinj;- (lie liUh' animal near yon, Coiidh^ i(, and ^■iv<* 

it 8(iino(.hin<;- i(, liUes— sii-Mr or sail. I'.e palienl. Do iio(- lose \ rl<'m- 

p(>r. Whon (Ik; ciilf will come lo yon, and I'ollow yon, (< ach i( lo lead 
— wulkiag l)_y its nido iind rcwd'ainin^ il iC necessary. 'I'lien (each i( (o Im 




(INK WAl Ol' lllSOIMi A in 1,1,. . 

handled, carded and lirnslied in the slalile. II will iiol ohjcci I ci I his 
if \'i)ii do nol, Inni il. 'I'liis ai-cdinplished, the animal is hall'-l rained if 
a cow <'al(', and nearly so, if a, sleer. In nsiii;^' I he card and In'iisli, (hi so 
with il li^^liL liiuid, iiuvi^r iisin;;' ihe card, or cairry conili, ovcrlheliony 
surfaces. 

VIII. Training a Bull. 

r>ulls r(M]iiire (he mos( carclnl IrainiiiL;' ami maiianciiKMil . 'I'liey mnsi 
never lieallowi'il (() iiaiii (he maslery. if ,s<i (hey will soon asserl (heir 
power, and liccomc damjcrons. 'I'hcy slionhl have :i unod rin;.-; placccl in 
(he nose lici'orc lhe\' are oni^ \carold. To iiiserl (Ik; rin'-;, (irsi whillle 



OtOH TIIK AMKKK AN I'M! M IIk'n .STOCK HOOK. 

,'i |ti('cc (if sdfl |)inr, SI) il iiiMv l)c ciilcrcd iiilollic iioslril lo imcl IIik 
l)l()Wffivcii on l.lu! |miii-li. St^lcct :i puiicli to iiiaUd si liolo corri'spoiidiiiLj 
(o lli(< riiij;'. 'I'ir (lie hull securely :mil liit an iissislunt lioid llie pieco of 
pine. Sel the piiiieli ill flio opposite^ nostril, low enoui^li so tiial it will 
not eii' tli(M':irliliii^(! ( ^irisl U- ) of (lie nose, iind strike; a smart blow, forni- 
in^tlie hole. I'lil in llie iin;f. set Ihi; screw tij^hl and the work i.s done- 
TIk! illustration will show (he old fashioned manner of ringing a hull, 
with a cutting awl. 'i"he plan we have descrilx'd is better. 

IX. Training a Milch Cow. 

Handle the udder and teals of the licifir often while she is growing, 
('his will liavt; a two-fold effect. It will causi' exlra de\clopmen( in 
those parts, and at the same time inakt; the heifer gentle, so (hat \\ hen 
slii^ eomo.s riNilly to he milked, hut little diliiculty will he experienced. 

If the heifer, or cow, has ne\ci' been thus handled, a pen should Ix; 
made (iv(^ feet high, and just wide; and long enough for the animal to stand 
in. I lav(; a safe; bar behind, at (he height of her l)n((ocks, and a place at 
tlu^sidelo milk (lirough. Tii; her by the head. 'I'lien gentleness and 
por.severanc(^ nuisl do I he rest. In no (as(^ strike her. 'Pliere is no dan- 
ger of (he milkci- being kickeil, for the Icl'l hand holding the (eat with 
the wrisi pushed strongly against the slillc, will prevent the heifer or 
cow from using her heels for injury. I'alicnily show her llial sli('\vill 
nol be hurl, and under careful milking she will soon come to feel Ih.'il (he 
operation is connected wit li case (o herself. If (he udder is inllamed or 
the teats sore, use cold water for the lirst ;md glycerine fur (lie latter. 
This again will <-ause her to associate (he idea of relief \\i(h (li(w)pera- 
tiou of milking. 

X. How to Milk Properly. 

Always wash (he (ea(s and nddei- wi(h lukewarm waler if they are 
dirtv, or brush them with a sof( brush if they are only dus(\'. Set, down 
on the off or right side, so (ha( (he rigid h:ind will be lu^aresl (he cow's 
head. Take hold of (he rear teat nearest you wi(li tin; lef( hand, ;ind 
using (ho word "liois(," indue(i (he cow (o plac(^ the l(\g, against wiiich 
you pn'ss your wris(, far( her back (han (lit^ opposite one. The pressure 
(if (he arm Hhould ciiriy the leg bjick. 

In milking, grasp (he (cats by (he njipcr por(ion, ;nid, diagonari)' ; (ha( 
is, one fore and oik^ hind teat on opposi(e sides, (irasp (In; teat, widl up 
to the udder wi(li the (humi) and fore linger, and l)i-inging (he other 
fiiigcM'.s siiecossively (ogedicr, wi(h a sligld pull f(n'ce out (he milk. 

So proceed with one hand and (hen (he o(lier ludil (he milk is a!.ou( 
dr-awn, and (hen cli:inge to (he odier lea(s. Ne\'er sdip t he milk liy pulling 



XUK TKAI.\I.N(J AM) WOIMvlNti Ol' (•ATTI.K. 



(;:)!( 





th('l(^:i( Willi lln' lliitinl) .111(1 fiii-('-(iiii;('r, i'lniu oiid locml. IO\('i'\ (|r()|)c;iii I 
<ll-awii l)V |.rc.-sii|o- the top of llif ^.»-»^,,_ ^^(ri3«l«IJl 
liaiid NM'll ii|i iiiiilci- I lie u(klcr, ^rasp- ^ 
iiig tlio tfii), natlu'riiig llic milk willi 
till) lliuiiil) and foi'c liiificr, and draw- 
ing it Willi tiir utlRT liiig.Ts. It im.^t "'■^" '• ' "" '""■■"•^'^ •'"■• '••^"" 
bo loariu'd l>y in'acticc, i)iit is not al all diliiciilt. 

Another iinpoiUuit tiling is to learn to milk f'asi . If llie milk is not 

drawn as fast as it is given down, in 
tlu! end it may lie williheld. In aii\ 
event, slow and es|)c(jally iinpeileel 
milking soon dries np a cow. As an 
iissistanee (o Hie milker two illustra- 
tions an; giv<Mi, IIk^ liist showing a de- 
vice for holding tli<> pail, wiijcji any 
bliieksmitli will (|'ii<kly mai;e, and tiie 

other the niai r of using it ill liold- 

ingtheiKiil. One of these for each 
milker will siivo inany tiniew its cost in 
MAN>i',u OF iioi.DiNii ini: eAii,. ji single seasf)n. 

XI. Do not Food at Milking Time. 

Many jiersons, Kiipposing that it induces tin; cow to let down her milk, 
(jr (hat siie will stand more ipiidly, givit a feed at milking Www. This 
ishoiild never ho done. The act of eating inducos moving iU)oiit ; and, 
e.xpeeting the mess, if for any reason it he withludd, the cow becomes 

restless, however gentle she may he. ,\hiny good dairymen f I onlv 

after milking. It is a good plan, under tln^ rule (d" eompensation. Vet, 
if the Ktalile is to he cleaned hefore milking — and it should he — the blotter 
plan is to U-^'A li(d'ore milking time. It is tiie ride we liav(! always adopt- 
<'d. W'l^ havi^ also caiisi'd the milker to gi\'e the cow a taste of salt , or 
a single nionthflll of the best, sweet, soft hay just before sitting down to 
milk. There is nothing puts an animal in bettir hiiinor with the milker. 

()nc(^ milking is bcLiiiii, milk fast and sti^adily, and without talking, 
until it is tinished. If yon have a milker that cannot k(!ep a cow (piict, 
\)v. siii'e something is wrong with the man. Vou eaimot afford the loss in 
milk, that will inevitably ensues fi'oni tiiis cause, and the proper way is (o 
discharge him at once, or put him at other work. 

XII. How to Manage a Kicking Cow. 

One pe( uliarity of aiiinials is, that oiic(( tlie\' aecpiire a vicious trick, it 
is diliiciilt to breidi tliciii of it. if a horse onrc lams awa\-, he is never 



()()0 'I'lli: AMKincAN I'AKMKIt's STOCK HOOK. 

safe (lici'ciiftfr. So, if once ;i cow ;i<'i|iiiri's ilic liahit of kickiiii;', slic will 
try it on willi every new iniii'ier who tiiUe.s lier in liaiul. lleiioo llic advice 
\\o have triveii, to comcit all trieky cows into hcef as (|uieUly as possihle. 
It" (he cow lias sonic iinusiiallv ijood tiualitics to coniix'iisatc, it may pay 
to keep iicr ; hut, reincnihcr that tricks "arc catching," simply from tiie 
restlessness createtl in the milking yard. 

How we once suhducd an inveterate kicker, hut deep milker, is as fol- 
lows : A stiMMig man liclii lici- steady by tht^ horn and nosi-. Seizing a 
teat tirnily in each hand, hiit without atti'mjiting to milk, except to per- 
form tiic motion, she was allowed to kick to lu'r heart's content. Soon 
she found tliat tiie wrist and arm iironght the kicking leg l)ack again to 
its jii-opcr place on the gi'ound, without fail. AViien she ceased kicking, 
milking proceeded, and when she kicked, the grasp was tightened. In 
the cnil siic Mil mi ill ed (|ui(tly . The next lesson was to teach her to stand 
quietly without holding. This was accomi)lished hy following and forcing 
her to walk ahout the yard, until sho was willing to stand still. At tlu; 
end of a week she hceanu' pci'foctly (|uiet to milk, -io far as her trainer was 
concerned, lull iioollur pei>on could milk her. A l)etter\vay for all such 
animals, is to pro\ide a pen, such as we have jircviously dcserihed. and 
then any good and (pdi't milker can manage the most refractory animal. 

XIII. How to Train Steers. 

All that is rcquireil of oxen is Ihal they uio\e briskly at the word -, 
draw steadily ; hack promptly, and as much as they can draw forwaril ; 
that they exert themselves to the fullest extent, hut slowly, when neces- 
sity vequircs, and that they staiul (piietly. To meet tluvsc reipiircment.s 
you must havo something hetti-r than tlull, lazy, logy brutes. I f for heavy 
logging, of course agility must he sacrificed to strength : but if circum- 
stances will allow, three yoke of smart stcei's ar(> better and nu)re eco- 
nomical, than t wo yoke of heavier slow ones. 'I'hev must, howe\('i', b(> 
trained to pull togetui-r, and in using a single yoke, it is absolutely nec- 
essary thattliey walk and pull evenly. 

Seh>ct steers of medium size, coin|i;ket and as near alike in disposition, 
carriage, pace and color as possible. If they are three years old past, 
they may he put in a freighting team, if possible, with a well-trained 
yoke of cattle at the pole and another in the lead. Tie them up so they 
may ho yoked, and so proceed until you have the re(iuisite nuini)cr to- 
gether that are to be trained. Once yoked, put them in the team, and 
do not unyoke them until they understand what is wanted of them. It 
may take u week. Feed well, and see that the yokes arc well-tilting, so 
as not to gall the shoulders or necks, ^\'lu•n tlicy pull steadily forward, 
underslaiul "haw" and "occ" — thai is, to turn to the left ov liiiht asthe 



■rillC ri.'AIMMi AND WOKKINd Ol" CAl'II.K. 'Jfil 

(•;is(> may he, — !uul liack i)i-niii|illy with llic well l)r(ilvcn oxen, tlicy can he 
trained as .siniilc yokes, wliicli iiiu-l lie ae((im|>lislie(l with each yoke se]):i- 
nitely. 

XIV. Train Thom whilo Thoy aro Young. 

As lierotofore stated, the real, prelimiiiaiT traiiiiiiif sliould 1)C done 
wluMi t lie steers ai'e quite yoiinii'. 'I'eaeli tlieni to walk (iiiietly, hitt (|iiickly 
at your side, to turn to tiie riulit oi- iet'l, anil to l)ack at lengtii twelxc oi- 
lit'teeu steps at a time, and then come forward iironiplly ajiain at the 
word, hohliui;' their iieads well up wlien they stop, and remain so. In 
working them on tiie load teaeii tiiem to move briskly, and together. 
Few steel's are so even]\' mateJKHl that th<'\' will aet and move precisely 
together. Itil is necessary to admonish holh, toui'li the slow steer first, 
aiul the ollici- immediately after. It is a nice art- to torn 'h hot h so near to- 
gether that the.act shall seem simultaneous. L'se always the same mo- 
tion, the sauH^ words, and the same tone of voiec, never loud, foi- the lut 
\-ou wish tile steer to perform. If one o.X ks slower than the other, put 
the slow one on the neai' or left side. 

XV. A Summing Up. 

To sum up the whole matter in a mit-sliell, use common sense, and 
kn()W what \ou are training for. If simply for general farm woi'k, log- 
ging, or for "string"" teams on the road, it will not pay to spend too 
much time on the training. Vet a well-trained, cscnlN-matched 
\'oke of oxen will alwa\s command a sulliciently good jirice to pav foi- 
the training — fnlly as much so us a wi'll-trained and well-matihed ])air oi' 
work horses. 

There will lii', for vears to come, in the ^^'est, the Southwest, and es- 
pecialU' ill the lumlier region, |)lciilv of work for which neither 
horses nor mules are so well adapted as oxen. And in the selilcmciil of 
ji new country, where until farms ai'e hrought into snhjectioii, there is no 
other feed than I lu^ wild grasses, well-trained oxen are indispensable; 
for a well trained yok<' of steers will do onothird more, and better work, 
than untrained ones. ()ne(^ you get such a team, train also the driver to 
handle them pi-()|)erly. An ignorant, careless or brutal drivel" will soon 
reduce thi^ value of any team. 

XVII. A Sailor as a Teamster. 

Weonce heard a good story illusti-ating this. A New England farmerhad 
a linely-t rained yoke of l)i-von steers, such as were not uncoiiimoii there, 
twenty years ago, and are not now nncommon. lie liireil a sailor, and 
sent him to market with the team, having instructed him, as he tlioii^ht, 



(U]2 



I', A.MI'.IUCW lAKMl'.l; S SIOCK 



ill ,1 iiiiiiilirs liiiic, siidliicnl I y i" ilri\iii,ir. ( 'uiiiiiii;; to ;i liiidjj;^ wlicn 
Micri! ^\■^•l•^' oilier IciiiiiK passiiifj; Uk! siiiloi' "lost his liciul," iiiid forj;;cltiii^ 
the iJroiuT words, re vorlcd to imiiticai l!iiifj;u!ifj;o. "Starboiini, ( to tin- 
rif^ht ) yoii iiilihors," ho criod, uiid fiiviii;^ them a pimcii, tlii> steers 
spriiiif:; forwurd luid side ways, and strikiiiji:; the rail, it was crusiied, and 
<).\<'ii and load went into th(^ ei'eek twenty t\'v[. below, tuniiiiij; th(» yokt! in 
the fall. Upon reaching' home, and heinj!; asUed what had hecoine of the 
team, lie answered : "Oh, the luhhers fell off the deeU, and the larboard 
ox ^1)1 (Ml Ihi^ stai'iioaid side, an<l the slarboai'd ox '^(A. on the larboard 
KJde, and Hie whole erafl wciil to Davv .limes" lueker toii'et her." The 
moral is: \>\>v a liiinj;' (o lie well done, one iniist know what lie is ai)onl 
in doin"; 1'. 



(niAITKlJ XYIT. 



SHELTER FOR CATTLE. 



I. TIIK KCONOMY OF SIIF.I.TER. II. TIIK NATUKAl. HEAT MUST HEKICI'T III'. III. 

FOOIJ AS KEI.ATKI) TO .SIIKLTEK. IV. FOUH (:i,AS.«(l;.S OF HTOCKMICN. V. MOW 

TO SIIELTHK. VI. .S(;MliTII INO Til AT WILL HKAIt KEl'EATINO. VII. A CIIKAI' 

AND <i<)OI) SIIKI). VIII. A FHAllKI) .SIIKl) WITH LOFT. IX. ('ATTLF TIF.H. 

X. IIAUNS FOK VAItlOUS IWKS. XI. TIIE UASKMF.NT AN I) OTIIKU KLOOUS. XII. 

AN OIILONO IIAHN. XIII. A llAliN WITH WINIIS. XIV. A MODEL llAlfN UASE- 

.MENT. XV. MAIN FLOOK OK .MODEL liAKN. XVI. HOUND AND Ol:TA(iONAL 

UAKN.S. XVII. ISUILD EOlt IIIE END DESIKED. — —XVIII. SUMMEU KlIELTEU. 

I. Tho Economy of Shelter. 

The neci!s.sity of Khcltor of soiiio kind for nil fiirin .stock in lakcn for 
griHitcd, even liy lliosc who .simply jirovido tho wiinii .sido of a ntack, or 
who consider tlu!in8clvo.s fortuiialc! if they li:iv(! a "(timnk" of timber 
wIku'o tho cattlo can " keep warm." Neither the one nor tho other is 
«helt(M' ill reality, ■siiico HlieKer means not only protcKition from i-old wind.s 
hilt also from slorms. This neither of them ffives. 

In all that rcffion where cattle must Ik! fed diirinj;- four or tive moiilhs 
of winter, the. protection of barns and tiijjht sheds becom<!s absolutely 
necessary, since one cold titorm will take off more Ih.'sh Ih.iii can bo re- 
gaiiHHJ in a month, in fact, farm animals cannot thrive; in the winter 
unless sheltered. Without shelter they mu.st certainly lose much 
weiLiiil in winter, except at the cxpi^nse of feed that would jiay the cost 
of a si!niti<' structure in a single winter, and amount to from fifteen to 
twenty l)er cent, (ni the cost of a common-sense barn. 

II. The Natural Heat Must Bo Kept Up. 

The natural heat of tin' body must be kept at Dd degrees, winter and 
summer, if it goes below this, a chill ensues, and in the effort of nature 
to counteract the eff(;ct of this, which, if continued, would kill, fever 
takes platu!. Tiic f(!Ver also would kill if continiuid, so nature again 
comes to tho rescue, and tlu; sw(!ating stage superven(\s. This is chills 
and f(;ver. 

'i'lie animal, to remain in liealtli, niustbc! k(;pt at. a normal leinperaturo, 
and this is only to be accomplished liy an excess of food, or Iiy shelter, 
as OIK! of the integers. Whether it will do to go to a great (expense! in 
))rovidiiig shelter is a (|iicstion of cost, as related to ehi'apncss or dearncss 
of food. 

(563 



664 



TUK AMEKU'AN FAKMEI! S STOCK BOOK. 



III. Pood as Related to Shelter. 

Where grain i.s cheap tiic incrcasod food with simple shelter is un- 
doubtedly eJK'aper, and yet food may he so scarce and high, that even fire 
heat may profitably be resorted to. 

The Escjuiniaux drink train oil, to give the body natuial heat in winter ; 
civilized people eat fat meats for the same purpose, and in cold weather, 
it is well known that animals alwaj's crave oily food. The reason is, that 
such food assists in keeping up the animal heat. Hence, since stock waste 
moi'e from exposure to cold, it is always economy not only that they be 
fully fed, but also that they be warmly sheltered. The reason is quite 
simple. In a still atmosphere, the animal retains hi.s natural warmth, 
imparting a small ))orti()n of it to the air immediatly surrounding him ; 
but when the atmosphere is in motion tlie animal warmth is, so to speak, 
blown away as fast as given off, and ii fresh supply of cold air constantly 
takes the place of that warmed from the animal's body. Hence the greater 
ease with which a person will keep warm always in a still, cold atmos- 
phere, than in a warmer one, l)ut with wind blowing. If the wind is 
accompanied with rain, hail, sleet or snow, the loss of animal heat is still 
greater. Tims we have the question of shelter broilght down to one of 
dollars and cents, in which shelter wins. 

IV. Four Classes of Stockmen. 
There are four classes of farnuM's : First, those who give no shelter; 

second, those who provide shelter next 
to nothing; third, those who havecom- 
f()rta1)le shelter, but fail to use it to its 
full extent, and foui'th, those who have 
good shelter, aiul keep their stock uiuler 
it. The first class does not need illus- 
trating. The second, third and fourth 
we present in a series of cuts which tell 
A siiii- ii.i>s [ AK.MLK^ i;akn. tlicir owu storv pretty fully. 

The Shiftless Man's Shelter.— '1'1'i^ """i alw^iys has - hard luck," 

and all his surroundings are of the same kind as his luck — hiinl. His 
animals are never in condition for lalior, for they aie half starved antl 
badly sheltered. His barn is worse than "all out doors," since water 
drips through the roof, and the wind blowing through, creates drafts, and 
the temperature is actually below what it is outside. Hence, such shelter 
is really worse than luine, for, while cooped up in it, the poor brutes are 
denie(l the privilege of exercise. 

Farmer Slack. — Farmer Slack has abundance of shelter, as the illus- 
tration shows, l)ut I)elie\'es that store cattle, at least, need to be toughened 




siiKi/rKii I'oi: CAT'i'i-i':. 



G(ir> 



byexpoKurc^ 111 the wiiilci- Masts. 11' a suddc'ii slonii coincs on lie. " tyuesscs 
tho brutes call .stand it,' with a "morsel inoro" of fodder. His fattening 
and working stock iuid niilcli cows are in the barns. Can he not see that 
if it pays witli fhcni it will pay " all around." 

Farmer Thrifty. — Kanncr Tlirifty lielievcs in having good shelter and 
in using it. lie hclicvcs not only in slieltering his stock, hut in sheltering 
his yards anil liains also. \\'ith tlu; snow lying lliick over eveiything, 
tiicic is no sign of iif(^ in tiic ainph' yards, save tlie hands ai)ont tiieir 
work, and t he rhirkcns, whi<'h also ha\c warm (jiiarters at night. Tiie 
cattle arc^ all coinforlalily iiousrd inside. 

V. How to Shelter. 

If seems iinnocossarv to follow IIk^ sid)je<'t, into details. 'j'lie most 
siinple shelter is tiie aililieial prot(!ctioii of wind-hri-aks, obtained l>y the 
^.^ -iMT-fwamfc,. planting of i)elts of evergreens and 

dcH'iduons ti'ces. It is the crudest sort 
of ])i'olection, next to a tight Jioard 
fenee. If the fence is lopped wit li a 
lean-to roof we iiave one of tiie sim- 
plest forms of shelter. jVnotlier foi-iii 
of shed — and the crudest — is of posts 
and poles eov(!red with slough hay. 
If i)laced in the tinilier it makes an 
excellent i)rofection for store cattle. 

A Good Shed. — Htill another cheap 
shed is made liy setting j)osts in the 
ground in two lines, sawing the tops level, fastening on plates i)ieces, laying 
on scanlling for the ])eak, supported teni])orarily, and nailing on l)oards, 
for a roof, at one-<iuarter pilch, up and <lo\\n from I lie plates to the peak, 




[•IIIMITIVE SHELTKR. 




I'AKMKK TllUlKlV'S Ml lOl.l 1,11. 



■covering the joints with wide iiattens and boarding up the side v.'hence the 
prevailing winds come. If twelve feet hoards are used for the roof, a 
shed may thus lie formed over Iweiily feet wide, that will furnish good 



)>(>() 



TIIK AMKUICAN FAUMEU S ><TO(K I!< )()K. 



shelter for stock rattle where forage in fheaj). If the shed he placed in 
the timber, or where timber belts protect from wind, tlii're need be no 
sides, and a rack may be put throush tlie center out of which the cattle may 
feed, the hay being put in from thi\ ends and directly from the wagon. 

VI. Something that will bear Repeating. 
We have heretofore wiitten on this subject of cheap shelter in new 
countries, and have lived to see these cruck^ structures give place to sul>- 
stantial feeding barns and basement stables ; we repeat the direction orig- 
inally wi'itten at various times during our journalistic ex[)erience. There 
is 3'et a v:ist outlying territory to l)c settled up, and, when the pioneer 




FAKMER (iOOnENOUGU S HAKSVAKD 



has to live in a log house or sod hut, the stock protection must necessari- 
ly be crude. In the directions given in the next article we leave nuich to 
individual judgment, since any structure must not only be modified to 
suit the purse of the builder, but also to suit the materials which he uses. 
In fact, one of the warmest sheds we ever saw Mas laid up at the sides 
with sods, and protected from being thrown down from the inside by poles. 
A shed boarded up is really all the better for a ••l)aeking" of sods, 
VII. A Cheap, Good Shed. 
Any farmer tolerably lian(iy with hammer and saAV, assisted by his 
hired men, can make one. k^upj)()sethe structure is to be a simple roofed 
shed affair. Decide upon the length. The width should not be more 
than twelve feet for a single j)iteli roof. Allow tliat it is to be ninety-eight 



SHELTEll KOU CATTLE. 



6()7 



feet Ion;!. Sot four hciivy posts for the corners, three feet in the ground, 
and of the required height. The h)wer it is the warmer it will be, so it 
be high enough for the cattle to walk under the plates. Between the 
two end posts set, exactly in line, six posts each fourteen feet apart, and 
five and one-half feet high from the average ground line. Proceed in the 
same manner with the front, the posts to be nine feet above ground. 
At the back, now set seven lighter posts in the fourteen feet spaces. 
Saw them all off to an equal height, s[)ike on four inch scantling from 
post to post in front, and two by four for the back. It is now ready for 
the roof, which is to be firmly nailed from front to rear. Board the 
front down to within five and a half feet of the ground, and the ends and 
ijack entirely down to the ground. Thus the shed is complete, except 




A SLACK FAKMEU S SHELTER. 

banking up. This is important and will add fully one-lialf to its warmth. 
A good way to do this is to lay two lines of sods at the rear, breaking 
joints as in laying ])rick, carrying the banking at least four feet high ; or 
posts may be set two feet from the wall, with suflScient sti'ips nailed 
thereon to hold litter, and the whole filled in and rammed tight. It is 
sinq)ly a question of the adaptation of the means at hand to the end 
sought. From this we may go on to more and more elaborate struct- 
ures until we come to the barn proper. 



vrn. A Framed Shed with Lolt. 

This may be made hy running the posts up eighteen feet and framing 
in cross-ties to support a floor. In the upper twelve feet of this shed a 
good deal of fodder umv l)e stored, to l)e fed from when the weather is 



(ili.S TIIK AMKIMC'AN l'Ai;.Mi:i;".S STOCK KOOK. 

too iiidciiu'iit lo allow it lo be liiiiKllcd on waiioiis. In lliis ciisc a focd- 
ini;- rack may be placed below, willi fcedinij; holes from al)o\('. Tlius the 
lia\ nia\' Ik^ thrown directly into the loft. In .such a shed it would not 
lie economical lo form a sin;:le pilcli loof. It should slant both ways. 

Converting the Shed into a Stable.— If the shed form is to he eon- 
vert edio astal)le, use tlu^ directions jiiven for a hipor doubhvroofed shed. 
Uoartl tlu! whole tight all around, leaving space for doors and windows ; 
batten the cracks, lay the floor, i)ut in stanchions or uprights for fasten- 
ing the cattle, leaving a feeding place in front, and tlie whole is com- 
plete. 

IX. Cattlo Tios. 

A\'e prefer rings that slide up and down, upon standards three inches 
thick, to stanchions. This style of stable will not bo strong enough to 
allow their being fastened to the lloor above. Set strong jjosts seven feet 
apart and four and a half feet high, sawed off sciuaic on top, and three 
feet out fi'om the Mall. Prepare six-inch scantling to 1k^ pinned firmly to 
tlie i)osts, twelve inches from the gronntl, and on the inside next the 
wall; the scantling bored, each threes feet, with two-inch holes. This 
will be wide enough for cows. Lal'gel' cattle must have three feet, thl'ce 
inches. Prepare other scantling bored in similar manner for the tops of 
the posts. T.akc three-inch smooth saplings; shar])en the lower I'uds 
just so they will drive tii'mly into the holes in the lower scantling when 
it is pounded in ])lacc below. Shasc the n))per ends so they will tit the 
holes in the st'antling above. Drive them solidly into the holes below, 
pinning each on(^ fast with a half-inch pin. Slip a four-inch iron ring 
over each stake. Ijay the upper scantling on top, entering the standards 
as \()ngo. It is better that they have some play. Lower the scantling 
on top of the posts, and ])in and spike them tirndy to the posts. Cut 
stout rope six feet , six ineh(>s long, splice a four-inch loop on one cndr 
whip the oilier end with small cord so it will not unra\cl ; pass the rope 
through the ring and back to the loo|i so the end of the looi) will be eight 
inches from the ring ; pass the end of the rope through tlu^ loop, draw 
tight and make fast with two half hitches, or. better, whip the two por- 
tions of rope together as far as the loop. The cattle are then ready 
to b(' tied up by passing the rope about the neck and through the loop, 
and drawing just tight enough so the animal cannot slip it over the 
hoins. ii'on chain bails that will last a life-time are kept ready made by 
jigricullural implement men, and arc nuich the cheapest in the end. Tied 
thus, cattle can easily reach their food, can lick themselves, can rest per- 
fectly, but cannot reach to injure each other. A six-inch board nailed 



SHELTEU FOK CATTLE. fif^f) 

along the standard at a proper height, say about six inches below the tops 
of the shoulders of the cows, will prevent their reaching too far into the 
feeding passage. 

X. Barns for Various Uses. 

As soon as the farmer is able so to do, it will l)e found cheaper in the 
end to build substantial barns. They are a permanent investment and are 
to be estimated simph' in relation to the interest on the original cost, and 
wear and tear. 

Modern barns are always built higii. Modern implements and ma- 
chinery for storing forage and grain, deliver into the top of a barn al)out 
as cheaply as from below. When there is a location suitable for a base- 
ment, use it by all means ; and the nearer square or oblong the barn is, 
the more economical it will be, especially if wings are to be added, as the 
increasing necessities of stock and forage may require. By a basement 
we do not mean a cellar, but the lower floor of a barn built on a declivity, 
so it may run into a bank at one end. A fall in the land surface of six 
feet in the length of the l)uilding will be sulBcient, since the earth exca- 
vated may be used for the embankment at one end. 

XI. The Basement and other Floors. 

Thus the basement may be used solely for stabling cattle, sheep and 
calves ; or a part of it may be used for storing heavy tools and machinery. 
The main floor will contain bags for hay and grain, the threshing floor, 
harness-room and a granary. The grain, however, is better stacked outside, 
unless the intention be to thresh it by means of a small stationary power, 
as it may be wanted, for feeding and bedding — the power also to be used 
for gi'inding feed and chopping fodder. 

IVlake the barn as high as the power will carry hay and grain. Con- 
tinue the hay to the roof. Cover the horse stable, if there is to be one, 
the harness room, granary etc., with matched lumber, and form a mow 
overhead ; also, a floor may be carried over the threshing floor, and this 
space utilized in the same way. Practically j^ou have the s]rdce at less 
expense. In fact, utility will be suggested in many ways, other than we 
have mentioned. 

XII. An Oblong Barn. 

In the West and South, the farmer of 1(10 to 200 acres may get along 
very well with a side-hill barn forty-two by sixty feet. It will give ample 
room for a bay K! by (!() ; a floor Hi l)y (iO ; horse stal)le 13 by 60, con- 
taining 5 single and 1 double stalls, or 2 single and 3 doul)le stalls ; a room 
for implements 10 by 13 ; a granary 12 by 13, and a tool room half that 
size ; while the liasement may be devoted entirelv to the stal)lin<r of cattle, 



(17(1 



III'. AM1''.I(I('AN I'AltMI'.lf .s STUCK IIUOK. 



willi iiiir pi'iiH, II slirrp |icii, iiml, if lU'ccssiiry, ii shed cni'ld'icd on (lircMi 
siili'N. 'I'lic M.|iiiiiii\- will Inild (i\ir lidU liiislicis of ;^i;uii, iiikI may \»i 
ili\i(|('il Mild liiiiH roi- W'iiilrr iiiiil Sitiiiijx wliciil, oiils, limlcy, iiiiil i^ioiiiid 
Ircd fur sli.ck. 

TJH' liiisrinciil limy coiilaiii I \vn riiws ul' ciilllc sliills, willi |iiiss:i;;(' way 
liclvMcii, ,si\ led wide, Willi xIkioIs Iciidiii;^ lo llir li|i|nr |i:ill iif llic liiU'll 
I'm- drli\ I'liii;^ li!i\ , j.'r,iiii, mid olIitT IVcd. 'I'liis will leave a space 1 1' liy 
(10, wliicli liiiiy CDiilaiii ciiH' pens and ii placid fur sheep, and it may lie so 
iirriiii^i'd by iiiciins of sjidinji; doors tliiit il may l)<^ enlinly closed in iii- 
clemcnl, wealiiei'. 'I'liis liiisemcnl will coiilain sliills for I liirly-l wo call Ic, 
and (lio iiiaiinr(< may Ixi (lirowii diniclly into a carl or waiidii and lianlcd 
will-re il is wanli-d. 

Tills liHi'ii iiia\' lie eiilai'iicil li\ addiiiL' on, to accommodalc any re(|iiire(| 
Miimhci' of slock; lull if a niiicli lar^jcr liani llian this is >vaiit('il, I lie 
si|iiaro I'in'iii slionhl lie used. It will f;ivc l!ir<;cly iiKToasod room iu pr(>- 
poi'l ion to t he cost . 

XIII. A Barn With WingB. 

Uclow wc ;'i\c an onllinc of the liasiMlleiit. of .1 liarii I'oilv l"eel wide and 
sixlv Icel loll", Willi a lean toovershol cxIciidiiiL;' Iwcnlv Icel ni I'loiiL 



HAY Mounr 



MAIN IIARN 





1 1 


n 












r"- 


i -' 


1 ' 


1 


1 . 


. J 


J 





Tr["Tii"fn 






RI.MN I l.ilOli or MAUN. 



'I'iiis liarii will coiilain alioiit IdO Ions ol' hay. 'The haru winild he Itetler 
I'lieinji' the suiilh if the lay of the land as to deiiivity w ill allow. The 
liay-lidiise may extend t\\ciil\ I'ccI in widlli and lieii:iil in I he Conii of an 
L and of swell a leiiiith as may lie wanted for slorane, sav fiirtv t'eel. 
This Imrii, if the space liclnw the liay-honse is utilized, will st.ilile six 
horses and forty cattle. 

'I'lie liiiseiiieiil of the main harii may he dividcvl inlos(iihlin<>as follows : 
A, horse slahles 1 ■_' feel deep, with iiiaiii;'eis two and a half feel wide for 
lia\, w itii snitalije I i'oul:Iis fm- iiiain and m.inucr for ha\ ; Hand (' .iro 



Mii'.i.Ti'.i; I'ui! cAiri.i'. 



(171 



cjittlc stiills. Tliosi' ill r. Iiiiiil: willi >\viii;iiii<j; <iiitcs, oiiciiiiifj; side \v;i\s, 
(i I he .saiiic, l>ut r.icli sUll liiiviiiu ;i scpMrMlc <r:itc ciilcriiiir dirt'it IVoiii I lie 

v.iid. 1) is till' liiiiiii i'lili:ilniM'ii;lil, IriM widr ;iiii| llKiy colilnili I' I ( licsis ; 

. is :m ciiliv (iv(i I'cct wide, willi sli'ps ii|i lo ilnur D, Miid liMvinii' ;m cii- 
||-;||IC(^ ililo lll(^ ll()rs(! stalilfS III cacli md. 1<' is 1 lie nvrrslml urslicd. (i 
in tlm porlioM under tim liiiy-liDUst! to I'" iilili/.cd in stalls, if llic liay i-^ 
not desired Ik run clear lo llie irrouiid ; iind II iw llie van! (■nnncclcd llim- 
willi. !(' neeessarv lliis may l)e ninl'cd (i\er niakiiej addiliunal shed 
rmini. 

XIV. A Moclol niirn HiiHiimi)iit. 

TIk! followin^r diaiirain lor a haseineiit lo Ue used I'nr ralleninji- or dairy 
«toek will exi»laiii ilselC. We li:ivt( shown a lislern and meal room 



m¥i:im!^'^i^': 



Ml ALHnnM 

tL- - -l"L-i 



i.tviini 



1 UUOK ' 




III wfiiiijiiifffifflnuniiiiiiii 



TWACK FOR rCBDTRUCK 



ml 



r m ttmti it iti'HmiHiHiii-Hii 



u 't> H'm>cyj.ru:ixj-tBrma majt-u^vi.t^^ •. 



A Mniiia. ii\s1'.mi;nt. 



|ii'()leelcd finm I'rosI . Oiil may Ixi used for idols and cliiei feeding;- 
malerial llial |-e(Hiires lo he kejil from free/,ilij,f. 



XV. Main Floor of Model llarn. 



'I'lic followiiii;' diagram shows llie main lloor of I he same liarn and nei'ds 
lull lillle e\|)lanali(m : <r. is a \eiil ilat iiiir nIi'I' I . '' leed sliools lo ha.se- 
nient Ihroiiuli Irap door, shown in llie jihiii of llie li.asenienl . 

AN'lieii e\l ra eare is lo lie ;.nveil, as ill I he rase of vcr\' \ alll.alile cal I le or 
those lo he linished ii[) as show eallle, ho.\ slalls or pens .iir simieliineH 
Imiit ill tiic feedinj^ room or in a separate huildin<; as siiown in the illiis- 
ti-alion. Where expense is not a eoiisidcialioii I hey fnrnisli llie very hesf. 



672 



■I'lll'; AMKIIIC.W lAKMKIi S STOCI'. IIOOK. 



I,li()iii;li iiul llic iiiosl ccoiioiniriil nii'uiis of I'lit tcniiij;. Tlio fccdinj^ iiiid 
w.iirv Ih)X('s iii.iy 1k! !irriiii;^cd to sTkU! on rods, to iiny required height, 




''/'i*^ 



MAIN I'l.UDU <)!•' KICKIUNd IIAIJN. 



and 

wlic 



liu^ 

II IK 



Mu'sc 
mild 



hay raci< is suspended on eli;iins, so all may he easily taken down 
il re(inired, and the space; arranij,('d I'or other pnri)ose,s. 
XVI. Round and Octagonal Barns, 
can neither Ix; called practical nor economical, 'i'iicy cost more, 
than scjuare or ohloni;' barns, if for no other reason than that 

rr:i:.!rJTiiP-'''a^ 




»0.\ STALLS KOll KATTKNINC SOOW CAl'Tl.i:. 

tliev are nnusnal. The barn for profit shonld bo built s(iuaro as to the 
central buildinji', if it is to bo over forty feet wide, and a wing or wings 



siiKi/rioi! I'ou c'Attm:. fi73 

sliould Ixillirowii out forlliciuldilioiwil s[)M(c ikmmIciI. If ji sini])l(^ structure 
designed for general i)ur|)ose.s is re<iiiired, build forty fi'et wide and of 
the rccjuisito longlli reijuircid for tiio stoeiv. 

XVII. Build for tho End Dosired. 

The fiinnor ought to know, in a gem-ral way, tlie purposes for wliieli 
his barn is required. Areliileets seltloni give proper attention to tiie con- 
structiou of barns. When they do, tho l)arn.s they l)uild iiro often e!,il)o- 
rate, but costly and unsuited to llui econoniieid purposes re(|uired. '{"he 
best barns in tho eountry are tiiose of farmers who iiavo carefully studied 
the couV(!iiiencies and economies, and have statcnl their wauls to the archi- 
tect or carpenter in (charge of tho job. The illustrations we have given 
will pretty widl cover tiio wants of our readers. Machinery is now made 
to perform so nuich of the labor of th(! barn, that a great saving may be 
accomplished thi'ough its use. Utilize all such couvcnittnces that you can. 
They are economical in lli(» long run, since they art! in the nature of |)er- 
manent improvements ; wear and tear, and interest on the capital invested, 
only, having to be considered. 

Some of the most imi)ortant things to bo considered, an; ventilation, 
perfect drainage, and the ease of providing water. If a reservoir be 
placed in tho center of a mow it will not freeze ; and if connected with a 
well by 11 pifjo and pump, operated by wind jxiwei-, and provided with a 
waste pipe to tho ground so that it shall not lun over, it will be found 
one of tho best investmenls about tbo whole building. From this reser- 
voir water may also bo carried to tho dairy and dwelling, and thus several 
forms of utility can Iki secured by one outlay. 

XVIII. Summer Sholtor. 

The (|U(!stion of summer shellei' is im|)oi'tant, especiallv in tho West 
and Southwest, when; biting iusetds are so plentiful. 'I'lie most that is 
need(;d is a partially dark, but well v(Mitihitcd shed, to which stock may re- 
tire at will. I)is(^ard pasture! trees, 'i'liey are poetic, but not practical. 
A sIuhI covered with boughs is better than the shade of a tree, and there 
arc no roots to suck moisture from tho surrounding grass. Sto(;k in 
open fields seldom seek shelter from tho sun. It is flies th(y dread. If 
there is a water course in the pasture, plant it by all means with trees, 
but do not bo fooled by the old poetic sentiment of single tretts here and 
there. Stock will often spend time und('r them that ought to b(? em- 
ployed in feeding. While in motion in the act of grazing they do not 
suffer from heat. Therefore it is lietter that they be obliged to do soni ■ 



674 THE AMERICAN FAUMER 8 STOCK BOOK. 

travel to reach the shade, and this shade if natural, will generally have 
water near. If not, the artificial shade, should be given at places where 
water may be had most cheaply. 

Shelter can, of course, be given in the barns or sheds in spring, until the 
grass is so flush that stock require no other feed; and when the pastures 
become so bare in the autumn that some feeding is necessary, the same 
rule will apply. What is Avanted is a range where stock may not only 
be secure from the winds of driving storms, but where they may retire 
for shetler during the extreme heat of summer days. This is not to be 
had by planting single trees here and there. So far as protection is con- 
cerned, shed-room is the best in every respect. 



CHAPTER XVin. 



DATRTING AITD DAIRT BUILDINQS. 



1. A PROFITABLE INDUSTRY. II. OUR DAIRY PRODUCTS. III. THE DAIRT BUILD- 
INGS. IV. HOW THE FACTORY IS BUILT. V. THE MANAfiEMENT OF MILK. 

VI. PATENT CREAMERIES. VII. DRIVING OFF ANIMAL ODORS. VIII. TEM- 

PEKATUUE OF THE DAIRY ROOM. IX. BUTTER MAKING IN EUROPE. X. DAIRT 

BUTTER IN THE WEST. XI. HOW TO COLOR BUTTER. XII. SALTING. XIII. 

HOW TO PACK BUTTER. XIV. PREPARING A PACKAGE FOR USE. XV. CHEESE 

MAKING — CHEDDAR CHEESE- XVI. CHESHIRE CHEESE. XVII. HOW TO PRE- 
PARE RENNETS. 

I. A Profitable Industry. 

The dairy interests of the United States have assumed immense pro- 
portions within the last ten years. It is well known that under the old 
way of f^uessing at temperature, proportion of rennet, quantity of salt 
and other flavoring, no uniformity could be attained in the manufacture 
of cheese. Under the newor factory system, great uniformity in quality 
is secured, and a great saving in labor and material effected. 

The making and curing of cheese are, for the most part, a series of chem- 
ical transformations, requiring precision and care. The same is true of 
butter. Great cleanliness is required throughout. In either case the 
milk must be scrupulously kept from taint or bad odors. To this end a 
proper dairy building, and a suitable ice house are necessary. The cows 
for the dairy requii'e to be selected with care. These have been fully 
treated of in the chapters on cattle. Grasses for the dairy are also im- 
portant, as well as other proper food. These, also, have been treated of 
in Chapter XIII. 

Without grasses, sweet, succulent, and that shall follow the season in 
succession, says the American Encyclopfedia of Agriculture, the dairyman 
can not hope to compete with his more practical, if not more intelljo-eut, 
neighbor, who has paid due attention to this keystone of dairying, grass. 
With a succession of sweet, succulent grasses from spring to fall, supple- 
mented with proper forage plants during the latter part of July and the 
whole of August, plenty of good clover, Timothy, Orchard grass, and 
Red-top for winter feeding, and an abundance of ground grain, to be used 
both during the drought of summer, and during the winter, and proper 
implements, utensils and buildings, we iiave the foundation laid for mak- 
ing money, in one of the best paying branches of agriculture. 

67.-) 



(;7(; TlllO A.MKKICAN TAltlVlKIt H KTOOK liOOK. 

II. Our Dairy Products. 

Tlui Unilod Stiites is i)r(>(liicin;.( iiiiiiually 7M),{){){) tons of hiittor, of 
whicli wo export (h1 1 1 ,()()() Ions duiiiiir llioywir 1H7!) ; iind 1()0,0()() (ons of 
chocso, of wliicli wo (^xi)oft(Ml (!1,()()() Ions (lurinif llioyoiir 187!). In \M() 
tho export of l)utU'r wan al)out 2(),()(){l tons, luul of cliccso nearly 7^,000 
tons ; and tlie woilc just (juoled adds, upon tho Kulijeet of this l)riui(ii of 
ajfric^nUuro tiiat , within tho last twenty years, an export of cheese alone 
of 1,1(!;5, ()()(), ()()(> poinids, and a total value of exported butter and eheeso 
of $1«5,()0(),()()0 has been made. During tho last ten years 88r),()()(),()00 
pounds of eheeso have been shipped abroad. 

Tims it will bo seen that tho d.airying interest is one of vast and in- 
ei'easinj^ magnitude. Its rapid j^rowlli in tlie East will bo eciualled and 
surpassed in many Western States ada|)t(ul to dairy products. In 18(!!) 
(lommisHioncr I). A. Wells (vstimatcd the value of tho dairi(!s of the 
United States at $ 1()(),()()(),()()(). In a pa[)crread at IMiihuhilpiiia, in 1H7(;, 
Prof. X. A. VVillard thought it much within tho truth to stat,o the value 
of tlie i)roducts of th(^ farm dairies for tiiat year at $(100,000,000. 

III. Tho Dairy Building. 

That our rcadi^rs may bo alilo to know just what is necessary in tho way 
of a dairy buildinj; — ono which may bo easily modilied to suit tho circum- 
stances of the owner — wo give on next page a ground plan of a model 
creamery and cheese factory combined. This building is 2(i by 52 feet, 
with an extension on each side. The walls have three air spaces ; ono of 
these is l)etwo(5n the outer siding and tho sheatliing ; the n(!xt betvveeu tho 
sheathing and building paptir, and the last between tho j)aper and plaster- 
ing. Tho wii\il()ws are also doul)Ie. Thus is completely secured an C(|ual 
temperature, and also a perfect isolation of the milk and cr<'ani from 
odors (Ml her of maniiCacturing or curing. 

The milk, when reccMved and weighed, is strained dii'e(^tly into tho vats 
or into deei) cans for setting in the cold pools. The pools ai-c of cenunited 
brick ; they are tw(Mily inches deep, and are supplied with water from a 
deep well and force pump, and also with ice. There is a press room ad- 
joining the chocso-muking room, and a stairway loading thouco to tho 
curing room. 

rv. now tho Factory is Built. 

With good drainage there may be a basement three feet below ground, 
built of stone or brick. It is ,inde(Ml, better that the superstructure bo of 
brick. There should also bo a perfect chart nuido of the drainage jjipes 
ao that thoy nniy be readily found at any time, 'i'lie drains siiould bo 
made with amphi tall to the outlet, and in tlu^ best possible workmanship. 



DAlUYINd AND DAIIIV III ' 1 1,1)1 N( IS. 



(177 



'I'Ik^ Wilier (iriiiiis iii.'iv !)•' of lilc, liiil .-ill (Ir.iiiis for ciiirvinjr off wlicv, 
hnllcliiiilU ()!• oilier li(nrKls (■.\c(^))t jiiirc, wmIit slioiild !)(• (if lii;lil, pipes, 
iiiid llie l)ip(!s iiiid (Jriiiiis must, ho liiid Ixd'oro llie lloor is piil, down iuk! 
tli(! eciiKiiil. carefully liU-cd to llieiii. I'Iks dniiiis slioiild nil Im; of siifll- 
cic'iil, hI/c uoL to clog. It is holler IliJiL tlio foiindiilion of tlio iloor iiavn 
a coaling of tin .sliaviiigH, or liroUcMi glass, hIx iiiclies thick well potiiided 
down, and covered with wat(^r linio cement. Upon this a flooring of 
Hags or hri<:Us may he laid, itovcired wilh (;(Mneiil. of watei' lime, wliic^h in 
tiiuo will become entirely hard, and tlic! tin or glass helow will prevent all 




MlilNKU <,'ltlCAMi;i(V AMI CIIIOIOHl': I'A'TOIIY. 



Explanation. — /I — MiiU receiving room. li — (;h(!(!Ho manufacturing 
rodiii. ^' -Press i-fjom. D — Kngine room. E — I'ool. /'' — (.'ream and 
eliiirniug room. G — IJutter working and d(!livering room. 7/ — Refrig- 
<'ralor. a a — (Jhccse vats, h — Curd sink. r. c — Wash vats, d d — 
Chiiriis. r — Hnller worker. / — Hoiler. (j — Kngine. // // — Whey 
drains. 



(;7H TIIK AMK1{K:AN FAIIMER S STOCK ISOOK. 

burrowing of rats. The walls of the dairy-house should be plastered 
and should receive a coat of liaid finish, so that they may be washed 
when necessary. The ice-house should be plastered with water-lime, and 
a vacancy left between the ice and the bottom of the house, to allow the 
water an easy way to escape thence into the cooling pool. 

V. The Management of Milk. 

The management of milk recpiires care in every stage from milking until 
it is converted into butter or cheese. We have used great care in tlu! past, 
as author and editor, in writing u|)on this subject both from a practical 
experience and from the writings of the best authorities. The following 
directions, reproduced so far as may be necessary to a fair understanding 
of the subject, will pretty fully cover the ground. If the reader wishes 
to enter into the niinutiaj of the subject, in every particular, the works of 
Willard, Arnold and other authorities will be found useful. 

VI. Patent Creameries. 

There are various ways of setting milk ; among them is the Hardin 
method, in which the milk is strained directly after being drawn into deep 
pails and then covered with a tight lid to exclude air and water, the refrig- 
erator having an ice space above the pails, from which ice water con- 
stantly drips below. If there is a spring of very cold water at hand this 
may be used instead of ice. 

The Coaley system consists in setting the milk in deep cans, which have 
close fitting covers, and are surrounded by ice cold water. If the heat 
and animal odor be exi)elled before putting in, there is no tainting or sour- 
ing. The cream is taken perfectly sweet, in from twelve to twenty-four 
hours. By this system a medium-sized refrigerator box may contam the 
milk of a dozen cows. Both the systems mentioned arc patented. 

If the milk is set in open pans under the old system, see that there is no 
taint of foul odors near. And all utensils must be regularly cleaned and 
scalded, not merely with hot, but with actually boiling, water. The 
essence of success in dairying is absolute cleanliness in every depart- 
ment, and in every stage of progress from milking to i)acking the butter 
and cheese. 

Vn. Driving off Animal Odors. 

It is important that the aninud odor be driven off before raising the 
cream or setting the cheese. This is done by contact with pure air. The 
milk is poured into a receiver, in the bottom of which are small holes, 
through which the milk is allowed to drop into a tank. This tank stands 
in cold water nearly to its brim : in this the milk remains until quite cold. 



DAKYINO AND DAIRY BUILDINGS. 679 

when it is ready for further manipulatiou. Ileatiug the milk to 100 or 
110 degrees will answer the same purpose; and then allow it to cool. 
The former however is the better plan. 

VIII. Temperature of the Dairy Room. 

The temperature of the dairy room should never be above (50 degrees, 
and this is tlu; proper temperature for churning cream. The temperature 
of the milk shoukl be kept as near 40 degrees as possible ; and in the 
storage room for butter the temperature should be kept as low as 40 de- 
grees if possible. 

IX. Butter Making in Europe. 

Prof. Caldwell, of Cornell University, gives tiie following as among 
his observations in Europe : Among the diiferent systems prevalent in 
Europe, we notice the Dutch method in which the milk is cooled dow^n to 
60 degrees in a water tank, which requires usually from one and a half to 
two hours, and the milk is then set to the depth of four or five inches in 
a room where the temperature ranges from 54 to (JO degrees, and remains 
about twenty-four hours ; tlie HoJstein method, in which tlie milk is set 
at about the same temperature, without being first cooled in water, to the 
depth of one and one-half to two and one-half inches ; the Devonshire 
method, described as long ago as 1784, where the milk is put in a cool 
room, standing at a depth not greater than from three to four inches for 
twelve hours ; the vessel containing it is then set over tlie fire and heated 
till blisters begin to appear in the cream, or to about 200 degrees, when 
it is set aside again for twelve hours ; the cream is very firm in consistency 
and can be made into butter by simple kneading, and has a sweet, pleasant 

taste. 

X. Dairy Butter in the West. 

Mr. C. C. Buell, one of the best dairyman in the West, describes his 
method of butter making in the following concise manner : Cows were 
common stock — Durham grades and sprinkling of Jersey. Fed by running 
in fresh corn stalks during day time, on Timothy and clover at night; iu 
stable, with two messes of meal daily, consisting, by measure, of two 
parts corn and one part oats, together with the greater part of the sour 
milk and buttermilk from the dairy room. Number of cows, forty. The 
milk was strained through an iron strainer into deep pails, as soon as 
drawn, standing in open air until the milUing was finished. It was then 
strained again into the same pails through a double thickness cloth strainer. 
The milk was set in a room without fire, temperature being between 40 
and 50 degrees, Fahi-enheit. During a part of the time, the temperature 
being above 50 degrees, the milk was set in water twelve hours. The 
milk was skimmed after standing twelve to forty-eight hours, it being 



CHO 'I'm; AMI';ilI('AN I'AUMI'MI h htock hook. 

cDiiHiilcrril iIohIi'iiIiUMu mix IIk^ rinwi^r iiikI iiI<I<t ('i'(^iiiii, for (lut hiiIui of 
diivoi' ; ImiI, (liii wliolt' Hlood iiii.\(Ml I(ij;ii|1hm' IVoim Iwo lo roiir Iioiiik nl'lnr 
i\w IiihL Hkliiiiiiin^ and ditriti^ Ui« |it-o<MiHH ul' wai'iniii^ to propiM' tciii|)(tni- 
l.iii'it for cliiirHin;;', Most, of llio milk was HUlmiiuid u hiu'oikI Www, lliu 
(tri'iiiii Ix'iii^j,' iii('lii(l(M| ill II HiKMHH^diii;.' (-1111111111^. 

'I'lio t^liiini (ikIuhIi (^Iiiii-ii wil.li Holid (IiinIkii', HiirrariMiiidci'iiciilii coikuvc), 
wiiH hIiii'I.)>(I III II, l<-iii|i(M'iil,iin< of ('i2 d(^^n<0H ; mh Mm Imllrrmilk Ix'^^iiii to 
n|i|)(Mir II t'oiipid of gallons of lolci-aliiy Htriiii<:; liriiui was adtlcd al. a loin- 
|M'i'iiluro of M tIcffi'CKH, and llui (iliiini Hloppcd a inoiiioiii iifUnvMii'd, — uh 
wilii lli(( nddilion of llx^ brim', <if llic pro/irr /iinpcni/iur, (Iki imUrr Hcp- 
iiratcH very riipldiv. Ah mmli Itriiip nn iiiM'(>HHar_v wiih used in wiwiiinj!; 
down MidcH of rliiini, cnvcr tiiid (liisin-r. Tim ImiMi'I' wiih llicn <lippi'd into 
a liiilii of iidl iiiiirc liiaii two jj;Mil()iiH of liriiu' ; a cliiiriiiiij; of forty ortiflj 
poiimlH licim;' wiiNJii'd in fi>iir piiilsi, in ||io hiiiiio liriiic l{(<inov*Ml to a 
woi'kcr with rolliiiij; li>v('i ; liu' Imllfr was ho liiiiidlcd an lo mi.\ witii tiio 
proper iimiiiml. of siiif wilii liii< leant working;' poHHilile. It wiih tlicn pliiced 
in a (nil nli^iitly piifked, covered witli lirine.iind nllowed lo Hliind three or 
for lionrH, when it WIIH nenin plnreil nn (he wmlver, lif;lill_v worked nnd 
paekeU for market. 

XI. Mow to Oolor lliiUor. 

(lood ^rriiHH liiill(>r ikmmjh no eolorini;. Itnt it Iiiih hoeoino faHhionii)il«\ 
now-ii-davN, to color nil Imtter (hat diatn not «'ome np to the rcil "f^riiHS 
color;" iinnotia in the HiiliHtimce iim(mI. It^ in innocent, ami in now Hold 
prepared eHpeciiilly for diiiryinen'H line. 'I'he (|nantitvt(i lie lined iihihI, he 
del<'rmiiied liy cxpiM'inicnt ac<Mirdinf;' to tlieHcuHon. l>o not (^olortoo jii^li 
— ralhor under than over the true yellow of eiasH Imlter. 

X[l. UalltuK- 

•liiHt iiH the IniltiM' in formin;,? in uninnlcH in the churn, Hiiddenly reduce 
(lie ti'mperiiliire l>y meiuiH of icti water to iihoiit ^(i dej^recH. 'riu» lnitli>r 
will Mill then iiiUHH to^'clluM'. WiihIi miuI l:ik(' mil of lli<< rliiini iiiid place 
it (III Hie .-hili for working;', ami giv(< it three (|u.'iilei'H of nii oimce of Halt 
1(1 the pound of Itnttcr. 'I'hin in liu,ht Hailing:,. One <)iiiic<> is the uHiiiil 
rule; iind tnie ounce iiiul a ((inirter to th(> pound is lii':ivy sidlin;;. Uho 
iKiiie lull the lient null. iveni<'inli(>r tliiil s:ill is not used to pri>Herve tlio 
liiiller, lint to Inin^ ont its llnvor. Ncv<>r euess id the Minount of salt; 
\\(<i^h tint iaitter and then add the proper propoition of salt. 

XI II. How (o I'aeU llultor. 

Never use tiny Iml the l)(>sl new , cIcmii p.'ickngfs. L(«t them he ii!\iform 
!ii size and appearaneo ; a HJovenly package will often condemn (he l)est 



I)AII!V1\(I AND DAIln 111 1 1 1.1 H N( IS. (581 

l.iillcr. Tlic Imttcr l.ciiij,^ iil. a luiiipcnidin! of (SO di-j^riui.M, nib the jj.ick- 
aiic, .sidrs luul Ipoltiiiii, willi .siill, put in a iniaulily of IiuIUm- iioL iiiori' 
iliMii \ciii(;iii t^vciily anil liniily prc-^.s <-l(>scly lo tlm h'uU^h. So (u)iiliiiiui 
iiiilil the pMckaijc is lillcd (o williin an iiK'li of (lio lop. Lay on u clolli wcl. 
Willi liiiiK^Miid iialf an iiicli larj^cr Uiaii (lie p:iri\iii;ii. VVorU (lii) cd-ius down, 
and i()V<r wi(li, .sa\ , a <|ii!irlcr of an in<ii (»f sail ; cover liiiM willi aiiollicr 
riolii. Iliad lip llic parka^ic and iioiv a liuic lliioii^li liic Inad ; (ill up 
widi brine, pliij;- lij^lil. Keep al a low (enipeial lire and wlien il is wauled 
llio liiiUcr will Ik^ found fiood, 

XIV. I'ropiiring ii riiokago tor Ubo. 

Sonili tlii'in llioroni;iiiy, onl.side and iiiHide, willi ii hnisii iind dean lioL 
water. Kill tliein willi piir(i cold widerand let. Mk^iii hIiiikI (wo days. Then 
Hciiil) ajiiiiii, liiisi^ with cold water, rnh tlioi<in;;lily with Hall, and they aro 
roady f»)r uho. Henri whit«( oak make.H lh(( Ixi.st Iml.t.er I.uIih. 

XV. CliooHo Milking Cluxldiir CliooHO. 

'Hio inakiii;^ of ('heddar and ('he.Hhire cIkm'si^ i.s de.sc,rilie(| liy a cele- 
Inaled iMiuiish maker as follows. 

Choddar Chooso. 'he inoniin^^'s and (^vi'ninjf's milk art) toj^c^thei- 
liiiiiiLdil 111 a l<iiiperaliire of HO di'j;'i'ees l''ahr. If llie nij^iit has la^en 
warm, a lemperal iii c of 7.S dc-jfreoH will {^iv(» iis irn'M cffeiiliveneHH to 
11 jjiven (inaiilily of rennet as one of Hi! or M dcerces would )j;ive if 
the milk had heen at. a lower lemperal lire for .'^oliK^ liuiirs of a cold 
ni^lil. The eveiiinu's milk h.iviii;;' heen placed in shallow Vl^sN(r|H diir- 
inj^ the niuht to coul, and liaviii;;' heen slirred al inlervalH (liirill<{ fho 
cvcnm^r, is skimmed in the morniii;;', and the cream willi a portion of 
the milk, is healed up In 100 (le;;'rees hy Ihmtiii;^' it in tin vi'sscls on 
the holler. 'I'lie whole of il is then poured Ihroiijiii n proper' siiH'o 
iiilii the lull — into which the in()rninf^''H milk is lieiii;f also stiriHul aH 
it arrives — .so as to rais<i IIk! whoh^ a« 1 have said, lo from 7H to H2 
de^^rees Kahr. This liih may ho a larj!;(! tin vessid, <'apahle of holdiiiff 
IfiO ffiilloiiM, and provided with false hottom and Hides, emihlin;^' hot 
or cold water to he passed under iiiid around its contt^nts. Tlit^ rennet, 
made from two or three dozen veils, in as many i|uarts of salt watiM', 
and allowed to stand threes wi'cks, is added — hidf a pint to 100 
i;allons-- and the curd .scis in ahoiil half :in Imnr. The small \clls 
(rennets) of Irish caKis, wliiihare kilhd al alioiil a wi'ck old, are pr(5- 
ferr (i, and llicy should he ci^hlecn moiilhs old licfoic iisi^ 'I'lu! (Mll'd \h 
hIowI/ cut with 11 hinj^le lon;^ blade to and fro t.liroit<;hout its di^pt h, ill 
lines formiii}^ ii 'l-iindi mesh upon the Hiirface, and the whole ma^;< is 
gently tiiriie<l over from the bottom with a skimiiiiii<r dish and the hand. 



682 '''III': AMKIUCAN lAltMKU S STOCK ItOOK. 

I'lic wlioUi ia tli(^ii a<riiiii worked throiii^hout witli ii "shovol hrcakor," a 
f()iii-rnij;iTcd |)a(lillt! willi wires aitrosstlu! (iiif^ers — great caro beiiiif takcMi 
to do it {!;<'iitly, so tliat the whey shall uot Ixicoino too white. The curd 
is thus l)rokeii up into pierces not nuieh larger tlhan i)eas, and at least half 
an hour is takcMi in the proecss. Hot water is tiien let into the spaee 
around and hclow the chee.so tub, ai,id the whoio is raised to 100 deg. 
Fahr. ; and tliis, too, is done gradually, so as to raise the wlioUi by dtv 
grees, not heating any portion (o excess. 'I'his also takes half an hour. 
The hot water is liien diawn off, and the curd is stirred tiy (he hand and 
a skimming dish for another half hour in the midst of its hot whey, l)e- 
ing at: last redut^'d to a mass of separate bit*< the ,si/,o of small i)cas. 
'I'h(^ whey, after settling for half an hour, is then removed — ladled, sy- 
phoned, or drawn — in its vat, where it stands about six inches deei), and 
is skimnuMJ next day, yielding a butler which should not exceed in (|u;ni- 
tity six to eight ounces per cow per week. 

'I'lie curd stands half an hour after the whey is diawii off, and it is 
tlien <'ut in four or five pieces, tui'ned over and left fur half :ni hour, 
after which it is again cut and left for a quarter of an hour. Aflci- this, 
it should be in the slight(^st degre(5 airid to the tast(\ If allowed to b(v 
come too acid, it will not press inU> a solid, well-shaped cheese, but will 
be a{)t to sink broad misshapen. It is now torn into pieces by hand and 
left to cool ; and thercNifter it is j)a(ked in successivo thin layers in tho 
vat — a cylindrical or wooden vessel twelve in(^hes or luore wide and 
tw(!lve inches deep — whence*, after IxMng presscil for half an hour, it is 
taken out (it is then probal)ly midday,) and broken up by hand, and 
allowed again to cool, 'riien, when cool, and hard, and sour, and dry, 
and tough (>nough, (all this, of course, being left to tiio judgment of the 
maker), it is ground up in the curd mill ; two pounds of salt ari' added 
to the <^wt. of curd, and the whole is allowed to cool, and as soon us 
cold, it is put in the vat, and taken to press. It is then probably ;5 p. 
m. Ihe pressure on the eheoso iiuiy be IH ewt. Tho cloth is changed 
next morning. A calico coating is laced on it tho second tlay, and tho 
tiiird day the cheese may be taken from the press, j)la'.'ed in the eheeso 
room, bandaged, aiul turned tlailj', and afterwards less frecpuintly. The 
clu'cse room should be kept at neai-ly (if) degices Fahr. The eheeso will 
not bo ready for sale for three months. 'I"he process of making Cheddar 
cheese lasts all day, and th(\ cheeses are nnule of various sizes, gi'U(>r:dly 
twelve inches wide and a foot iiigh, but sonu-times larger in both dimcn- 
sions, and from 70 to 100 pounds in weight ; the object being to make all 
the milk of one day on a farm of tliirty to foity I'ows into a singU' 
cheese. 



DAIItYINO AND DAIKV III 1 1,1)1 N(iH . 688 

XVI. Choahiro Choose. 

('h(!Hhiro cheese, lik<! tlie Clieddiir, in iiiiido Diily once a day. The 
evening's milk is placed, not more than six to H(!V(;n inehcH de(4), in tin 
vess(,'ls to cool dnrinji 11i<! niglil, on tlu; iloor of the dairy ; it is skimmed 
in thenioniin;:, and a certain poHion is \n'\)t. for hutlcu- — in eajly SiimnKif, 
only enouf^ii, perhaps, for (he use of the house, hut in Autunni more, and 
in some dairi<fH at htast, nt^ai'ly all llie mornin<i''s ci'ciam is thus taken for 
churning. 'I'he skinmied cream, with a porlion of milk, is heated up to 
liiO deg. Fiihr. hy floating the tins \vhi<;ii hold it, on the hoiler — sidlicient 
quantity heing taken to raise the whole of the evening's and morning's 
milk together to !•() d(!g. or thereahouts. TIk^ rennet is niatie the day 
hefore it is us(!d ; 12 or 14 s((uare inehcw of "veil " (n^nnet skin) standing 
in a pint of salt water, kept in a warm jilace, making I'cnncjt <!nough for 
10(1 gallons of milk. The; Irish veil (rennet skin) is used, as it is ohtained 
from very young and milk-fed calv(!s. 

The eurd is set about r>() minutes ; it is then cut with the usual curd- 
breaker, a si(!V(!-shap(^d cutter, very slowly. The wh(ry is syphotu^d, 
pumixd, or lifted out as soon as i)ossibl<! ; but before it is all removed a 
portion is (on som(! farms where (he(Jh(!ddar systtMii is followed), heated 
and returned to tlu! tul), and the curd is left in this hot whey for half an 
hour. The whey is then drained away and the curd is left to get (irm. 
When firm enough to stand on the hand in cubes of about a pound W(Ugh( 
— this is an intelligent indication — without breaking asunder, it is lifted 
out on the drainer (a false bottom of rods), in a longtub with a stop-cock 
to it, and thens left covered up for 4.'j minutes, uft(!r which it is In-oken 
up and well mixed with the hand with 3 1-2 to 4 1-2 lbs. of salt per cwt. 
It is then allowed to stand with a light weight upon it for about three- 
(|uarters of an hour longer, and is turned ov(;r onc(i or twice during the 
time, Ixiingeut for the purpose; into squat (!S with a knife. It is then twice 
passed thi'ough tlu! curd mill, and at length put into tlu; vat, a <'loth being 
first pressed into place by a tin hooj), and the salted eurd being packed 
g(!ntly by hand within it. TIk; vats will hold a eht^'se of 70 or HO ui) to 
100 lbs; and tin hoofjs, placed within (hem, ai'e us(!d to eko them out, 
and give capacity for a larger ((uantity of curd if neecissary. After stand- 
ing in (he va( , with a weight upon i(, from one (o two hours, according 
to till! weath(!r, it is (urned over and pu(, still in i(s vat, in(o (he oven, — 
a warm chamber in or m-ar (lu) briekw(jrk of (luMlaiiy (thiimu^y — where it 
remains at a (enqjerature of 1)0 deg. to 100 deg. during (he night. Hoth 
when in the press and here the cheese is skewered, skewers being thrust 
in(o it through holes in the vat and every now and then withdrawn, so as 
to facilitate tlie drainage of the whc}'. The <-hccse is taken out of the 



(!S4 THE AMEltlCAN FAKMEK's STOCK BOOK. 

vat in the morning and turned upside down in a frcsli cloth. It is in the 
])rcss three days, and it is turned in the press twice a day, l)eing dry- 
clothed each time. It is then taken out dry-clothed, bandaged, and re- 
moved to the cheese room, where it is turned daily, and at length only 
occasionally, until it is ready for sale. In some dairies all skewering is 
dispensed with, and no pressure is used at the time of making, nor for 
two days afterwards, but the whey is allow'ed to run out of its own ac- 
cord. Cheese manufactured in this way requires from 5 to 7 days in dry- 
ing, but afterwards matures more cjuickly for market. 

The cheese varies considerably in quality throughout the year, the 
eailier make of March and Ai)ril being considerably less valuable than 
that of Summer and early Autumn. Some of this varying quality is 
owing to the quality of the milk, the cows being house-fed ; but more of 
it is, in all probability, owing to the necessity of holding a jjortion of 
curd over from day to da}^ when the quantity is insufficient to make even 
one, or it may be two, full-sized cheeses daily. In such cases it is com- 
mon to make one full-sized cheese, and hold the remainder of the curd 
over till the next day, keeping it wrai)ped up on the drainer or pan, and 
grinding it up in the curd-mill along with the curd of the next morning. 

XVTI. How to Prepare Remiets. 

Rennet is a preparation of the membrane of the stomach of grass eating 
animals, taken at an age so young that they have taken no nourishment 
except the milk of the dam. In its broad sense it is an infusion of ani- 
mal membrane. The stomachs of pigs are sometimes used, but those of 
calves are the best. Taken when the calf is from two to six weeks old 
they arc better than when taken at any other time. 

They are now an article of commerce, and are regularly kept by dealers. 
They may be prepared by the following directions, with or without spices, 
as the fancy may dictate : Rennet never should be taken from the calf 
till the excrement shows the animal to be in perfect health. It should be 
emptied of its contents, salted and dried, without scraping or rinsing, and 
kept dry for one year, when it will be fit for use. It should not be allowed 
to gather dampness, or its strength will evaporate. To prepare it for 
use, into ten gallons of water (blood warm) put ten rennet's, churn or rub 
1 hem often for twenty-four hours, then rub and press them to get the 
strength ; stretch, salt and dry them as before. They will gain strength 
for a second use, and may be used when the weather will admit of soak- 
ing them to get the full strength. Make the liquor as salt as can be 
made, strain and settle it, separate it from sediment, (if any,) and it is 
fit for use. Six lemons, two ounces of cloves, two ounces of cinnamon, 
and two ounces of common sage are sometimes added to the liquor to 



DAIKVINU AND UAIUY BUILDINGS 685 

preserve its flavor and quicken its action. If kept cool in a stone jar, it 
will keep sweet any length of time desired, and a uniform strength can 
be secured while it lasts. Stir it before dipping off to set milk; take 
enough of it to curdle milk firm in forty minutes. 

The ordinary way of saving the rennets, however, is as follows : The 
rennets should be taken out immediately after the animal is killed, turned 
inside out without washing, thoroughly cured with dairy salt, perfectly 
dried, and then kept in strong paper sacks until wanted for use. For use, 
the rennets should be soaked in clean whey, saturated with salt for twenty- 
four houi's before using, frequently squeezing them with the hand, that 
they may become thoroughly macerated. After being soaked, the liquor 
should be kept as cold as possible without freezing, and in tight vessels. 



PART IV 



Diseases of Cattle. 

now 'IV) KNOW Tlliai; I'lIIMi: CAflSKS, I'lflOVION- 
TION AM) COitIO 



Diseases of Cattle. 



CHAPTER I. 



GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 



I. IMPORTANCE OF THIS DEPARTMEXT OF PRACTICE. II. PATHOLOGY OF CATTLE 

AXD OK THE HORSE COMPARED. III. ACTION OP REMEDIES LN CATTLE. IV. 

THE ONLT SAFE PRINCIPLES FOR MOST CATTLE OWNERS. V. FAMILIARIZE YOUR- 
SELF WITH THE PHENOMENA OP HEALTH. VI. THE PULSE, RESPIRATION AND 

TEMPERATURE. VII. OTHER SPECIAL SIGNS OF DISEASE. 

As cattle occupy a foremost place in the wealth aud resources of the 
country, furnishhig its beef, milk, butter and cheese, and, as secondary 
products, its hides, tallow, glue, animal charcoal, etc., the prevention of 
disease among them — especially, of contagious diseases — and their treat- 
ment when sick, liecome very important, not only from a financial 
standpoint, but also from considerations of the public health and com- 
fort. 

II. Pathology of Cattle and of the Horse Compared. 

Cattle are a plileuinatic, plethoric race of animals, intended by nature 
to eat large quantities of bulky food, to be digested h'ing down and by 
the process of rumination, and to take but little exercise. This fat, ple- 
thoric condition of the system renders them more susceptible to certain 
classes of diseases than the horse, especially to the blood poisons, that 
with them are so rapidly and certainly fatal, such as rinderpest, anthrax, 
variola, etc. Onthe other hand, their nervous organizationbeing much less 
sensitive, they are not nearly so liable to attacks of such disorders as 
tetanus, paralysis, etc. 

Cattle not being fed to produce muscle without fat, are not subject to 
lameness and disease of the air-passages to the s:unc extent as the horse, 
with whom speed and endurance are the main jioiiits. In fact, soundness 
or unsoundness, as the terms are used by horscnu-ii, is of little importance 
to the cattle owner, so long as the animal can move with any degree of 
comfort at all ; while such affections of the wind-passages as roaring, 
whistling and heaves are to him unknown. Still, that distressing, incur- 
able disease, so common in tlie human race, pulmonary consumption, 



(>'.H) THK AMERICAN FAUMEli S STOCK liOOK. 

is very prevalent iunoiii^ certiiiii chisses of cattle, us a i-esult of too imich 
iii-and-iii hrcedinL;-, or of overfeediiii;- and foreint; on hiiiiiiv stiniulat- 
ing diet. 

On account of tlieir lower grade of vitality, they are more susceptible 
to inrtuences that develop h)etil diseases, as, for example, the miasma of 
low, marshy ground, especially that which has been overflowed : and also 
to })oor fodder, from must, or being affected with ergot, etc. 

There is a peculiar .sympathy in disea.se among cattle, as is illustrated in 
regard to abortion. It is a familiar experience that if one cow aborts 
through accident, one or more of the others will abort through sympathy. 

Owing to their natural tendency to plethora, cattle seem pecuiliarly pre- 
disposed to malignant ulcers, swellings, glandular enlargements and even 
gangrene. To these they are more sul)jeet than any other of the domes- 
tic animals. 

The nostrils, pharynx, larynx and trachea (wind-pipe) are much smaller 
than in the horse, which is one reason why they cannot travel so fast nor 
so long as the latter, — the wind fails. This also explains why suffocation 
is a more imminent danger in cases of throat inflammation in cattle than 
in horses, needing specially prompt and active treatment, even to the op- 
ei'ation of tracheotomy. 

The different arrangement of the digestive apparatus in cattle as com- 
pared with the horse, is very marked, the former having four distinct 
stomachs, while the latter has only one stonuich, but a greattu- length of 
intestines, which are also much more sensitive. Inflammation of the 
bowels, so common with the horse, is quite rare with the ox. 

Cattle are less tolerant of disease and pain than the horse. They give up 
in discouragement, after one or two attempts, and pine away under pain 
very fast. They soon become indifferent to life, often refusing to make 
one effort to rise when perfectly al)le to do so ; and, as weakness follows 
more rapidly in inflanunator}' diseases, these require more energetic 
measures and an earlier administration of tonics and stimulants than when 
treating the horse. 

III. Action of Remedies in Cattle. 

Remembering the phlegmatic nature of cattle, remedies work very dif- 
ferently with them than >vilh tlu^ horse. Medicines should always be 
given them in licpiid form, and more bulky than for the horse ; and 
they should contain something in the nature of a mild stimulant to 
ha.sten their passage through the first three stomachs, and on to the fourth 
stomach and intestines, where they can be taken up into the system l)y 
the absorlients. 



GENERAL PRINCirLES. 691 

Aloes, though so excellent :i [)iug:itive f(n- horses, is of no use with 
cattle ; while epsoni salts, that are so drastic and cold for horses, on 
cattle work like a charm. Calomel and other forms of mercury act 
violently on cattle, salivating them very soon, and is excreted through 
the milk, often affecting sucking calves seriously. Oils, used as purga- 
tives, act Avell on cattle, and especially melted lard. Mustard, as a l)lister, 
acts with more vigor on cattle than on the horse, but turpentine less. 

IV. The Only Safe Principles for Most Cattle Owners. 

But few outside of the more common diseases of cattle will he treated 
of in this work, the better to adapt it for its ready use, as a l)ook for 
reference, by the average stock owner : and the recipes will be as few and 
simple as they can be made without detracting from their value. It is a 
mistake to suppose that any great variety of violent drugs can be used 
with advantage by the public generally. The public would, no doubt, 
learn by experience, but it would be at the cost of losing many valuable 
animals. What we advocate and would like to instil into the minds of 
our readers, in conjunction with the importance of thorough preventive 
measures, is to treat the ordinary diseases as early and vigorously as pos- 
sible, with the simplest efficient I'emedies, and when any extraoi'dinary 
case arises i-equiring more violent means, to employ an educated, well 
qualified veterinary surgeon. 

V. Familiarize Yourself with the Phenomena of Health. 
As it is obvious that no person is fitted to treat disease who is unable 
to distinguish at least its prominent symptoms, every stock owner 
should familiarize himself with the ordinary phenomena of healtii, espe- 
cially with the pulse, respiration and temperature. Scarcely less im- 
portant than these, in many forms of disease, are the appearance of the 
hair and skin, and that of the eye ; the posture and movements ; and the 
character and frecpiency of the appetite, and also of the discharges. 

VI. The Pulse, Respiration and Temperature. 

The normal pulse in cattle ranges from fifty to fifty-five per minute ; 
in old animals, Ijut especiaJh' in calves, it is somewhat more. The pulse 
is the nu)st conveniently taken from the artery passing over tlie middle 
of the first rili, or else tliat beneath the tail. In health it is softer and 
less tense than it is in the horse. 

The breathing it requires no special skill to diagnose — onl}' a moderate 
amount of practice. The soft, rustling sound of the healthful " respira- 
tory murmur," when the ear is placed to the chest, is altogether changed 
when there is any ailment affecting the lungs or air passages. The num- 
ber of respirations per minute (ordinarily ten to fifteen in cattle) can be 



692 TIIK AMEHICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. 

ciisily coiuitcd l)y tlic liciiviiig of tlic I'liesl. Soim- pnictici', however, 
Avill he reniiii'i'il to in:iku one a fir.st-nite judge of the sound ohtiiincd hy 
percussion, whiiih, in iicaltli, is always eh-ar and resonant. Percussion 
consists in j)Ia<!ing tlie forctingcr of tiie left hand upon the chest, and 
striking it smartly with the ends of the tirst three lingers of the right 
hand. 

'Pile ti'inperature, in all animals, is a vital index of unsur[)assed value. 
It can he ai)proximately measured hy feeling the skin, ears and legs, — in 
cattle the horns also, at their root. But what is termed the "clinical 
thermometer," which is so shaped that its hull) can he conveniently inser- 
ted into the rectum, (to remain two or three minutes), is infinitely better, 
as it gives results so much more exact. Its use has cstahlished the hn- 
portant fact that different febrile diseases have different ranges of tem- 
perature, each having its own "dead-line," beyond which recovery is im- 
possible. Thus, a horse with cerebro-spinal meningitis will certainly die 
soon after reaching a temperature of 104 ° ; yet lOS ^ or even 109 ® 
by no means indicate a falal termination, in a case of pneumonia. 

VII. Other Special Signs of Disease. 

A "staring coat," as it is ternu'd, in which the hairs stand out like 
bristles, is an obvious symptom, and sometimes the onl}' one, of a low 
state of health. Shivering, when the animal is exposed to only moder- 
ate cold or to none at all, challenges innncdiate attention ; for it is, infal- 
libly, the ushering in of an. attack of some disease, usually severe. Cold 
sweat coming out on the skin of an animal severely ill indicates a desper- 
ate, if not fatal, condition. The posture when standing, the nu'lhod of 
lying down or getting up, the action in moving around, — llicsc aic all 
signiticani, and siiould be noted carefully. 

Tiic countcuanrc, and esi)ecially the eye, if observed closely, \\\\\ Ix-tray 
the distress and pain which the diunb suffer»>r cannot expi-ess in words. 
The muzzle, wliicii in hcaitii is nuiist, (or covered with "dew," as many 
call it ), in disease, es[)ecially in fever, becomes umiaturally hot and dry 
(u- cold, and sometinu>s changed in color — sometimes paler, but more 
commonly injected with blood. One of the earliest signs of serious con- 
stitutional distin-l)ance, as well as of certain special disorders, in the case 
of cattle, is the sus[)ension of rumination, — that is, ceasing to chew the 
cud. A nearly coincident general symptom, in cows, is the drying up of 
the milk. 



CHAPTER n. 



CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 



I. fONTAOIOUS PLEURO-PNEIIMONIA. II. KINDERPEST OU CATTLE PLAOUE. 

III. TEXAS FEVER, SPANISH OR SPLENIC FEVER. IV. CONTAGIOUS ECZEMA, 

FOOT ANU MOUTH DISEASE OU EPIZOOTK: APHTHA. V. ANTHRAX. VI. VA- 
RIOLA VACCINA OK COW-POX. 

I. Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia. 

This is tiio most fatul aiid contaij^ious of tiie diseases to whicii cattle are 
subject, cxct'pt rinderpest, (a contagious enteric fever), Avliich lias never 
yet gotten a hold in America, and Texas or Spanisli fever, (spU^nic f(!ver). 
It is still successfully conlined to the region in which it was first intro- 
duced, viz : The region contiguous to New York city, and ])ortions of 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dc^Iaware and ^Maryland. It is, in fact, now 
restricted to comparatively nai-row limits, and it is to be hoped that the 
strict measures taken to prevent its spread will keep it conlined entirely 
to tiiat portion of the counliy east of the Allegheny nu)untains. 

It is a contagious fever of cattle, with local inflammation of tiie pleura, 
(the thin membrane lining the thorax and investing the lungs), accom- 
panied by great jjrostration, and in its more malignant forms ending in 
death in a few days. It is, however, often slow in its development, weeks, 
or even months elapsing during which the contagion works in the system, 
before finally revealing its fatal symptoms. 

So terribly contagious is this disease that but little assurance can be 
given that any known remedy will i)rovo valuable, since in the attempt to 
cure one animal, the whole herd may be attacked. Hence, the farmer 
suspecting it in his herd should at once apply to a comijctent vi-terinary 
surgeon, if there is one Mithin reach, to v(?rify the disease. If such ex- 
pert authority be not at hand, kill the animal or animals at once, slash 
the skin to prevent any i)crson from digging the animal up for the sake 
of the hide, and bury deeply ; if (juick lime can be gotten, use it freely 

693 



(594 



TiiK a:mi;i!I(an fakmkii s stock isook. 



over tlu- cin^-iss. 'i'licii (lisinCci't carefully all slahlcs and oiillioiiscs, and 
in caso oilier animals are snspeeleil, isolale and iinarantine llieni and 
ll\vai( dex-elippnienls. 

How to know it. — 'I'lie earlier symptoms arc 
apt to i)ass unnoticed. 'I'lic tiisl is a rise in 
temperature to lO.'!- oi- l()(i= l'\, shown hy 
introduciui;' a clinical tliennomelcr into tlu^ 
i-ectum, tlie a\'el'ai;-e fcmperatiu'c heinij,' 101 - ; 
there \\ill lie loss of ajjpetite ; a slariuii' ''<';d : 
slight shi\ ei-inus ; a liai'd, dry eouiiii ; a loss of 
milk: scindv urine, lii<;iier oi' darUer colored 
than usual. Then will follow tenderness upoii 
pressure liet ween the ril)s oxer the luuii's ; the 
cough will increase ; and the lii-eathing (|uicken ; 
the nose will extend : the hack lie arched ; the 
hind legs will lie drawn imder t he liody , and I he 
olliows will lie turned out. liatei', tlu'l-e will 
lie a water\' or a more pronounced discharge 
of matter from the eyes and nose; obstinate 
constipation, or a watery fcetid diarrlKea ; !i 
rapid weakening of the system, ending in 
death. 

Upon percussion (strikiui:) over the lungs, 
there will he given back, in the earlier stages, 
ii clear, resonant sound ; later, it will be <lull 
and heavy. So, in the first stage, there will be 
a drv, crackling sound ; later, it will be a whist- 
ling or roue'h hi't'at lung sound. Any (d' these 
may be easily distinguished from the somul 
occasiouetl b-\- percussion upon an animal in 
health. 

In .Vmcric.a plcui'o-pnenmonia does not 
sliow the most \ iolent symptoms except in wai'm 
weather. \o\ this \-ery slow incidialion shows 
the extreme care that should be exercised in 
watchfulness, 'i'he seeds of the disease once 




ri.l.l KO-rXKlIMONIA. 



Section of iincclcil luiitr In contn. 
(jious pleuro.pneuiimnin 
end shows black hepali: 

inreHoi,u7ahnfitatinnan;u^^^^^^^ of timc, and wami wcat her will bring out the 

blocked vessels „,e shown. disease ill all ils intensity. 

What to do. — As to remedial measures, it seems useless for tlH> farmer 
to report to them, since this is a disease that the veterinarian alone can 
cope with, and thi'U <nilv when perfect isolation may be had. The safest 



<()N r\<ii()i's i)i,si:a.sios. fif)5 

and also tlio dicapost jjlaii, is proiiii)! killing and burial of infected ani- 
mals, tlioi'oiigli isolation of the rest of the herd, and ))erfeet disinfection. 
In tlie matter of disinfeclidn, tiic easic^st, cheapest and l)est way is to re- 
move all animals from tiie barn or shed, and close it up tightly and litu'ii 
sulphur in it foi- a coui»le of hours ; then open and air il , and whitewasii 
il tiioroughly willi lime. 

Prevention. — Proper quarantine of stock imported into this country, 
for il periixl of time sufficiently long to decide for a certainly, that no 
latent contagion is hanging around thcni, say two montiis ; destruction of 
all affected animals ; and isolation of those that have been exposed to the 
contagion. Some very high authorities in Europe recommend inoculation 
of those that have been exposed, and even of whole herds and dairies. 
It is a disease, the occurrence of \vhich in an animal once, confers immu- 
nity from subse(|uent attacks. It is found that inoculation does not 
always jjroduce the same disease, at least the disease produced by inocu- 
lation is not always located in'thc same i)lace, but the constitutional effe(!t 
is produccid with the same r(!sult of innniniity from subsequent attacks as 
the original disease ; and the jjroportion of deaths among inoculated ani- 
mals is small as compared with those who take the disease in its rcgidar 
couisc. 

'i'hc ((tnclusions arrived at by the Belgian Conimis.'jion in regard to 
inoculation, as stated by Prof. Gamgce, are as follows: 

" I. The inoculation of the licjuid extracted from the lungs of an 
animal affected with pleuro-pneumonia does not transmit to healthy ani- 
mals of the same species the same disease, at all events so far as its seat 
is concerned. 2. The appreciable phenomena' which follow the inocula- 
tion are those of local inthunmation, which is circumscribed and slight on 
a cei'tain numbei- of animals inoculated ; extensive and diffuse, with gen- 
eral reaction proportioned to the local disease, arid conq)licated by 
gangrenous accidents on another number of inoculated animals, so that 
even death may result. 3. The inoculation of the licpiid fi-om the lungs 
of an animal affected with i)l(nn-o-|)ncumonia exerts a i)res(!rvative influ- 
ence, and invests the economy of tin; lai-ger number of animals subjc-c^ted 
to its influence with an innnunity which protects them from the contagion 
of this malady, during a period which has yet to be determined." 

The losses sustain(!d during the experiments of the Commission 
amounted to 11.11 per cent. Tlu^ number of animals on which the effect 
of inoculation was benignant, was (il.ll per cent.: the proi)ortion in 
which there was gangrene and loss of a portion of tiietail, 27.77 j)er 
cent. ; in tv;enty-one subjects the inllanimation was very s(!vcre, and 
complicated by gangrenous phenomena, causing the death of six ; and, 
lastlj', the recoveries amounted to 8M..SH per cent. 



696 TiiK a:\ii',i!ican fakmkk's stock hook. 

The place rccoinmciidcd to insert the virus is on the end of the tail, 
it being less liahlcto work violently, and terminate fatally from gangrene, 
when inserted there than at any other part. 

II. Kinderpost, or Contagious Enteric Fever. 

General Description. — Whatever may he said to the contrary, this 
tcrril)le j)lagiu' has never yet l)eon introduced into any of the countries of 
the American hemisphere. At least, there is no well authenticated record 
of any case. Its ravages have been mostly confined to the herds of 
Europe and Asia, and especially to those of the southern portion of. 
European Russia and adjacent districts. It is devoutly to be hoped it 
never will find its way to America, for it is terribly contagious, desper- 
ately fatal, and swift in its work of death. Where it originally started is 
not known. In Southern Russia, on the Asiatic steppes, in various parts 
of India, in Southern and Soutlnvestcrn China, Cochin China, in Mongo- 
lia, Burmah, Hindostaii, Persia, Thibet and Ceylon, it has long been 
known, and has Ijeen carried thence to various European States. 

The prin('ii)le of contagion has not yet been discovered, but when once 
an animal is affected, it extends to every tissue and secretion. It is, 
however, mostly contained in the secretions of the mucous mcmbi-anes, 
and healthy animals will be infected by coming near infected animals, or 
near anytiiing contaminated by their secretions and exhalations, and 
without actual contact. So, any object may be infected, and carry the 
disease indefinitely, as clothing, wool, hay, straw, litter, wood-work, for 
it may remain latent in any of these objects for a long time. For- 
tunately, air is said to ])e the most potent and eifcctive means of destroy- 
ing the virus; and hence, thorough aeration by a direct and continuous 
current of air is one of the best wa3's of diluting, and at length destroy- 
ing, the seeds of this dread disease. 

So quick is the development of the disease that death sometimes 
occurs after the second day, though usually after tiic fifth day; 
and ail average of from seventy to eigiity per cent, of the animals 
attacked die. Croats, siieep and deer are also attacked, and the prol)a- 
bility is that all ruminating animals are subject to the contagion ; but 
sheep and goats are not liable to so large a i)ercentage of mortality as are 
neat cattle. 

Many of the syni})toms of rind(M'pest occur in pleuro-i)ncumonia in its 
contagious form ; also, in malignant catarrhal fever, and in foot-and- 
mouth disease. But pleuro-i)neumonia is distinguished from rinderpest 
by the absence of the charac-t eristic eruptions upon the mucous mem- 
branes. Malignant catarrhal fever is distinguished thei'efrom )>y the 
dimness of the transparent cornea of the eye, Mhich in rinderpest 



CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 



C97 



remains clear. The foot-and-mouth disease differs froTu riiuierpcsl by 
ulceration of the foot, and the less degree of ff^vcr. 

The alteration of the mucous meml)rano in rinderpest, heretofore 
spoken of, nuiy very soon he observed in tlie vagina of cows, which 
becomes spotted or striped with red, and, in about twenty-four iiours 
after, small yellowish white or gray specks arc clearly distinguished on 
the red spots and stripes. These arc formed by the loosening of the 
cuticle, which m;iy l)c nibl)cd off, leaving in its pl;icc a dark red 
depression. 

There is no known remedy for tliis disease, and hence the only 
security against its spread is in the enactment of the most strin<rent laws, 
first, for its prevention ; second, for its extinction, l)y isolation of all sus- 
pected animals, and the prompt killing and burial of all infected ones. 
In this respect the laws of the German Empire are the most perfect!, and 
our State and general governments might take a lesson therefrom, in 
dealing with pleuro-pneumonia and other malignant contagious diseases 
of animals, if tiie machinery of politics could be successfully dissociated 
from the appointment of officers for the investigations sought. 

When an animal has this disease, and recovers, he is rendered insus- 
ceptible to another attack. 

How to know it. — A perceptible ris(> in the temperature of the body 
occurs about two da\'s before any other symptoms present tiiemselves ; 
and it has been shown that the virus exists in the blood at tlie time a rise 
in temperature is first noticed. 
Inoculation with scrum of the 
blood taken from an animal at 
this time, will produce the dis- 
ease. The temperature in the 
course of two days rises to 
104= or 10.5= F., when the _ 
following symptoms will be 
noticed ; Shivering ; muscular 
twitchii\g ; restlessness ; colicky 
pains ; sometimes a husky 
cough; 3'awning; great dul- 
ness, with drooping of the ears ; 
■occasional fits of delirium ; the 
appetite is soon lost; the milk of cows is suddenly and entirely stopped, 
more so than in any other disease. In the later stages, the animal grinds 
its teeth ; arches its back ; draws its legs together ; moans and grunts 
with each expiration, at which time the breath is held for an instant and 
then expelled with a grunt. At first the l)owels are constipated, but this 




KINDEltl'EST. 



(i!),S TIIIC AMICHICAN I'AUMKIi S STOCK HOOK. 

coiulitiim is soon followed by violi'ut jjurging ; the dry, hot, red condi- 
tion of llio eyes, nose and nioutii, whieh exist in the early staue, is fol- 
lowed 1)\- a disehai'jiO of a ii'lairy, watery character, soon lunnini;- into an 
opaiiui' and tiirhid form, which is very typical of the disease. In some 
cases tile \i>iliie nuicons niemhranes heconu) altered in a|)pearance, hy 
assnminji' a sahnon-red ai)|)earance over the wliole extent, witii decpci'iin- 
son red patelies dotted over tlie surface. When lyini;- down, the head is 
usually turned ni)()U the npper Hank ; the twitching of the nnisch's will 
he noticed more about the neck, .shoulders and hind (|uartcis. The dis- 
charges from the bowels are at first bhick, but soon change to a pale 
greenish brown ; they are very fa>tid and are voided witii nuich straining. 
The urine is scanty and high colored, and scnnetimes albuminous. The 
pulse rises to 120^ to 140= per minute ; the surface of the body gets 
deathly cold ; weakness increases, the animal lying most of the time ; the 
areolar tissue becomes, in most eases, bloated with air; the animal be- 
comes drowsy, and soon after unconciousness sets in; the nostrils flap; 
the mucous niemliranes l)ecome lead-colored, with jjurpic patciics ; llatu- 
Icnce sui)ervenes, with involuntary evacuation of ficces, and dcatii soon 
follows. 

Sonu'timcs tiic eruption covers the entire liody, and, again, it may lie 
whdih' wanting. 

III. Texas Fever, Spanish or Splenic Fever. 

'I'iiis discMsc, wiiicii has its origin in the low lands of Mexico and Texas, 
nun-e nciiriy resembles the rinderpest of Asiatic Russia tlnui any other. 
It is, however, not nearly so destructive ; is not eomnumicated from one 
field to another ; the germs are surely killed by the first frost, and arc 
only eonnnunicated to Northern cattle by the Ti-xas cattle driven over- 
land infecting other c:ittle passing along the same road or feeding ground. 
The aninnds t:dcing it in this w:iy do not connnunicate it to others, and 
hence the probsdjility that its malignant, contagious form is not rii)ened 
in climates in whieh frosts occur. Hence, again, in all those districts 
where Texas ctittle arc not i)cnnitted to pasture thciv is no danger of tlie 
disease breaking out. It was noticed in Missouri as long :igo sis 1S40, 
through the introduction of Texas cattle, and continued to increase in tlnit 
region until, in 1858, tlie trade in Texas cattle having become very large, 
the Legislature of Kansas attempted to stay its ravsvges by restrictive en- 
iietments. In 18ti8, through the importation of Texas cattle, and their 
carriaire by rsulway, the loss to native stock in the grazing States 
east of the Mississippi became so gre:d, especially in Illinois, Indiana, 
and Ohio, that the most stringent nu-asures werefaken by tiie Legislatures 
of various States to prevent sucii cattle from being brongiit in. These 



rON'TACIors DISKASKS. G9i) 

mciisurcs operated suceessfully, since of late years but little trouble has 
beeu experienced. Tiie disease is not coininuuieated after frosty weatiier 
sets in, and Texas cattle wiulercd in tiie Xortli do not coniniiinicate 
the disease! tlie following suninici . 

Incubation. — 'lie sfaii-t^ of incnlmtion is from four to live weeks. 'I'iie 
blood undergoes a material ciiauL;'!', and some of its elements escape into 
the various tissues of tlie l)ody and into the urine, givinir tiie laltera bloody 
appearanc(\ 

How to know it. — As in i)lcnro-pneumonia, a marked symptom is an 
increase of iieat , lo 104 * to lOd ^ ; Uiv puisi; rises from 40 heats a minute 
(the average for healthy .steers) up to 120 a minul(\ The fever is gen- 
erally preceded by a chill ; the dung and urine become scanty, higli col- 
ored, or bloody ; the milk fails lapidiy ; yellow matter is discliarged from 
the nostrils and moutli ; tiu; animal assumes a peculiarly dejected look ; 
the back is arclied ; the flanks l)ecome hollow ; the gait unsteady or stag- 
gering, and the hair rough ; the eougii is more or less fretpient ; the 
urine coagidates on boiling; the mucous membranes art; deep yellow or 
brown color, and tiiat of the rectum dai-k reel. There is but little trace 
of disease in the first three stomachs, but tlus fourth stomach shows 
congestion, and the intestines are still more gorged and l)lood-stained. 
The liver is not seriou.sly aifected, but the gall bladder is tilled with thick, 
dark colored bile ; the kidneys are also congested, and the secretion in 
the bladder is bloody or blood-stained ; the spleen is nmch affected and 
enlarged. In a healthy animal the spleen should weigh a ])ound or a 
pound and a half; in cattle dying of Texas f(!ver it has bei'u known to 
reach a weight of eight i)oimds ; hence, the specific name of splenic 
U'xor. 

What to do. — Treatment for this disease, like that for pleuro-pneumo- 
nia and rinderpest, is not satisfacil.ory in the majority of eases. There; is 
this point, however, in the treatment — since cattle infested frf)m Texans 
do not give it lo others, and since isolation is a security against contagion, 
the animals should at once be jmt into eonfortahle quarters and receive 
good nursing. 

IV. Contagious Eczema, Foot and Mouth Disease, or Epizootic Aphtha. 

This disease is unknown in America, hut it is vt'ry common in the older 
countries. Owing to its very short period of incul)ation — twenty-four 
hours to three or four days — there is very little dangeir of its importa- 
tion ; and quarantining any affected lii-rds bcifon^ allowing them to land, 
will effectually prevent its introduction. 

It as an eczeniatous (U- skin disease affecting the mouth, tongue, lips, 
feet, less and udder. 'i"he contagion lies in the diseharires from the 



THK A.MIOUICAN FARMER S STOCK 1500K. 




EPIZOOTIC APHTHA OK l-'OOT 
AND MOUTH DISEASE. 



moutli aiul fiH't, :in<l the viru.s is strewn jiloiii; the road and over the pas- 
tures by the dropphigs from the inoutli, and the matter running from the 
feet, and is conveyed fnnn field to field by small vermin, dogs, cats, etc. 
It is contagious to nearly all the lower animals and to man. It is not 
often fatal, but it causes much loss to the 
stock owner, through the loss of fiesh in cat- 
tle that are being fattened, and the failure in 
milk, the sufipl}- being lessened by from one 
to two-thirds of the usual yield. 

The milk is affected not only in ([uantity, 
but contains much of the i)oison of the dis- 
ease, and affects young animals to which it is 
given warm, causing cramps, violent diar- 
rho'a, intestinal irritation, which often jjrove fatal. It is considered l)y 
good authorities to be equally injurious to infants. By the aid of the 
microscope vibrioucs, bacteria and monads are found, which appear to be 
more injurious to the consumer when the milk is drank warm, fresh from 
the cow. Some authorities say to boil it before using, and others that 
this makes no difference, but it is certainly less injurious when it has 
.stood a few hours and got thoroughly cold. 

How to know it. — The usual symptoms arc rough, staring coat ; shiver- 
ing fits, dry, hot mouth and muzzle; pulse and temperature raised ; the 
mouth, tongue, lips, teats, udder and interdigital spaces become red, 
.swollen and sore ; on the sec(jnd or third diiy little pustules break and 
discharge ; saliva drools from the mouth ; the animal keeps working-the 
tongue in great uneasiness ; 
lameness in the feet is seen, the 
fever in them being sometimes 
such as to cause the hoofs to 
dro[) off, the joints to become 
opened, and extensive sloughing 
to take place. There is great 
inclination to lie down. The 
greatest damage to the feet is 
seen among sheep and swine. The latter 
bones. 

What to do. — The treatment is of little c()nsec[uence, as the disease 
runs a definite course, and usually terminates in recovery in aljout fifteen 
days. Give soft food to eat and a bountiful supply of clear cold water to 
drink ; an ounce of s:iltpeter dissolved in each pail is an advantage. 
Pay the most attention to the feet, wash them clean and remove any 




EPIZOOTIC APHTHA. 
Indications (Tthc feet being ;iffi.cted. 

sometimes lose some of the diiiital 



CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 701 

liorn tlmt may he detufhed ; if the intlanimatioii and swclliiiir arc great, 
apply a linseed poultice till there are raw surfaces, then change them to 
the following lotion : 

Xo. ] . 1 Ounce sugar of lead, 

2 Drachms carbolic acid, 
1 Ounce laudanum, 
AVater to make one pint, 
Mix. 

Apply three times a day. "When suppuration ceases, bind the feet up in 
tar bandages. If great weakness follows, with prostration and loss of 
appetite, give whiskey, brandy, etc., in oatmeal gruel. Give no purga- 
tives, not even a la.vative ; for the bowels, although constipated at first, 
soon become loose and should not be interfered with, as that is one of the 
efforts of nature to expel the poison from the system ; and never bleed. 
If extensive sloughing around the feet takes place, apply the following 
lotion : 

No. 2. One part carljolic acid. 

Eight parts olive oil. 
Mix. 

Apply three times a day. 

V. Anthrax. 

This is known by many different names, according to the part 
attacked, and the impression made upon the mind of the person describ- 
ing it — Black Leg, Black Quarter, Quarter IJl, Cliarbon, Chancre a la 
Langue, Sang de Rate, Mai de Sanj, Splenic Apoplexy and Broxij in 
Sheep, Bloody Murrain, etc. Under the above names are included a 
group of diseases very virulent, malignant and contagious, appearing 
under different forms, externally and internally, and attacking the differ- 
ent species of lower animals and man, in an epizootic, enzoiitic or sporadic 
manner, according to the influences that produce it, or whether it is got 
by inoculation. It arises spontaneously in low, damp, rich pastures, and 
along the banks of overflowed rivers, or where ponds have been drained 
off or dried up, the soil containing a great amount of organic matter, and 
when cattle are fattened too fast, by feeding on rich, succulent food, 
especially clover. Long continued, warm, dry weather, favoring the ema- 
nations of organic matter and miasmatic gases, with great changes in tem- 
perature between day and night, especially in a still atmosphere, favor 
its development. 

The main characteristic of the disease is black, tarry T)lood, that will not 
coagulate, and containing rod-like l)odies (bacteria) ; and shortly before 
death, spores develop, which are the active part of the virus in inoculation. 



70:? 



Till'. AMKKICAN l'AI!.Mi;it S STOCK liOOK. 



1111111(1 coiilailiiiii;' llifN<' .spurcN Iims liccii dried, reduced to dusl, jilld 
ke|)l I'lilir \eiirs. Mild fniiiid In lie ;is .•ieli\-e ;is exiT in prodiieiii;^- (lie falnl 
disciise. ( Knell ) The spiires do not eoiiliniie li) iiii re.'ise after deiilli, aiul 
iinMiiit rniiiid ill am- i;real (Hiaiilily. 'Tlie inds are round in iii'ealesi 
iliiantilv ill liie .s|iieeii. 'I'iie s|)ieen. liver and lvin|)lia(i<' glands enlarge 
and liecdiiie soil, 'riie liloodv lliix may locale in any pari nf I he hody, 
widi (lie |cndeiic\ Id "lannreiie, death ami dcconiposilioii oC the part 
alTecled, and thi' rornialion of f;iises tlial distend th(i tissues, iiiaUiii<>; ii 
cl'a<'krin'4' noise when (he hand is passed o\cr il . \N'lien it. eoiiiMieliei^s on 
one point of (lie snil'aci', a Miiall liiislcr rorins. i;a(licrs, liieai^s and dries 
lip. and olhcrs form around it, and so on in coiis<>ciit i\ c riiii^s il spreads, 
'i'liis coiislitnles nialiuuanl pustule, and is the form i( usually lakes in 
man, l;-oI I>\' inociilal ion, from liaiiillinii'carcass<'s and skin niiiL;' animals dead 
from anlhra\, liaiidliiii; dirt\- ra^js, etc. 

Anthrax has (wo dis(iiic( \\a\s of manifestiui;' itself, wit li external 
lesions ami wilhonl (hem. To (he former heionjj; the hlaeU leji, lilaeU 
(|uarter. or bloody murrain, black touiiue, Sib(>i-ian ixiil iihiiiiic, and lar- 
buiieular ei \sipelas of sheep and swine, and inaliunaMt sore throat of the 
liitl(!r; lothe latter, all t hose lia\inj;' speeili(M'liaii!j;es in t lie blood, with 
eiijLi'oiiicmcnl i>\' the spli'cn, exudations and blood-stained spots in (lie 
iii(erual (U'Lians, and sudden death. 

The Siitiridn /In// /'/m/iif aKai'ks hoi'ses, cat I Ic, sheep, i;'oa(s aiid 
pi^s, and manifcsls itself in ,s\vcHiiiL:s on ( he shea! h. udder. (Iiioat , breast, 
dewlap, ('(<■., which are IliimI, \cllowi>li, and st reakcd wit h red, and some- 
times spotte<l. The animals die in fnnil twelve to ( vveid y-fonr hours. 
This, inocnlati'd into man, prodiues maliuiuiul pustule, orcharboii. 

IllaeU lee- or bloodv murrain is nialii:uaii( aiillirax, cliaracteri/ed by 
enii'oi'ii'enuMil <d' a <|uarter <n' a lei;', shonldi'r ov a side. It usually occurs 

amouL;' yoniiu', f:ist ^rovyinLj, tliriyinu; 
yy \r^\;i|ijArf cattle, and is so sudden in -Is attack, 

>lior( in its duration, and falal in its 

'-'^ effect, that one n\- two of a herd may 

jfe!?/-^^ be foniul dead in the morning-, when 

notiiinu; whateyer was w roni;' with 

(^AumN.ri.AUK.uvsin.i.As-m,AVKi.K<i ,1,,.,,, j|,„ „i^,,,, |„,f,„.,. 'PI,;.,,, is ,1 

OK yi Auriac iia.. . . ' . , 

sdtfness in the iilteeted (juarter, xyith 

.some diffuse swclliiiL;- and heal, fever, niul ail appearand" of plethor.-i; 

I he >vv(illeii (lu.ilter s(von morlilies, becomes cold, j^as forms under the 

skin and crackles if rubbeii, and death soon follows. .Sometimes there is 

an eiTu.--ion of yellow lookiiifj; lymph from the >vvellin<i'. Ki'eovery is 

very rare, and is slovy and ledious, and the swelliui;' is apt to slougli cx- 

tensiyel\- and form slue'ijish, uiisiijlit ly sores. 




(■<)Nr\(fi()rs |)isi;asi;s. 



70;i 



The lilitck toilniK^ is sc(Ml ill ralllr, .•iml sniiicl ililcs In Ihiiscs, ;iiii| is 
known \>y ml piirplc or hlmlv hlislcr.s on tlio (oii/^iic, pMJ.ih^ iiml tliccks, 
soMicl i UK'S ,i( tail li ml;' the si/.c of a iicii's ogjf ; llii'V liui'st iiiiil run :iii irlioroUH, 
sciildiiii; iiiallcr, anil I lie sore hccunics 
iiiilicalliiy !inil iili'tT-liki', w it ii iiinrc , x, 

or Ics.s hwcliiiij;' ; tii<! discliarjic, as il \' ^\\\^ ,| ^''<utZ-' 

runs from llic nioiitli, is lil Iv ; i\u- »'' V*%^i*^''^ 

fi^vcr I'liiis very liiifli, liio system he- ///' . ^»aVV 

comes i)oisoiic(Hiir()iij;;li()ul,iiiid deal 11 n '■''' , 




-ANinitAX oil lll.M'K I'ONIiUK. 



ensues in (wenly to forty-eight, liours. 
(-arhiineuiiir erysii)eliis in sliee|) 
cort'esponds |i> Mack leg in calllc. 
imd, like il , alw ays attueks t he line I , 
fatlesl, and imist, lliri\ing one in Ilic 
llork. 'I'lii^ syniplunis are 1 he saine 
as I. lack leg, and dcalh follows in 
from tin to sixl \' hours. 

Swine ha\(' I he earldineiilar er\',sipelas t he same as sheep; also. Mack 
tongue, tumors a In ml t he I jnoat , and pharynge.d ant liia\ ; I he lat ter is I he 
most common ronn, and is pi'ohalily caused hyeatiiiL;' tin' eaiiass of 
some ant lirax animal. 'I'heie is fever, swelling ahoni, the throat, neiL 
and hi'east, wliieh is red, shining, tender, and soon heeomes purple, eold 
and ins(Misil)le, and pits upon piessiiie ; nausea, vomiting, retehini;; 
and loss of nppet ile ; pni-ple palehes fonn a round t he e\'es and on the 
snout ; hl'i^at liiiig lieeomes dillieult, and the month livid ; the tempi'i'at iir<^ 
falls, luid death follows in from one to two da\s. 

Dogs, eats and other small animals dii! from authra.x, dc^veloped in llie 
same nnumer as it is in pigs, ami emiiing from their eating antlirax ear- 
CUHSes. They are alTected in the month, throat and dig(\stivti organs, 
giving I'ise to \ limiting, fever .-iiid death. 

Birds and poultry die of anthrax, I'lom eatinu' liits of anlhrax vietims. 
It developes in them in feNcr and swelling on the lie.id, eonih, lireasi and 
feet. 

In man, midignant pustule or eharbon developes l)\' inoeiilat ion ; a small 
1'(mI spot shows itself with itching, iind inercsiises in si/,e. In the ennrse of 
twelve hoiiis, a Mister foi'ms, lireaks, dries, and u new crop springs np 
around t he old one, and so it spreads. The affected jiarts run t hroiigh all 
tho shades of eolor rrom red to lilack, when gangrent! sets in, and sloughs 
in caso ol' niovery, hut, alas, it is loo often fatal, the saini! as in the 
iowei' animals. 

Ant hra.x" without external swelling is known as anthrax fever, splenic 
apoplexy, hroxy, etc., aecordiiig to theanimals attacked. Horses, catt le. 



704 TIIK AMKinCAN KAHMKIi's STOCK HOOK. 

sheep, swine iuid fowls are lial)le to attacks of aiitlirax fever. This 
is eharaeterized by high fever, plethora, eiigorgeiucnt of tho spleen and 
other internal f)r<jans, and eolieky pain ; redness, and often puri)lc spots, 
arc seen on the imicous Mienil)rancs ; l)loody, frothy nuicus eonies from 
the nose and eyes ; tho dung is streaked with hlood : great weakness fol- 
low>, and death in twelve to twenty-four hours. 

What to do. — Treatment is of no avail in the tirst eases, owing to the 
rapid fatality of the disease, but in subsctjuent eases, when the patient 
can bear it, bleed freely, then give purgatives. Of Epsom salt, give a 
pound to cattle when full grown : calves, three or four ounees, and young 
eatlie in proijortion ; sheep and pigs, four to six ounces. Horses may have 
two ounces, or Barbadoes aloes, five to seven drachms, made into a ball 
with syrup. Tlu^ salts are given dissolved in warm water, M'lth extract 
of ginger, nue or two oiuk'cs. Follow tliesi', with 

No. 3 1 Drai'hin nitro-immatic aeid, 

3 (Jniiiis Ijicliriiiuatc of potasli, 
2 ^)^•al■lllll^^ chlorate of potasli, 
^2 Pint water, 
Mix. 

(live as one dose, iwo or three times a day. 

If tho patient is weak, instead of giving the salts give stimulants — 
rye whiskey, ale, turpentine, or ether in from one to two omiec doses, 
three or four times a day. Sponger off the ])otly with cold water and rub 
dry ; cauterize all wounds, if the disease comes through inoculation, with 
clear carbolic acid, sidphurie or nitric acid, or with chloride of zinc, but 
the whole of the tliseascd tissu(> must l)ereache(.l. After cauterizing them, 
and also tlie tumors that may follow, apidy poultices to them to encour- 
age suppuration. In casi- of diffuse swellings, bathe them with vinegar, 
cold water and weak lotions of carbolic acid, etc., — say one part to si.xty 
of water ; and inject beneatii the skin, in several places, weak dilutions of 
cailioli<' acid, — one i)art of acid to one iuiudred of water. 

Prevention. — Drain the soil in the pastures ; either contiue the stock 
to .-.mailer iiastmes or increase the stock to feed the pasture more closely ; 
when cattle, especially young ones, are thriving \cvy fast on a rich suc- 
culent pasture or aftermath, confine them in a barn-3'ard four to si.x 
hours a day. Shelter the stock at night during late sunnner and fall, 
when tiic days are hot and nights cool, or rather cold, — when the dews are 
heavy and the air gets <|uite chilly towards morning ; it is at this time 
that internal congestions are a|>t to occur. In dry, hot weather, remove the 
stock to high ground, where nuasmatie gases exist to a less extent. Secure 
clear, pure water to drink ; avoid too sudden fattening; sec that barns 
and sheds are well \cntilated and not overci'owde(.l. The diseased 



CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 



70r} 



animals should be separated from tlio licalthy : carcasses should be buried 
deeijly, six feet at least, without l)eing skinned, and covered with (juiek 
lime, and the graves fenced for a couple of years ; the buildings where 
deaths have occurred ov sick animals been, should be thoroughly disin- 
fcM'ted. Avoid touciiing them, so far as possil)le, and wash thehaiuls both 
before and after doing so, in carbolic acid, one to a hundred of water. 
Prcvcnt-dogs, cats, etc., from coming in contact with them, and never 
all(>NV meat that is affected, or susjx'ctcd of being affected, to l)c eaten. 
VI. Variolo Vaccinae, or Cow-Pox. 

This is a contagious disease, and has been proven to l)c identical with 
small-i)ox of the human family ; either can be produced in eitiier men or 
cattle by inoculation from the other species. A heifer inoculated with 
virus of small-pox, will have a disease identical with the cow-pox ; and 
men inoculated with cow-pox will have a disease that may be considered 
either cow-|)()x or a very mild form of smaIl-i)ox. To have either, secures 
inununity from a subsetjucnt attack at least to a great extent, or for 
a longer or shorter i)eriod, sometimes only for a year or two, and some- 
times for a lifetime. Cow or kine-pox is a specific blood poison that has 
a period of incubation of thre(^ to nine days, shows itself by a slight 
fever for a couple of days, then breaks out in pimples on the teats, udder, 
flanks, escutcheon, and around the vulva, nose, mouth and eyes. These 
pimples, r(!d at tirst, enlai'ge fi'om day to day, till they attain a diam- 
ctei- of about half an inch to an inch, and iK'conic yellow. A distinct vesi- 
cle forms, breaks, runs a yellowish lynipli, wiiicli is the active virus of 
the disease, dries uj), a scab forms o\-er il. and the whole troulile ilisaj)- 
pears as gently as it came. 

The only trouble to be had from the disease, is in mileli cows, fi-oin the 
teats getting sore. These m-o sometimes ai)Solutely covered witii the 
vesicles, and even confluent, rendering milking a very painful operation. 

It runs a definite course, and heals up and disappears of itself, in from 
ten to twenty days. No treatnu-nt is necessary, except to avoid taking 
cold, and give a little extra 

care in the M'ay of nursing. ■ i . ■ i i '^ 1 

If the teats are so sore as l ^^^-^^ -^--^ ^, ----_ -- ._, W 

to be very i)ainful in milk- 
ing, tile teat syphon maybe 
used ; if it is cold weather, warm the sy[)lu)n ; oil it with olive oil, and 
pass it up the teat very carefully, and draw off the milk. Anoint the 
sores on the teats and udder nicely, twice a day, with carbolic salve or other 
healing and softening ointment. If the udder swells very much, fre- 
quent bathing with hot water and suppoi-ting with a bandage, as recom- 
mended for mammitis, will be a benefit. 



TIIK TKAT SVl'HON. 



CHAITKR in. 



NON-CONTAGIOUS BLOOD DISEASES. 



1. fl.K'I'llOIIA. II. AN.KMIA. III. lill i;i!M ATISM . IV. UU/EMIA. V. XV.V- 

IH-A'.MIA ANK I'V.KMIA. VI. Tl Itl'.IHrl.oSIS AMI I'llTlllSIS I'UI.MON ALLS. VII. 

('AN(M':IC()IIS III.CKKS ANI> DSTI'.O SAIf<'OMA. VIII. I'lIKl'llllA 1I.1':M0IIKII ACICA. 

IX. ASTIIKNK: II/f:MATi;KIA, ok KI'.II WATKK in CATTI.K. .\. MALUINANT 

CATAKItll. XI. MAI,I(!NANT SOKK TIIHOAT. 

I. Plethora. 

This, vvliicli iiiiiy In" diiscrilxHl a.s iiii over fill conditidU of tlie Mood, is 
coiiduriv(! to iiiiiny very scM-ioiis results by inlcrfcriiiii- willi the circuiatioii, 
csjx'ciaily (liiit liirough tlio vital orpins, ri'iuicriiiji- tliciii inert and iinaMe to 
eliminates from IIk! .s^'stom i\n'. effete material wiiicii, at such a time, (Ex- 
ists in increased (jiiantities. These! iini)iiritic.s, left in the s\s|eiii, lead to 
hlood poisoning, and to excessive conge.stions and inllannnations in case 
of disease, thus gn^atly cnhiUiciii<; the dangers attending disoiders of all 
kinds. 

Causes. — II is caused liy rich, slimnlaiing food, such as oil-cake, corn 
and other grain, roots, and too sucenlent gi'(;en food and p.'istures, — in 
fact, anything that fattens very fast. 

How to know it. — rnnsnally rapid improvenient, cxnhoriint spirits, 
slcci^ hair, loose skin, and tcMidency to fatten very fast. Occasionally, 
sli<;lit f(!vcr ni:iy he seen, at tirstof short duration, lint increasing with 
each attack till violent congestion occiir.'^, followed hy inllammation ; and 
death .supervenes after a inn of \ci-v high fe\'er, or suddenly during the 
congestive! stage. 

What to do. — l>eple|c cither l>y l)l(;eding or purging. Take from two 
to six ((uarts of hlood, nv give a few doses of salts, iu (juaiitities of a 
single handful, morning and night f<)r a week, at the siuiio time rcMiov- 
ing to less luxuriant pasture, or curtailing the meal. The restricted diet 
and salts are preferahlc! to bleeding. 

II. Ansemia. 

Causes. — This condition, thi' reverse! of j)lethe)ra, is seen when the 
animal is thin in ih'sli from lack e)f sufficient eir preipor kinds eif fexid, 
especially when this is ae'companie'el by e'X[)osnre to the- weatlu'r eir im- 
poverisliMie-nt by jiarasite's. It is ;i|>t to h'ael to purpura hemorrhagica, 
rheumatism, e-te'., and always pre>ilis|)ose>s to lice- or othe-r \crmiii. 

70(i 



NON-(;ONTA(iIOl S lil.OOl) OISEASKS. 7(J7 

What to do. — Destroy miy oxistiiii*- veiiiiin, luid <j;iv(: tlu; following 
nn-ipc ill I he feed : 

No. 4. ,'2 OiiMci- copperas, 

1 llaiidfiil oil-cake, 

I'owdcr ami mix. 

(iiv(^ us one dose. Repeat it inorniiio- and nijilit, and let tiie tiiet be a 
noiirisiiiny, "ionei'oiis one. 

III. Rheumatism. 

Causes and forms. — I'l"' immodiato cause of rheuniati.sni is the aeen- 
nudation in tiio system of a pc^'uliaf kind of acid, which has a tendency 
(o settle around tin; joints, along the sheaths of tendons, and in the syn- 
()\ial membranes. In the acute form, which is that which it generally 
assinnes, the affected parts swell, and often suppurate, disi-harging con- 
>iderable (juantitics of pus, and with it more ov less synovial fluid. It 
often extends to the Vjones and the membranes covering them, when it 
gen(!rally becomes chronic, and more or less exostosis is thrown out, which 
may anchylosis (stiffen) tiie joint. Rii(!umatism frequently <'xtends to the 
chest, and settlers in the ))leura, heart, etc., and sometimes causes discsases 
of the latter organ and death. 

The exciting causes are poverty of the system, thinness in Hesh, and 
exposure to cold and dampness, — to the two last-named either from want 
of shelt(!r or from dampness in the stable caused by poor drainage. 

How to know it. — There is lameness, stiiTness, and disinclination to 
move, witii a staring coat. After this has run on for a few hours, (or, it 
may be a day or two,, ) a joint — perhaps, two or three joints — will begin to 
swell, !Uid is found to be; (juite hot, hard and painful ; next morning 
the swelling will vv.vy likely be noticed in some other joint or in another 
leg, as the disease has a great tendency to fly from joint to joint and leg 
to leg. Thei-e is consi:ierabl(( fi^ver, with high pulse, increased temper- 
alurc, reddened mucous membranes, and a marked inclination to remain 
lying down all Uw time. 'V\w bowels arc; apt to be constipated, and the 
urine scanty and high colored. Abscesses form and dischargc^pus. The 
animal becomes emaciated, and frequcuitly dies in a state of iicclic 

What to do. — I'nt the animal in a dry, warm place to lie in, with 
plenty of l)eddiiig. (iive generous diet and the following recipe : 

No..'*. "i l)ia<liiiis I'dlcliK'Uiii. 

2 Draclnns iiili-atc of jiotash. 
Mix. 

(iixc as one dose, and repeal il niorning and night in soft fec(l, for a 
week ; then irive No. 4 for a week, and cjianire back to No. ."). Alter- 



7().S TIIK A.MKltKAN KAR.MICK S STOCK HOOK. 

iialc lliciii ill tliis iiiiiiiiKT for :i iiiontli. As local treatment, apply tho 
foliowiiij;' (() llic joints : 

No. U. I Ounce iMudaiiiim, 

I Ouii('<t s|iiiil-; of iMmplior. 
1 OiliU'c liir|jciiliiic, 
Water lo iii:iUc one piiil. 
Mix. 

Apply tliroc times a day, with friction, and i)anda<rc. If frroat weak- 
ness ensues, give the following : 

No. 7. I OnniH! j^iMiliiiii root, 

'a Ounce {jirifjcr, 
I (Juart ont inc;il f;riicl, 
Mix. 

(Jive as one dose, and re|H'al tlir(;e times a day for two weeks. 
IV. Ursemia. 

In this disease, in e()nse(|uenee of the kidneys and hiadiler being our 
of order, the urine is absoihed haek into the s3'stem, causing a peeuliat 
poisoning of th(^ blood, from an e.vcessive aeeumuhitionof urea. 

How to know it. — ■nullness, loss of appetite and failure to secrete 
urine ; the mouth and nose arc dry, and the former is f(etid ; rumination 
ceases, the coat stares, and a smell of urine is detected on tho skin ; pulse 
and respirations become slow, and the former is also soft; the pupils are 
dilated, and, too often, delirium, coma and deatli close the scene. 

What to do. — Examine all i)arts carefully, in order to ascertain the 
cause, and then treat vigorously to removes it. (iivc; large (|uantities of 
linsee(.l tea to drink and, as a mild purgative, the following: 

No. S. 12 Ounces eiisoni salts. 

1 Ounce f;in;;cr, 
1 Ounce j;-ciUi;in, 
■I Ounces syrup. 
Water In inaUe l\\(M|uarts. 
Mix. 

(Jive as oik; dose. After it has oi)crated, give a tablespoonful of salt- 
p(>tre, three times i\ day, for t\vo days. 

V. Septiceemia and Pyeemia. 

This is a condition resulting from the al)S()rption into the system 
(d" putritl, poisonous matter, or |)us, es|iecially that from an ulcer or 
suppurating surface. 

How to know it. — ^Tiicre will be a high fever, with increased tempera- 
lure ; [)ulso is fast, and hard, and breathing (juiekcned ; the breath is 
f(etid ; rumination is suspended ; there is loss of appetite, staring coat, 
and emaciation, and in fatal eases, delirium. 



N()N-(()NTA(iIOlIS lil.OOl) DISKASKS. 7()!( 

What to do. — Discover tlio cause, if possible, aiul if it is ji sore of any 
kind (■oiitiiiniii'r |)(Mit up pus, (the most comrnou cause), liberate it aud 
dress Ww wound willi llie following lotion : 

No. U. >^ OiiiKM! I'iirbolii- aciil. 

1 I'iiit wiUor, 

Mix. 

Apply l"'o or tiir(Mi tnnos ;i day willi a .syi'iugc, if there ai'(! i)assagew ; 
if tbe sore is on the surface, bind on a sponge wet with tlu; lotion. If 
there is an ulcer, treat it as prescribed in the next article. Give the fol- 
lowing mixture : 

No. 10. 2 Dnioliiiis iodide of polish, 

2 OmiiH^'i whiskey, 

1 Oiuiec powdered ciiii'lioiia, 
1 I'illt p-Uel, 
Mi.\. 

Give as one dose, r('p(!aling sanu- tiirce linicsa day, and feed libi^rallj'. 
VI. Tuborculosia and Phthisis Pulmonalis. 

This disease, which is analagous to i)hthisis in the human being, is 
chara(-terizcd by small, gray, caseous (cheese-like) granules that soon 
run into calcareous masses. 

Causes. — Any previous inflamuuitiou in the course of which the poison 
of suppuration has been absorbed into the system, the poison locating 
itself in the form of caseous tumors, varying in siz(^ from a sniiUl pea to 
a hen's egg. These tumors may bo found in the lungs, pUnira, perito- 
neum, sides of tiu- diaphragm, and in various glands — mescMileric, liver, 
kidneys, etc. Tlu; tlesh of such animals is somctinu^s unfit for food. 
This is always the easc! when tlu^ luinor, instead of bcHioming (^alcar(H)us 
remains in a semi-fluid stal(s and is re-absorbed into the systcMU, 
l)oisoniug th(! whole body, and rendering tiu^ musc^les j)ale and watery, 
and pilling ui)ou pressure. \\'hcn, however, these granules become 
liarden(;d, and (Micased in a (vdcareous form, (hey are incu't, and may be 
carried lill the disath of the animal, without harmful conse(piences to 
those partaking of its flesh. 

Its hereditary character. — This cache.\ia or dcjiraxed condition of tlu! 
system, with predisposition to tubercle, is oftentimes Ix'reditary in all 
grades and classes of cattle, those called deep milkers and cold bl()()(le<|, 
as well as tli<^ high, in-and-in bred ones. Still tliei'c can be no <|uestiou 
that it is oftenest seen in the latti^r. 

I'lcif. Williams, who regards it as both hereditai'v and congenital, says 
that h(' has sccmi a tlu-ei^ months old calf <li(; filled with caseous and cal- 
careous, gi-ay tubercular tumors. Prof. McKachran says it is hereditary 
aud mostly found in strains of breeds that, ar(! relateil to each otluu by 



710 THE AMKKICAN I'AUMKU's i^TOCK UOOK. 

too liigli ii (logrcc of coiisiiiijiiiiiiity. 'I'Ihi strain of {\w Dulles and Diitcli- 
csscs, iiiiioiig tlio Dmhaiiis, .socin to 1)0 peculiarly liahlo to it 

As nu'iilioni'd in Chaplcr 1, this I'nrl, rattk; scoiii j)0(uiliarly susceptible 
to tiiis form of jiulnionary disease. Hence, tlio breeder should guard 
this point carefully, and whenever \w tinds that his stock are deteriorating 
in constitutional vigor and hardiness, fioni too continuous in-and-ni l)reed- 
nig, he slioidd inmu'dlately change to an out cross. 

How to know it. — 'I'he cachexia may either accompany or preceilc the 
I ulicrculosis, the earliest synii)tonis being a general unthrifty condition, 
the milk becoming poor in quality, thin ainl watery, although not much 
less in (|uan(ity. 'I^he api)e1it(! is capricious; the hair looks dull, and 
\\lier<' it is wiiile, there is a yellow skin : a dry, dull cough will be noticed; 
the animal no longer licks itself; if the cow is with calf, she is apt to 
abort ; if not so, the condition of nymphomania is likely to exist. Ema- 
ciation ushers in Iho second stage, and i)rogresse8 rapidly ; the cough gets 
worse, but there is no expectoration ; indigestion, tympanitis and diarrhoia 
follow, and soon reduce the suff(U'er to skin and bones. Auscultation, 
and percussion of the lungs may or may not detect a fullness and muffled 
breathing and other signs of disease, but nearly always some pain will be 
evinced when the sides are struck, or the 1ing(^rs i)ushed forcibly in 
between tlu! ribs. 

Those affectt'd always remain standing ; the lulierdes increase, some- 
times breaking out on the surface of the body ; the blood gets thiir and 
watery, wanting in red corpuscles ; and, often, fatal diarrhoea sets in. 

What to do. — ^'l^lie treutmcnt consists in counter-irritation to the chest 
by applying mustard paste or fly blister repeatedly, and giving oleaginous 
food, as oil-cake, cocoanut oil, etc., in liberal quantities, which will some- 
times keep them along a good whik'. Avoid roots and grasses, since, 
in the weak condition of the digestive organs, these tend to produce 
tympanitis ; but by suitable fattening food, supplemented by the use of 
cod-liver oil to the amount of half a pint a day, they may be fattened 
fast, if taken during the first stage. This secured, they might as well be 
slaughtijred l)y the butchei' ; in later stages, nothing can bo done to pre- 
vent gradual pining and death. The oil is best given with lime water ; 
a little oil of turpentine may be added, if (here is a tendency to tynqjan- 
itis and diarrluea. The flesh is uiitit for food in the second stage, or 
when i)iniiig and emaciation begin. 

The following rocijie may be of service along witii the generous diet. 

Nil. 1 1 . 2 Draclnns siicoliarizeil <'arboniite of iron, 

2 Dvacliiu.s i)o\vilered cinchoiui bark, 
Mix. 

(live as one dose in soft feed, twice a day. 



NON-CONTAGIOUS I5LOOI) DISKASES. 



711 



VII. Cancerous Ulcers and Ostoo Sarcoma. 

Tuhorciilosi.s .soinctiiiics sliows externally, atta<kiiii; {\\c glands, especi- 
ally the parotid and sul)-niaxillary, or the bones, in the latter case being 





TUBi-RCIir.AU III.CEU ON Till-; 
PAllOTIUGl-ANl). 



OSTF.O SAIteOMA OK TIIK LOWER 
JAW. 



known as cancer of the bone, or, more strictly, Osfro iSarcoma. This 
enlargement of the ))ones may eome on the jaws, ribs or any i)art of the 
body. The tubercular deposits usually' start in small, looser nodules, which 





BAD KFKECTS OF EXCF.SSrVK 
bSK OF CAUSTICS. 

A large hole through the check into the 
mouth, from excessive use of caustics 
in the treatment of bo 



OSTEO SAKCOMA OF TM 
UPPEU JAW. 



increase in size till intlammation sets in, and nutrition being cut otf from 
the skin, the latter sloughs off, leaving a large raw sore tliat detic^s all 
treatment and, instead of getting better, grows worse eoiitinuallv. 
Larger and more angry-looking becomes the soi'e ; an ulcerous, saii(;ous 
discharge Hows from it ; other ulcei's are likely to form around it ; and 
the enlargement beneath increases till, if the trouble is in the glands 
above-mentioned, it presses upon the i)harviix and larynx, thus interfer- 
ing with the breathing and swallowing. 

Tubercles somt^times locate around joints, causing lameness, which is 
aggravated by strong liniments and blisters. 

Treatment is of no avail, further tiian to afford a suital)ly generous 
diet. 



1\J 



rilK A.MIOIMCAN I'AHMKI! S SPOCK H(»()K. 




SWELLINO OK Tirn JAWS, 
CHEEKS ANI> MUZZLE, IN 
PUKPUKA II-KMOUUlIAGirA. 



VIII. Purpura HsBmorrhagica. 
This is ;i specific IiUkkI disease quite common in tlie iiorse and piir, l)i«t 
rare in cattle. It originates in an impovt-r- 
isiied condition of tiie system, more especi- 
ally the hlood, which heeomes deficient in red 
ciirpnsclcs, fibrin, etc., and oozing through 
the coals of the vessels, falls by gravita- 
tion to the nior(^ dependent portions of the 
iiody, cansing swelling of the legs and hclly, 
and also of the head, beginning with the 
muzzle and gradually working up till it 
reaches the l)rain. Foran extended descrip- 
tion of this disease the reader is referred to the account given in the 
Horse department of this worU. — ('liai)ter XIII, of Part II. 

What to do. — The system neetls to he toned up, the hlood improved, 
and swellings fomented in hot water. FonuMit the head especially, as 
continuously as possible, and give the following i-ecipes : 

No. V2. 1 Ounce oil of turpentine. 

y£ Pint linseed oil, 
" Mix. 
re[)eat three times a day, for two or three da^'S. 

'j Ounti' tincture nnn-iutc of iron, 

1 Ounce tinctiu'c of cinchona, 

2 Ounces water, 

.Mix. 

(live as on(Ml()se ; repeat three times a day, giving it in between the 
doses of No. 12. .Vs to food, give whatever the animal will eat. 
IX. Hsematuria, or Red Watar in Cattle. 

As I In- nanu^ implies, this is a blood disease. I^arge (|iiantities of ali>umen 
and somo. iron tiro secreted by the kidneys and e.xereted with the urine, 
which looks tis though it were colored by blood, beginning, as it does, in a 
ptile pink color, and running through the different shatles till it becomes 
a dark brown. Retdly, there is no blood in it ; the appearance in (jues- 
tioii is due to the presence, in excessive (Hiaiititics, of albumen iind iron 
and the coloring matter of the blood. As the secretion of the two 
former increases, the color darkens. There are also discharged numer- 
ous epithelial cells from the mucous membrane of the kidnevs and 
l)la(ld('r. 'IMie blood undergoes a change ; the cells or corpuscles break, 
and let their contents escape into the liquor saiKjuini.i, and hence tin 
coinmingliug of the coloring matter of the blood with the urine. 

Causes. — These are obscure, but seem to depend in sonu> wa\- upon 
the food. Most couunonly seen in cattle i)nstiire(l in low, swampv lands, 
the disease disappears in such cases when the land is drained. 



(rive as one dose 
No. i:i. 



N()N-C()NTA(iIOl'.S HLOOD DISKA.SES. 



■\:\ 



How to know it. — In addition to the color of tiic urine, a characteristic 
feature is the great inerease in its quantity. It may run on for two or 
three weeivs without a[)parant damages ; then tlic milk will fall off both in 
quantity and quality ; emaciation sets in ; the bowels at the outset ma\ 
be loose, but soon become obstiuately constipated ; the pulse gets quick 
and wetik ; the cow l)l()ws more and more, from increasing weakness ; at 
the left side the heart may be heard to palpitate with quite a perceptible 
noise, owing to the waterj^ condition of the blood ; the delnlity and 
ana'mia rapidly increase, and death soon follows. 

What to do. — Give a purgative recipe, No. 8, and follow it with 
rcciix- No. 4. Continue the latter for three or four weeks. Make a 
completer change of food, and feed libcraiiy on oil-cake, etc. 
X. Malignant Catarrh. 

In this malignant blood disease, the sinuses of tlie head are affected, 
causing offensive discharges from the nose. These, at first, are watery, 
but further along become purulent, and in the last stage are acompa- 
ni(Ml with extensive sloughing. 

How to know it. — It is ushered in witii a shivering fit, with all the 
attendingsymptoins of fever : the muzzle is hot and dry ; the animal hangs 
his head and isolates himself in the pasture ; the membranes are of a bluish 
color ; the eyes are closed and swollen ; soon the nose and eyes begin to run a 
watery fluid, and saliva drools from the mouth. The pulse is quick and not 
over strong ; a dry, hard cough ensues ; the bowels are usually costive, 
the fcBces being black and hard, but diarrhoea is liable to set in at any time. 
There is great thirst, l)ut no appetite, and the urine is scanty and high 
colored. In the course of twenty-four hours, the discharges become 
purulent, taking off the hair wherever 
they touch ; the sinuses of the head 
become so much infiamed, and so 
filled up with pus, that when the head 
is tapped on the outside with the 
fingers, a dull heavy sound is heard. 
The breath becomes foetid, and the 
temperature rises to 104- orlO.")^ . 
Cows with calf are ai)t to abort. 

The last .stage is mai-ked by exten- 
sive sloughing, so much so that some- 
times the feet and horns come off. 
The prostration is very great ; the 
pulse ])ecomes imperceptible ; conxiil- 
sions follow, and a great fall in tem- 
perature, sometimes to 95 ^ , or even ■ 
to 90* ; in some cases, ulceration of tin 




JIALKiNANT CATARKH — LAST STACiE. 
Slmwinu extensive 
tlie humor of tli( 



ornea takes place, letting out 



714 



TIIK AMKIUCAN FAKMKK S STOCK ISOOK. 



'I'liis IS a (li> 



llic limiioi's of llui eye. DcmIIi Follows in the course of nine to clevoii diiys. 
On post iiiorteni exiuuiiuition, tlic blood i.s found to be l)lack and not 
coaaidated. 

Whatto do. — Kcinove to aeool, isolated piaee, if in smnnier ; to a warm 
place, iC iM winter. Give recipe No. 8, and follow it with Nos. 10, 11 and 
4, alteniatini!; them. Foment the head with hot water liberally, and rub 
the followiiiij: liniment well in once or twice a day : 

No. II. 1 Ouuoe liiLSt'ed oil, 

1 Ounce oil of tiiriH'nIine, 
1 Oiinco liciuoi- ;uuiiioiii:i. 
Mix. 
Ai)ply the followiiio' lotion to the eyes, if not eaten throuj^h : 
No. l."i. 10 Grains nitrate of silver, 

I Oiiiii'i' \v:iliT. 
Mix. 
Apply twice a day to the cornea with a cainers hair brush, if the 
cornea is punctured, touch it once a day with a stick of lunar caustic, m 
addition to usinjf lotion No 1."). Touch llic causlic dirccllyto the hole 

in the cornea. 

XI. Malignant Soro Throat. 

that centers itself in the throat, in the form of acute 
inflammation, followed by an effusion that is 
apt to cause suffocation by pressure on the lar- 
ynx. Its scientific desii^nation is oedema glot- 
tidis. It is fatal to cattle ; also to swine, in 
which it is known as (juin.sy. The maliiiiiant 
sore throat of anthrax is a different thinii', thouirh 
many of the symptoms are similar. 

How to know it. — It starts like a common 
cold, — some fever, injected mucous membranes, 
couu'h, etc- ; the throat swells enormously ; the 
toin,Mie becomes spotted with pur[)le, and is protruded : the animal gasps 
for bn'MtlMintil at length he falls suffocated, struggles a little, and dies. 
What to do. — It usually attains its height in three or four days. Ap- 
ply reei|)e No. 14 to the throat, externally, and inject a little of the fol- 
lowing w(dl })ack into the throat, several times a day: 

Xo. Ki. 1 Ounce elilorale of polasli, 

] Pint wilier. 
Mix. 

If speedy suffocation is threatened, traeheolomy must be jjerformed. 
(See "Operations.") 

The flesh of cattle affected with this disease is very poisonous, causing 
])uti'i(l fever in those eating it. The carcass shoidd be l)uried deep, with-^ 
out removiuir the skin. 




MAl.KiNANT SOKK TUKOAT. 



CHAPTER IV. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIBATORY OR&ANS. 



I. SIMPLE CATAnUH OK COM). II. LAKYNGITI.S, OK COMMON SOUK THROAT. III. 

liKOKCHITIS. IV. PNEUMONIA. V. PLEURISY. VI. IIYUKOTnOU-AX. 

VII. EMPHYSEMA OP THE LlN(iS. 

I. Simple Catarrh or Cold. 

Simple ookl or coiyza, is inriiimination, more or less acute, of the 
mucous incmbraiio lining tlu; nostrils and sinuses of the head, usually 
implicating the eyes and throat. If neglected, it is apt to run down to 
the lungs, and cause bronc-iiitis and pneumonia. 

Cause. — Damp, badly drained stables, and tliose built so as to allow 
drafts ; exposure to storms and winds ; sl(H'i)ing on tlie ground in cold 
weather, etc. 



APPLICATION OF STEAM TO THE NOSTRILS WITH THE JET. 

How to know it. — Tliere is more or less fever, with tits of shivering ; 
hot inoulli, (hy nose, and horns hot at the head and cold at the tips ; 
cars and extremities cold ; sneezing, and sometimes a cough. At first, 
watery mucus discharges from the nose ; the eyes are red and inclined 
to weep, with the eyelids swollen ; and the bones of the forehead are 
hot and tender when tapped. After a day or two, the discharge from 
the nose becomes purulent, and the tears l)ogiu to scald the cheek ; the 

7ir> 



716 



TIIK AIMIOKHAN I'AK.MKI; S STOCK HOUK. 



coat stares ; t lie piil.sc is rai)i(l ami rallicr liard ; the appetite fails, and 
rumiiiation ceases ; the urine is s^canty and high colored, the bowels very 
likely being constipated. All these symptoms will be aggravated, should 
the fever run very high and the inllammation tend decidedly to run 
down the air passages. 

What to do. — Kemove the cause, by putting the animal in a comforta- 
ble, (by place. Give a pint of melted lard, if the bowels arc constipated ; 
if too loose, give the following : 

No. 17. 1 I'iiit infusion of (iiiassia, 

1 Ounce laiidanmn. 
\i Ounce suliihnric ether, 

1 Pint tliin gruel, cokl. 
Mix. 

Give with a bottle as one dose ; rci)cat it after six or eight hours, if 
necessary. But begin on a fever mi.xture, as follows: 

No. 18. 8 Ounces spirits of nil re, 

2 Drachms tincture aconite root, 

y, (Jun<'e Iluid extract of Ijelladoiuia. 
2 Oiuices nitrate of i)otasli. 
2 Ounces ninriutc of ainnionia. 
Water to inalvC one <niart. 
Mix. 

Give hiilf a teaspoonful (svery two or three hours till l)ettcr. Rub 
mustiird paste well in to the throat and over the forehead l)etween the 

eyes. If the breathing is interfered with, 
steam the head in a nose-bag, or with a 
hose from the snout of a kettle, or over 
a tub with a blanket thrown over the 
litnid to confine the stetim, the object 
being to soften the discharge and make 
it run off. This may l)e repeated sev- 
ertil times a day if necessary, taking ctire, 
in using the stciun jet, to avoid sciilding 
or suffocation. Let the animal have all 
tlie wiiter he desires, pliicing it before 
him, so that he may hcl[) himself . Feed 
on soft, sloppy food. When the fever is 
broken, the appetite being good, give the 
following recipe in tlie food : 

2 Drachms nitrate of potasli, 
2 Draclnns gentian root, powdered, 
1 Draclnn ginger. 
Mix. 

Give as one dose, repeating it morning and nisjlit for about ;i week. 




N()Si;-HA<i I'Olt STKAMINC 



No. I'.l. 



DISEASES OK THE KESriltATOKV ORGANS. 



717 



If the !ip|)('t!t(' is too poor to take it tluis, <rivo tho foilowiiiir fi'om u 
bottle : 

No. 20. ^2 ''i"t infusion of •jciitiiiii. 

1 Di'iK^lnn giiig(!r, 

1 Draclim carbonate of aiMnionin, 

2 Ounces syrup. 
% Pint water. 

Mix. 

(xive as one dose. Repeat it three times a day, till the appetite is good 
enough to take No. 1!) in the feed. When the fever has left entirely, 
give th(! following in soft feed, a l)ran mash or oat meal, morning and 
night : 

No. 21. H Draolnns sulphate of iron (eojjperas), 

2 Drachms gentian, 
1 Drachui ginger, 
1 Draclnn fo'inigreek seed, 
, Powder and mix. 

(live as one dose, twice a day for a w(H'k or two. 

II. Laryngitis, or Common Sore Throat. 

This is, as the name indicates, an intlammation of the larynx or tipper 
part of the windijijK'. It is dangerous on account of the interference to 
the breathing whi(!h is caused by the swelling, and also its tenden(!y to 
run down to the lungs. 

Cause. — It is usually brought on by the same intluenees as a common 
cold. Some animals apjjcar predisj)osed to it , almost every slight (^.xposurc 
being suthcient to induce; an attack. 

How to know it. — Tiicrc is in.ibility to cat , and I lie cud is not clicwed ; 
tiic head is imng, the ears droop, and saliva drools from the mouth ; upon 
(examination, the throat is found to be much swollen, and if the linger be 
inserted under the tongue, the mouth is 
iiot. The pulse is raised and breathing 
quickened; if the tumefaction is very 
great, especially on the inside, the 
breathing may also be labored. There 
is more or less fever, and when water is 
drunk some of it is likely to come back 
through the nose, owing to the difficulty 
of swallowing. 

What to do. — Rub nnistard paste in 
well on the throat ; after an liourwashthis 
off and ml) in more ; if after two days 
the swelling does not come down, apply 
to it a linseed poultice, hot and soft, to 
encourage suppuration. Disolve a table- 
spoonful of salt))etre in the water iliuiik morniui 




LAUVNCITIS OK SOKK TnUOAT. 



night , and with a 



71.S THE A.AIElilCAN FAKMEIi's STOCK BOOK. 

syringe shoot a little of the followinii- mixturi^ well hack into the throat, 

as a gargle, several times a day : 

Xo. 2'2. 2 Oiiiiees chlorate of potash, 

1 (Juait water, 
Mix. 

As additional treatment, a severe case might require tracheotoni}'. (See 
"Operations.") Any of the mixtures prescrihed for catarrh in Section 
I. might also be used. 

III. Bronchitis. 

This is inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchial tubes, 
which extend from the lower end of the windpipe to the lungs. 

Causes. — It maj^ develope as the immediate consequence of exposure, 
acconqianying a common cold, or it may arise from the extension of the 
inflammaliou in larj'ugitis or catarrh. 

How to know it. — There will I)e rapid, painful breathing, witii a slight 
grunt at each expiration ; a deep, hard, distressing cough ; after it has run 
a few hours, considerable fever will be noticed ; the pulse will be soft and 
full, ranging in different cases from lifty to eighty per minute ; the tem- 
perature from 103 ® to 106 = , as indicated by a thermometer inserted in 
the rectum ; and while the surface of the body, nose, horns near the head, 
and mouth will be hot, the tips of the horns, ears and legs are very likely 
to be cold . The sufferer will not lie down . When the ear is placed to the 
sides and front of the chest, a dry, grating sound can be heard. After two 
or four days, the height of th(^ disease will be reached, when the cough will 
get softer, the pulse softer aiul weaker, the temperature of the body more 
even, and when the ear is ap[)lied to the chest a mucous roll is heard, like 
air gurgling through water. Considerable mucus and phlegm are now 
raised with tlie coiigii, and when the sides are tapped a resonant sound is 
got, but not quite so distinct as in health. In a favorable case ( which is 
what we are considering), at the end of five to eight days the fever sub- 
sides, the pulse gets fuller and stronger, the respirations are less rapid 
and painful, the cough diminishes, the mucus in the bronchial tubes is 
absorbed, and the appetite and normal discharge of the functions gener- 
ally arc restored, when he may be pronounced safely convalescent. If, 
lio\ve\er, it goes against him, the temperature increases, and all the symp- 
toms are aggravated ; before long, the inflammation extends to the lungs 
and i)leura, and then we have a case of pneumonia or pleurisy and hydro- 
thorux on hand. 

What to do. — Put him in a warm place witii good vcntihition, and if 
the disease is in the flrst stage, that of congestion, give the following: 
No. 23. 2 Oiiiu'ps Mindererus' spirit (acetate of ammonia), 

20 Drops tincture of aconite root, 
3o I'iiit water. 
Mix. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 711) 

(live ;is one dose. Rejjeat it cvorv two hours till the ciiill is over and 
>lic i)ul.se vednced to soft, instead of being hard ; then change to No. llS, 
\v hich should be continued till convalescence is well established. Then 
change to No. 20, and after a few days to No. 21. Early and vigorous 
ap[)lication of mustard paste to the sides is very inqiortant. Allow all 
the water to drink he will take, and feed on soft food. 

IV. Pneumonia. 

This is intlamniation of the lung tissue — that is, of the lung itself. 
A severe cold (catarrh) may develop rapidly into this form, but it is 
oftenei' the sequel of laryngitis, bronchitis, etc., from their intlam- 
niatory conditions extending to the lungs. It is more common among 
cattle than :uiy other domestic animals, and may affect one or both 
lungs. 

How to know it. — The animal shows ol)vious pi-eliminar}' syniptoms, 
such as a severe shivering tit, staring coat, loss of appetite, cessation of 
rumination, and, if a milch cow, loss of milk. She is very averse to 
lying down, owing to the increased jjressure it would cause upon the 
chest, thus augmenting the i)ain and difficulty in breathing. The pulse is 
full, soft and ([uick, ranging from 60 to 80 per minute ; respirations from 
30 to 40 per minute : and the temperature about 104 ^ to lOfi ~ . When 
the sides are tai)i)ed, a dull, heavy, full sound is heard, and on placing 
the ear to the side there will be noticed an absence of the respiratory 
murmur in all affected parts : the expired air is hot; the ribs are ti.xed, 
the breathing being done by the abdominal niuscies ; the flanks heave, 
the nostrils .are dilated, and the countenance has an anxious look. The 
lung becomes more or less hepatized (solid like liver), and this may 
terminate in resolution by absorption of the intiltration, and C()in[)lete 
recovery follow, or it may go on to supi)uration, with ilischarges of pus 
through the nose, which soon carries the patient off. Death may take 
place in any of the stages, viz : congestion, or first stage ; hepatization, 
or second ; or in suppuration, or third stage. 

When the lung becomes solid, the cow braces iierself and pants 
furiously, heaving the flanks as though each breath would be the last. 
If the head is raised quickly, she will fall backwards. When she has to 
fall finally, she drops first upon her knees and chest, and then down, and 
dies in a few minutes. On postmortem examination the diseased lung 
will 1)e found to be solid from t\w exudations within the interlobular 
tissue. 

When gangrene has taken plact', which may occur before death, that 
part of the liuig will be of a bluish black color, while the rest of the 
oroan will be more of a daik bi-ownish iiiniile. 



720 



TIIK AMi;i!l(\\ KAKMf;!! S STOCK ItOOK. 



Til oaso of iil)sc('ss of llir luiii:;, (licrc^ is :i slow piniiiji' mwmv, ami death 
ill an ciiiacialcd condition. 

What to do. — 111" same Irealniciit prescrilicd for hrondiitis will 
answer in this case, niccdiiif; is iiol lo lie thoni;lil of. except in the very 
lirst stafjje, that of (^onf^estion, a^, later, its weaktaiinn' i'Hects render it 
<lecidedly ohjectionable. If ii fair ehanec^ is j;iven the [latienl, reeovei'v 
is prolialilo in most cases, and allhoiiiih it sonietinies leaves the wind 
iiiiil liy (lie perinaiienl solidilieal ion of a liiiii;' or part of a liinj;', this, in 
cattle, is ;i inalter of small conse(|nence. 

V. Pleurisy. 

Pleurisy is inllammation of the. pliuira, wliiili is the serous mcinhranc 
liiiiiiu; tli(^ cavity of llu^ chesi and imcsliiiL; I lie liiii;^s. Of itself it is not 
fatal, liii( iiillaiiiiiia(i(iiis of ail serous meiiilu'anes ai'e prone I o iiliiiiidaiit 
effusions. Mild (he elTiisioii followiiii;- pleurisy is excessively ii'fe.al . It is 
called In/drollionix (water in I he chest ), aii<l always indicates a ver\' criti- 
cal ca-e' 

Cause. — It is caused iiy exposure to cold storms, winds, etc., the sauK^ 
as (itlier diseases of th<' Imi'.'iI hiiiu' .ippar.il us. ("attic seem to he parlicu- 
laily MihjcH^t to it. 

How to know it. — TIkuc is uku'c or less fever; the pulse is <juick, 
small ,iud hard, and iuclincil to lie wiry ; the hreatliiiiii; i« ijuii'lc and pain- 
ful ; lli(^ el hows .•ire turned out ; llu' rilis ari- lixed, and the hreathinii; done 
liy the ;iiidoniin;il muscles; there is a ci'ease, rumiiiiii' from the elhows 
aloiiL;' the rilis towards (iu^ Hanks, wlier<' the rilis jdin llu^ cartilages of t ho 
chest. The inspirations are short and imperfect, hut the expiralicms 
are prolonginl and inon^ easily effected. I'ressure helweeu the rihs 
<"iiises intense pain and a iiriiiil , and on applying- the ear to the sides a 
itr.itiiiL, raspiiii;' sound is heard, like rulihiiii!; drv sheep skin toui-ther. 
The head is liuiii;; low, the ears droop, tlieiios(> is ilr\ , and llioiiL;ii lli(> 

eyi s are partly clo>cd, (he 
\^^imt' '''"'''WM^W\ I'ounti'uance wears an anx- 

ious hxik. Ivimiinat ion stops, 



« 



%Ul ; 1 V 




the appetite is lost, |he (laiiks 
are 1 ucked up, I here is ;i liaek- 
';•. '",-' painful eoujili, and llio 
- — _ — ' animal remains slandinii, with 
evident disinclinat ion (o move. 

ACUTIC I-LEIMIISY. i-,,,,,.,, .,,.,, ^,,.„.|,_ ,,|,.,„,i„^, 

pains throujih tiio chest, that make the animal turn his he.id around to 
his sides. Unlike pneumonia, percussion on the rihs produces a clear, 



DISEASES l)l' IIIK KKSl-IItAroltV OliCJANS. 721 

rc.'^otiuiil houikI, till' ex()ir«'(l hrciitli is not liot, tlic nostrils an! not dilated, 
and liicn^ is no niiicoiis roll. I'lourisy may liu'niinato in rc^sohilion l>y 
al)sor|)lion, elf., {Ur palicnt inciting well very (luickly, willioiit any ill 
cfrcils, <ir il may ^o on to the stage of great effusion, and tiirniinate in 
liydrothorax. 

What to do. — If taken right at the start, give recipe \o. 2."!, hut if the 
fever is far advanced give N<>. IS. When tli(' fever is sidxiued, givi? 
No. 20, if the ai)[)etite is poor ; if it is good, give No. lii. During con- 
valescence give No. 21. Apply niustard paste to the sides assiduously. 

VI. Hydrothorax. 

As explained in the last section, when the chest fills with water from 
the excessive iiffusion of pleurisy, it is called liydrothorax. 

How to know it. — As soon as the effusion begins, all pain <H;as{!s, res- 
piration is (leep(!r, longer, an<l less painful, tlui heily drops, tin; elbows 
no longer turn in, tiu^ appetite I'eturns, tlu^ ey((s get bright, and to a 
casual observer, tli(^ animal a|)p(^ars to ha\e taUt.-n a decided turn fof th(i 
better ; but in a very short lime the practiccid eye discovers unfavorabh; 
symptoms, such as flapping of tla^ nostrils, a quick, lal)ored bn^atliing, 
and heaving of the flanks. The legs and chest become dropsical, tlu; 
ev(!s sparkle, and the eounlenance i-esumes its anxious look. No respira- 
l()r\' muiinur or olliei- snuiid is heard by tlii^ eai', wIkmi placed to the side 
— none at least at the bottom — thougii, later, a splashing may be heai'd 
when the water reaches the heart ; percussion on the ribs elicits a full, 
dull sound ; the pulse becomes rapid but small, and gradually fad(!s away 
tnitil iuiperceptible. Death occurs from suffocation. Post-mortem 
examiiiation rcxcals tlii! chest filled with water, and shreds of lyni|)h 
cliuging to both the lungs and ribs. 

What to do. — If the sides ai'c not thoroughly blistered from the mus- 
taiil previously api)lied, apply fly blisters energetically, to get u|) a great 
amouul of vesication (skin blistering ), and gi\'e tin' following recipe: 

No. 21. 2 Driuliius ;;iiiii caiiipiioi', 

I Driicliiiis siUlimln% 
1 Oiiiii'i! spirits uitrr, 
I I'inI u iilcr (If ji'nic'l, 
Mix :is (lircclcil liclow. 

The cam|)hor must be dissolved in the nitre, and then thi; saltpetre and 
water (or gruel) added, (iive as om; dose, and repc^it it every four or 
six hours. Give ale, i)()rter, etc., in liberal (|uaulities. It is aihisabh; ti> 
tap the chest early, repeating it if necessary. (See chapter on opeia- 
tions.) 4(j 



TIIK AMIOKICAN FAKMEU .S STOCK HOOK. 



VII. Emphysema of the Lungs. 

This is ii condition of tlic lungs very apt to niislciKl tiic ini'xpcricnced, 
there being few signs otlicr than negative ones. The milk is noticed to 

be diminishing, and the cow fall- 



ing off in flesh ; the coat is star- 
ing and dirty, and hide-l)ound 
exists: tlie bowels are irregular, 
and the appetite jxjor ; still, tiie 
moutii and nose are cool and 
moist, and tim breath is sweet. 
The head is carried low ; the back 
is arciied, and tender on pres- 
sure ; and there is weakness in 




KMI'IIYSKMA OF THE I.UNCiS. 



walking. The tcrni)craturc falls l)elow the normal .standard, and so does 
the pulse. Later, the ears and extremities become deathly cold, rumination 
ceases, and an uncontrollable, offensive dian-hoea sets in; the l)ack arc^hes 
more and more ; the belly is tucked up ; milk entirely stopped, the udder 
and teats being soft and llabby ; the legs are spread to avoid falling ; the 
j)ulse gets smaller and weaker, though not much fastei- : the appetite all 
gone, weakness becomes excessive ; and death follows, after progressive 
symptoms running over a period of two mouths or more. 

The post-mortem reveals ruptured air-cells, and extensive em[)hyscnia 
of the lungs. Very few blood vessels are found, owing to so many hav- 
ing been absorbed when the circulation became so weak as to allow the 
smaller vessels to collapse and become obliterated. The I'ight ventricle 
of the heart is weak and tiiin, and contains a portion of a clot. 

Whattodo. — While the disease is not curable, it can l)c alleviated by 
generous, oleaginous diet. This will fatten the cow, and lit her for the 
butcher, before it is too late. 



CHAPTER V. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 



1. GLOSSITIS. OK INFLAMMATION OK TIIK TON<;UK; AND I'AUALYSl.S OF TllK TONOUK. 
II. IIOVEN, Olt TYMl'ANITIS. III. IMI'ACTION OK THE KUMEN, Oil MAW- 
BOUND. IV. IMPACTION OK THE OMASUM, Olt KARDLE-BOUND. V. DYSPEl'- 

SIA. VI. CONSTIPATION. VII. 1)1 AKIJIUKA, Olt SCOUItS. VIII. DYSEN- 
TERY. IX. ENTERITIS. -X. PERITONITIS. .XI. HERNIA. ,XI1. STRAN- 
GULATION, OR GUT-TIE. 

It will be readily seen by the annexed cut, that the stomachs of rumi- 
nants arc very complicated, and hence when out of order, serious results 
often follow. Bv noticinii' the relative positions of the compartments, 




COMP.\RlMKNTS UK THE STOMAIH OK KIMINANTS. 

men, or first compartment- rf. Ahoniasum, or fourth compartmer 

[iculum, or second do. e. Oesophagus, or B:ullet. 

lasum, or third do. /. Entrance to the intestines, or pylo 



the following paires will be more i-eadily undcrslood. The four coni- 
|)artniciits (or, as they arc often termed, the four stomachs) all tloat 
loo .ely in the cavity of the tiiuiU, e.\'cei)tin<;- the paunch (rumen), which 
grows to the side in the left flanU. 

72;'. 



r24 



TlIK AMKIIKAN FAUMER 



KK HOOK. 



I. Glossitis, or Inflammation of the Tongue ; and Paralysis of the Tongue. 

Tlic mouth !Uid toii<>ut; are frecjucntly wounded from drenching in :i 

careless manner, or l)v forciuii boiiies in (lie fodder, tiiorns, etc. The 





TKOCIIAR AND CANMl.A. 

swelling is sometimes very great, especially if it is (he tongue thai is in- 
jured. Temporary jDaralysis of that organ occasionally ensues, in which 
case it hangs from the mouth, like some lifeless appendage. 

What to do. — ^ Examine the mouth care- 
fully, and remove all offending substances. 
If (he tongue hangs pendulous, foment it 
witii hot water; if very Lad, a few scari- 
tications, to make it bleed a little, will do it 
good. Apply the following lotion three or 
four times a day, with a swal) : 

IS'u. 25. 1 OuiiLO vinegar, 

2 OiiiH'i'!, honey, 
}.i Pint water. 
Mix. 

II. Hoven, or Tympanitis. 

This is distension of the rumen or paunch 
with gas, the product of fermentation 
accompanying acute indigestion. It com- 
monly follows a hearty feed on clover or 
other succulent die(. or is one of the strpiela' in a case of clidkiiig. 

How to know it. — The paunch is terribly distended with gas, so much 
so that (he s|)ace l)ctween the last ribs and the points of the hips is 

puffed up above the surface, and 
when tapped, is clastic and resonant, 
like a drum, cspcu'ially on the left 
side. The breathing is ditiicult and 
painful, becoming more so as th(> gas 
increases ; (lie nostrils are dilated, the 
cve> look v.ild, and gas and food are 
belched up from (he s(omach, and 
dribble from tlu^ mouth. The animal 

ox Sl-KFEIUNG ^•HOM nOVEN, ,,|,,^.,,^ ^|^,^^.,^. .,,,,, ,„„,.„il^. .,l,„„t^ 

moaning witii each expired bread). If not relieved, death follows from 
suffocation, lupture of the stomach, or blood poisoning by the gases. 



i OK TUK TONOCK KUOM 
AN IN.IIUV. 




UISKASES OF THK UICESTlVi: OUCAXS 



725 



What to do. — If it !••' ;i very urgent case, plunge tlie trochur unci can- 
nula into ihe ri'gloM cf greatest distension on the left side, at a point 





WOOUEX iiAd. 



BALLING IRON. 



and point of llic hip, 




midway between the spines of the loins, last rii 
pointing the trochar in and down- 
Mard, and letting it pass in obliquely 
to avoid the kidney. AVlien food 
gets over the end of the tube (can- 
nula), pass in a i)iece of whalebone 
and i)ush it off. If the measures 
above directed are not practicable, 
and a j)robang is handy, insert the 
gag or the l)alling iron in the mouth, 
and with one man to steady the head, 
pass in theprobang, which will evacu- 
ate the gas from the stomach. After 
the acute .symptoms are over, give a 
brisk purgative. No. 8 will be found 
effectual. Feed light for several days, 

m. Impaction of the Rmnen, or Maw-Bound. 

After an unusually full meal, the grain often becomes impacted in the 
animal's stomach, causing its temporary paralysis, the whole mass lying 
there like so much soggy stuff in a leather bag. Great distress necessa- 
rily follows, which is aggravated when fermentation sets in, death often 
resulting from suffocation, or in a more protracted case from nervous 
prostration and blood poisoning. 



DIAGRAM, SHOWING WHKRE TO TAP THE 
RUMEN FOU llOVEN. 



t trochar at point where the Hi 



72(i 



THK AMERICAN FAUMEU S STtX'K HOOK. 



How to know it. — It will have the saiiic outward appearauco of tio- 
ineiidous distension as tj'nipanitis, l)iit when the bloated section is touched 
it is found to be soft and pittj, so that when dented the dent i-emains 
or rises slowly. 




TAl'MNG TUE UUMEN. 
acuate the gas, in a case of hoven. 



What to do. — When paral\'sis of the stoinacii has actually taken i)lace 
from engorgement, there is nothing of any avail but to empty the rumen 
with the hand. This operation, which is termed rumenotomy, will be 
found described in the chapter on operations, "\Mien tiie stomach is 




SECUKING WITH TIIE WOODEN liA<;. 
Prior to passing the probang to evacuate the gas from the stomacli. 

emptied, and l)cfore sewmg up the wouutl, pour in carefully the purgative 
No. 8, with half a pint of ale added as a stimulant. Restrict the diet for 
a few days, giving only easily digested food — grass, sloppy mashes, etc. 

TV. Impaction ot the Omasum, or Fardle-bomid. 
The omasum, or third stomach, i^ a sack ofagn^at many leaves, arranged 
so as to rub constantly on one another, keeping up a grinding action 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 



727 



on the food. Tliis stonuicli is apt to suffer from wiint of moisture, 
whereupon the food becomes impacted between the leaves, leading to 
inflaniniiition. This condition is variously know as fardle-liound, bake 
of the many-plies, bake of the manifolds, etc. 




(V ^..: ! 





KI'MEN EXPOSED FOK MECHANICAL REMOVAl. OK ITS CONTENTS 



How to know it. — It comes on gradually as an ordinary case of con- 
stipation, with abdominal pain, a "looking around to the right side, and 
disinclination to move ; fever sets in, and slowly increases as the disease 
makes progi'ess ; there is great tenderness in the right side just below the 
ribs, at which point a hard round substance can be felt ; the colic pains 
and fever grow moi'e intense ; the animal makes constant attempts to pass 
fisces ; delirium and vertigo set in. and death soon follows. 

What to do. — The treatment must be prompt and persistent. Give a 
full cathartic as follows: 

Xo. 2G. 1}., Pounds epsoiii salts, 

2 Ounces ginger. 
2 Ounces gentian, 
2 Drachms calomel, 
20 Drops croton oil, 

1 Pint syrup, 

2 Quarts warm water, 

Mix. 

Give as one dose, and encoiuage the tirinking of as much water after- 
wards, from time to time, as possible. Give injections of warm water 
and soap every half hour. If it is cold weather, blanket the i)atient 



728 THE AMERICAN FAU.MEUS STOCK liOOK. 

wannlv. To insure the action of tiie puriiiitive, give every two hours a 
stimulating dose composed as follows : 

No. 27. 1 Ounce liquor iimuiouia. 

1 Quart warm ale. 

)^2 Ounce essence of ginger, 
Mix. 

It is not safe to repeat the cathartic, nor would it he of any use ; for if 
it remains inoperative, in spite of the stimulants, double the dose would 
not be any more likely to effect a passage. 

When a passage is despaired of, and as a last resort, tepid water may 
be injected into the jugular vein, or galvanism applied to the region of the 
stomach ; but the case is well-nigh hopeless. 

V. Dyspepsia. 

The lower animals are not supposed l)y the great majority of people 
ever to be troubled with dyspepsia, but they are, nevertheless. Ail the 
domestic animals are liable to suffer from chronic indigestion from irregu- 
lar or improper feeding, especially if to this is added exposure to the 
cold storms and winds of the straw yard, without housing, etc. 

How to know it. — A capricious appetite is noticed. Dainty at first, 
the animal may shortly be seen licking walls, dirt, or lime, and chewing 
sticks, etc. ; he is inclined to eat the bedding, or take up coal, stones, 
etc., to chew, showing a depraved appetite for something he has not 
cot. After a while, there will be a staring coat, eruptions, belchings 
from the stomach, and emission of gas from the rectum ; the manure is 
small in quantity, dry and glazed; the flanks drop in, except when dis- 
tended with gas ; the skin and hair feel dry and coarse ; and there is a 
rapid loss of flesh. It is not often a very serious condition in itself, but 
it weakens the animal and lowers the tone of the vital functions, so that 
he is unable to resist other diseases ; and it especially predisi)oses to 
attacks of tympanitis, constipation or diarrha'a, tuberculosis, cancerous 
ulcers, and jnirpura hemorrhagica. 

What to do. — Give phosphate of lime in tlie form of ground liones, and 
a little lime water — about half a teacupful — morning and night in a bran 
mash, or the following recipe : 

No. 28. 3 Drachms bi-carbonate of sod.a. 

2 Drachuis gentian. 
2 Dracluns ginger, 

Mix. 

Give as one dose, repeating it morning and night. Give a complete 
change of food, includinu' some green grass, roots, etc. 



DISEASES OF THE DICESTIVE ORGANS. 729 

VI. Constipation. 

This i.s the condition which exists when there is not sufficient moisture 
in the stomach and bowels, and the feces are jjassed tardih' and in hard, 
dry lumps. It is always a<rgravated, and often caused, by too dry food, 
insufficient or impure water and too little exercise. It is often symptom- 
atic of otiicr diseases, especially of liver complaints. 

How to know it. — It is recognized l)y the hard, dry manure, which is 
also sometimes glazed. It is apt to run into inflammation of the bowels, 
colic, etc., and when existing as a symptom of other diseases, nearly always 
indicates serious derangement of the sj'stem. 

What to do. — If it is in the M'inter or late in the fall, give from one to 

two quarts of melted lard ; if in the spring or summer, give recipe No. 

S. Give laxative food with more bulk, and plenty of good, pure Mater 

to drink. Salt the cattle at least twice a week in Avinter, and three times 

in summer. If a mild case, it is quite possible that laxative food, with a 

handful of salt and plenty of water, will be all that is needed. Injections 

of M-arm water and soap arc valuable adjuncts to either laxatives or 

purgatives. 

VTI. Diarrhoea, or Seours. 

This is caused by improper and inferior food, irregularity in feeding, 
■etc., and like its opjxisite, constipation, often accompanies other dis- 
eases, particularly indigestion and dyspepsia, especially if dependent upon 
an acid condition of the system. 

How to know it. — The manure is passed much too often, and in a 
thin, watery condition, at times with considerable straining. If it runs 
on long, there is a feverisli condition of the stomach and bowels, with 
great thirst, but little or no appetite ; rumination is suspended ; the milk 
dries up ; the belh' is tucked up and the back arched ; the coat stares ; 
in some cases there is considerable flatulence. The further progress of 
the disease is marked by i-apid loss of flesh and animal heat, the temper- 
ature falling more and more below the normal ; the pulse I'iscs as the 
weakness increases, and at length becomes imperceptible ; and death fol- 
lows, as a result of the cessation of 
the digestive functions, and conse- 
quent lack of nutrition. It is further 
hastened bj'^ the weakening effects 
of the excessive discharges. It is 
particularly fatal to young calves, 
among whom it is (juite common. 

What to do.— Usually, the best ... ^,,^^^ 

plan is to ffive alkalines along with ' " 

, ^ .,, , C.\LF SUFFERING FUOM lUAKRIICEA. 

astringents, with anodyne enemas. 

It is often the case, however, that laxatives, or even purgatives, are 




730 TllK AMKHICAN I' AI{M Kl; V >1( X K IIOUK. 

iiccdcil, lo rcstoi'c a licallliv foiidilioii to 1 lie stoniacli and l)<)\vcls. l-'or 
yomi^- calves (liat afc l'<'d on milk. — -willi wliom an acid coiidilion of I lie 
stotnacli is connnon, — i:i\c one or Iwo (al)l(\s[)0()nfuls of linicw alcr, in 
llic milk, niirlit and morninji ; and a tcacui)fiil of jz'cnii.ni infusion, witii 
a (|ii nl (d' slarcli •i'l-iu'l, may l)o added to tiii^ mill^ and limcwalcr. Any 
of I lie lollowinii' mixtures may l>e irivcn : 

Ne. -.".I. I Oiiiicc pri'iiiireil cIimIK. 

1,^ Oiiiice |mi\\(Ic|(mI nilccliu. 
■1 Dni.liiii- peu.lcn'il -iii'iTi-. 
'._. I)i-acluii piiwili'ii'il e|ii.iiii. 
'^. I'iiil pi'iipcniiiiil u :iliT. 
Mix. 

( ii\-e, mot ninif and nielli , from Iwo to four talilespoonfuls, aceordinj^ 
lo the size of the calf. 

No. ;!0. 2 Oiiiircf, liliiliiri' 111' I'llti'clm. 

2 ()iim-(!S tincMiui^ iif cindinnoiiis. 
2 Driiclniis rarlioii.-ilc iil' soila. 
Mis. 

l)i\i(le into two lo four doses, aeeordiui;- to ai;f of calf, and ij;ive one 
of I hem niornini;' and iiiiihl . 

No. :{l. '.J Drachm powdia-cil opium. 

I Ounce liiioturo of (^anlamoiiis. 
It Draclim.s sulphuric cllicr. 
I I'iut liiiseoil tea. (or slarch ;;iiicl), 
Mix. 

|)i\ide isito six doses, and o;ive one >>( I hem niuht and inoi'ninir. If 
astrinirent mixtures and the limewater do no jiood, give from two to foui' 
tal)les|)o()iifuls of castor oil, or, instea<l, the followiiifj; mixture: 

No. ;i2. 4 Ounces tinctuic ol rliiibnih, 

2 Drachms i)()\vilcrc(l ;;iiij;i'r. 
I Ounces \\ aim ^rucl. 
.Mix. 

(Ii\e as OHO dose, and follow il with some doses of No. ;5(> or .'il. The 
foul' recipes al>()V(! given, it must he remend>ered, ai'o all for calves. 
For full grown cattle, giv(> some of the following mixliii'es: 

No. ;!;l. 1 '., Ounces pi-epareil clialU. 

2 Dnuhms powdeicd catcclm. 
'., Drai lun poudi'icd opium, 
2 Dracluus powdered ;;iiiliaM. 
1 Pint slai-ch f;ruel. 
Mix. 

Give as one dose, and repeat in t wcuty-foui' hours if nee(!ss!iry. 



DisKASKs or rrii; i>ii;i;sii\i-; oi;<;a.\s. TM 

No. ;U. 2 Dracliiiis powih'rod opium, 

1 Oiiiiitcs poudcnMl sliucli. 

1 Ouri.'c Milpliiirii' cMliiT. 
I l-iiil roM :ilr. 

MlN. 

(live MS one (lose. Wy si|l)>l it ill ilii: (cpiil \v:itcr t'ol- the :ili', this recipe 
may also l)c used with advaiitiioc as an iiijritii)ii. 

No. ;l.5. 'o Dnictiiii timiiic:i<-i(l. 

I Dracliiii powdcic'd opium. 
1 OiMirc |)o\V(l('rcil ;;ciili;iM. 
.1 I'iiil \v:iiiii all'. 
Mi\. 

(live as one dose. 

If la.vativcs are ri'(|iiircd, L'ive half ,i |iiiil of iin'llcd |;iid, oi-, iiislcad, 
tlic follow iiii^ iiiixt lire : 

No. :tU. I Drai'lim iiilomi'l. 

2 hraclims powdiTi-d o|>jiiiii. 

1 l^uail K'li'd. 
Mix. 

( live ;ls one dose. 

In all cases, ic>liicl llic (|uaiilit\' of diinkini: water, allowiiii:; it often 
Iml only a little at a time, and di-solvin^ an ounce of clilorate of potash 
in each pailful of watci. I'"c<>d .m lij:ht, easily dij^csted foo<l, and keep 
the animal perfectly (piiet for a few da\s, 

VIII. DyBcnti'ry. 

How to know it.— 'llie inllammalion of the mucous lininir ,,(' ) I,,, 
.stomach and liowcls which characterizes 1 his di^i'ase, caus(;.s severe slrain- 
inir, and w aleiy , offensi\c, hloody diseliarires, and lii<rh fev(M', with execs- 
wive thirsl ; ther<Ms loss of appetite; tiie s(?erction of milk ceases, as doi's 
rumination also ; (Muaciation hetjins early an<l i-.ipidly increases: di.^i- 
(•liai'<res from the vyvs avt'. seen ; colicky pains occur frecjuentlv, the liack 
l)(!in<; ar(!lied, and tail <'levated ; the or,.i|(.|;d prosi i-alion is \ciy i^icil , 
and often |)rov(!,s fatal. If too inuidi water is drank, lympanilis is li.iMc 
to ensu(! and cause death suddenly from suffocation. 

Causes. — Dysentery may follow tli(nn>restion of acid, jioisonous plants, 
or it may come on as the se(|ucl of neLdect(!d diarrha'a, or of ahnost any 
olhcr dehilitatinii <lisease. 

What to do. — fJive a laxative ,is follows ; 

.\(). :{". 7 Oiiiiccs cpsom -alls. 

2 Di'ac-hms powilci-cd opium. 
2 Drachms pDwdi'inl ;;ciiiiaii. 
I I'irit gruel. 

Mix. 



732 I'lii'; A.Mi;i(i(AN [aumim; s stock hook. 

(;i\i- :i- uiin (losr. < )r, illsliMtl, .\<i. .'iti llliiy \>f J.''i\cil. Dissolve 
cliloralr of |)(ilii.-.li ill llif drinking- w.iIit, us |)rcscril)c(l l'(ir (liurrlKrii. 
< ii\'r IVci|iiriil iiiiccliolis of hl;ircll ;;riirl, wilii iiii ounce i>( (illcllll(^ of 

(i|ii in e;ic|i (ilie. If llie lu'ces life \civ olTensivc, ^■i\'e llie followiMJ^-, 

JKiir 111' it li\ Hie iniinlii, Mini llie resl, jis nil injeelinii : 

No. ;(H. '... Oiiricc cliN.ridc el liiiic, 

I.J ((lUiii- linrhiii- iiiiiirii, 

1 OlIMi-e Hiil|>liiiilr i'IImt, 

2 l^iiarlH hlMicli ;4i iicl. 
Mix. 

Any (if Hie ;islfin;^en( rei'lpes ej^,.!, r,,!- <li:iiTli<e;i ;ire M|i|irM"il)|e, rollow- 
ilie' Hi(^ ii(llllinisl|-;iHiill nf hlMltives. h'eed liLiiiHv, iiikI nurse e;irelnlly. 

IX. EnloritiH. 

'I'liis is inll.'iinnniliun of Hie (liL;csliM> :i|i|);iral iis, mihI <'>|ieiially (us ils 
niUllc implies ) i>r llie inleslines, lull is ijliile ililTeleiil rrolli Hii' illlluni- 
iiiiilory hIiiIc of ilysenlery. 

Causes. H iii'i\ emne fiuni ealiiij;' viiiious poisonous sulislanees, eillier 

ve;j('lalil ■ iniiier.Ml ; or it may I'ollow Hk^ loo smiden eli(^ckiiie; of diai-- 

rliu-a. Injuries to Hie alidomon sometimes eaiise it. 

How to know It. — I'liere is eonstipation, sncli I'o'ics as are passed 
lieiiiL' hard , dr\', and eoalecl willi mucus, ami somclimcs (dTciisivc ami 
lilo(pd\ : liii:li fever and i|uick, hard pulse; dry month, willi an olTeiisi\'e 
fur oNcr Hie loii;iUe ami cheeks; the thirst, is illsal i.ahle ; llii^ appetite 
Tails, and so docs the milk ; rmninalion is Hiispen<lcd ; I'olicky pains may 
occur, llioii'jh the pain is niori' likidy to lie constanl ; Incal hiiii;- liecomes 
laliored, ,'ind nioi-e or lc->s lympauilis may lie ii(ilice<l ; the ni-iiie is scanty 
and hi'jh coloreil ; the hack is ar<'hcd ; Hie animal moans, Miiiids his 
|cclli,aud iid'uses to niox'c ; the pulse gradually l)<'com<\s impereept ibic, 
.iiid Hie i\t remit ies c(dd ; and deatii soon I'oilow.H, al'lei' an illll(^s.s lastiiiif 

rrom one lot wo weeks. 

Tost inorlcin appearances ai'(^ usually as follows: The liisl and thiril 
Htomaclis arc tilled with food, dry and impactc<| almost, Itaked, timl 
wIk'II tills is taken out, the epilhclliim <>( the stomachs comes off with it ; 

the foiiiih slomacli and liowels arc inllamed ; .'iiid I ■(• or less lympii, ill 

shreils, is found, as also some ulcers, in the lar'jc intestines. TIk^ iivei' 

is )ieiierall\' .softened, and all oilier inleriial pai'ls very ch lilcached, 

indicalim;- L;real wastiu;;'. 

What to do. <iivt' II pui;:ati\e as pr plly as possihlc. No. ^C, 

omitliliii' Hie ei'otou <ill, will he the t hi lie. I'aieour.a'jc I he anim.'il t o <lriiik 
lare'e (|mintilies ,,{ water ami olhcr lliiids, and supplemcnl the purijalivi! 
with Hie fidlowinii injection : 



DISKAHICH Ol' Till'; DKJhlSl'l VK OKOANH. 



TXi 



No. :i!). I I'iiii. liiiH i oil, 

I OlIMI'CH oil llll'llirlllilicr, 

:t() l)r(i|m crolciii oil, 
I Qiiurl. wiinii wainr, 

I Olini'C KofI HOIl|>, 

Mix. 
lic])('iit, tlii'ci^ liiiK^s ;i liny I ill ii, I'lili |)iii'o;iilivn iiclioii Ih^^dI. if I Iio ron- 
htipiilinii (l()(!H n()(, yi(!l<l, <^iv(^ lij'podcniiic, iiijcclioiiH mh CoIIowh: 

No. 10. I fJiiiliiM Hliyi^linliic, 

I Ounce- B|ilillH of wliui, 
i; Drop'j '^iiliiliiii'li' iiclil. 
Mix. 

WliiMi (JIhsoIvimI, iiijcrl IVoiii toil to Iwciity (iropH iiiidcr Uu; Hkiii wit.liii 
syriiif^o Hiiiliililo lor tlio piii pu^o. 'jin drops of Mi'ih Holiitioii coiil.aiii oiki- 
twclflh <d' II, oji'iiiii of sl rycliiiiiic. If prosi ml ion ndlowM, j;;iv(! IIki I'oI- 
lowiijo : 

No. II. 2 Dnu'liiiiK i'iirii|)lior, 

>i^ Ounce nil|j|iiirl<- cAhcr, 
t OnnccH iiccliiic ol MMiinonlii fiih illrcclcil lidowj, 
Mix. 

'rin! ciiiiiplior is lo he diHsolv(ul ill IIk! Hulpliurii; cllirr, iiikI flu- otlicr 
ino-rcdiciil, iiddcd iiflcfWiii'(|s. (iivf! iih oiki (|oh(! in nlc, or jfriid. 

if violi'iil, piii-j;:ilion l.'diciH pliicir, it, cmii l>r (■oiitroijcd witli Hour mid 
wiitcT, — !i doiil(l(i li:uidfiil of Hour to four or live ipinrlH <i{ wider; or 
iiiiMci'd 1(^11 iiijiy l)<i o;iv('ii to <lriiik. 'I'iio pro;,cript ions for diiirriio'ii, will 
1)0 found convitiiiciit in cuhcs of HiiporpiirL'Mtion. 
X. PoritoriitiH. 

'I'liis is iiill;ininiid,ion of lii<^ pcrilonciiin, ii, scroirs nioniliriitK^ lining flio 
Ciivily of the l)<dly,iind cov(^rino^ llic, howds nnd other :ilidoiiiiiiiil viH(;erii,. 

Cause. — 1< in sdwiiyH I he, result, of injury, or (d" Hecondnry iiilliinini.il ion 
follow iiio; tin- operidion of I'lnnenoloiny. 

How to know It. — 'I'ln' (ininiid Hfiinds dej(!(tl,c(||y, mnl liiis til i,f 
hliivi'iiii^';, wliieli iir(! espiteiidly nofieciiiblc^ iironnd t,!i(^ llmiks nnd liind 
purls; nil fii(^ hyinptoni,^ of fever nn^ present, tlie pulse, urine, tenipern- 
tnre, riiniinntion, ele., nil lieino; iilTceli'd ; IIk; hrenlliino; is hiliori'd nnd 
done nio-lly willi tlie eliest, tlie ril)H licin;^^ lixi-d ; the, Hiifferer looks nroiind 
lo iier llniiks, nnd pnws or eroiielics witli piiin ; nil tin' H\niploin,-; lieeonie, 
ilof{^rilvnle<|, nnd tlHHeiiipernliir<', Hild(J«!i)ly fulls lielow the noiin.il: llie. 
helly tills with wnter, nn<l dentil speedily follows. 

If n post, inorteiii is lind, Inrffo qiiillil it ies (d" reddish wiifcrwiil How fioin 
tiie belly, iis soon iiH flu; nieiiiliriiiK'H iir<) eiil , nnri niiiiiistiikid)l(i si^^iis of 
inflninninlion will Im! seen nroniid (Ik; injury; nnd soinetinicH tliorc! arc* 
iidhesions helween (he intdslines. 



734 



THE AMERICAN FARMEK S STOCK BOOK. 



What to do. — Give recipe No. 8, following it si.x or eight hours after 
■with No. 3(j ; al.'^o, frequent injections of soa)) iiiui water. No. IS may 
also be given with advantage. If prostration follows the action of the 
purgative, give No. 41. During convalescence, give No. 21. 

XI. Hernia. 

This is fauiiliarly known as rupture. The investing membrane of the 
abdomen is toi-n, as a result of e.xternal injury or of severe strain, thus 
letting out the intestines into the adjacent spaces. The swelling or 
enlargement of the hernia is sometimes seen as large as a half bushel. 
It is soft, and is easily pushed back if not very large. iSometinies, when 
a great quantity of the intestines is protruded, whatis called strangulated 
hernia results, which is always dangerous, ;ind unless reduced, causes 
death from inflammation and mortification. T'mbilical hernia (at the 
navel) is sometimes seen at birth in calves. 

What to do. — For calves, a compress or truss is put on, as shown in the 
anncxi'il cut , adjusting it so as to make considerable pressure. If this 
fails, wooden clanqis, applied so as to include the skin over the rupture, 
and just tight enough to set up a certain amount of adhesive inflamma- 
tion, will be effectual, the compress being applied over the clamps. 

In ventral (belly) hernia, little can be done, unless the rupture 

is small, in which case the 
same appliances may be 
used. In a case of strangu- 
lated hernia, when the gut 
cannot be pushed back, the 
skin may be oi)cned and 
the parts put back and the 
wound sowed up again, — 
flrst that in the al)dominal 
wall, and then the skin, — 
and a com})ress applied. 
Scrotal hernia is very 
difficult to reduce. The 
auiinal must be castrated l)y wiiat is (tailed the covered operation, f<n- 
whicli a qualiflcd veterinary surgeon will i)e required. 
XII. Strangulation, or Gut-tie. 

This is a passage of the intesiincs into the abdominal ring. It is only 
seen in steers and oxen. The contraction of the spermatic cord follow- 
in"- castration leaves the abdominal rings oix'n, and during severe exer- 
tion, as in hard work, llic intestines arc forccu through. 




^mlm^ 



ti:l>>s I'Oi: i misilicai. ueuma. 



DISEASES OF THE OIGESTIVE ORGANS. 735 

How to know it. — AH the i>ymptoms of ubdoniiiml ditiiciiltv are seen, 
tog'-'tluT with i);iiii and soreness in the tiank affected. 

What to do. — The ox must be cast, an opening made in the tianiv, the 
gut replaced, and the opening sewed up again, and a compress ap[)lied, 
most of which are difBcuit and delicate operations, that require the ser- 
vices of a qualified veterinary surgeon. 



CHAPTER VI. 



DISEASES OF THE URINABY ORGANS. 




I. NEPHRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNF.YS. II. RETENTION OF THE URINE, 

OR T>YSURIA. III. INCONTINENCE OF URINE, OR ENURESIS IV. ALBUMI- 
NURIA, OR ALBUMINOUS URINE. V. ILEMATURIA, OK BLOODY URINE. VI. 

(OSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OK THE IlLADKER. VII. LITIIIASIS, OR GRAVEL. 

VIII. CALCULI. 

I. Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys. 
Causes. — External violence, wounds, strains, etc. ; eating acrid, diu- 
retic |)l,ints : and too free use of diuretic medicines. 

How to know it. — It is rather rare in cattle. When it occurs, there 
are colicl^y pains, witii great uneasiness ; the 
urine is thiciv and dark colored, and voided 
often, in small (juantities and with much 
straining and i)ain ; there is tenderness over 
the loins, especially at the sides, immediately 
below the transverse spines of the lumbar 
vcrtebrre ; the gait is straddling, and lame- 
ness is noticeable, — sometimes in one leg, 
sometimes in both ; the appetite is poor ; 
fever runs high ; rumination ceases ; some- 
times blood, and in the later stages pus, is 
evacuated with the urine ; the nose becomes hot and dry, the horns and 
extrenntics cold, and the breathing labored. Diarrhcea often sets in, and 
sometimes dysentery ; and this state is usually followed by constipation. 
There is profuse sweating, great pain, and arching of the back ; the pulse 
becomes small and weak ; and stupor and death soon follow. 

Post mortem shows the affected kidney or kidneys enlarged and con- 
(Tcsted — usually, with an abscess also. 

What to do. — Avoid purgatives, especially salines, but give the follow- 
ing recipe in })refcrcncc : 

Ko. -12. 3 Ounces MiiKlciPnis' spirit, 

20 I)i(i|is tiiu'tiirc aconite root, 
1 J'int liu.sci'd tea, 
Mix. 
Give as one dose. Repeat it every two hours till better, then drop 
off in frequency as the case will admit. Give large quantities of linseed 
tea or slippery elm water to drink, with warm water injections. Apply 

7;i() 



ox SllFKUlNG FROM INFLAM 
MATION OK THE KIDNEYS. 



DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 



737 



liot water rugs to the loins. Feed on sloppy food, und keep llie patient 
perfectly quiet. 

If the animal recovers, he had better be fed for the butcher, for the 
trouble is liable to recur, and unremitting care would be re(iuircd to guard 
against the effect of storms, extremes of temperature, etc 

II. Retention of the Urine, or Dysuria. 

Cause. — It may be brought on by eating acrid herbs, causing inflanuna- 
tion of the urinary organs, irrital)ility and spasms of the neck of the 
bladder. Most commonly, however, it is a symptom of some other dis- 
ease, the pressure upon the neck of the bladder resulting from inversion 
of the rectum, calculi, or other visceral trouble. 

How to know it. — Frequent but ineffectual attempts to pass the urine, 
straining, and colicky jJains ; the hind legs are raised and moved about 
restlessly, and the animal looks around towards the flank. 

Whatto do.^Ciive hot water injections by the rectum, (and in the 
fennile l)y the vagina also) ; add to the injection (jne ounce of o[)ium, or 
three drachms of fluid extract of belladonna. Rei)eat these in Jifteon min- 
utes. If there is still no relief, the urine must be drawn off with a 
catheter. With the female tliis is very easily done, the catheter being 
inserted through the opening to the bladder, which will be found on the 
floor of the vagina, and about three inciies from the external orifice. 
With the mak^ it is a far more serious operation, and, unfortunatel}', 
retention of the urine is far more conmion in the male than in the female, 
owing to the peculiar foi-mation of the uretlira, a slight i)rc8sui'e on one 




URETintAL TANAL, ETC.. OF THE OX. 

a. The bladder. 

h. The urethral canal. 

c. Curves of the urethral canal. 

d. The retractor muscle of the penis 



of the curves being sufficient to cause the difliculty. The operation nec- 
essary to draw off the urine from the ox will be found described in the 
chapter on operations. After using the catheter, give the injections pre- 
scribed above, with a lisfht diet and some linseed tea, for a few days. 



73JS TlIK AMERICAN FAUMEU'.S STOCK BOOK. 

III. Incontinence of Urine, or Enuresis. 

This difficulty may be considered the opijositc of that just considered ; 
the urine dril)l)les away involuntarily. 

Cause. — Paralysis of the muscular coat of the tjhuidcr and sphincter 
vesica' : calculi ; or pervious urachus after birth. 

What to do. — Give purgative No. S, and follow it with one and a half 
drachm doses of nux vomica, morning and night, in soft feed. If there 
are calculi, remove them. If the case is a had one, inject cold water intt) 
the rectum, and give ten grains of powdered cantharides in soft food, 
morning and night. 

IV. Albiuninuria, or Albuminous Urine. 

This is the same as Bright's disease in the human subject, and, in 
strictness, is probably a blood disease. 

Cause. — 'I'he l)lood is impoverished, to a certain extent, by too much 
and too long continued sameness of diet, iii conse([ueiice of which there 
is a deticiency of l)lood forming constituents, with a low, unassinnlable 
quality of albumen, which is excreted by the kidneys. This lesids in time 
to a degeneraticm of those important organs in two different forms, — the 
large, white kidney, and the small, red kidney. The former secretes 
very little urine, the latter gieat quantities of it. 

Alljuminuria is most common in sections where tui'nips are the almost 
exclusive diet. They cannot, alone, support the system in a healthy 
condition, and the impairment of the vital functions thus resulting, 
seems to affect the kidneys more than other organs, and in this peculiai 
way. It is generally regarded as the effect of l)ad management and 
injudicious feeiling. 

How to know it. — In those rare cases where the trouble arises from an 
injuiy, the l)ack will Ije arched and the feet drawn together, indicating 
injury to the loins ; but in ordinary cases, the most connnon and charac- 
teristic symptom is the stretching at full length, getting the hind and 
fore feet as far apart as possible. Generally, there is constipation, a 
straddling gait, stiffness, and disinclination to move. The in"ine, which 
is thick, mucilaginous and dark colored, often fails to produce albunn-n 
on the application of heat (a common test), but with tincture of galls, 
solution of bi-chloride of mercury and alcohol, will always separate some. 
Death often results from paralysis of the hind parts, l)lood poisoning and 
conui. 

What to do. — Examine the bladder; if full, evacuate it as described 
for retention, (iive recipe No. 8, and injections, to overcome the con- 
stipation, and afford a complete change of diet, cutting short on green 
food, except grass, which should be from uplands, but allowing mf)re 



DISEASES OF THE URINAUY ORGANS. 739 

oTiiin. Also, give milk, eggs, ete. If it still continues, give the follow- 
ing recipe : 

No. 43. "2 Drachms sulphuric ucid, 

1 Ounce tincture of cardamoms, 
1 Pint water. 
Mix. 

Give as one dose. 

V. Hsematuria, or Bloody Urine. 

Of this there are two kinds. Traumatic li(i>maturia is the effect of 
external violence, by which the loins and kidneys are injured, and may 
be recognized without difficulty, by the blood passing in clots distinct 
from the urine which contains them. 

Idiopathic Juematuria follows active congestion of the kidneys from 
calculi, eating acrid herbage, excessive use of diuretics, and the like 
causes. It may be distinguished by the red appearance of the urine. 
There are also signs of fever, and, ui)on suital)le tests, the urine will be 
found to contain albumen. Inflammatiou of the kidneys (uephritis) is 
apt to follow. 

What to do. — The traumatic form is best treated by injections of cold 
water into the rectum, and by cold cloths laid over the loins. The idio- 
pathic kind treat the same as albuminuria, (see preceding section), and 
rub mustard paste well into the loins. 

VI. Cystitis, or Inflammation of the Bladder. 

This is inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the Ijladder. 

Causes. — Any derangement of the digestive organs is apt to change 
the character of the urine, nuiking it acid and irritating, instead of alkaline, 
as it is m health. In other instances, cystitis is caused by eating poi- 
sonous plants, by calculi, and incautious use of diuretic medicines. 
Cantharides is peculiarly apt to cause it, either by being absorlied when 
spread over too larce a surface of the skin, or by ])eing given internally 
in too large doses. 

How to know it. — l>y coiick}- pains, nose turned towards the flank, 
efforts to vomit, and, if a male, by the testicles being drawn u|) towards 
the body ; the urine is passed with pain, and is albuminous ; its flow may 
be either retarded or accelerated ; there is evident constitutional disturb- 
ance and prostration; the faices are often covered with blood: there is 
profuse perspiration ; gastro-enteritis or nephritis may ensue : ami death 
results from either rupture of the bladder or prostration. 

The main feature on post mortem examination, is the inflammation of 
the lining of the bladder. There are signs of blood poisoning also, 



740 THE AMERICAN KAItJIER'8 STOCK HOOK. 

usuall}' ill the purple spots, and tlie odor of iiriiic is present lliroiiii:liout 
tiie entire body. 

What to do. — Avoid oleaginous purgatives, resorting, in [jreferenee, to 
large quantities of linseed tea, or gum arabic water, Give r('cii)e No. 8, 
and soothing injections. In short, adopt the same treatment as for 
nephritis. (See Section I. ) 

VII. Lithiasis, or Gravel. 

Abnormal conditions of the urine, in which either an acid or alkaline 
condition e.vists to an excessive degree, predispose to the formation of 
sand-like deposits in the bladder, from the union of the acids or alkalies 
with the urea in a changed condition. The ])resence of these deposits 
excites the bladder to contract, and hence may be noticed the inclination 
to void the urine often, though in small quantities and slowly. The uri- 
nation is, of course, quite painful. Sometimes particles of the deposit 
may be seen hanging to the long hairs around the external organ. 
Gravel is always more prevalent among males than females. 

What to do. — Wash out the bladder with tepid water, which is easily 
done in case of the female. For the male it will be necessary to cut 
through the penis, as described for I'etention of urine. (See chapter on 
operations.) In order to dissolve the deposit, inject into the bladder a 
weak solution of hydrochloric acid, as follows : 
No. 44. ] Diacliiii liydioclilorif acid, 

i.j Pint water, 
' Mix. 

Give internally the following niixtiu'c : 

No. 4.5. 20 Dn>|)< Iiydntrliloiii' acid, 

'^ Kraclini^ <;i'iitiaii, 
1 I'int oat iiioal sniiO. 
Mix. 

(live as one dose. Kepcat it morning and night for a few days, and 
then change to the following : 

Xo. 4ij. }'2 Pound lii-carlionatc <oda, 

4 Onnccs <;'cntian. 
'2 Pounds linseed nioal. 
Mix. 

(live two tablespoonfuls morning and night. Continue this for two oi- 
tlin'c weeks. 

VIII. Calculi, or Stones in the Bladder. 

Calciiii, like gravel, ai'i^ the product of a mecli;inical union of sniall 
l)articlcs of jjhosphatcs, etc., that accumulate in the bhidder and other 
parts of the urinary ajjparatus. They are most connnon in localities where 
the water is inu-d, as it alwavs is on a limestones foi-mation. 



DISEASES OK THE lUINAKY ORGANS. 741 

How to know it. — Tlio syiuptoms iirc almost exactly identical witli 
gravel. To vcrif}' the diagnosis, make a manual examination l>v the rec- 
tum ; the stone can be felt in the l)ladder. 

What to do. — The stone or stones must tirst l)e removed, hy the method 
desciihed in the chapter on operations. The subsequent treatment will 
be the same as for gravel. 



CHAPTER VTI. 



DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 



I. MALPRESENTATIONS, ETC., IN PARTURITION. II. PROLONOEI* AFTEU-PAINS.^— 

III. RETENTION OE THE AFTEU-BIRTII. IV. ABORTION ANU MISCARRIAGE. 

V. UTERINE IIEMORUIIA(iE, OK FLOODING. VI. INVERSION OF THE WOMB. 

VII. METRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB. VIII. PUERPERAL FEVER, 

OR METRO-PERITONITIS. IX. PARTURIENT APOPLEXY. X. LEUCORRHfEA, OR 

WHITES.-— XI. GONORRHOCA. XII. MAMMITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE 

UDDEK. XIII. SORE TEATS. XIV. NYMPHOMANIA AND STERILITY. 

I. Malpresentations, etc., in Parturition. 

Tliis, to the breeder at least, is the most important part of cattle 
pathology, aside from the contagious diseases. Oftentimes a valuable 
cow or calf, or l)oth, are lost, when a knowledge of the subject would 
save them. A little timely aid, properl}'^ given, in a difficult case of par- 
turition is invaluable, but if the assistance comes tardily, or is rendered 
in a bungling manner, the damage done may be irremediable and fatal. 

Tn order to be able to recognize a malpresentation, some degree of 
familiarity with the natural presentation, and its attendant jihenomena, is 
necessary. 

The period of gestation in cows is about nine months, sometimes a few 
days (or even weeks) more or less than this, but usually a few days 
more. The tirst calf, especially, is generally carried a few days longer. 
When the time for delivery approaches, the udder increases in size anc' 
fills, the vulva enlarges and thickens, the hips spread, and the space be- 
tween the root of the tail and the joints of the haunch drops. The time 
being up, the cow endeavors to seclude herself and hide away from the 
others ; the labor pains or throes come on gradually, increasing in force 
from time to time ; in most cases, the cow lies down, — sometimes on one 
side, and sometimes on the other, — and occasionally stretches right out. 
The first object expelled i.s the water bag, which is usually about the size 
of a man's head ; sometimes it breaks in the passage, at others it hangs 
unbroken, as low even as the hocks. The two fore feet next present, 
and then the nose lying between the feet. Three quarters of the labor is 
required to expel the head ; the remainder, to pass the shoulders, after 
which the delivery is accomplished without further effort. The cow 
usually rises, and commencing immediately to lick the calf, in a very few 
minutes has him all licked oif, when he dries ciuicklv without chilling. 

742 



DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF WEXEIIATION. 743 

Unaided by the maternal instiiipt in tliis manner, tlio calf would be a 
mueh longer time in drying off, and in cold weather would becomi- seri- 
ously chilled. The foregoing, as before intimated, is an outline of a 
natural case of labor, when "everj-thing is right." 

If the labor is severe and is prolonged more than half an hour, the cow 
should have help. The assistant should l)e the man whom the cow is 
accustomed to see ; he should be very quiet and gentle in his movements, and 
have no spectators, neither human nor cattle. If in any case, a sec- 
,ond person is present, there should be as little talking as possible. 
When the feet are properly presented, catch hold of them, one in each 
hand, and pull — not with anything approaching a jerk, but with a tirm, 
even traction — at exactly the same tinie that the cow strains, and only 
at that time, relaxing tiie traction entirely during the intervals of quiet 
between the throes. Judgment and good common sense are required to 
manage a case well, and these nuist be the operator's main reliance ; no 
printed directions can take their place. 

In a case of malpresentation, the first tiling to l^e done is to jnish tlie 
foetus back out of tlie passage, in order to introduce the hand and arm 




.TOIXTEI) HOOKS 



far enough to get hold of the parts that ought to come first, and so 
bring about a natural presentation. This is always a difficult task. If 
the cow is standing, the calf can be pushed back readily, but if she is 
Ij'ing down, the more fussing there is done the more the womb contracts, 
and the more difficult it becomes to push the foetus in against the throes. 
The simplest, quickest, and easiest way is to fix a pulley and tackle around 
the cow's legs above the hocks and to something overhead, and by these 




STRAIGHT HOOK. 



means to elevate the hind parts so that the operator can get at the case, 
and push back and "tuj-n" the calf. AVhen all the arransements for 
delivery have been completed, let her down, and she will soon return to 



14 



•line AMEKU'AN KARMEK S STOCK HOOK. 



tlu' labor pains. Work as lively as possible while the vow is elevated ; it 
is an unnatural position, and under very unfortunate cireunistanees, and 
if slie is kei)t in it long at a time very bad results might follow. 

The instruments neeessary are a piece of soft rope, ( the size of a man's 
little linger and about ten feet long), a jointed hook, straight hook, con- 

ei'aled knife, and embriotoni}' knife. 
The last named, is a small curved lilade 
fastened to a ring that tits over the 
big tiuijer, so as to <■a^l•^• tlic knife in 

rONCEALEI, KNIFE. ^^^^ ^^.^j^^^ ^^ ^j^^ ,^.^,,^, 

Firnt Malpresentadon. — If one fore foot and the nose ;i re entered in 
the passage and the other foot bent back, the calf cannot be delivered 
without tirst bringing up the retracted foot into its pi-opor positiini, on 
account of the obstruction which the shoulder would offer. Tie a small 
rope around the foot presented, in order not tf) lose it ; then push the 




FIRST M.'^l.l'UESENTATIUN. 
One tore foot and the nose entered, the other foot bent bacU. 



calf back, to allow the arm to bo introduced and find the other foot ; take 
in a noose of the rope, and put it over the foot as shown in the annexed 
cut; then — with the hand placed over the foot, so as to cover the toes, 
and thus prevent them from lacerating the womb — draw it up with the 
other hand. This aceomiilished, delivery will soon be effected. 

Second ^ralprel<entntion. — When one foot is presented, the other foot 
and the nose being turned down, proceed in a manner similar to that just 



DISKASES OF TIIK OKGANS OF OF.NERATION. 7-45 

tlesrrihcd. Tir the lopc to \\w foot presented, so as not to lose it, and 




SECONll MAH'UKSENTATION. 
One fnre foot presented, the other foot, :ind also the nose, turned down. 

liusli the I'alf hack so as to catch the nose, an(l r.aisc it into the passage ; 

then get the other foot in tiu^ way directed for tiie first nuilpresentation. 

Tltird Ala/presmta/ioii. — When the nose is presented and botii feet bent 




THIRD MALeUESENTATION. 
The nose presented, and both fore feet bent back. 



back, the head may be eiilii'cly expelled, the neck beinir in the passage 
and the .shoulders against the rim of the pelvis. If the fa'tus remains 



746 



THE AMEiaCAN KAIi.MEI! S STOCK HOOK. 



long in this eouditiou, tlu' head swells so as to render it utterly iaipos- 
silile to push it back, and the calf dies of course, — he is choked to death. 
In this extreme, the only feasible plan is to cut the head off, theu push 
the body back and get the feet as directed for the tirst nialpresentation. 
Such a case once occurred iu the practice of the writer : it was managed 
iu this way, securing delivery without troul)le, and sa\ing the cow. 

The foregoing applies only when the head is swollen. When this is not 
the case, i)ush the head back and I)ring up the feet as licfore described. 

Fourth JSlalpresentation. — In this the fore feet are l)oth i>resented, 
but the head is turned back against the side. Tie the rope to the feet, 
and cany a piece of it in, with a view of getting it into the mouth and 




FOURTH MALPRESENTATIOX. 
The lore feet in the passage, the head turned back on the side. 

around one of the jaws. Failing iu the latter effort, hook the straight 
hook into the eye socket, and then push the feet back, till tiic licad can 
be brought into the passage. 

Fifth Malprexentation. — Here, the fo-tus is lying on his l)aik, with the 
poll presented aud the feet bent back upon the belly. Delivery may be 
made in this position, but the nose and feet must be brought into the 
l)assage tirst. To do this, pass in a noose for each foot, aud another for 
the upper jaw, putting it iu the mouth ; theu push the calf back, so those 
parts can be liberated and brought uj). Carefully guard the womb from 
laceration by the toes', in all cases. When in a favorable presentation, 
let an assistant i)ull, while the main operator raises the withers of the 
foetus over the rim of the pelvis. 



DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GEXERATIOX. 



747 



Sixth Malpresentation. — Both hind feet arc in tlie passage, the calf's 
back being against the loins of the mother. Delivery is not necessarily 




FIFTH MALPUESKNTATION. 

back, witli the poll presented, and botli fore feet bent back. 



difficult, hut when once well started, it is very desirable to hasten it to 
the utmost limit of prudence, as there is danger of the calf suffocating. 




SIXTH MALI'UESENTATION. 
The hind feet both in the passage. 



Seventh Malpvesentatinn. — The breech is presented, and the hind feet 
are up against the cow's back. The feet mu.st be di'awn back into the 



748 



THE AMEKICAN I'AUMr.l! s STOCK HOOK. 



passage. Pass in the rope, take a noose around th'; liocks, and pull the 
foetus down so a-; to trot the noose around the feet and draw them hack ; 




SEVENTH MAl.l'UKSKNTATlON. 
The calf lying on liis b.ack, Ihe hind feel up ;igainst tlie cow's back, and the breech presented. 

this done, and the points of tlio buttocks Ix-iuir raised over the rim f)f the 
l)elvis at the [jvopcr time, the calf may pcriiaps (.-onie .vithout further 




KIGIITU MAI-PUESENTATION. 
The breech presented, with the back up against the loins of the mother, and the feet bent downwards. 

trouble. But if otherwise, persevere, and turn it into the position seen 
inthe cut for the sixth nialprosontntion. Failing in this, and as a hist 



IHSEASKS l)F TIIK <>li(;AN,S OK ( ; ICN ERATION. 



?49 



resort, it may l)e necessary to cut llu^ calf u[>, and talcc liiin away piece 
by piece, with tile coiicoalcd iviiifc. 'I'lic latlci' operation i-c(|iiires con- 
siderable s]\ill, in order to avoid wonndinn: tii(^ wonil) and vaiiina. It 
cannot safely Ix; attenipt(!d, except by an cxpcrl. 

JEiff/tth MaJprcscntaHon. — This is a Incecli jjrtisentation in wliicii (Ik; 
calf's ))ack is n|) against tiie mollier's loins, ami (lie feet are b(ait down- 
wards. Tliis is considered to l)e fin; liardcst position of all to rectify. 
Pass in the ropes, and take a noose around tlie hocks, and then around 
the feet ; then, bv elevating the cow very high Ixihind and pusliing l)ack 
the fujtus, and drawing u\) tiie legs and feet inio llio i)assage, it can b(! 
delivered. 

Nliilli, Malpresv Ilia turn. — Tiie neck is presented in tlie passage, the 
head being bent around to one side and the legs down against tlie bc^lly. 
First, g(!t the feet up as directed for tlic tirst three malprescaitalions ; 
then turn the head into the passage, as directed for the fourth. 

We need hardly say that b(>fore introducing the hand and arm, in any 
of tlie cases we have mentioned, tiiey siioiild be tlioroughly anointcil witli 
lard or oil. 'I'he e.xact position of tin; fn-l us should be determined lieyond 
a doubt before attempting to change or "tuin"' it. 

These nine inaiiiresentations do not coin[)rise all tlie ditKculti<'s atleiid- 
iiig jiarturition ; for tliere may be abnormal de\<'lopciiients of tli<' fo'tns. 




NINTH MAM-KKSKNTATION. 

itli the licail turned against the side, 



rendering it a mechanical imiio-isiliility lo effect its delivery alive. Wy 
far the most common phenomena under this head are hydrocei)halus 
(dropsy of the Ijraiii) and ascites (droi)sy of the belly. ) 



IM) 



IlllO AMi;ifl<A.v ••Ali.MKIi S STOCK lUHUv. 



//i/i/rnci /i/i(i/iis. — 'I'liis occiu's ni()sll\' ill old, lliiii cows, Iml soiiicf iiiics 
also ill ('.\('('ssi\'('U' liiM'-liri'd ones. 'I'lu^ licad iiiiist, lie la])|icil wilii tlic 




IY!)I!OCi:iMlAI,rS, Willi MAI.IMtKSKN'I'A rioN. 



l.rocli:ir iind <;niiiuhi, llms cv iiciial Iiil;- llic wider ; (lien ciiisli In tiir siciiil, 
and drliviT. 

A.vr/Vr.s'. — Cany ill llic (•onccMlcd kiiil'c, and witliil ( ap t lie hcllv and 




ASCITI'.S, OK DUOI'SY Ol' TIIU 111 1 l,>. 



lt>( tli(> watci- out into liu' iiioIIhm's wmiil). If (liis is no) siicccssfid, use 
a loni,' ti'otliar and cainiiila, as siiown in (he cii!. 



J)ISKASKS OF 'IIIK OKIiANS ol' <; KNKKATION . Tf)! 

TIk roir il i/i iKl, h, s((ri- the cdl f. — Illfilsc of serious iiimI rorillMl ion 1)1' 
tin- cow, wlicn :ill liopc of s;i\iiin' licr is liixcii up, ;iiiil 1 lie cmU' is slill 
alive lull cailliol l)e (leiiveicd, resort should lie liiid l<i I lie ( ';esari;ill 
opei'ation. ( See cliaiiter on operations. ) 

Some t realnienl , — or, rallier, special care — is very necessary holli lie- 
foro and after part uril ion. If llic delivery is easy, a warm bran niasliwitli a 
little salt- ill it is soolliiiiii- and hliirlitly nutritious. The cow slioiiid 1)0 
dieted foi" ii few days before calving, to loosen the bowels; if on liay, 
iri\i! roots .•ind bran, .\void liaving breeders too fat , the other exlieiiie 
Ix'iiiii' .just as bad. If too fat, puerperal fever is niucli more apt to fol- 
low ; if too thin anil weakly, thi' placenta is sure to be I'etaiiied. Avoid- 
ing both these extremes, \\\\\v them in middling llesh np to within a 
month of cahing ; then incrc.ise the feed up to \\il hin I wo days of that 
time, so as to ha\e tliein in ;i thriving eondilioii If the cow is fat, it is 
a good plan to give, ;i da\' or twn before, half a pound of epsoin salts in 
a (|uart of watei', to loosen the bowels. 

If dclivi'ry is long and exhausting, give a jiiiil of warm .•ilc during it.s 
]irogress, and again afterwards. If the udder iills \ci\' full before ealv- 
iiig, it is well to milk a little to relieve its j):iiiifiil tension, in all cases, 
milk the covv iinmi'iliatcly after calving, wiiih^ she is drinking lier slop, 
and fecil the calf, Ix'fore he gets up, about a |)int of the; milk, giving the 
rest to tli(^ cow. It will act upon her as a liealtlifiil laxative. Inasniucli 
as the milk at this time is ^cry different from what she ordinarily gives, 
there is V(;ry little danger of begetting tlu; habit of milking herself. 

Th(^ milk, at tirst, is rathi-r thick and yellow , ;iikI is not lit to use for 
family )iui'poses under three, or four milkings. Some people indeed lia\C! 
a prejudice against using it undci'two wci'ks : iiexcrl helcss, except for 
drinking. It is good lor :ill purposes after the third milking, provided 
there is no disease in the cow. 

II. Prolonged After-pains. 

These sometimes occur aftei' protracted and painful delivery, from 
failure of the \\oinb to contract , or from retention ol' I he afttn-birth, — 
most eommonly in weak, Ihiii, old cows. I<"or t real nieiil , injections of 
cold water thrown up the \agina will nsn.ill\- sndice. They should not 
be allowed to continue, as they are apt to lead to iii\vrsioii of the womb. 
III. Retention ol tho Aftor-birth. 

When the placenta or after-birth is retained, niecnanieal means are 
necessary to i-enio\c it ; for it becomes a foreign body as soon as the 
fietiis is delivered, and begins at once to deeomjiose, and the impure 
matter being absorbed into the circulation, the general health of the ani- 
mal suffers decided!}'. 

It is best to let tlio placenta remain till the end of t he si'cond da}, oi' 



7.')2 THE AMEKKAN FAKMEK's STOCK HOOK. 

Ix'iiiiiiiiiii; (iT Uk' third, to soften a little. It may then, perhajjs, come 
away of its own weight ; if not, it is easily removed by insertinu; tiie hand 
and arm to the shoulder, and then with the other hand, applying gentle 
tiaction to tiie hanging menit)rane : at the same time take each cotyledon 
or button l)y which the placenta is attached to the womb, in turn, and 
by pinching it a little between the thumb and fore tinger, it will detach 
from it, much as in unbuttoning a garment, (xrcat care is required not 
to pull off one of these cotyledons, or the resulting hemorrhage might 
prove fatal. If, however, this should be done by mischance, cold water 
thrown over the loins will be the proper treatment. 
IV. Abortion and Miscarriage. 

Premature expulsion of the fo-tus is called abortion iu th(' earlier 
periods of gestation, and miscarriage or premature labor in the later 
ones. It not infrequently takes on an enzootic character, and by running 
through a whole herd entails enormous loss on the stock owner. This 
tendency, as was remarked in Chapter I of this Part, is stJ'onger among 
cows than any other of the domestic animals. It is usually explained by 
attributing it to sympath}', using the word pathologically. By some, 
however, it is regarded as stricth^ the result of contagion. If so, the con- 
tagious principle must be in the smell of the discharges that follow ; for 
the sense of smell in horned cattle is very acute, and is apparently in 
very close coimection with the nervous system. 

Causes. — The most common causes are accidents, or violence of some 
kind, — being hooked and pushed about by other cattle, or kicked and 
clubbed bj' brutal herdsmen ; jumping, leaping, falling, etc. Some sup- 
pose it to be caused, in many cases, by ergot in the hay or other fodder, 
such as has been badly harvested or grown in a wet season, especially on 
low, swauqn- ground. 

How to know it. — There will be dullness, suspension of rumination, 
anxiety in the countenance, separation from companions ; at length, it 
small water bag will be passed, and a little later a fcetus. Or, perhaps, 
all that may be noticed, to indicate something wrfmg, will be a tiny foetus 
found somewhere. More or less discharge will follow. It will be of a 
bloody, mucous character, and is likely to })ecome ])urulent aftci' a few 
days. 

Treatment. — For the original case, (in which the mischief is nearly 
always completed before discovered), nothing special can be done, except 
to syringe the parts out well with tepid water, and follow this with a car- 
bolic lotion, viz ■ 

Jfo. 47. }n Oiiiu'c (Mibolii' iu-id. 

}., Gnllon wul.T. 
Mix. 

Inject a little twice a day. (^'onlinuc it a week oi- more. 



DISEASES OF THE ORCANS OF IJENEKATION . 



753 



Prevention. — This is really the important jjoint. Isolate the cow that 
lias aborted immediatel}', and with the above treatment very likely the 
bad effects of her example will be arrested. Otherwise, some of her 
companions will jn'obably abort from two to six weeks later. As general 
precautions, prevent violent commotions among the cows when out of the 
stable, and never allow them to be run by boys or dogs, but drive them 
as quietly as possible. Always shut up a cow when bulling ; her jumping 
on the others, or, instead, being ridden by them, is apt to injure tho.m and 
her alike. 

The feeding of hemp seed deserves considerate attention, owing to the 
experience of recognized authorities on breeding. It is given in pint 
feeds once a day, with other food, from the time immediately preceding 
the bulling season through four or live months. As to the general diet, 
feed well so as to keep cows in good, strong cf)ndition, but avoid obesity. 

V. Uterine Hemorrhage or Flooding. 

Bleeding from the womb or \agina sometimes follows protracted labor, 
from injuries to those parts by carelessness or accident during parturi- 
tion ; or it nuiy result from unskillful removal of the placenta. The con- 
tinuance of bleeding is due to the failure of the womb to contract, as it 
should do, after delivery. It is called flooding on account of its coming 
away in such lai'ge quantities, the womb-full being evacuated at a time. 

What to do. — Throw cold water, by the bucketful, over the loins; 
cool the hand and insert it into the 
womb, which will sometimes cause 
the latter to contract upon it. If 
these means prove uisuificient, in- 
ject cold water into the womb, -with 
a suitable syringe. 

VI. Inversion of the Womb. 

Followmg immediately upon par- 
turition, after-pains sometimes come 
on so violently that the womb is forced right out through the vagina, 
and is turned inside out, and lies or hangs behind the cow a pink, bag- 
like substance covered with cotyledonous (mulberry-like) excrescences 
all over the surface. 

What to do. — If dirty, take it up on a clean sheet, and wash it with 
tei)fd water with a little alcohol in it — a wineglassful to a pint of water. 
(If the placenta is still attached, remove it as directed in Section III.) 
Sponge it over with laudanum, and carefully return it. This is an 




EXAOGERATEl) ILLUSTRATION OF VTER- 
INE IIEMOKKHAGE. 



r54 



TIIK AMKUICAN KARMEU S STOCK BOOK. 



exceedingly delicate task, though not difficult otherwise ; the utmost 

care is necessary to avoid 
punching the fingers right 
through the nicnihranes, whiili 
would cause death. Find tlie 
most dependent i)ortion, then 
place the clenched list beneath 
it, and let the woml) fall down 
over the hand and arm as it is 
raised; and, Avith tiic parts in 
this position, promptly insert 
the arm at full length into the bod}' of the cow, being very careful not to 
use undue violence. The uterus will generulh' suck down into its i)i()[)er 
place without any difficulty, but if necessary to manipulate the "walls of 
the vagina somewhat, this mav be done — alwavs Avith extreme care and 




INVERSION OF THE WOMB. 




TO I'UEVENT INVERSION OK THE VAGINA. 



the minimum amount of force that will accomplish tlie object. Then 
place the cow in a stall whei'c tiie hind feet will be at least six inches 
higher than the forward, and apply a harness and compress over the 
external opening, as shown in the annexed cut. Or a rope, twisted as 
shown in the smaller cut, maybe used, the object, in either case, being to 
prevent a recurrence of the displacement. 
If straining is violent and continues any 
length of time, give internally the follow- 
ing;' mixture : 




TW1STE1> KOTK. 
r tlie viilv.T. and thus prevcn'. 



Xo. 48. 1 Ounce chloral hydrate. 

1 Pint water, 
Mix. 

Givo as one dose ; if necessaiy, repeat it 
in iialf an hour. 



DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 755 

VII. Metritis, or Inflammation of the "Womb. 

This affection is not very often seen in the cow, owing to her phleg- 
matic temperament, and her proneness to other complications, arising at 
an earlier stage, in connection with partnritiou. It is the result of in- 
juries to the woml) during difficult parturition ; it may develope also from 
p. cold caught at that time. The inflammation soon extends and involves 
other parts, making a very serious condition indeed. See further in the 
next section. 

VTII. Puerperal Fever, or Metro-Peritonitis. 

This disease is often confounded with iiarturicnt apoplexy, so that, 
notwithstanding the difference between the two conditions, they are mis- 
taken one for the other. Puerperal fever is eiysipelatous inflammation 
of the uterus and peritoneum, and may affect cows of all ages. The 
antecedent facts will usually be found to be difficult parturition, exposure 
to cold storms or extremes of temperature, retention of the placenta, or 
overdriving prior to calving, and the like circumstances. Thin, poor 
cows that have been changed suddenly from a dry, short pasture to rich 
succulent feed at or near the time of calving, are especiallv apt to have it. 
It may come on at any time from a few hours after calving up to the third 
or fourtli day. 

How to know it. — High fever, with all of its attendant symptoms, such 
as dry, hot nose, horns and extremities hot or cold ; capricious appetite, 
with rumination suspended ; colicky pains ; kicking at the belly ; gettiuir 
up and lying down frequently, — sometimes, remaining on the knees sev- 
eral minutes. The head is turned towards the flanks ; the pulse is quick, 
hard and wiiy ; the respirations are accelerated, short and confined to the 
thorax, so as to avoid moving the abdomen as much as possible ; the 
belly is tucked up, the urine is scanty and high colored, and usually 
there is constipation. All the symptoms, and especially the belly pains, 
increase; prostration comes on ; finally, stupor (coma) sets in. Death 
soon follows. 

Post mortem examination shows all the evidences of inflammation of 
the womb and peritoneum, with purple spots here and there ; and the 
biaia is visibly affected, showing ecchymosed spots, etc. 

What to do. — Give recii^e No. 2G, and supplement its action with injec- 
tions of soap and water. Give No. 42 every two hours, till the pulse is 
improved. If in the very early stages, a little blood may be drawn, but 
this is not allowable after the first day. If the stupor comes on before 
the purgative can be gotten down, give the latter through the stomach 
pump, to avoid the danger of letting it run down into the lungs. Apply 



75H 



TIIK A.MKlilCAN FAIiMKR S STOCK I'.OOK. 



Misters — inustiird paste or tlies — to the helly. If no syinptonis of pur- 
gation show themselves in eight or ten hours, inject No. 40 under the 
skin every half hour till the bowels have moved. If constipation is still 
obstinate, a i>iiil of tepid water may be injected into a vein. 




fSINU THE STOMACH I'UMI'. 

r of giving medicine or food during stupor 



Convalescence will be indicated by a return to seusibilit}', cessation of 
pain, i)nrgati()n, coj)ious secretion of urine of ,i good color, and a return 
of strength. AVhen these syini)tonis are noticed, give No. 19, repeating 
it three or four times a day. 

IX. Pcrturient Apoplexy. 

This is a blood disease affecting cows of a plethoric habit at time of 
calving. It is never seen following difficult or pi'otracted labor, uterine 
henu)rrhage (flooding), abortion, nor the retention of tiie placenta. There 
nuist be a constitutional tendency to congestion of tlu^ brain, coma and 
apoi)lexy. The first attack is usually fatal ; even if not so, the trouble 
is very likely to recur at the next or some subse(|uent calving. 

How to know it. — There is at first a staring, wild look about the eyes, 
disincliMMtion to move, loss of milk, and increased tenipcratnre : but these 
symptoms arc seldom so marked as to attract special notice. Tiicy are 
followed by a staggering gait and weakness across the loins, till suddenly 
the aninuvl falls, when the eyes are found to be bloodshot and glassy, the 
pupils dilated and the lids twitching. The mucous membranes become 
pui"ple ; she gets perfectly blind and comatose (stupid); the head is 
usually turned back to the side ; the \n\\so. gets gradually slower, fading 
into imperccptibilit}' ; the breathing is slow and stertorous. In this stage 
the pupils contract, the temperature falls decidedly, sonietinu-s as low as 
95 = . The udder becomes hard and unyielding ; the paunch fills with 



DISEASES OF THE OKGAXS OK GEXEKATION. 



757 



gas, causing marked interference with the l)reathing : coiix ulsions set in, 
and death soon follows. 

The post-mortem sliows a fat, full hody, blood vessels full of fluid, 
black blood, and purple spots on the brain and spinal cohnnn and in other 
parts of the body. There are many other abnormal appearances in the 
bi-aiii, most of which can only be distinguished bv an expert. 

What to do. — Prevention is the main thing. If the cow is manifestly 
plethoric, give light, soft diet, with laxatives (No. 8 is excellent) once or 
twice a week for three weeks before calving. When the attack comes, if 
the cow is seen in the first stage, when the pulse is alwaj-s full, bleed 
freel}', and give recipe No. 2iy ^after two hours give 'So. 20, repeating the 
latter every two or three hours as long as necessary. Give injections also 
every few minutes. Apply cold water and ice to the head, and heat in 




rAKTUKIENT APOPI.tXY. 



the form of hot rugs, hot smoothing irons, etc., to tiic b()(h . If the 
jmrgative does not work, give a hypodermic injection of Xo. 4(), repeat- 
ing it ever}" two hours. If these means fail, open the jugular vein, and 
inject a pint of clean, tepid water. During convalescence, treat the same 
as for puerperal fever. If she recovers, do not breed her again, I)ut sell 
her to the butcher ; for, as before mentioned, it is almost certain to occur 
again, and at no distant day to end in death. 

If it is necessary to give any drenches during the coma, use the stomach 
pump, to guard against turning them in upon the lungs. ^ 

X. Leucorrhcea, or Whites. 

This is catarrh of the vagina and woml), with a chronic discharge of a 
muco-purulent, Avhite fluid that hangs around the vulva and tail, and has 
a very offensive odor. It is not attended with serious constitutional dis- 
turbance, but sometiines causes nymphomania or "bullers." Such cows 
rarely breed, and even if they do so. ai-e apt to al)ort. Sometimes the 
discharge is so profuse as to kee|) tiie cow pom-. 



758 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK liOOK. 

What to do. — Syringe out tlic jiarts witli toi)i(l water, and inject lotion 
No. 47, repeating this twice a day. Feed on nutritious l)ut light diet, 
and give No. 21 in the feed. 

XI. Gonorrhcea. 

This is catarrh of the generative parts of the bull, — little ulcers or 
chancres in the sheath and on the penis, with a whitish discharge, which 
IS clu'onic. 

How to know it. — Painful urination istlie most charaeteristic symptom ; 
with all his freijuent efforts, only a few drops are passed, and those not 
without griiat uneasiness, which is further numifestcd by his st(4)pingfor- 
waid and back or from side to side;, and by raising the hinil fcc^t, lashing 
the tail, etc. 

What to do. — Suspend all service, and give him the laxative recipe No. 
8, and when the bowels return to their normal condition give No. 21 in 
the feed, repeating the latter morning and night, for three or four weeks. 
Draw out the yard with soft linen cloth, and bathe all affected parts with 
the following lotion : 

No. 40. 4 Ounces spirits of camphor, 

1 Ounce sugar of lead, 

2 Drachms sulphate of zinc, 
1 Quart soft water, 

Mix. 

Continue the application, once a day, till cured, and do not let him 
serve a cow, for the reason that it is contagious. If any chancres are 
seen, touch them once a day with lunar caustic. Feed on green food, if 
possible. 

XII. Mammitis, or Inflammation of the Udder. 

This is most common after a parturition which occurs before the secre- 
tion of milk has assumed a normal condition, especially in the case of 
heifers at the first calving. Sometimes, it has no connection with calv- 
ing, but is contracted by lying on cold, damp ground, or in the case 
of middle-aged and old cows, develops in hot weather, taking on the form 
of garget or ciu'dled milk. Cows in high condition are the most subject 
to it, the attack being usually induced liy driving them until overheated. 

Tlu! inflammation, in some cases, will subside and go away, and the milk- 
ing function go on as before with very little loss ; in others, it goes on to 
suppuration in one or more quarters of the bag, or even to mortification. 

How to know it. — The type of mammitis that takes on the active in- 
flammatory character is ushered in with a shivering fit, which is succeeded 
m a short time ])y fever and dullness. Tlie bag becomes hot and hard, 
red, swollen and sore. It being so painful to th(> touch, the cow is very 



DISEASES OF THE ORGAMS OF GENERATION. 759 

averse to Itciiig milked. Tlie milk is often curdled, and sometimes 
bloody. The trouble may stop hero and terminate in resolution, or it 
may go on to suppuration, the pus in some cases discharging inside and 
coming away with the milk, and in others through an opening on the out- 
side. Again, it may not suppurate at all, but become indurated and re- 
main permanently enlarged, or gangrenous and slough off. 

The milder type of mammitis, that which is not connected with par- 
turition, but is simply curdled milk or garget, yields readily to treatment. 

What to do. — If dependent ujjon calving, and the cow is fat and fever- 
ish, give recipe No. 8. Foment the l)ag with hot water sevcu'al times a 
day, and as often as three or four times a day remove the milk that does 
form, and apply the following lotion : 

Ko. 50. 4<)uiM'(!.s guin u:iiiiiili(ir, 

1 Pint olive oil, 

Mix. 

Rub well in three times a day. Jf tiie inflammation does not go out by 
the time purgation ceases, give No. 1!), repeating it morning and night 
for a week or two. If the case goes on to 
suppuration, and it breaks on the outside, 
foment the bag, and inject recipe No. !l, two 
or three times a day. In all cases where there 
is much swelling, support the bag by a l)an- 
dage passed around the body over the loins. 
If a (luartcr sloughs off, dress the wound with 

,, „ , ■ • , I, ,1 ,. II • METHOD OF SUPPORTING 

No. 9, and give internally the following: the uuuek. 

No. 51. 1 Oiinco sulphate of soda, 

2 Drachms nitrate of potash, 
.Mix. 

Give as one dose in a bran inasli, and repeat it morning and night for 
a week or two. Isolate the patient, on account of the smell. 

When it is merely a case of curdled milk (garget), give atablesi)ooii- 
ful of saltpetre night and morning in a l)ran mash, and milk In;)- with 
special care, to make sure of getting all the milk away. 

XIII. Sore Teats. 

Cows' teats are veiy apt to become chapped, cracked and very sore, 
rendering the milking exceedingly painful to the cow and very annoying 
to the milker. Unfortunately, the latter is often so thoughtless as to fiy 
into a passion and abuse the cow. Great patience and kindness should 
always be exercised in such cases, the milker taking pUnity of time to 
soften the sore teats well with the milk before attempting to s(jueeze them. 




760 TIIK AMKIilCAN I'AliMKli's STOCK liOOK. 

Wlicii doiii' iiiilUinj^, itiioiiit (liciii nicely willi llic followiiii^ mixture: 

No. r>2. I OiiMcc :iliiiii. 

I DriH'liJii ("irlM.lic :i('i(l. 
I OiiiuTs liinl, 

I'owdi'i' till' mIiiiii :iiiiI mix. 

Or, iiisleiul, lliis may l)e used: 

No. T);!. '._, ( )uiic(' limnic :iri(l, 

I DiMcliiii cnrliolic Mc'id, 
I (>iiM<T> liinl. 
Mi\. 

Little pi^ii-like tumors sonietimes yi-ow in tiie milk jjiis.sagi',, in tli(! teat, 
ovonlniitinj;, in some eases, in its eompletc^ oh.struction, iind the .suhse- 
qu(Mit los.s of that (juartxir. Many expedients liave heen tried for tii(^ euro 
of lliis trouhlesonu! condition — sneli as teat sipiions. prohes, histouries, 
needles, etc. — Itut all to no a\'ail , for tlic tesit V(M'y soon gets .sore, and 
inilUing lieeomes dang(u-ons, if not well-nigh iinp()ssil)h\ Tiic only fcasihlo 
way of managing the cast^ is just to let it go till the cow goes dry, milking 
tliat (piartcr as well as possihlc! without any instrumental aid ; and then 
to cut into the teat, remove t ho exerosccMiees, ar.d let the wound he.a! over 
11 silver prohe. If tiiis is pi-operly done, the tc^at will he as good as ever. 

XIV. Nymphomania and Sterility. 

Nymphomania is ehronic inllanimation of th(^ (ditoris, giving rise to :i 
constant desire for the male. Such cows take the hull at any time, l)ut 
rarely conceive, and even when thoy do so, :ire almost stu-e to .Mlioi't. 
'I'hey are called "hnllers." It often liappcns tlnit tiiey are liarrcn nat- 
urally, twins heing espoeially prone to that condition. Sometimes, high 
hred cows will not In'eed to a high hred hull, yet will do so to a mongrel, 
especially a young hull. 

What to do. —'"'or cows n.'iturally barren nothing c;m he done. For 
others the dillicidly can ori<'n Ik^ overc(Hne hy reducing them in Hcsh 
(for they are nearly alw.iys f.'it ), and hy judicious management . Keel) 
I hem in a short pasture for ;i few weeks, and give them a handfid of 
(ilauher's salts (-very second day. At the proper time, put tlicni to a 
yonuii, vigorous hull, (uie or two leaps ))eing sutKcient. If this does not 
sueiieed, try ii mongrel Itidl. If the cow is eontinu;dly riding tlu^ other 
cows, keep hei- to herself, if possible, and feed from half a \)\\\{ to a jjint 
of hemp seed onco ii day for two months, in sonu' cases hemp seed 
seems to have ii magie effect. l<\'cd it both l)efore and afti-r the ser\ico 

l)eo;iiiirm<r say three weeks before coming in heat, and conlinningit 

riirht along till she conceives. If the cow is thin in tiesh, fatten her up 
a little, even if she has to be shut up to do this. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 



I. I'llUF.NITIS, OU INFLAMMATION OK TIIK BllAIN. —II. AI'OPLEXY. III. KPILKI'- 

SV. IV. TAUALYSIS. V. TKTANIIS. VI. KAISIK.S Oil IIYUKOriKJItI A. 

VII. NKKVOIIS DKIIII.ITV AT rAitTritrrioN. 

I. Phrenitis, or Inflammation of the Brain. 

'I'liis dislrcssiiij^ disc^iisc, which is most coiiiinoii during:; tho 8iimmor 
iiioiitiis, iiiiiy 1)(! cither idiopathic ( priiiuiiy disease) or .syiiiptoiiiatic. It 
may result from f(!ver, or from iidlammiition in some f)tiier jiurt, its im- 
mediate cause hoiiifz; too great a flow of hlood which jjn'sses on tiic tem- 
poral arlciics, and causes increased action in ail IIk^ circulatoiy vessels. 

How to know it. — 'i'hei'e will I)e strong pulsation in the? tc-niporal arter- 
ies, constant watchfulness, and tiiially i-aving. The eyes are inllained ; 
the animal will fall Huddtmly, soon rising again, however ; tiieri^ will be 
trembling and starting of tii<' tin<loiis ; IIk; sliin will be harsh and the 
urine suppressed. In a more unfavoralile stag<s tiiero will al.so be grind- 
ing of tii(Mcctli, and total want, of rest. Really idiopathic phrenitis is 
rare. It is gciu'iaii\' caused liy acute indigestion, imjiaction of the 
oniciituin, and otiicr local troubles. 

What to do. — I h(! ti'catment consists of a good cathailic, as, for in- 
staiicc. No. >i, the effect of wliicli should be assisted i)y injections of warm 
water and soap. 

Bleed from the juL:ular \(in ; keep tlu; head cool by means of ice or 
very cold water; and if the limbs are cold, use nmstai'd or strong embro- 
cations of ammonia. Aconite is also eonsideri^d beneficial, but it should 
never be used exctept under th(i direc^tion of a veterinarian. Dm-ing ro 
covcry, the animal siiould be ke])t <|uiet, and ha\(^ good nourishing and 
easily digested food. 

II. Apoplexy. 

In true apoplexy, the animal drops sudd(Uily, and death ensu(;s very 
soon, unless immediate i-clicf is given. The; means to be used arc bleed- 
ing from the jugulai' \-ein, and the administration of a ])urgativc, .sucli as 
No. K, with injections of soap and W!it<'i'. (iivc a change of food. 

III. Epilepsy. 

Epilepsy is rare, exccspt in the ease of A'oung animals, 'i'here will be 
severe convulsions, followed by stupor, with foaming at th(! mouth. The 

TC.l 



7<12 'I'liK AMr;iii<AN i'aumi;u'h h-rrxK lutoic. 

Iiciirl Im'mIh iir<' hlriiii;j; )iimI viulrnl. 'I'lir \i-,ililc inniiliiMiK'S iirc lici;j;li|- 
iiic'il ill ciiliir, iumI t^itlitM' (liinj^iToiiH Icllmr^fy ,sii|i('rv('iirs, or llir iiniiiiiil 
i|uiikly ri'cnvcrM. Kcrovci'V in Hcldom ho |M'rf<'('l, liowrvtT, IIimI tlio luii- 

IIKll Hill liol lie MllijiTl In oilier illllirks. 

What to llo. I>:ihli cold w.ilir oMT Ihc IkmiI mikI I'm.c/', .•mil wlicii I lio 
iilliirk Miil)Mi(l('s, ;;iv(i /^iioil loiiil iiiKJ H|i(M'iul cures Willi Hticli I'ciiKMlial iiumih- 
liWH MM iniiy •>" iiuliciilcd liy llic ;_'('iicnd nlat<i of llic HyHU.-iii, iih, for (!.\- 
iiiiijili', iiidi;.'csl ion cir const ipiil ion. 

IV. PanilyHlH, 

In liioHi^ Hire cases wIhtc ii.'umI \',sis exists as a distinct alTcdion, dcatli 
iiHiially oc(^tirH very soon. lis most <<ininion lornis are t hose known as 
ji<ir(i/i/i(/iii \\i\il /iiiiii/i/ii/iii. 'I'lic' loiincr is when I lie whole fore or liiiid 
parlH are alTccled ; lh<> Intlcr, when one side of the hody only i.s ho. 
I'aridyHiH is a loss (d' \(ilunlary inovenicnl, and nsnallv occurs as .a .syiiip- 
toin of olhi'i- diseases, .as sid'leniii;.'; of Ihc Inain, clfnsioiis of Iliiid 
Ihcivon, etc. 

What to do. <Ji\'c recipe No. S, MippleinenrniL;' it with the following.;: 

No. Til. 2 l>i'iirliniM mix vniiilca, 

';, Oiiiici" Hiillpcln-, 
MK. 

(Jl\'e an (Hie dose; repeal niorniii'.; and iii;;iil, for a niontli. 
V. 'relaiiim or Iioeltjiiw. 

'rctaiins is iit;;eneral and conrniiicd spasm (or, mori' strictly, coiilnic- 
lion) of the mnsclcN of the liody, liolli \ oliiiirai'\' and iiiv(ilniitar\'. When 
thcnmsclcsof the jaw lU'ci principally a ffecli'd il is calh'il ///.s/z/j^.s, or 
in popular lan;:;na;:;e, lockjaw, the term ti'tamis lieinj^- more properly lim- 
it.t'd to lh(i j:;enei'al form. 

Cnusos,' — 'I'iit'i't* ar(^ two forms of this disease, one ( t raiinialic) arising 
from local ciuiHt^H, as a prick or injury to the foot. 'I'hc* otiier (idio- 
pathic) form, thouj^li often (d" ohscuie oriniii, has l)e<'n known to iiriso 
from liad food, and cxpoHiiri^ Father form may follow ciistration. 

How to know it. Ilx' disease is insidituis in its operations, until llio 
daiiL'i'rons sla;^!' eoiiu's on. TIk" animal may l»c dull, off its feed, iind 
ii;eni>ridly disinclined to move. Then the whole hody may lu't'omo 
affcctt'd, with Ihc hind li'ji's wide apart, tht> nosi< protrudinir. hi-ad and tail 
i»leval(>d, lirt'idliing (|uickcncd, and the piilsi* fi'eiiuent and corded. The 
howels ar(< slrou^lv hound. Somclimcs llu^hack isdepresse<l downward, 
and sometimes arched up ; and sometimes tlio spasm throws tlii' head to 
one side. Tlieii> are differcnl Icchuiial ii.ames for tlu'se several niauifes- 
talious. 



DIKICAHIOH or 'rillO NKUVOI'H KVHTKM. Tt'i'A 

What to do. — l/ilt Ic can he, (|(iii(% ^^\(■(^|ll. to rciii()V(( itll iri'ilat iii;^ ol)- 
jccls, givo ciiliiiiii^ iiiciliciiu'N, aiid opcirrilo on tlus Ixiwcl.s iih hoom iis pos- 
sil)l(). Tlio iKsrvoiiH (ixcidiiont will Ixi IomhcikxI by k(!(4)iiif^ llui imlicdit, in 
ii (lark j)l,'i('0. 

VI. Rabios or Hydrophobia. 

It HccMiH n('<((ll{!SH (<) repent (ho <;(!nonil K(ateni(MilH respcKitinjj lliin dis- 
enHO fjiven in I'arL II of tliis work, juigctH 3!tH and 'MU. It is, of coiirso, 
ineunihle, and from its (\\ce(Mlin^iy diinj^eroiiH niituro, tho suspected ani- 
mal kIiouIiI l)e innnediately eonliniid, and killed as soon uh ever the symp- 
toms hecome ))ronoiineed. 

VII. NorvouH Debility at Parturition. 

Tiiis disease! must not be; mistaken for parturient apoplexy or peiiton- 
itis. It is r('adily dis(in;;uislied fi-om llies(! I)y the total absenc(! of iiny 
tendency to either high f(!Ver or lelhai'tiy. It is not conlinr'd to animals 
in iiigh condition, but Ih found (juito uh often iimon*^ those that are lean. 

How to know It. — 'l"he pids(! may be somewhat fast, but, will be eom- 
j)ressibl<', ami oftiMi weak. 'I'Ih! uddi'r lemains soft, and the milk is plen- 
tiful and easily drawn ; and tliou^di tlimc! may be consti])ation, the appe- 
tite will b(! <^ood. 

What to do. — Kec'p the animal warm and in good (|uarters, with plenty 
of bedding. lOvacaiate the bowe^ls by warm injecrtioijs, at the same time 
giving a mild purgative. No. H. (;iv(« stimuhmls, slo|)])y but nutritious 
food, hay tea, etc., uiid remove the milk frc(juently from tlu; udder. 



CHAPTER IX. 



DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 



I. SIMTLE ECZliMA. -11. CllliOXIC ECZEMA, OR I'SOKIASIS. III. ERYSIPELAS. 

I. Simple Eczema. 
This is a skin disease in whicii crops of vesiflos come up, bui'st, run 
ti little water}' matter, dry up and heal, l)ut while these are healing an- 
other crop breaks out in another place. It is attended with intense itch- 
ing, which worries the animal exceeding!}-. 

What to do. — Gi^■e a purgative, No. 8, repeating it after a week ; also, 
a change of food and good care. Let the cattle have salt at least twice 
a week. Bathe the affected parts frequently with lotion No. 47. 
II. Chronic Eczema, or Psoriasis. 
AVlicn simple eczema is neglected the disease becomes chronic. The 
skin thickens, gets liard, dry and sore, and cracks into fissures or fur- 
rows ; the discharge continues and be- 
comes greasy, offensive and ichorous ; 
and the hair gets thin and stands 
straigiit out, or perhaps turns the 
wrong wa}% giving the parts the ap- 
pearance of rat tails, by which name 
the disease is often known. It is very 
troublesome, frequently causing lame- 
ness, and always proving hard to cure. 
What to do. — Apply hot linseed 
meal poultices totiio affected parts till 
all intlammation and s(n'eness are 
gone ; then embrocate freely with lo- 
tion No. 9, using a cotton bandage 
wet in the lotion and applying it loosely. If there are any points of 
proud flesh, burn them down daily with lunar caustic. When all sore- 
ness is gone and the dise;ise appears to be under entire control, apply 
either of the ointments Nos. 52 and ."io. 

III. Erysipelas. 

This is a diffuse inflammation of the whole thickness of the true skin, 
sometimes extending to the subcellular tissue, and causing much i)ain and 
iiTitative fever. 7()4 




CHRONIC ECZEMA, OK "UAT TAILS."' 



DISEASES OF THE SKIN. THo 

How to know it. — It is indicated by an intensely red skin, there being, 
moreover, no disappearance of color under pressure. The parts are hard 
and internally red, but not severely swelled, but the cellular tissue is in- 
jected and infiltrated, often inclining to a pustular state. The disease 
terminates in resolution, suppuration or ulceration — -sometimes even in 
mortification and gangrene. If the head is attacked, there is danger 
of a fatal termination. 

What to do. — If there is symptomatic fever and the animal is fat, deple- 
tion is necessary, — give No. 8 ; but if the animal's condition is the reverse 
of this, give No. 13. Follow this with nitre, in half ounce doses, twice 
a day. In connection with the above constitutional treatment, there 
shonld ])e local applications to the inflamed part, such as lotions of lead 
or zinc. A strong solution of nitrate of silver is sometimes applied, and 
with decided benefit, to the outer edge of the inflamed parts. A poul- 
tice of rii)e cranberries is prol)al)ly one of the best remedies for reduc- 
ing the inflammation, if applied early. It is to be followed with glycer- 
ine in Avhich a small quantity of anmionia has been dissolved, or vnih 
recipe No. 1. 



CHAPTER X. 



PARASITIC DISEASES OP CATTLE. 



I. IIOOSE OK m-SK (VEKMINOITS BRONCHITIS). II. THK (JAl)KLY AND GKUB ((KS- 

TUUS BOVIS). III. LICE. IV. TATEWOUM. -V. MANllE. VI. inNCi- 

WORM. 

I. Hoose or Husk (Verminous Bronchitis.) 
The symptoms of this disoasc arc simihir to tliose of t)roiK'hitis. The 
difficulty is caused by a species of strongulus — worms — (Jilaria bron- 
c/iids) the eggs of which are swallowed in grazing. Calves, and especially 
sheep, are the most likely to he affected, for the reason that they bite 
cloKor tlum cattle. 

Howtoknowit. — There will l)e a .slight, husky cough, recurring at 
irregular intervals. The coat will soon become staring, and the breath- 
ing more and more cmliarrasscd. The cough becomes more frcciuent, 
and in character more suffocating and mucous ; worms, cither singly or 
roiled together, will also 1)0 coughed up. 

What to do. — Feed liberally with the soundest and most nutritious diet 
possible, including linseetl or cotton cake, and roots, mixing in the food 
some good tonic, such as reci[)c No. 4. For calves, make four doses of 
the recipe. Burn turi)cntine on pine shavings in the pen with the calves, 
and let them breath the fumes, and give them a tal)k's[)oonful of sulphur 
in tile food once a day for two weeks. 

Prevention. — This is better than cure. The forms from \vhich^/ffr?a 
bruiirhitis emanate are found in low, wet, undrained pastures. Hence, 
keep the stock off such i^asturcs when the trouble is found, especially 
•when Met with dew or riiin. Do not allow animals to drink from stag- 
nant ponds or pools, and look to the proper drainage of the pastures. 
II. Tho-Qadfly and Grub (CEstrus Bovis). 
Little rounded tumors will often be found along the backs of cattle, 
during late winter and spring. 
These are called warl)les, and 
are the lairs of the larvffi of the 
(>.\ gadfly (wNti'iis bovis). Eacli 
(unior contains a grub, which may 
be squeezed out by pressure, some- 
times escaping with such force as 
Sometimes it is necessary to enlarge the orifice v/ith 
7G(i 




0.\ OADFLY (<ES- 
TRUS BOVIS.) 

to Hy several feet. 



GRUB OK GADFLY. 



rAIlASITIC DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



767 



the laiicel, for tlic more easy expulsion of thegrub.s. The cuts sliow the 
two forms of tlie insect, — the perfect fly and the grub. 



Various species of lice infest the ox, the principal Ijcing the ox louse 
proper, the calf louse, (both of which are species of Hwinatophms, or 
l)ioo(l suckers), and a certain kind of bird louse, one of tiic tribe of 






CALK LOUSE. 



BIKI) LUl .-iK. 



Tric/iodectcs, having no sucking tube, but with strong biting jaws. The 
cuts show all these parasites, of course very much enlarged. 





ArPEARANCE OK A CoW All h' Tl,l> WITH LICK. 

Thci'e are also ticks infesting cattle at certain seasons, and especially 
plenty on Texas cattle. By many, indeed, 
they arc supposed to be the exciting cause 
of Texas fever : and while this opinion is 
doubtless eri-oncous, it is not at all im[)rob- 
ablc that these ticks, which especially infest 
pastures traveled over by Texas cattle not 
wintered north, really do assist in poisoning 
the blood of native cattle in some degree. 
The accompanying cut shows the ox tick. "^ tick. 

What to do. — The remedy for ticks consists in careful currying and 



^f^^^ vj fy**^^^"^'\ 



' j'/^ 




7G8 



TlIK AMEIIICAN rAliMKI! S STOCK HOOK. 



^^k 



t'-: 



^'■^ 



])ickiiii!; Ilu'iii off. Fill- lice on catllc llu' followiiii: will Ik; found ainou" 
the l)('st I'cincdics in use : 

N.I. :,:,. i._. I-,, unci of Idhacco, 

I (iilllnliof \v:ill'l-. 

Sleep f.ir i\\(, hours. 
A\'asl) (he ;iffcct('(l anini.'il willi Ihis infusion 1 iiovouirlilv, usiuLT it wai'in. 
IV. Tapeworm. 

Il is not necessary Ihtc; lo yo into a disscrlatiini on the lapeworin. 
Tlic luicroscopic, ejrjfs (a sinjiio worm is cstiinatcd to lay as liigh as '2f>,- 
()()(),()()()) aiv passed witli tlio e.xuviie of dosrs, and ai'e taken up l)y graz- 
ing: s|o<'U. 

One of the forms in wliicli it exists in rattle is tlii^ cyst ic, found in 

llie nnix-lcs. 'I'lie parasite whieli is tlic^ mature tapc- 

\ » , A worm is found in the howels of tiie Imman family, and 

L •',!,••. :'V\ in animals, especiidly doi;s. 'I'lie t'ut shows tiic head of 

atap<'worm of the species known as (a'via iitediocan- 

,//>!/, I. 

Prevention. — Prevention of the parasites in the imma- 
inrc form in stock consists in destroying all exuvia' of 
dogs in ])astui'cs, wherever found. Once encysted in 
animals, there is no renied}'. For jircvention of tape- 
worm in the hunnni family, eat no meat, not even 
smoked meat, without thorough cooking. 

V. Mange. 
There ai'e a number of i)arasilic insects which attach themselves to ill- 
conditioned cattle, producing itching. The latter is intensely aggravated 
in hot weathci'. A species of iUniiatovoplts, similar lo the itch or sirab 
insect, is the nH)st prolific cause of this class 
of affections. There is also a microscopic 
insect, the i/ainanns of mnstyhay, which 
sometimes infests the skin of animals feed- 
ing thereon. The cut shows the last named 
insect highly magnified, 'i'reat about the 
same as for mamre in the horse. (See page 

4;}r.). 

VI. RingAvorm. 

This is somewhat common in <"iltle, show- 
GAMASus OP MUSTY KoDPKu. i„j, ,,,., .^ greater or less number of round l)ald 
sj)ots, covered with white scales, and surrounded with bristly or split hairs 
which are scabbed aroinid the roots, with some eruption on the skin. 



UKAI) or TAI'l',- 

wouM (ior liv 

KATINO M'.V.V. 




PARASITIC DISEASES OF CATTLE. 769 

The microscope shows it to be a vegetable parusile. It is readily trans- 
mitted from one animal to another. 

What to do. — Clip off the hair, and wash the part with soap and water, 
to remove all scabs ; when dry, rub in well a little of the following : 

Xo. 50. 2 Ounces tincture of iodine, 

1 Ounce oil of tar, 

2 Ounces glycerine, 

Mix. 

Repeat tln^ application once a day until cured. Or, instead, 1 lie fol- 
lowing may be used in the same way : 

No. 57. 1 Ounce solution iudo-broiuiilc of calcium loniiiownd, 

3 Ounces water. 

Mix. 

Rub well in once a day. 



CHAPTER XI. 



DISEASES OF THE EYE. 



I. OrilTlIAI.MI.V oil (■ON.MNCTIVITIS. II. KUN(ii:S II .1,M ATODKS. OK UI.KKDINIi <AN- 

(;|,;i{. III. TOItN KYKl.lDS. IV. INVKUSION AND K VKUSION OK TIIK lOVKI.IDS. 

V. KOUUKJN SUIISTANC'ES IN TllK KVK. 

I. Ophthalmia or Conjunctivitia. 

As a rule, cjitllo iiro suhji'ct lo Iml h'W di.sousds of Iho oyc, tlic most 
cominon being siini)lo sorciu-ss or iiiUainmiitiou of tlio coiijunctiNa ( liiiiiii^ 
of tho lids), from tiio iiiti'odiR'tiou of foniijj;!! bodies, cxposiirci to cold 
winds, scratchinij; of tiionis, or blows from liorns of oilier eatlle, or else 
from kirks or some similar violence on llio part of tli(! attendanls. 

How to know it. — Tlierc is swelling and congt^stion of tlio lids ; weep- 
ing, tlie tears running down over the cheek ; shaking and hanging of tlu' 
head ; refusal of food ; susi)ension of rumination, etc. On examination, it 
will lie found that the eye is kept closed or lu^arly so, and is very red ; and 
the small blood-vessels of the eye-ball arc enlarged and injected. The m- 
llammation may extend to the internal parts of the eye, and pus may gather 
and fall to the bottom of the anterior chnmlx'r, forming a whitish yellow 
spot. Cataract may result from this, or, at least, opacity from the for- 
malion of a white film over the surface of the eyeball (cornea). 

What to do. — (ii\e a mild purgative, No. IS. Bathe the eye with warm 
milk and water, half and half, several timers a day, and apply the follow- 
ing lotion with a camel's hair brush dire(-tly to the eyeball and all other 
parts, seve|-al times a d;iy. 

No. .">S. ■> (iiaiiis sul|)li;ilr of atropia, 

l.Oiinco water, 
Mix. 

After the active iiillannnation is subdued, apply the following lotion ill 
addition to the other trejdmeut, which should still be continued: 

No. iV,). 30 Grains nltratf of silver, 

1 OiiiR-o water, 
i\Ii\. 

Apidy directly to the eyeball, morning ;uid night, with a camel's hair 
brush. Continue this till all opacity is gone, that is, till the white half- 
moon spot at the bottom of the ant("rior chamber is absorbed. 

770 



DISEASES OF THE EVE. 



771 




lI.li.MATOKKS. 



II. Fungus Heematodos, or Bleeding Cancer. 

This is a cancerous growtli tliat may develop on any part of the body 
hut is especially apt to come in the eye, destroying that organ, and ff)rni- 
ing a large, spongy, fungus-like c.xcres- 
once that bleeds upcni the slightest in- ^ 
jur\', in fact almost u|ion a mere touch. 

What to do. — ANhen the e.xact nature 
of tlu! disease; is recognized, the eye 
sliould be dissected out, and the aninud 
litted for the butcher as speedily as pos- 
sible. The operation is the same as 
that described under " Extirpation of 
the Eye" in the Ibn-se department. (S»!e jiage 4.'')0). 

III. Torn Eyelids. 

As in everything of the nature of a " blemisii," an injur}' to the cyo is 
of less consequence in cattle than in the horse. Still, l)oth hunnmity and 
self-interest dictate that it should not bo neglected. In a case of torn 
eyelids, — an accident that may happen in various ways, — bring the edges 
neatly together, and sew them with fine silk. Dress them afterwards 
with a weak carbolic or other healing lotion, ajjplying the same; two or 
three times a day as long as nec(,'ssary. 

rv. Inversion and Evorsion of the Eyelids. 

These arc more of an annoyaiicc than a serious ailment, and are not of 
very frequent occurrence in catdc Their technical names are entropium 
and ectrojnum, respectively, under which they have been described in the 
Horse department, on page 42K, to which the reader is referred. They 
are identical with what oculists are often called on to treat in the human 
subject. 

V. Foreign Substances in the Eye. 

Hayseed, liair, or other foreign pai-ticles in the c^'e always occasion 
gri'at annoyance, and often real suffei-ing, which the animal will manifest 
by keeping the eye i)ai-tly closed, and jjcrhaps by turning the head slightly 
awry. Anything of this kind siiould be reinovcid at once, the head being 
w<'ll secured, so that the ofjcrator will run no risk of injur}' from the 
horns. The method of jjrocedure, as also the subsequent treatment, \\ill 
1)(; similar to that described on page 424 for the horse. 



CHAPTER XII. 
ACCIDENTS, ETC. 



I. CHOKING. II. FRACTI'RE.S. III. WOUNDS. IV. DISLOCATIONS. V. 

SPRAINS. VI. WENS. 

In this chapter we shall treat of the more common accidents, such as 
every stock-man is called on to face more or less frequently every year. 
They often recjuire immediate attention, and even if a veterinary sur- 
geon is within reach it will in many cases be very desirable to take a half 
dozen stitches or so, while waiting for liini. 
I. Choking. 

This is a common accident where roots are fed, and it may happen on 
any farm in the fall, if the cattle have access to apples, etc. The ini- 
perfectlv chewed turnip or apple sticks in the gullet, (which in cattle is 
small), and resists all the animal's efforts to dislodge it. 

How to know it. — There is ahvaj's tympanitis ; the head is extended 
and neck stretched out ; saliva drools from the mouth ; the animal mani- 
fests restlessness and pain ; she keeps chewing and making frequent 
efforts to swallow ; and an anxious expression is seen on the countenance. 
Death may follow, either from suffocation or from rupture of the dia- 
phragm . 

What to do. — Ascertain if the object is in the throat or neck, and if 
it is, [ila('(^ a l)alling iron in the mouth, (or a plow clevis may be used, pro- 
vided it will open the mouth wide enough to allow the hand to be inserted ) ; 
have the head steadied, and insert your hand and take it out. An assist- 
ant to manipulate the ol)structioa on the outside, and i)ush it u[) against 
you, will facilitate its removal wonderfully. If it cannot be reached, tap 
the paunch with the trochar and cannula, to evacuate the gas ; (see cuts 
on pages 725 and 726) ; then pass down the probang, and with steady, 
gentle force push it through into the stomach. In the alisence of a pro. 
bang, a strong, three-quarter inch rope may be used. Dip it in hot water 
and oil it ; then pass it down, twisting occasionally with the twist of the 
j-opc. Even, gentle pressure on the probang will make the obstruction 
yield in a few minutes. 

II. Fractures. 

As a rule, a broken bone is more easily repaired in the case of cattle 
than in horses, owing to their being more (|uiet. Fractures are classitied 

772 



ACCIDENTS, KTC. 



773 



as transverse, oblique, " greeu-stick," siinplo, compouiul ami complex. 
Ill transverse fracture, the bone is bi'okcn s(juare off; in oblique, it is 
broken obliquely across ; in "green-stick," it is bent and split Init not 
broken clear off. In simple fractures, only the bono is broken without 
any complications ; in conq)ouncl, the ends of the broken bones punch 
through the ilcsh, and protrude ; in coniplox, tlio bono is shattered into 
many small j)ieccs. 

How to know it. — The only reliable tests, when there is displacement, 
is the uniiatuiul position of the parts and tlie crepitation (grating of one 
))()n(^ upon another) that nniy be heai'd when tlie parts are moved. 




TKANSVEltSK AMI (lltl.KKlC I'l! A( TC Ki 



What to do. — I'l ciise of u l)roken leg (l)y far the most common frac- 
ture in catth^), place tlie bones in position as lu^irly as possible;, and put 
oil a plaster of Paris bandage, to enclose the leg and maintain the parts 
in place. In the absence of plaster of Paris, sole leather, softened Avith 
■water and fitted to the leg may be used ; bind it on with a bandage. KcKip 
the animal as ((uit^t as possible. Compound and comple.v fractures are 
generally fatal, on account of tlu! inilammatioii that follows. 
III. Wounds. 

Wounds on the body may be sewed up with any of the different su- 
tures described in the Horse department, on i)age 460. Wounds on the 




MANY-TAILED liANDAGE FOU LARGE LACERATED AND Ol'EN WOUNDS. 

legs are best held together with bandages. The many-tailed l)andage is 
particularly handy to draw the edges together and hold tliein in i»Iace. 



774 



'I'lll') AMi;i!I(AN I'AKMI'IU S STOCK llOOIl. 



I5aii(la;j;'i's hIkiiiIiI Iki kc|it- scrupulously clean, liy waslnri^ tlicrii uucc or 
I wicd a (III}' and Itatliinj; llicmwilli i(^ci|)i) JS'o. !t. \\licu llic, woumi is 
well lill<'<l up, apply No I, willi No. 'i occasionally 
IV. DiHlooalioiiH. 
(laUii' aiv pcculiaily liaMc In dislocation of tli<> jialclLi. II. slips olT on 
th(i outside w iicn llm Ic;j; is hack of a piM prndM ul.ir position, and the ani- 
mal in uualilc to liiin"- it lorwaid. 'I'liis is well shown in llio .acconip.in\- 




, noN oi' rni; I'A ii:i,i,A 



iiij^ ilhislrali(ni. It is ln'sl r<alncc(l liy pulling tlic. fool, I'orwartI with a 
ropc! passed around t he pastern, and pushin;^' inwards on llm slille hone 
(patella), wIhii it w dl snap in, .and loeoinolion can lie resinncil at onco. 



\i^!/ii^ 



.\ IS nil I 






HiMii i: Ml inoniih i'iti;\ kntini; a iiKciuiilCNCi; oi' ihsi.oia Hon oi ■no: rA ii:i.i.A. 

Ill \.\w lirsl few iiislances, llio joint, is injured, .so that, considerahio 
HWtdlin;.; takes pliua^ and cmises ^reat ianienoss, Itul aflcr a few dislora- 
lioii.s it, slips ill and oid easily. 

What to do. — FastiMl tlu^ Ic;;- forward with the rope passed around the 
lU'ck as seen in the annexed iiit. Koinent the joint with hot water 



ACflDKN'I'S, KTC. TYr) 

hcvi'I'mI ( iiiii's .'I I III y, . 'I IK I wild I (lie iiil1:iiiiiii.'il ion is "iiik', lili.~.lrr I JKiroiiL'lily 
willi I lie followiii;^- liiislcr : 

Xcj. ()(). 1 OiMicr |i(iu(li-ic(l iMiilharldcN, 

•1 (MiMccs liinl, 
Mix. 

li'lll. wril ill. 

V. SpniiiiH. 

Tlic. bcsl, (|-c;iliiiciil. for spriiiiis is (o I'lmiciil lliini with jiol wmIct or 
liol, viii(^;;iir l.lircfi |/niics .'i dny, iiiwl :ippl.\' I In' riiliowin^- iiniiiii-iil , nil)l)iii!^ 
i( ill llioi'oiij^lily : 

No. (!1. 2 OiiiK'cH linclurc iiniicji, 

I OlItiiM- iiIcoIkjI. 
1 Ollllci' linprlllilM', 
I OiiiK'i- hniiliiMiiiii, 

I Oiii Ih|>i<>r :iiiiiM<>Mhi, 

VVmIit Id immK ir jiilll. 

.MK. 

If |)i:icl ic:ilili', IciiidiiL't' l<)li'i';ilil\' ti;jli(. (live rcsl lill i\\i- liiiiicniiH.s is 
all j;niic. 

VI. WonH. 

Tlioso arc Imitl, lilnuiiH liiiiiors rcsiiKin^, usually, from ii Mow or oUior 
(sxtcnial violiMirc. Tlicy iir(! friUjUduf ly sccu ou tln! I'ibs, l(^<fs aud jaws of 

O.XCIl. 

Whattodo. — If IHili<<'(l wliril lirsl, slai-lcil, wlicii (iicy :iVt: sore, foiiiciil, 
liicui witli hoi. water scivci-iil liiucs a day ; aflcr a few days, (lus sorciuc^ss 
being partially gone, piiiiiL lludii with tincture, of iodine once a <lay. If, 
li()W(!Ver, they beconio har<i:e and hanl, nolhinj^ will be of any use short 
of disscclinjr thcin out. This may Imj doiu! without any danjrcr. Aftiir- 
wards (ll•(^ss the wonnd with rccijie, No. !•, two or thrcic t.iini's a <lay. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



OPERATIONS. 



I. TAPPING THE CHEST, AND TAPPING THE BELLY. II. TRACHEOTOMY. III. TAP- 
PING THE RUMEN (PAUNCH) FOUHOVEN. IV. KUMENOTOMY. V. CASTRATION. 

VI. SPAYING. VII. TAPPING THE BLADDER OF THE OX OR BULL. VIII. 

SUTURES AND BANDAGES. IX. C^SAUIAN OPERATION. X. BLEEDING. 

I. Tapping the Chest, and Tapping the Belly. 
Tlie lirst of these opcnitious (j)aracentcsis thoracis) has for its object 
the removal of water from the che.st in hydrothorax. Clip off the hair 

from a spot al)out three inches back 
of the joint of the elbow, and on a 
level with it. Make an incision 
through the skin and muscles to a 
depth of about two inches, being 
careful to locate it so that it shall 
pass between two ribs, and not too 
close to the posterior aspect of the 
anterior one of the two — about midway if possible. Then pass in the 
trochar and cannula, withdraw the trochar, and leave the cannula to 
act as a spout for the water. If lymijh or other substance clogs the hole. 




MAKING THE INCISION WITH THE KNIFE 




THE FLUID FLOWING FROM THE CHEST THliOUGH THE CANNULA. 

push it away with a whalebone probe. The other side may be tapped in 
the same way. The trochar for this operation should l)e about a quarter 
of au inch in diameter. 

77G 



OPEKATIOXS. 777 

J'aracenfesis Abdomen is ii the same operation, to empty tlie belly in 
peritonitis. Make the incision in tiie center line of tlic IjcII}- just back of 
the navel. Use the same trochar, bnt do not insert it deeper than two 
inches. In either of these operations, when the instrument is withdrawn 
the -hole will close without any aid. 

II. Tracheotomy. 

This is the insertion of a tube in the windpipe, in case of threatened 
suffocation. It is identical with the same operation on the horse, de- 
scribed on pai;e 4iil. 

in. Tapping the Rumen (Paunch) for Hoven. 

Insert tlie trocliar, which may l)e a large one (f of an incli in diame- 
ter), in the center of a triangle made l)y the last rib, the anterior point 
of the hip and the ends of tlic transverse processes of tiie lumbar si)ines 
on tlie left side. Point it dowuwai'd and inward obliquely, and it will 
pass directly into the paunch, which grows tf) the left side only, and onl}' 
in tiiis vicinity. Pull out the trochar, and the gas will escape tlirougii 
the cannula. (See the article, witii cuts, on Hoven.) 
IV. Rumenotomy. 

This is an operation to empty the paunch in case of engorgement, when 
a passage cannot be effected m the regular way. Clip off the hair from 
the triangle described in the last article, on the left side, (see cuts on 
pages 725 and 727), and make an opening, running up and down, large 
enough to insert the hand ; open first the skin, next the muscles, then the 
wall of the paunch. Insert a towel, and arrange it to cover the lower 
edge of the wound, to keep the latter clean. Then empty tlie p:uuich 
with the hand. "When nearly empty, pour in recipe No. 2(3, wash the 
wound, and sew it up with cat-gut sutures. First sew the paunch, leav- 
ing the ends hanging inside ; then draw the muscles together, the ends of 
the ligatures hanging outside ; then sew up the skin. Dress the whole 
with lotion No. 9, keeping the parts wet with it nearly all the time. 

V. Castration. 
This may be done to calves l)y laying tiiem down on their backs, open- 
ing the scrotum and cutting througii the tunics to the testicle, letting it 
out, when the tunics may be cut from their attachment at the end of the 
testicle, and the testicle pulled out, tearing away the spermatic cord. 
Pour a little cold water into the scrotum, and let the calf up. Old bulls 
may be castrated standing. Make a separate opening for each testicle, 
and let the testicle out of the tunics ; cut off the cord with the ecraseur 
well up towards the body ; if no ecraseur is procurable, apply clamps, 
which may be removed after two days. 



778 TiiK A,Mi;i;i('AN i akmku s stock jsook. 

VI. Spa3ring. 

This is an oix-ration on the fi'iiialc lo rciiiovo tlu; ovaries, and corres- 
poiuls lo caslratioii of tlu! uuilc. In young, small heifers it is hcst done 
in Uio flank. Lay tho heifer on her left side with the legs stretched back. 
Clip (iff llu' hair from tiio angle between the point of theliip and last rib ; 
make an incision, running u^) and doM'u, large enough lo admit the hand ; 
pass llic hand into Ihc abdominal cavity and find the womb ; follow up 
a horn of ihc womb (ill the ovary is reached, pull the ovary out, and 
either (^ut or twist it off, — preferably tho latter, to a\()id bleeding. If 
cut off, the artery should bo twisted, to arrest the hemorrhage. The 
parts are put back, and the other ovary is brought up and ojjeraled on 
similarly. This one may bo more diflicult lo bring out, l)ut gentle trac- 
tion will accomplisli it. Select warm pleasant weather for this operation, 
lo avoid chilling the intestines. (Jreat care should l)e taken to keep 
everything as clean as jjossible, as hair oi- other foreign particles, intro- 
duced into the belly, might cause fatal peritonitis. Stitch up the walls of 
the Ix'llv first; then the skin with cat-gut, interrupted sutures. Dress 
the wound with lotion No. 0. 

Cows are l)est operated on standing. ]\Iake the incision through the 
upper wall of the vagina close? to the osi(/eri, large enough lo introduce two 
fingers, by which the ovaries are pulled out and excised with an ccra- 
s(!ur. A couple of stiches may be taken in the wound. Dress it after- 
wards mUIi lotion No. 47, twice a day. Feed lightly for a day or two 
before the o[)eration, and give bran nuishcs for a few days after. If peri- 
tonitis sets in, (which, however, it is not very likely to do), treat it 
according to the directions for that disease. 

VII. Tapping the Bladder of the Ox or Bull. 

When it is necessary to draw off the urine of the male, an opening 
must be made at the point where the penis turns over the angle of the 
pelvis, and the (•atheter introduced as seen in tho annexed cut. The in- 
cision should be made very carefully, and no larger than really neces- 
sary to introduce the instrument. Dress the wound with No. 9, twice a 
da}'. It will be advisable to take a stitch in it, of course?. Tlu; curve in 
the urethral canal (see cut on page 737) is what makes this operation 
necessary, as it renders the introduction of a catheter by the penis 
iini)ossible. 

VIII. Sutures and Bandages. 

Sutures are used in sewing wounds, whenever they are longer than half 
an inch. The material generally used is silk, doubled once; or twice, to 
make the cord large enough lo prevent il from pulling out. Silver wire 



OPEKATIOXS. 



779 



may bo used, Imt has no trpccial advantages over tlu^ silk. Pass the needle 
through the skin about half an inch bacic from the edge and tie loosely, 
leaving the ends about half an inch Ion"-. 




OPKKATION KOK I!?;M0VING URINE FUO.M THE OX. 



Bandages are particularly useful in cases of wounds on the legs, since 
there the stitches will almost invariably pull out, unless thus reinforced. 
The many-tailed bandage shown on page 773 is very useful. For further 
details see the corresponding article in the Horse dejiartment. 
IX. The Caesarian Operation. 

This is resorted to for the delivery of the calf, in the extremity men- 
tioned on page 7.51. The l)elly is opened high up in the flank on the 
right side, and an incision made in the uterus, and the calf taken out. It 
is seldom resorted to, for obvious reasons. 
X. Bleeding. 

A cord is passed around the neck, and 
tied tight enough to raise the vein, over 
which a fleam is held and struck with the 
blood-stick. AVhen sufficient blood has been 
taken, remove the cord and close the wound 
with a twisted ("figure 8") suture. 

The article on Bleeding, in the Horse de- 
partment, should be read in connection with 
the foregoing directions. 'J^ pkeparkd for hleeuing. 




CHAPTER XIV. 



BECIPES FOR CATTLE. 



As ii iiKitlcr of convciiioiicc 1o the rfiidci-, 
precious- ill Irciitiiig his sick stock, we add t 
our jji-cscriptions for cattle. 



No. 1. IlKAl.INd LOTION. 

Sii;;:ir of lc:ul, 1 imnoc, 
('ail)i)lic iicid, 2 (li-aclinis, 
I^aiulaimiii, 1 oimco. 
Water Id make 1 piiil. 

Mix. 
Apply tliri'c limes a day. 

No. 2. ANTISKl'TIC LOTION. 

Carbolic acid, 1 part, 
Olive oil, 8 parts. 

Mix. 
Apply three times a day. 

No. :i. ANTISEPTIC DUKNCII. 

Nitro-muriatio acid, 1 drachm, 
Hi-chromale potash, IJ grains, 
Ghloralo potash, 2 drachms, 
Watei'. 3a pint. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose two or three limes 
a day. 



No. t. TONIC I'OVVDKU. 

Copperas, % ounce, 
Oil-cake, a handfid. 

Powder an<l mix. 
Give as one dose, and repeat morn- 
ing and night. 

No. 5. rOWDI'.U FOIt UIIEMMATI.SM. 

Colchicnm, 2 drachms, 
Nitrate of potash, 2 drachms. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose, and repeal night 
and morning for a wei'lv. 



to whom tiiiio will often 1»c 
lis clinpter, rccapitiilatiiij^ all 



LINIMI'.NT roll KIIKI MATISM. 

Tjandannni. I onace. 
Spirits cami)hor, 1 oniice, 
Tnrpcntiiu', 1 onnce. 
Water to uiakc 1 \n\\\, 

Mix. 
A|)i)ly tliree times a day with fric 
lion, and liandage. 



No. 7. TONIC nUKNCII. 

(ienlian root. 1 onnce, 
(iing<'r, '.J onnce, 
Oatmeal grncl. 1 qnarl. 

Mix. 
Give as on<> dose, and repeal three 
times a day for Iwo weeks. 



No. 8. 



MIL1> PIIUGATIVK. 

Epsom sails, 12 onnccs, 
Ginger, 1 onnce. 
Gentian, 1 onnce, 
Syrup, 4 ounces. 
Water to make 2 ijiiarts. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose. 



CAKltOI.IC LOTION. 

Carbolic acid, }.^ onnce, 

Water. 1 pint. 
Mix. 

Apply two or three times a day; iu 
case of a surface sore, bind on a 
sponge wet \\ illi llie lolion. 



7H() 



ui'XH'Ks rou cattlk 



781 



No. 10. Al.TKUATIVK AN1> STIMi:LATIN< 
IIUKNCII. 
locliilc |p(i(:i^li. 2 (lriu-liili«, 
Whiskey, 2 niiii<-cs, 
I'dwdcrcd ciiKjlioiia, 1 oiukm', 
tiriicl, 1 jiinl. 

Mix. 
Give as one ilosc, and n'|wat tluiM 
times a ilay. 



TONIC rOWDKU. 

Saccliiirizfd cai-bonatc of iron,2di'S. 
I'()\v<l<Ti'il ciiii-liDiia hark, 2 drs., 

Mix. 
Give as one dosi' ; re])eal iiinriiiMf^ 
and niglit. 



No. 12. TfUPENTINK IJHENCII. 

Oil turpentine, 1 ounce, 
Linseed oil. }',j pint, 

Mix. 
Give as one dose, repeat tlneo 
thucs a day. 



TONIC DHKNCII. 

'riiietnre nnniate of iron, )^ ounce, 
'riiicturc i-hii'hona, 1 ounce, 
Waaler, 2 ounces. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose; rejicat three 

times a day, between the doses 

of No. 12. " 



AMMONIA LINIMENT. 

Liquor of ammonia, 1 ounce. 
Oil of turi)entiiie, 1 ounce, 
Linse('d oi), 1 ounce. 

Mix. 
Rub well in to the face and head 
once a day. 



SILVER LOTION. 

Nitrate of silver, 10 grains, 
Water, 1 ounce. 

Mix. 
Api)ly twice a day with a camers 
hair brush. 



No. 11). A i;ai!(;le. 

( 'hlorali' of iiolash. 1 ounce, 
Waler. 1 j)int. 

Mix. 
hijei'l :i litlli' iiilo llie throat aS a 
gargle several times a ilay. 

No. 17. MIXTURE FOR IlIAUUIKI-.A. 

Infusion of quassia. 1 pint, 
I^audanum, 1 ounce. 
Sulphuric etluM', jj ounce. 
Cold, thin gruel, 1 pint. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose. Hcpciit, if nec- 
essary. 

No. IS. FEVER MIXTURE. 

Spirits nitre, 3 ounces. 
Tincture aconite root, 2 drachms, 
Fluid extract belhidonna, )^ oz., 
Nitrate potash, 2 ounces. 
Muriate of ammonia, 2 ounces. 
Water to make 1 (jiiart. 

Mix. 
Give half a teacupful every two or 
three hours till better. 

No. 10. TONIC ANI> ALTERATIVE POWDER. 

Nitrate of potash, 2 drachms. 
Gentian root (powdered), 2 drs.. 
Ginger, 1 drachm, 

Mix. 
Give as one dose; repeat nioining 
and night for a week. 



No. 20. STIMULATING DRENCH. 

Infusion of gentian, Jo piul. 

Ginger, 1 drachm. 

Carbonate of ammonia, 1 diaeliui. 

Syrup, 2 ounces. 

Water, }4 pint. 

Mix. 
f;ive as on(! dose, and ri'peat tlin'c 
times a day. 

No. 21. TONIC POWUER. 

Sulphate of iron (copperas), 8 drs.. 
Gentian, 2 drachms, 
fJinger, 1 drachm, 
Kicnugreek se<'(l, 1 drachm, 

I'owder iind mix. 
f live as one dos(!, and repeat morn- 
ing and night for a week or two. 



(82 



TIIK A.MEKICAN FAUMKU S STOCK liOOK. 



No. -l-'. A C.AKGLK. 

Clildiiitt' of potash. 2 ounces, 

WllllT. 1 (lUUIl. 

Mix. 

Shoot l):u-k Into the throat, as a 
}^ai-;^h'. several thnes a day with 
a syrinjje. 

No. 2:!. I'EVER MIXTU15E. 

Mindererus' spirit (ae<'lali' of ani- 

nioiiia), 2 ounces, 
'rinclure aconite root. 20 drop>, 
>Vater. }.;, pint, 

Mix. 
Give as one dose, and repeat eveiy 
two hours till l)ettei-. 

No. 21. rOUOII MIXTUllE. 

Gum camphor, 2 drachms. 

Saltpetre, i drachms. 

Spirits of nitre, 1 ounce, 

Water (or gruel) , 1 pint. 
Mix as directed below. 

Dissolve the camphor in the nitre, 
and add the water (or gruel) and 
saltpetre, and give as one dose. 
Kei)eat eveiy four or six hours. 

No. 2.">. IlEAl.INt; LOTION. 

Vinegar. 1 ounce. 
Honey, 2 ounces. 
Water, Ji pint. 

Mix. 
Api)ly tJnee or fom- thncs a day. 



No. 20. I'OWERFIL I'UUGATIVE. 

Epsom salts, l>a pounds. 
Ginger, 2 ounces. 
Gentian, 2 ounces. 
Calomel, 2 drachms, 
Croton oil, 20 drops. 
Syrup, I pint. 
Warm water, 2 quarts. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose. 



STIMtLATINO DRENCH. 

TJipior ammonia, 1 ounce. 
Warm ale, 1 ipiart. 
Essence of ginger, 3^ ounce. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose. 



No. 2S. ANTACID l-OWDKlt. 

15i-carl)onale of soda, '.i drai'hms, 
(icntian, 2 dracluns, 
(jingcr, 2 drachms. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose and rcjical morn- 
ing and night. 

No. J'.l. ASTRINGENT DltENCll. 
I'repared chalU. 1 ounce. 
I'owdcrcd catechu, }., ounce, 
Powdered ginger. 2 draclnns, 
I'owdered opium, }., drachm, 
I'cppermint water, ,'.j pint, 

.Mix. 
(iive from two to four talilespoon- 
fuls. according to the size of the 
calf, morning and night. 

No. ;{(). ASTRINGENT DRENCH. 

'I'inclurc of catechu. 2 ounces, 
'riui'turc of I'ardamoms, 2 ounces, 
Carboualc of soda. 2 draclims. 

Mix. 
Divide into Iwo to four doses, ac- 
cording to age of animal, and give 
one of them morning and night. 

NO. ;!1. ASTRINGENT DRENCH. 

I'owdered opium, }., (hacluu, 
'rinclure of cardamoms, 1 ounce, 
Sulphuric vther, :i drachms. 
Linseed lea (orstarch gruel) 1 pint. 

Mix. 
Diviile into six doses; ji;iv<' one 
night and morning. 

). :f2. ALTERATIVE DRENCH. 

Tincture of rhubarb. 4 ounces, 
I'owdered ginger, 2 drachms, 
AVarni gruel. I ounces, 

Mix. 
(Jive as one dose, and follow il witli 
some doses of No. liO or '.il. 

I). ;!:(. ASTRINGENT DRENCH. 

Prepared chalk, I'.j ounces, 
I'owdered catechu, 2 drachms, 
I'owdered opium, }.^ drachm. 
Powdered gentian, 2 drachms. 
Starch gruel, 1 ])iut. 

Mix. 
( ;i ve as one dose ; repeat in twenty- 
four hours, if neuessary. 



UEC'Il'KS FOIt CATTMC. 



7. S3 



>0. :U. AST1!IN(;KNT IHiKNCH. 

Powileicd opium, 2 drauhius, 
Powdered stiirch, 4 ounces, 
Su]|)linric clhcr, 1 ouiu'c. 
Cold ale, 1 piMl. 

Mix. 
Give as one <lii>c. |{y substitutinj; 
tepid water foi- llie ale.it may be 
advantajjeoMsly used as an injee- 
tion. 

No. ;!.5. ASTUINUENT KHENCII. 

Taniuc acid, }4 draciini, 
Powdered opium, 1 drachm. 
Powdered j;entian, 1 ounce, 
Warm ale, 1 i)int, 

.Mix. 
(Jive as one dose. 

KO. 3;>. AI.TKUATIVK DUKNCII. 

Calomel. 1 drachui. 
Powdered opium. J di-.ichms. 
Gruel, 1 (]uart. 

Mix. 
Give as one do.se. 

No. ;i7. ALTKUATIVIC HUKNCll. 

Kpsom salts, 7 ounces, 
Powdered opium, 2 drachms. 
Powdered f;<'nt!an, 2 drachms. 
Gruel, 1 pint. 

Mix. 
Give .as one dose. 

No. 38. ANTISKPTIC MI.XTUKE. 

Chloridi! of lime, 'j ounce, 
'l'iuetur(' of arnica, 'vi ounce. 
Sulphuric etlier, 1 ounce. 
Starch j^ruel, 2 quarts. 
Mix. 

Give lialf by the nth and half 

I)y injection. 

No. 30. STUONO IN.Ji;CTION. 

Linseed oil. 1 pint. 

Oil turpentine. 1 ounces, 

Croton oil, 30 drojjs. 

Warm water. 1 rjnart, 

Soft .soap. 1 oun<'e. 
Mix. 

Keneat three tiuies a day as an in- 
iectiou. till a full purgative ac- 
tion Is "ot. 



STl.MULATING SUHCUTANEOIJS 
INJECTION. 

Strychnine, 4 grains. 
S|iirits of wine, 1 ounce, 
Sul])lniric acid. (> drops. 

Mix. 
Wiien dissolved, inject from ten to 
twenty drops under tiie slcin. 



ANODYNE I'EVKU .■HI.XTIUE. 

Camphor, 2 drachms, 

Sulphm-ic ether, }i ounce. 

Acetate of ammonia, 4 ounces, (.as 
directed below). 
Mix. 

Dissolve the camphor iu the sul- 
pluiric Ciller, and then add tlio 
acetate of ammonia. <;ive as 
one dose in ale or gruel. 



No. 42. FEVEU MI.XTUKE. 

Mindererus' .spirit, 3 ounces, 
Tincture aconite root, 20 drops. 
Linseed tea. 1 pint, 

Mix. 
Give as one dose, and repeat every 
two hours till Ijettei'. 



No. 43. STIMULATING DItKNCH. 

Sididuiric acid. 2 drachms, 
'i'ineture of cardamoms, 1 ounce. 
Water, 1 pint. 

Mix, 
Give as one dose. 



No. 44. ANTILITHIC IN.IECTION. 

Ifydrocliloric acid, 1 drachm. 
Water, }.i jiint. 

Mix.' 
Inject into the bladder. 



No. 4'). ACID DRENCH. 

Hydrochloric acid, 20 drops, 
(leuliau, 3 drachms. 
Oat meal gruel, 1 pint. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose, and repeat it 
morningand night for u few days. 



784 



THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK HOOK. 



No. 4G. ANTACID rOWDEK. 

Bi-carbonate soda, '; poiiiul. 
Gentian, 4 ounce*. 
Linseod meal. 2 pounds, 

Mix. 
Give two tablespoonfuls morning 
and niglxt for two or tliree weeks. 

No. 47. ANTISEPTIC INJECTION. 

Carbolic acid, 'o ounce, 
Water, i.j gallon. 

Mix." " 
Use as injection twice a day. 

No. 4S. ANODYNE DRENCH. 

Chloral hydrate, 1 ounce, 
Water, 1 pint. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose ; rejieat, if neces- 
sary, in half an hour. 



No. 49. HEALING LOTION. 

Spirits of camphor, 4 ounces, 
Sugar of lead, 1 ounce. 
Sulphate of zinc, 2 drachms. 
Soft water, 1 ipiart, 

Mix. 
Bathe the parts once a day. 



No. 50. SOFTENING LOTION. 

Gum camphor, 4 ounces, 
Olive oil, 1 pint, 
Mix. 

Kub well in three times a dav. 



No. 51. ANTISEPTIC POWUEU. 

Sulphite soda, 1 ounce, 
Nitrate potash, 2 draclims, 

Mix. 
Give as one dose in a Inau mash ; 

repeat morning and night for a 

week. 



No. 52. ASTRINGENT OINTMENT. 

Alum, 1 ounce, 
Carbolic acid, 1 drachm. 
Lard, 4 ounces. 

Powder the alum and mix. 
Apply twice a day. 



ASTUINGEXT OINTMENT. 

Tannic acid, '.jOunce, 
Carbolic acid, 1 drachm, 
Lard. 4 ounces. 

Mix. 
Apply twice a day. 



NERVINE AND ALTKKATIVE. 

NiLX vomica, 2 drachms, 
Saltpetre, y^ ounce. 

Mix. 
Give as one dose, repeating it morn- 
ing and night for a month. 



LOTION FOR LICE. 

Tobacco, }., Pound, 
Water, 1 gallon. 

Steep for t\\ o hours. 
Api)ly warm. 



MIXTURE FOR RINGWORM. 

Tincture of iodine, 2 ounces. 
Oil of tar, 1 ounce. 
Glycerine, 2 ounces. 

Mix. 
Rub well in once a day. 



MIXTURE FOR RINGWORM. 

Solution iodo-bromide of calcium 

compound. 1 ounce. 
Water, 3 ounces. 

Mix. 
Rub well in once a dav. 



KO. 5S. EYE WASH. 

Sulphate of atropia, 2 grains. 
Water. 1 ounce. 

Mix. 
Apply several times a day with a 
eamers hair brush. 



EYE -NVASn. 

Nitrate of silver, 10 grains, 

Water, 1 ounce. 
Mix. 

Apply directly to the eyeball, morn- 
ing and night, with a camel'j 
hair brush. 



KKriPKS rOK CATTI.i:. 



785 



No. (JO. KLY BLISTER. 

Powdered canthariilcs, 1 (niiu-e, 
Kurd, 4 ounces. 

Mix. 
Kub well in. 

No. 01. LINIMENT FOR SPRAINS. 

Tineture arnica, 2 ounces, 
Alcoliol, 1 ounce. 



Turpentine, 1 ounce, 
I>audanuni, 1 ounce. 
I-lqnor amuionia. 1 ounce. 
Water (o make one pint, 

Mi.x. 
If practicable, bandaji;e tolerably 

t igbt. Give rest till the lameness 

in all gone. 




■^'rVi'tsSi 



PART V. 

SWINE. 

IIIsrOltY, MANA(iEMEN'l' AND Cll A K AC'IM^IilS'l'K 'S 

OK 'nil': VAiiioiJs hki'^i^jds 



SWINE. 



CHAPTER 1. 



HISTORY AND STATISTICS OP SWINE. 



T. ORIGIN AND ANTIQUITY OF THE HOG. II. THE NATIVE AMERICAN SPECIES. 

HI. SWINE OF EUROPE, ASIA AND AFRICA. IV. THE WILDHOGS OF EUROPE. 

V. TEETH OF THE HOG. VI. BROUGHT TO AMERICA BV COLUMBUS. VII'. 

THREE GREAT SWINE PRODUCING STATES. VIII. IMPORTANCE OF THE PORK IN- 
TEREST. 

I. Origin and Antiquity of the Hog. 

The original country of the hog, like that of the other domesticated 
animals of the farm, is lost in the obscurity of the past. Yet, ever since 
history began, the hog has been known in a wild state in Asia, Africa and 
in Europe. That the hogs of all these countries have a common origin is 
shown by the fact that they all belong to the same scientific classification, 
sus scrofa, and also by the more important fact that they are all fertile 
together, and continue to produce fertile offspring, from genei'ation to 
generation. 

The great antiquity of swine is shown by the fact that fossil remains 
have been found in the tertiary and diluvial deposits of Europe ; and fos- 
sils of a species cl()scl\' allied to them have been found in as ancient de- 
posits in India. Wliatevcr their origin may have been, their aptitude for 
taking care of themselves in a wild state — for they are both flesh and 
vegetable feeders — and their great fecundity would soon have enabled 
them to overrun large territories. 

n. The Native American Species. 

While the original of the domesticated hog was only found in Asia, 
Africa and P2uro[)e, yet allied native species are found in America. In 
Australia, the Polynesian groups, and the other Pacific islands, swine were 
unknown until introduced there by civilized people. The same is true of 
America. The allied species here are not, we lielieve, continuously fertile 
with the domesticated hog. 

7;»i 



792 



TilK AMKi;i< AN I'AKMKi; s STOCK HOOK. 



m. Swine of Burope, Asia and Africa. 

Wliilo it is :i Ciict, as previously stated, tiiat tlie swine of P^ur()]ic, Asia 
and Afiiea have a coniinoii ori<;iii, there is no means of ivnowinfr iiow or 
when tiiev were first introduced. The probability, however, is that they 
spread spontaneously ov(>r these countries ; for the orij^inal forest eover- 
ing rendered the means of migration easy to them, since thick timber and 
all the lands along streams fuj-nish their natural feeding grounds, 
rv. The Wild Hogs of Europe. 

It matters little, practically, how any of the farm animals originated, 
or how they were naturally disseminated over the earth ; though to 
savants, of course, the question is curious and interesting. It is worthy 
of remark, that- of all domestic animals used as food by man, the hog is 
the only one that has preserved liis tiativo characteristics uTnnoditied in a 
wild state. 




The hunting of wild hogs lias formed an e.xciting chase in all ages of 
the Avorld, both on accoimt of their fleetness and their savage courage 
when brought to l)ay. In the southern portions of the United States, in 
sparsely settled districts, swine are found escaped from domestication, and 
showing all their natural savage traits, including dangerous fierceness 
when brought to bay. Forty y(^ars ago the writer hunted wild hogs, — 
the descendants of Indian breeds, — in the swamps anil morasses of north- 
ern Indiana and tlu^ tinib(>red river bottoms of the (^alnmet. The hard 
winter of lK4f, however, destroyed the last remnant of these wild hogs, 
they having all died in their lairs, from ex|)osure and want of food. Wild 
hogs are now rarely found in Euro|)e, and this when preserved in royal 
forests as iu Denmark, Italy and (Jreeee. In Franct^ and (Jermany they 
have become exiicmely rare-, ami in (Ireat Hritain the wild species has 
Ions been extinct. 



HISTOKY AM) .SlATLslICS OK SWINE. 7!t3 

V. Teeth of the Hog. 

The teeth of swino arc 44 in immhcr, as follows: Incisors, six upper 
and six iowc^r, (12); caiiiiics or tasks, two upper and two lower, (4); 
molars, or <rrinding teeth, fouitccn ujjper and fourteen lowci-, (2H) ; mak- 
ing 44, including what were formerly called wolf teeth, but are now 
classed with tiit^ molars. Thev are r('i)resent(Kl scientifically by the den- 
tal formula : I — ij — -fj — 44. Furstenl)urg, a careful (i(!rman author- 
ity, gives th<i manner of determining the age of swine as follows : 

l?orn with (sight teeth, four corner incisors and four tusks, on the 
eighth or tenth day the S(!cond or third temi)orary molars appeal-. Th*; 
four nippei's, two on thi; upper and two on the; under jaw, appear at four 
W(!eks old. 

At the fifth or sixth week the first tcmi)oraiy molars appear in the 
upper and lower jaw. 

At the age of three months the intermediary iiuiisors appear. 

At the sixth, the so-called wolf teeth arc seen, and also the third per- 
manent molars. 

At the ninth month the permanent corner incisors, the jXMnnanent 
tusks, and tiie second permanent molars will ho seen. 

At twelves months the ix'rmancsnt ni[)p(sr.s will liav(! appeared, and by 
the thirteisnth month, the three temporary molars will have bc-en shod, 
and the permanent ones will bcs seen; at fifteen months these will l)e 
fully u)). 

.\t the age of eighteen months ihc peunianent interuKsdiary incisors and 
the permanent rear molars will show, and at the twenty-first month these 
will be fully developed, thus com|)l(stcly finishing th(s permanent denti- 
tion. 

From this time on, the means for determining the ago is l)y the wear 
of the permanent teeth, and also by the increasing length of the tushes, 
which at from four to ten yc^ars, attain such size and be(;ome such formid- 
able wca])ons that it is said that hogs have bcsen known to csope success- 
fully with the lion. Certain it is that no beast dares attack them when 
herded togetlusr, and it is only by the strategy of man that they may be 
successfully hunted and killed. And so dangerous has this jiasfime always 
been considered, that a boar's heiid has been <-ounted as one of tlu- most 
Valuable tro[»hies of the chase. 

VI. Brought to America by Columbus. 

The history of the introduction of swine into America is that they were 

brought by Columbus to Ilispaniola in 149.^, and to Florida in l.'');^8 by 

De Soto ; they were brought to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in l.'i.'iS 

by the French, and into Canada in l(i08. In ItiOO they were brought 



794 



AMr.l.'HA.N I'AU.MKi; X .STOCK KOOK. 



into Virginia Ity tlio Eni-lisli adventurers, and ('iglilccn years thereafter it 
is ree()rd(-d tliat tiieir numbers liad so inereased that the settlement at 
Jamestown had to l)e surrounded with palisades to keep them away. 

VII. Three Great Swine Producing States. 

From 1871 to 187b the swine of the United States increased from 
29,457,500 to 32,362,500 head. In the latter year the three greatest 
hog producing States were Illinois, 3,355,500; Ohio, 2,341,411, and 
Iowa 2,244,800 head. In that year there were ])afked in Chicago alone, 
over 4,000,000 head, in 1879 nearly 5,000,000, and in 1880, over 4,500,- 
000 head. 

VIII. Importance of the Pork Interest. 

In the whole Mississippi Valley there were packed in 1877-8, (),502,- 
44() head of hogs. In 1878-9, 7,475,648 head, and in 1879-80, 6,946,151 
head. The average uct weight of these hogs, was for 1878, over 226 
pounds, for 1879, over 217 pounds, and for 1880, nearly 213 pounds. 

The total export of hog products for 1876 to 1880 inclusive M'as as 
follows : 



^ 


From New Yokk. 


Kkom Boston, Piiiladelphia. 

BALT!M0I!E,P0KTLAN1), Nkw 

Orleans and Montueal. 


- 


Pork 
barrels 


Bapon 

and Hams, 

poUIiUs 


l,ard, 
pounds. 


Pork 
barrels. 


Bacon 

and Hams, 

pounds. 


Lard, 
jionnds. 


1876 

IS77 

1 ,s7s 


198,981 

■284.111!) 
:!()4.S80 
•>82.-2(il 


'220,:iS8.187 

•2:'.r>.iM)'.i.(;i;:i 
J27.7;il).ss7 

r)0:i.,si)7.U!» 
.^Il.:^l7.l2'.) 


l.-i:!,010,S!)0 

i7c...")i(;.i'.i;i 

-217.:i2:).212 
■24;{,2S1,.S44 

2!i:i.74r>.o.^n 


70.(112 

(i7."i;!(; 

G'.I.IIIC. 

r).-..2()u 

.")S,iH!!) 


i;i.-).84!l,41.') 

iss.(i'.n.27i 
•2oii.7;!4.(;."is 


.■)7.4(>2,14fi 

.-14.27.".. l.-,l 
S(l.s77,.s47 


1.S7S) 

1880 


2:i(i,4ti(i,0(i;{ 

288,0t>!).(!4.5 


84.S19,;«,5 
97.284,:«)1 



CHAPTER n. 



BREEDS OP SWINE. 



I. SIRES OF IMI'KOVKO BREEDS. II. CHINESE SWINE. III. NEAPOLITAN SWINE. 

IV. THE HO(J OK INDIA. V. ENGLISH HUEEDS — THE BEUKSHIKE. VI. 

THE ESSEX. VII. THE BLACK DORSET. VIII. THE SIFFOLK. IX. THE 

YORKSHIKE. X. LANCASHIKE BREEDS. XI. AMERICAN BREEDS. XII. THE 

CHESTER WHITE. XIII. THE FOLAND-CHINA. XIV. THE CHESHIRES. XV. 

JERSEY RED SWINE. XVI. DUROC SWINE. XVII. SUMMARY OF BREEDS. 

I. Sires of Improved Breeds. 

The swine used in the improvement of the breeds of England und the 
United States, are : First, tlie China lioji' ; second, tlie Neapolitan hog, 
and third the hog of India. The first has given remarkable aptitude in 
fattening, while the second and third have imparted style, beauty of form 
and excellence of flesh. 

II. Chinese Swine. 

The first improvement in modern swine is undoubtedly due to impor- 
tations of hogs from China. Thoy are remarka])le for prepotency of 




INKsK BOAK. 



blood, due to their careful breeding for centuries in China with special 
reference to early maturity and aptitude for fattening ; and these hogs 
were the basis upon which all Englisli and American bi'eeds were originally 



7!M) 



riii: \Mi;i!HAN ialvmI'II! s si'ock hook. 



Iiiiill. Till' ilil'ii-'ioii 111' lliis ('liiii('s(^ hidod liiiij^ since ronvcrlcd (he (tl'i;;- 
inal iiiw-lioni'tl, liiird-l't'i'diii!^, lon^-iio.^'d iiiid l(ni;;-l('<ij;;('d liojfs of Kiifflaiul 
of 100 vciirs iiLjo, iido <'om|)iict, dccp-bodicd, Itroad-hjickcd, .slioii-iioscd 
mikI i':\\\\ iiiMtiiriiii; lio^s of lifty ycais ii^o, Uiiowii in llic carlic^r crosses 




lis (ii'UHS-l)i'<H'd, Irish (ii-azicrs, etc. Then canu^ in (lie India lioji', rcducin"; 
the hone, hair, and eoarseness of Hesli still more; and afterwards tlie 
improved foi-m of tlie India ho,n' — tlie N<'a|iolitan — still fnrtlier relined 
thtMM, Jjivinji' ns the splendid r>eikshire, the l'',ssex,and various other ItlaeU 
and sp()tt<Ml hreeds. 

III. Neapolitan Swino. 

Neapolilan swine are marked for th(" exeellenee of their llesh, their el- 
egant st vie, little hair and line hone. In relation to them Sidney says it is 
prohahlo that tlio Neapolitans ai'o (lu^ deseemlants of the dark lO.'istorn 
'iwine imported hy early Italian voyagers and cultivati'd to perfei'tion hy 
\\\v favorahle climate and wclconu^ food. iMartiii is of the opinion that 
to this hreed and to the ('liinese is tine the improvement of all Kiiijlish 
swine, and, in this connection mentions particularly tiie Merkshire, Kssex, 
Hampshire and \'orkshire. ^'lmall, while aciiplinj;' th(> authority of 
Martin, adds also the swine of \\'illsliire. Of these hreeds only the 
licrkshire, Kssex and ^'ol•kshire ha\ e held their "ground with the other 
imjiroved l»i-eeds of to-day, and tlicse .'ire ainuni; the lines! ;ind most jjen- 
erallv liketl of any of the now fasjiionalile breeds. The lir-1 importation 



ItltKKKS <l 



707 



of .Nciipnliluii swilic ililo IIk' I'liidd Sl;itcK, i.s s;ii(l to li;ivc liccii iiiiidc 
iil»<)ut IHlO; hill, ill l>i'iO liiK; (spcciiiii'iiM W(;r<! iiiipordd into Nrw Voil< l»y 
ii Mr. (.'litiinlxirliiiii. I Ik'.V iin; doHcrilicd as liiuiiif^ Ixcn of ;i (hirk nliito 
color, iiiul !i8 liiiviiij^ l)roiii:lil liicir |)i<is (rue to color !iinl ciiiuaclci'iHticH. 




The Nfiipolit.'iiiH nil' well dcscrihcd hy a coniiiiittci' of the Aincricim 
SwiiK! 15n'(MlcrH AHsociatioii uh followK : Head Kiiitilj ; forciii'ad hoiiy and 
flat; f aco Hlifjhl ly diwliiiifr ; Hnout rather ioii<; and very ulcndcr ; oars 
Hiiiall, thill, standinjf forward iK^arly liorizoiilally, andquitc^ lively ; JowIh 
very full ; neck short, broad and heavy above; trunk loiijr, eyiindrieal 
and well riiilii'd li.ick ; back IImI, and ribs airhii:;/, c\'cn in low llesh.; 



7!t.S 



■nilC AMKIilC.W lAK.MKU S STOCK ISOOK. 



Iiolly liorlziniliil on llic lowrr line; liiiKl-iiuiirtcrs liiolid- lliaii the fore, 
hut not very luucli so ; 1('l:s wvy line, (lio hones and joints heinir smaller 
than thoso of any other hreed ; hams and shoulders well developed and 




NKAl'OLITAN AM) KSSKX CUOSS. 



meaty; tail line, eurh'd, liat at the extremity, and fringed with hair on 
each side ; general color slaty, or hluish plum color, with a east of eop- 
pery red ; skin soft and line, nearly free from hair, wliieh, when found 
upon the sides of the head and hchind the forelegs, is hlack and soft, and 
rather long ; flesh firm and elastic to the toucrh. 

rv. The Hog of India. 

Those swine hold the same relation to llic Neapolitan that the Chineso 
do to the improved hi'eetis of white swine. They ar(^ undoubtedly an- 
cestors of the Neapolitan breed. The hog of India, of which the Sia- 
mese hog may be said to have been a represoiitative, was in color from a 
jet black to a dark slate, or rich plum color, of medium size, (piick to ma- 
ture ; very fine in all points, with short, small legs and head ; thin jowls, a 
dished face, slender, (M'cct ears; broad, deep, compact body, well rib- 
bed, liea\v hams and shouldei's ; slender (ail, skin thin, but tirin and 
elastic to the touch. 

V. English Breeds— The Berkshire. 

The B(M'kshir(^ is among swine what the thoroughbred is among horses — a 
t3'i)o of p(!rf(H:t breeding. The IJerkshires are noted for their line bone, 
great muscularity, linn flesh, and e.\cellent hams and shoulders. Their 
constitutions are most excellent, and they are among the best of tht; im- 
proved breeds as gleaners after fattening cattle. They recjuii'o some- 
what more feed in jiroportion to their weight than some of the breeds 
aboundingin lai'd and other fat ; but this is comi)ensated for in the greater 
proportion of lean meat and lis e\cellent distribution. 



imEEDK OK SWIXE. 



79J> 



The fashionable color now is, black all over except the dish of the face, 
the feet and tlie end of the tail, which are white. If there is white, no 







matter iiuw small, on the body, discard such animals ; a bluish spot or 
tinge is not objectionaljlc, but rather siiows a strengthening of the blood 
by reversion to the original cross. The points of the pure Berkshire 



>;i»() TIIK A.Mi:i!ICAN FAJilMKI! s STOCK liOOK. 

.iiH' : Face short, tine and well di.shed ; frenerally hroad between the eyes ; 
ears almost ei'ect, sometimes inclined forward with advaneing age, always 
small, thin, soft and showing veins ; jowl full ; neck short and thick ; 
shoulder short from neck, but moderately deep from back down ; back 
broad and straight, or very little arched ; ribs long and well sprung. 




giving rotundity of bodv ; short ril)s of good length giving breadth and 
Icvelness of loin ; hips good length from joint of hips to rinnp ; hams 
thick, round and deep, holding their thickness well Imck and down to the 
hocks ; tail fine and small, set on high up ; legs short and tine, but straight 
and very strong, with hoofs erect and legs set wide apart ; size medium ; 
length medium, since extremes are to be avoided : l)one fine and compact ; 
offal vei-y light ; hair fine and soft ; no l)ristles ; skin pliable. 



m!EKl>,S OF SWINE. 



801 



VI. The Essex. 



This medium to light •weight English breed is, to our mind, one of the 
very best of the breeds ever introduced into the United States. They 




combine great stamina and vigor of constitution. They make excellent 
pork, not too fat. The sows are prolific and are good nurses ; and the 
barrows fatten easily and kindly at any age. When mature they weigh 
about 300 pounds. They make excellent crosses on coarse swine, the 
produce being tine-boned, (|ui('t, and easily fattened hogs. The Essex, in 



AMKltlCAN KAltMKI; S STOCK ItOOK. 



.sliapc and color, is not unlilco tlic l^crksliirc, l)ut lariicr proportionalJv. 
The color is a puic, dec]) hlack ; faic short and dished ; tars small, soft 
and erect while young, but falling over somewhat with age ; the hone is 




fine, hair thin ; the carcass long, hroad, sti'aight and d('('[), with excellent 
hams, carrying meat fully down ne ir the hock. Their great delicacy of 
form is due to their ci'ossing with the Neapolitan ; and except that they 
are better haired the cuts we give woidd not be bad rei)resentations of 
the breed. 







HI.ACK DOKSKT SOW. 

VII. The Black Dorset. 
The black swine of Dorsetshire, England, are a breed in high repute, 
locally. 'J'hcy are rei)Tcsonted as being strong-const itutioned, attaining 



BllEEDS OF SWINE. 803 

heavy weights and f:ittenin<i kindly. If the illustration, reproduced from 
au English cut, showing the hog in breeding flesh is a good representation 
of the breed, they ought to be valuable in the West. The great trouble 
with our breeders is that they are working their stock too flne. ]\Iany of 
them have not head and jaw enough to perfectly grind corn. They have 
too little hair, and their constitutions have suffered from too close breed- 
ing, rendering them liable to disease. We believe the coming hog will be 
the revei'se of this. 

Vin. The Suffolks. 

The Suffolk is now regarded as only a variety of the Yorkshire, one of 
the best of the English white breeds. The Manchesters, the Middlesex, 
the Suffolk, the so-called Windsor, the Calehill and the Cheshire of New 
York State have all been formed on the Yorkshire-Cumberland stock, 
and the differences in all these breeds ai'e trifling. 

The characteristics of the Suffolks are given in the Swine Register as 
follows : Head small, very short ; cheeks prominent and full ; face 
dished ; snout small and very shoi't ; jowl fine ; ears small, thin, upright, 
soft and silky ; neck very short and thick, the head appearing almost as 
if set on front of shoulders ; no arching of crest ; crest wide and deep ; 
elbows standing out ; brisket wide, but not deep ; shoulders and crop- 
shoulders thick, rather upright, rounding outward from top to elbows ; 
crops wide and full. Sides and flanks — ril)s well arched out from back, 
good length between shoulder and ham ; flank well filled out and coming 
well down at ham. Back broad, level and straight from crest to tail, not 
falimg off or down at tail ; hams wide and full, well rounded out ; twist 
very wide and full all the way down. Legs and feet — legs small and very 
short, standing wide apart, in sows just keeping the belly from the ground ; 
bone fine; feet small, hoofs rather spreading; tail small, long and 
tapering. Skin, hair, and color — skin thin, of a pinkish shade, free from 
color ; hair fine and silky, not too thick ; color of hair pale yellowish 
white, perfectly free from any spots or other color. Size small to 
medium. 

The principal objections to the Suffolk are : They have too much fat ; 
they are bad nurses ; the pigs are weak; and they are subject to scrofula. 

rx. The Yorkshire. 

The Yorkshire is, to our mind, one of the very best of the English white 
breeds. They are hardy, vigorous, and well-hau'ed ; they are prolific 
and good nurses ; they are uniform in shape and color, and of any size 
rccjuisite, from 200 pound hogs up to heavy weights, according as you 
select the small, the middle, or tlie large breed. Tiie middle breed is 



801 



TIIF. AMKIMCAN I'Alt.MKI! S STOCK HOOK. 



prodiii'cd lictwrcii llic siniill York ;iii(l (lie ( 'uinlicrlMii<l. 'I'hc large York- 
shire idlaiiis lu'iivy wcifilils, while (Ih' iiii(hne hieed is ahoid thc^ size, and 
wci<>;ht. of (ho B('^kshil•(^ 

X. Lanoashire Broods. 
Tliis remarkahlo Knifiish hi'eed is di\ided iiilo three siili-fainilies : Tho 
short-fiiced, the middle breed and the large Luiieashire ; the character- 




isties ami eoloi (puic whitt ) of t ich hi iiiii (oust iii( <)\ei' one hundred 
years ago the laige biccdwtio cultnatcd m Eiigl.uid, and are represented 
as lieing of ininiense size, large-linihed and coarse-honed. 

Short Faced Lancashire.— This breed is reinarkaliie for llie sliortness 
of the face from the eyes to the end of tiie snout ; |)ri(U ears ; small 
hones; a good coat of white hair; culiic in form, with hroad hack and 



I!i;i:kiis ok swim;. 81).^ 

hroad liiims, well ic) dnwii. The skin, us woll :is the hair, is white, al- 
though Mil oecasioual one may l)e found haviiiii a few dark-blue spots on 
the skin, but never dark or black hairs. 

Lancashire Middle-Breed.— This breed is one which partakes of the 
quality of the small breed and the size of the large breed. Middle bred 
hogs are got by crossing large bred sows with small bred boars, but all 
attempts to attain the same results by reversing this operation, and putting 
large bred boars to small bred sows have proved failures. 'IMk; largest of 
the middle bred sows are used to improve the large breed. Their char- 
acteristics are : The small l)red hog nmst have small l)oncs ; a short face ; 
silky hair; tine, small, upright ears; a comparatively square form ; must 
have good S(]uare hams, the most valuable part of the hog; must carry 
the meat near tlu^ ground ; tlat on the back ; straight and t^ubic in form. 

Lancashire Large Breed. — These hogs have large bone^, are of great 
height and h'ligth, and are the largest breed of swine known. They are 
a true breed, and breed constant to color and characteristics. These are : 
Large size, great length ; flat Ijack, with large square hams when fattened ; 
nmst carry their width of back along over the hams ; nmst have deep and 
tolerably straight sides, large feet and leg bones ; hair short ; may have 
a long face, but it had better be short, as they fatten better ; may have 
a large, drooping ear, but, other qualities and size being equal, an 
upright, smaller ear preferred. They usually have a long, thick, strong 
tail ; must be of great weight when fattened, and above all must be des- 
cended from a hog having the foregoing qualities, and, if a breeder, must 
produce them. They are short of hair, Ijut still are hearty. A middle 
bred hog must have a short face, and all other good (jualities of the small 
breed, except that they may be longer in proportion to their width ; must 
have thicker legs and longer bones to carry the greater size ; should be 

well haired. 

XI. American Breeds. 

The American breeds in best repute are : The Chester White, which 
originated in Pennsylvania ; the Poland-China, which originated in Ohio ; 
Jersey Eeds, originated in New Jersey; the Duroc, originated in New 
York ; and Cheshire, originated in New York. These, however, as 
previously stated, are only modified Yorkshires. Of those breeds the 
Chester- White and Poland-China have been most widely disseminated. 

XTE. The Chester White. 

This breed originated in Chester County, Pa., and is recorded to have 
been brought about as follows : The first impulse to the improvement 
of swine in that county was given l)y the introduction of a ])air of fine 
pigs, brought from Bedfordshire, England, by Capt. James Jeffries, and 



80(; 



Ml-: WIKKICAN I'AllMKi; S STOCK llODK. 



|)liici'<l Upon Ins fMini nr;ir' I lie rouiity sc;il, in IMS. Somk^ of tlu^ cntcr- 
|)risiiig fiirriior.4 ofllio iici^liliorliood wru', cMi('<)urii!j;i'<l lo coiimu'iico tlio 
iiiiprovciiu'iit of tlu'ir swine ; iind by crossinfr tlicso pijr.s upon Ww iiativo 
vvliitd liofi; of llio cotnily, lluii- proj;('n>'\vi(li llio best spccinicns ■•iltiiiiiahlo, 
and l)V a courst! of careful and judicious ci'ossing and seledion for nuiiiy 




y<"ars, (lie present \aluaiile Inecd of well formed, <j:oihI sized, c;isily fat- 
lened iioijjs, known as Cliesler \\'iiiles, was pi'odmi'd and made an eslali- 
lislied hrecd. 

'IMlO followiiifi' ai'<' llie eliaiactcrislics of tliCNC lioii's : Head, short and 
liroad between the I'viv- : lais tliiii, projectint:' fofwai'd and iop])in>j at the 
point; iiccU short and tliitii; j<i\\l laii:c ; body Icnjithy anil deep ; buck 



ititicr.Ks OF swim;. 807 

\)Vn;u\ ; liains full mikI iIcc|) ; Icirs sIkiiI , ;iii(| well set iimlci' tlic hody f')i' 
l)eiiriiij^ lilt! \v('ij::lit ; uo:it tli'm, white, and stniiglil ; (if ii litllc wavy it la 
no objection) ; small tail and no bristles. 

XIII. Tho Poland China. 

There has been nineh eoni n)\er,sy ()\(T lli(^ (iii;riii and ini|M'ovoin(Mit of 
this breed (if s\\ ine, and in sonu; instances iniieh .■lerimony. 'I'licy liavo 
nevertheless lield llieir own anionff tlie reputable brocdH of tho WoHt, 
have been hugely improved witliin the hist, (ifteen years hy infusion of 
Herksliii-o blooil, and ai-o now ])rol)al)ly more w idi^ly (lisseminat(^d wcint 
of tiic Alleghanies tiian any other ))r<'ed except tho HerkshiroK. 'I'iio 
American Swine Brcedefs' Association give their liistory and cliaractcr- 
istics as follows : 

In IHK), th<! Shakers of I'nion N'illage, W.arren county, <)., j)nrchase(i 
at I'hiladelphia on(! I)oar and thiee sows, of what was, at the time;, be- 
lieved to l)(! pufc China. Tiiey were called Big China hogs. Subse- 
()n(!ntly olhei- China hogs were, introduced and extensivcily used. The 
Shak<u's and otliei- judicious l)r<'e(lers in Warren and Butler counties eon- 
linuod lo cross them with the Russian and Bylield blood, Ihat had long 
been in use; there, and prodnee(|, by repealed crosses, a hog of exeeediuLily 
line i|ualities for that pi'riod, which was generally known as the Warren 
county hog. 

'i'liis condition of the bi-e<'d eonlinueil nut il about t he yi'ai' 1 k;)") or 1 'S.'JIi, 
when the lierkshires were introduced. ()lhcr lots of I>erkshir(^s contin- 
ued to conuMiito \\\c Miami \allev until about |x|l. Tho Bcn'ksliirc 
i)lood was liiierally infused into the stock existing not ordy in Southwest- 
ern Ohio, but in Kentuck}' also. 

Crossing with tho Berkshii'es was almost exclusively doiK^ until about 
18;^H or IH.'ilt, when Mr. William Neff, of Cincinnati, imported some 
choice specimens of the Irish (irazier. This iirced soon grew into high 
favor, and, as aconse(]uonce, was liberally used in making crosses with tho 
best six'cimens of the crosses prciviously made. 'I'his crossing of breeds 
contimuid for some time. In a few years, however, the use of the pure; 
bloode(l Berkshire was entir'cly discontinued, and there were no furlhei- 
importations mad(! of the Irish (Jrazier. 

For more than thirty years no new Mood has been inli-odueed into this 
breed, and no (effort made to obtain a ninv supply of thi^ blood of eithei- 
breed pi-e\iously used. While tlii.s is true, the breeders have not been in- 
different to tho further improvement of the })reed. 

Tho b(\stspo(!im(!ns hav(!good length ; short legs ; brf)ad, straight backs ; 
dee[) sides, flanking well down on the leg; very broad, full, s(|uare hams 
and should(!rs ; drooping eais ; shoil heads, wide between tho eyes, of 



808 



TIIIC AMKUICAN lAKMIOi; S STOCK HOOK. 



HpotUnl or (lark color ; arc lianly, viiioroiis, and prolilic, and wlicn tat 
iiic models, conihiunii;' the e\c('llenc<'s of holli larn'c and small lueeils. 




It should 1)0 added, that the rei)rescntation we give is that of a Poland- 
Cliina, eomhiniiiii tlio eharacleristics of Hoth the white and lilaclc crosses. 
The nioi'e fashionable eoloT now is pui'c Mack, with minnte white spots 



1'.i;i;ki)s ok swim:. f^oy 

scattered more oi' less omt llie Ixxiv ; lliis is uiHl(iiil)le(ll \- owiiiji' to Inter 
and liheial iiilusioiis (if iiidderii llerksliire hlodd. 

XIV. The Cheshire. 

This variety', mid()ul)tedlv oiilv a iiiodilied Yorksiiire, is saiil to liavo 
orif^iiuitcd iii Jefferson county, N. Y. They are pure white in color, with 
little hair and a pink skin, thin and i)Iial)le, hut not quite uniform, marked 
distinctions sometimes heinjjj noticed ; and, like the Suffolks, the tails of 
th(^ younii pijrs often drop off. Tlu? snout is often long, hut very slender 
and fine. The jowls ai'c plump, and tiic car erect, fine, and thin. The 




IMI"HOVi;i) CllKSniKK. 



shoulders are wide and the hams full. The flesh of these hogs i.s fine- 
grained, and they are commc^ndod on account of the extra amount of 
mess-pork in pro))ortion to the; amount of offal. The proI)ahility is they 
will never 1)0 very popular among tlunirecders in the West and South. 
Yet, for fatt(Miing exclusively in the pen, therc^ an; few of the white 
breeds that excel them. 

XV. Jersey Red Swine. 

The origin of this breed is not positivi^ly known. In some portions of 
New Jersey they have been bred for over fifty years, and are there con- 
sidered valuable. Their size is immense, a weight of 500 or fiOO pounds 
being not unusual. They are also hardy, strong in constitution, and 
fi-ee from disease: and they ai-e said not to lie subject to mange. They 



sio 



•rUK AMKIMCAX lAltMi:!! S STOCK HOOK. 



Viiry ill color, in .soiiic nciiiiiljorlioods hcjiiij; of a daiU red, ;iii(l in ollicrs 
quito Siindy patclied witii wliite. A p)od specinuMi of a Jersey Rod 
should be red in color with a snout of luoderato leuj^jth, largo lop-oars, 
small lieail in proportion to the size and length of the hody. They should 
ho long in the body, standing high and rangy on their legs ; bones coarse, 
hairy tail and brush, and hair coarse, inclining to bristle on the iiaek. 




XVI Duroc Swine. 

There is another breed of Kcd Swine named Durocs, which have been 
bred rather extensivel}' in Saratoga county, \. Y., and have been known 
there for twenty-tivo years. They are liner in e\<ry respect than the 
Jerse}' Reds, and when mature attain great weights. They have been 
bred in some sections of the West with satisfaction, are more uniform in 
their nudic up, (pnte as good in their constitutions, antl much tiner in 



lil!Ki;i>S ()!■ S\\ INK. XI I 

their sul>s(;in(M> lliaii tlie .Icrscy Rods. 'Vlw. orijiiii of ))otIi tlio Jersey 
Rods and tlio Diirocs was iiiuloiihtiMlly in tlie old-fi;sliined IJei'ksliirc, 
ii sandy hog with more or K'ss hhuk. This was not unusual with the 
lierivsliiics as we know them and bred them over forty years ago — a 
hog in every respect different from the eh-gant and finished swine of the 
last fifteen }cai's. 

XVII. Summary of Breeds. 

The English lireeds of to-day that have been received with (he most 
general favor in the United States are : Fii'st, the Berkshire, nc.\t the 
Essex, and third the Yorkshire. The Berkshire will weigh at full matu-, 
rity 500 pounds, and the Essex 400 i)ounds. In exceptional cases they 
will average these weights. 3')0 pounds for Berkshire and 250 for Essex 
may be taken as good weights. 

Tiie Yorkshires in their tiiri>e classes — small, medium and large — will 
weigh 250 pounds for the small, ;550 pounds for tlui medium and up to 
450 pounds for the large I)reed. They may, of course, be made to W(^igh 
much heavier at maturity if fully fat, anil so may the oilier ])roeds men- 
tioned. The so-called Prince Albert Huffolks are sim[)ly modified small 
Yorkshii'os, and the same may be saitl of the other sub-families called 
Suffolks. All these sub-breeds, including flic Yorksiiires, are pure white, 
and dark hair is not allowable, Jnit l)iuish Hi^sh marks or sjjots are not 
objectionable ; on the contrary, they are an indication of purity of blood. 

The most widely distributed of American breeds are : First, tlu' I'oland- 
China, and second the Chester county hogs. W(^ll to tlu^ Noitii the latter 
have been more widely disseminated than tiie former. In all tiie great 
corn growing region of tiie West, it may be safely said the I'olands are 
the favorite of American breeds. The Jefferson county, the Jersey Reds 
and tlu^ Durocs, have never become widely known. We do not think the 
first has anything to recommend it over the small Yoikshii'c. They seem 
to have been too closely interbred, like particular families of Suffolks, a 
thing that should be especially guarded against in swine, since they are 
inclined more or less to scrofula and other cutaneous and sub-cutaneous 
diseases. For this reason, the Jersey Reds and Durocs, as ])eing 
especially free from these taints, have been received witii favor — notwith- 
standing their sonu'wliat (-oarse (|uality — in many places sui)ject to so- 
called hog cholera and other epidemic diseases. 



CllAl'TEK ill. 



THE BREEDING AND CARE OF HOGS. 



I. PUACTICAI- VAI.UK OK IMritoVED KKEF.D.S. II. CAUKIN SELKCTION. III. AGE 

OK HUEE1)IN(1 SWINK. IV. HOW TO S!EI,EfT HUEE1JIN(; ANIMALS. V. FOKM 

AND KEEDINC ylAl.lTIES. VI. THE CARE OK HUEEDINCi STOCK. VII. FAK- 

I!OWlN(}. VIII. \VEANIN(J THE PIGS. IX. CASTIiATION. -V. GP;STATION 

OK SOWS. XI. NEIESSITV OK <;OOI) CARE.— — .KII. HINGING A HOG. 

I. Practical Value of Improved Breeds. 
Ill no department of stock breeding has the value of superior l)recds 
been more fully asserted than in the breeding of swine. Cheap food and 
the inipi'oveinent of breeds have already made the West and Southwest the 
great swine-breeding and swine-feeding regions of the world, and eventually 
the Northwe.st and the South will share e(]ually in the jirotits of these great 
industries. 1 n all the "West and Northwest , it is now difficult to find a farmer 
who has not swine of some one of the improved breeds. "When the South, 
also, shall have taken hold of the business, in the extension of a di- 
versified agriculture, millions of dollars will have been added to the wealth 
of that section. From what we have said in the preceding chapter, it 
should not be difficult f(n- the young breeder to work undcrstandingly and 
l)rotital)ly. No money can be made by selecting any such species as the 
" jnairie ranger," whose portrait is ))rinted on an adjoining page. Nor 
<-an success be achieved by selecting a good breed, and starving the hogs, 
or allowing them to shift for themselves. Ilogs of the imjiroved breeds 
lire not so well able to take care of themselves as those of n half-wild 
breed, but well cared for they will jiay fifty ju-r cent, in profit over the 
other breed, for the grain fed. "Why? They are more quiet, and assim- 
ilate their food more ))erfectly. This is all there is to any superior breed 
of any farm stock, if we add that the flesh is better laid on in the prime 
parts. 

II. Care in Selection. 

However good the breed, if care is not taken in the selection, or coup- 
ling of animals, degeneration of the offsi)ring will inevitably result. 
This is true of all animals. But care in selection is even more clearly 
shown to be n(>c(>ssary in planting grains and vegetables, for the reason 
that weeds, poverty of soil, and the sowing of iin|)crfcct seed, react at 
once on the product, llciice llic rt'ason why scedsinen make fortunes in 

•Sli' 



TUK BRKEUI.NG AND CAKE OF irOGS. 



813 



sclliiiiT improved seed that liavc l)cen grown on rich soil, carefully selected, 
anil all undersized seed screened out. Exactly the same care is necessary 
with breeding stock. Keep this up to the mark at any cost; those ani- 
mals that do not come up to the standard can be used for food. Never 
sell the best seeds, nor the best animals, whatever may be offered ; they 
are worth as much to you as any one else. 

m. Age of Breeding Swine. 

The boar is capable of coupling at from six to eight months old, but it 
is better that he be at least ten months of age before being allowed to 
serve. The sow is capable of i)rpeding at seven or eight months old, but 




A IMiAIIMi; i;AN(iEli. 



it is better that she shall not drop her first litter until she is thirteen to 
fifteen months old. 

Two litters of pigs each year is all the sow should be allowed to raise, 
and the best breeders are content ^nth one litter a year. If the sow has 
a warm place for farrowing, the earlier in the season the pigs are pro- 
duced, the greater is the profit from them. If they come the first of 
March, and are Avell fed until the new 3'ear, there is little difficultv in 
making them average 250 pounds each, and such pigs should l)ring fully 
one cent a pound more than hogs wintered once and weighing perhaps 
fifty pounds more. The profitable plan with swine of any breed is to push 
their fattening from the time they are born until they are killed, for with 
swine, as with other farm stock, the daily increase in flesh becomes less 
and less as the animal increases in age. 



814 



THE AMERICAN FAIIMEIl S STOCK BOOK. 



rv. How to Select Breeding Animals. 

In the selection of stock for l)reeding,look first to constitutional vigor. 
Without tiiis, no matter what the beauty of form may be, disaster will be 
brought to the herd. Next examine the form with reference to what you 
re(iuire. Then the question of early maturity and aptitude to fatten 
will be important. Then constancy of characteristics as shown in the 
progeny must be attended to, since this shows a perfect line of superior 
breeding, nif)st valuable in any kind of farm animals. In all farm ani- 
mals tractability and quietness of disposition are essential. In swhie this 
is especially so. The subject of uniformity in the progeny is referred to 
in cattle under the title "heredity." It is worth reading again in cou- 
uectioii with swine. 

V. Form and Feeding Qualities. 

Once you have secured an improved breed, or if you have made one by 
judicious crossing and selection, not only hold it so, but continue to im- 
prove it. Careful selection of animals that show the best points, is the 
impoi-tant integer here, and the fixing thim by breeding such animals 




A liACK-wooDs noi;. 

together in connection with good shelter and feeding is another. The 
best breed that ever existed, if they do not die in the degenerating pro- 
cess, will, if they must shift for themselves half the year, with barely 
enough to keep life in them the other half, soon come to look like the 
picture of "a l)ack-woods hog", or that of the "prairie I'anger." Wesee 



THE BKEEDIXG AND CAKE OF HOGS. 



815 



them every day even in the l)est farming regions, among tluit elas-s who 
have "no luck" in raising "critters.'" ^\'hy should they? Tlicy arc de- 
generating, themselves, every day in the effort to get "something for 
nothing," or else for less than its value. 

VI. The Care of Breeding Stock. 

In a general way the same jirincipU's laid down for the care of other 

farm stock will apply to swine. There is one thing of special importance, 

however, in breeding swine, that must not be overlool^ed. That is the 

care that must be taken in not breeding too closely in-and-in. We have 




A BKEEDINd SOW IN (iOOU CONDITION. 

shown in another part of this work that the tendency of this close breed- 
ing is to render the constitution delicate, and hence the vigor of the ani- 
mal must suffer. Swine are especially' susceptible to scrofula and other 
blood diseases, and also to inflammatory diseases. In-and-in Iireedingis 
apt to exaggerate these constitutional disabilities. For this reason special 
care must be taken, not only in the breeding, but in selecting for lireed- 
ing purposes only those that show superior constitutional vigor. If yoa 
see a pig in a litter free from cough, that is superior in growth, and shows 
great constitutional vigor, save him or her by all means, for further 
examination. Save all such, and you will soon have stock superior to that 
originally bought ; for the breeder of pure stock sells all indiscriminately, 



816 TIIK A.MKKICAN lAK.AIKIt's STOCK ISOOK. 

except such ;is lU'o actually (Icfonucd, oi- so fai- from the t^pc that even 
the ignorant will notice tlu; fault. They must do so, or else sell at such 
prices as to place stock out of the reach of all ))ut the most wealthy. 
Once a breeder finds an animal right in every respect, some hundreds, or 
even a thousand, dollars over the usual price of average specinuMis of a 
breed is readily paid. Hence, in starting out, if your stock is not perfect 
you can easily improve it by selection and care in breeding. It is the 
object of this book to give the mass of farmers definite information on 
these points. The best breeders are already informed, and fully alive to 
their value. 

VII. Farrowing. 

In regard to farrowing, the farmer must be guided by circumstances. If 
the sows are expected to produce two litters of pigs a 3'ear, the first lit- 
ter must come as early as March, so that the next litter may come early 
enough in the autumn for the pigs to be weaned and feeding before cold 
weather sets in. 

When faiTowing is expected in cold weather, a i)lace warmed by fire 
heatnuist be provided, and the sow, especially if it be a young one, nmst 
be allowed perfect cjuiet. A tcmpei'atiire of not less than sixty-five de- 
grees is necessary until the pigs are pro[)crly dried and take the teats. 
After that, they will do well luider a temperature at night of about fifty 
degrees, yet sixty will be found better, for there is nothing more tender, 
or more susceptil)le to cold than a newly born pig, unless it be a young 
lamb. The sow having farrowed all right, she will generally take 
the boar again when the pigs are three or four days old. If not, 
she will not come in heat until after the pigs arc weaned. 

VIII. Weaning the Pigs. 

The pig is born with teeth that will be ready to grind its food by the time 
it is two months old. We have always weaned at six weeks old, so far as 
spring i)igs were concerned, allowing plenty of skimmed milk and butter- 
milk, mixing, at seven or eight Meeks old, a fair proportion of corn meal 
mush, or, better, light wheat and rye screenings ground together. (Jive 
them grass, also, as soon as they ■will eat it, and at three months old they 
maybe put on clover and whole, or, better, soaked corn, 

IX. Castration. 

Pigs should be castrated at from two to three weeks old ; never delay 
it lonsrer than the age of four weeks ; since they require fully three M'ccks 
to recover from its effects before being weaned. 



THE BREEDING AND CAKE OF HOGS. 817 

Castration i.« a simple operation. Let an assistant hold the pig on its 
back, with its head and shoulders between his knees and with tlie legs 
spread apart. With a sharp knife, cut down into the sci'otuni and thi'ough 
the testicle, press it out from the integuments, separate this from tlic tes- 
ticle and with a jerk break the cord ; or the cord may be cut with a dull 
pair of shears to prevent bleeding. Tiie pigs will generally do well eiiougli, 
though there is no objection to introducing a little melted lard and salt 
into th(\ wound. If there is swelling the second day, inject into the cavity 
a little tincture of myrrh. 

X. Gestation of Sows. 

Gestation in the sow is accomplished in three months, three weeks and 
three daj^s, as the average time. There is a variation sometimes of twenty 
and even thirty days. Young or weak sows carry their young a shorter 
period than older and stronger ones. Once you get a good breeding sow, 
keep her as long as possible, since young sows are of ten bad mothers. A 
sow will remain prolific for about eight years, unless she becomes over- 
loaded with fat, and this nmst be guarded against. 

XI. Necessity of Good Care. 

Swine have naturally but little hair, and artiticial breeding has nearly 
destroyed what little they originally had. To supply this lack, nature has 
given th(^m a thick layer of fat next the skin, when in good condition. 
Hence the necessity, not only of good feeding, but also of warm quarters 
and a good bed to lie in. Nature has also given them the Instinct to 
cany together plenty of material for making their own beds, and also 
to lie together in families for mutual warmth. Knowing these facts, it 
should not be diflBcult for the sagacious farmer so to provide them with 
food and quarters, that they may be comfortable. If this is not done, 
and considerable numbers are kept together, they will "pile up" in cold 
nights so that in the morning the owner may have a chance to drag out 
some hogs dead from smothering. For when swine are piled up two or 
three thick, the under layer have no longer the power to move if they 
should try. 

XU. Kinging a Hog. 

We do not believe in ringing swine, except fattening stock and those 
fed in the fields with a view to fattening. We believe it one of the most 
prolific causes of disease and contagion, especially in preventing them from 
getting their natural food. Breeding stock should never have i-ings in their 
noses, at least until they are ready to be turned out for fattening. 



«18 



THE AMEinCAN FAUMEU S (STOCK BOOK. 



Nevcrtholcss, we .suppose many will not think so. The illustration shows 
tlio old fashioned way of hampering a hog for ringing, and also the ring : 
now-a-days patent rings and ringing pincers render the process more easy. 
'IMio old method was both clumsy aud cruel ; and except when necessary, 
rings of every kind should be discarded. 




RINfilNC A HOG. 



A hog that is turned out to forage in the woods on mast and roots 
should not, of course, be ringed ; for he then needs free use of his snout 
which is the means nature provides him with for getting food. The rea- 
son why breeding swine should not be ringed is, that the natural exercise 
of rooting, and the food they get in this way, are necessary to develop 
constitutional vigor and perfect health, so important in all breeding stock. 
This point is touched upon more fully elsewhere. 



CHAPTER IV. 



THE FEEDING AND SHELTEKING OP SWINE. 



I. FEED THE BREEDKKS FOR HEALTH. -11. THE PROPER FOOD FOU SWINE. III. 

SUMMER KEEDINd FOU PORK. IV. GRASSES AND CLOVEItS. V. ROOTS. VI. 

GRAIN THE MAIN RELIANCE. VII. FEEDIN(; IN THE FIELDS. VIII. GLEAN- 

• ING IN THE FIELDS AND AFTER CATTLE. IX. VALUE OF MAST FOR HOGS. X. 

IIOG-FEEDING IN THE SOI'TH. XI. FEEDING IN CLOSE PENS. XII. HOG 

BARNS. XIII. THE BEST FORM OF HOG BARN. XIV. COMPARATIVE VALUE 

OF LIGHT AND HEAVY HOGS. XV. ECONOMY OF FULL FEEDING FROM BIKTH. 

I. Feed the Breeders for Health. 

The oiil_y profit that fan accrue from the care and management of .swine 
lies in the vahie of their flesh a.s food, and in the offal for grease and in 
the arts. . Hence the greatest profit — except in I'are cases, where thev 
have an unlimited forest range — lies in forcing their feeding to fatness, 
from birth until they .ire slaughtered. True economy will dictate that 
they have the warmest possil)le shelter in winter, and that they be 
kept cool in summer, with some place where they may escape from in- 
sect enemies, and with range sufficient for them to exercise their instinct 
of rooting for such underground vegetation as their natures may require. 
This promotes heiilth and strengthens their constitutions. 

The above applies especially to the breeding stock. Those animals 
which are intended for fattening — and whose lives should not extend be- 
yond fifteen months at most — do not require all this. If the breeding 
stock have been kept healthy they will transmit health to their offspring. 
I believe that the purely artificial breeding and feeding of l)rccding stock, 
the indiscriminate ringing, the absence of roots, and the feeding of lireeding 
animals almost exclusively on corn, have, in many cases, so enfeebled the 
constitution of swine that they have become an easy pre}^ to the various epi- 
demic and contagious diseases that, of late years, have carried off so 
many. And I believe, also, that the utmost care will l)e necessarv in the fu- 
ture to guard against this disability. And any common-sense man may see 
that the breeding animals are so few in proportion to the slaughtering 
swine, that it is true economy for every breeder to sjjare no pains in pro- 
viding for this class of stock diversified food which they crave, and which 
is necessary to make sound and vigorous constitutions. 

Kemember that swine — like man — are universal feeders, and that if 
allowed to be so, few animals are more cleanly in their habits. They wal- 

811) 



820 THE AMEHICAN FARMEK's .STOCK HOOK. 

low ill the mud, at times, it is true, but a mud batli is nature's speeific 
for scurvy and otiier skin di.seases. Swine, also, take a mud hath as a 
refu<;e from insects ; nevertheless they are careful, if allowed, to thor- 
oughly clean themselves, when dry, against the ruhhing post. 

II. The Proper Food for Swine. 

Swine eat fewer varieties of hcrhs and grass than any other animal. Pig- 
weed ( amaranth ) , pursley (^portulacca ) and various other succulent plants , 
with the common pasture grasses, and red and white clover are al)out 
the only ones swine will feed on. Artichokes and various tuberous and 
bulbous roots, many insects — especially the larvse of the May beetle, and 
the white grub of our pastures — frogs, and such small animals as they can 
kill, together with all the edible grains, and culinary vegetables, consti- 
tute their natural food. In fact, they eat few suljstances that would be 
injurious to man. Such, then, is their pro[)er food — so far as it may be 
obtained — if the highest constitutional vigor is to be prciserved in the 
breeding stock. If they are allowed a fair range on clover, including the 
gleaning of grain fields in summer ; and if a good supply of pumpkins, 
and the refuse fruit of th(! farm I)e allowed them in autunm ; and if in 
the winter they be allowed daily rations of artichokes, small potatoes, 
parsnips or carrots, they may have, in addition, what grain they need to 
keep them in full tlesh — not fat. If this course of feeding Avere gener- 
ally ado|)ted for the breeding .stock, we should in a few years hear but 
little of the epidemics which periodically SMccp the swine away by thous- 
ands. But as long as there are so many breeders who never look lieyond 
present profits, these epidemics will probably continue to be bred among 
the herds of this class to scatter the germs far and wide. 

m. Summer Feeding for Pork. 

We now come to the care of fattening stock. The pigs having been 
weaned, as already dii'ected, give them the rim of a clover pasture ; and, 
while we object to the ringing of breeding stock, with those intended for 
fattening it is, ))crhaps, less objectionable than the tearing uj) of the graz- 
ing fields. But if the grazing fields are infested with the larvte of the 
May beetle or similar insects, the fattening hogs may as well be allowed to 
root as much as they want to. There is no cheaper way of ridding the 
land of these i)csts. 

In addition to clover, give the yomig pigs all the milk and other slops 
of the house, and also give what corn they will eat ; older ))igs will do 
well enough on clover and corn, without the slops. Whether the grain 
shall be ground, or ground and cooked, will depend entirely on the price. 
We have always found whole grain tlui cheapest, except for linisjiing off. 



TIIK l'EKI)IN(i AND SIHOl.TKIilNO OF SWINE. 821 

wliGU the pvk-c of corn was fifty cents per bushel or loss ; and here again 
economy will depcntl more or less nj)on the facilities for grinding and for 
cooking. 

rv. Grasses and Clovers. 

The main dependence for grazing will he blue grass, orchard grass, 
and red and white clover. Alfalfa — wherever it will grow — cut 
green, makes an excellent supplementary food, when swine get used to 
it ; and field i)eas cut just before they shell are excellent for hogs. 



Artichokes, potatoes, ruta-liagas, parsnips, carrots, and beets, ai'e 
readily eaten by swine, and are preferred in the order named. We have 
successfully wintered store hogs entirely on ruta-bagas with the addition 
of a little meal. Artichokes are a cheap and excellent root food, if the 
swine are allowed to gather them themselves in the autunm and spring. 

VI. Grain the Main Reliance. 

Grain, however, is, in the West, the cheapest food and the main de- 
pendence of the farmer. The other foods are useful mainly for k(^e{)ing 
the animal in good health and digestion ; for, without sound health and good 
digestion, no animal can be made fully fat. In the fall there is no better 
food than pumi)kins and grain boiled together; and if the pumpkins are 
protected from frost, swine may be carried in this way until Christmas 
and made fully fat. 

VII. Feeding in the Fields. 

In all the great corn region of the West and South, field-feeding will 
lona: continue to be the favorite way of fattening hogs. It is cleanly, and, 
where grain is cheap, economical. It is only necessary to see that tin- 
hows are made comfortable by shelter from storms and cold weather, and 
that they have plenty of pure water. This is so easy to do that the mere 
mention of it will suffice. 

vm. Gleaning in the Fields and after Cattle. 

Swine should always have the run of the grain fields after harvest, if 
possil)le. In this way they save all the grain dropped in harvesting, and, 
most important, they get a variety of herbage, which they could not otlu-r- 
wise obtain. It should, of course, not interfere with their g(!tting full 
rations of grain, and plenty of pure water for drinking must be provided, 
for swine are thirsty animals ; and attention to providing a dark place 
where they may escape insects must not be forgotten. 



822 THE AMEKICAN FAR.MEK S STOCK BOOK. 

So, in feeding cattle, swine should glean what is left. One or two 
hogs should follow each steer or cow, according to how much grain is fed 
to the hogs in addition. Our plan always was, to allow two hogs to each 
steer, and then at night to give the hogs what extra corn they would eat. 

IX. Value of Mast for Hogs. 

This will depend upon the range and the number of nut-producing trees. 
When a suital)le range is to be had it should always be used, especially for 
breeding hogs, and young swine. For fattening, it will only be available 
in extensive forest districts, and for half-wild swine. In any event, hogs 
fed on mast should be allowed full feeds of grain for at least three weeks 
before slaughtering. 

X. Hog Feeding in the South. 

Swine-feeding can be profitably conducted on a large scale at the South, 
only in the more temperate regions where corn may be economically 
grown. There is, however, still so much forest area there, that it should 
be made use of to the fullest extent for hog pasture, on account of the 
natural roots, the wild fruit and the mast. The supplementary food 
must depend, as it does everywhere else, on the cost. If it has to be 
bought, corn and mill feed will be found the cheapest. Every planter 
should raise and cure enough hogs to furnish pork, bacon and hams 
for his home use. It will be found, in nearly every instance, cheaper than 
to buy the bacon and pork already prepared. 

XI. Feeding in Close Pens. 

In all cases, where few pigs are kept, or where only the family supplies 
of pork are fattened — especially when the fattening pigs are bought in the 
sprins; — it is cheapest to feed in close pens. These should always be in 
two apartments, one closed in for sleeping, and the other an open plat- 
form for feeding. A pen twelve by sixteen will accommodate six large 
hogs ; and this will allow the sleeping room to be >S by 12, and the feed 
room the sam'> size. In every case where hogs are to be kept and fattened 
in cold weather, warm sleeping places must bo provided ; and even where 
large numbers of hogs were kept to be fed fully fat, we have found the 
plan of close pens to be most economical in the end. 
XII. Hog Barns. 

AVhen many iiogs are kept, a pernuuient structure should be built for 
fattening and wintering them. The simplest form of a hog barn is alow 
building, with ranges of pens on each side of a four-foot passage way, 
the sides being divided into pens eight feet square. This would give 
twenty feet for the width of the building. In the middle, a twenty-foot 
room should be left for the boiler, and for the storase of feed. The 



THK FEEDING AND SHELTERING OF SWINE. 823 

sleeping upartinents may be lean-to structures, back of the feeding rooms, 
and witli a door to each, hung ou hinges at the top, so it may easily 
swing either way when a hog pushes it. The pens must be cleaned into 
a wheelbarrow, rolled along the passage ou a running way laid for dump- 
ing directly upon the compost heaj). 

XIII. The Best Form of Hog Bam. 

The l)est form of hog l)arn we have ever used was a central building, 
twentv-four feet square and two stories high ; the upper stories arranged 
with bins for meal, and a corn crib, with chutes running l)elow. The 
twelve-foot square in the centt'r of the lower story is used exclusively for 
the cooking apparatus, the first range of ])eiis adjoining being for breeding 
sows and the younger pigs, since it is tiie warmest part of the Imilding. 
Thence wings extend on each of the four sides, as in the plan of a hog 
barn first described, except that tliis being intended for both winter and 
summer feeding, a door communicating from the sleeping pens to a 
yard beyond should be added. 

In this way we have kept five hundred hogs, and, by proper attention 
to their feeding and sanitary condition, always breeding our own stock 
with but slight loss from epidemics. The water supply was ample and 
[)ure. The pens were kept regularly washed ; the offal was carried to 
the compost heap and covered regularly with earth ; and the hogs had 
always by thein ashes and salt, and also a supply of bituminous coal 
slack. 

XIV. Comparative Value of Light and Heavy Hogs. 

We have heretofore shown that an animal, if allowed to lose flesh when 
growing, does so at the expense of ultimate profits. This is especially 
true of swine. No feeder can afford to winter pigs with a view of getting 
heavy weights, unless under exceptional circumstances. It costs too 
much. Hogs weighing from 400 to (iOO pounds will not bring so much 
per pound as lighter fat hogs, and with hogs as with other stock, every 
year tliey are kept their daily gain becomes less and less. 

Hogs weighing 200 pounds, or thereabout, will bring more money in any 
market than those of any other weight ; for hogs of this weight cut u}) 
better into hams, bacon, and family side pork, than heavier ones. No 
one wants a ham, for instance, that will weigh twent3'-five to thirty 
pounds ; there is too much fat on it for the lean. Thick bacon does not 
sell well, for very fat bacon is not liked. Hogs if jDroperly fed may be 
turned off weighing 200 to 250 pounds at nine months old ; and under 
ordinary good feeding, at ten or eleven months old. We have 



821 



Tlir. AMI'.ltlC AN I' AKMKI! S S'I'OCK HOOK. 



rniMMl |)ij;s, furrowed in Miucli, lliiil. in Ihf succccdiii;,^ ,l:inii;irv killed to 
dress n|i Id MHO pounds, nnd have turned llieni olT several limes. Dial, al, 
Icn inonllis old, \voul(l averaii'(^ ^iOO pounds alive. 

To pul llie Miiii^ in ii rnil-slieil, il is all()jj:ellier cheaper lo feed three 
pijfs lo 200 pounds each at nine niontlis old, than il is to feed a hoj^tln'ee 
years to make him weii^h (!00 i)ounds ; and aj^ain, if the pigs im; worlli 
six cenls a pound aliv(\ it is $'M> ; the 1)00 pound hoj^ will not then lirinu' 
more llian live (■(^nts, oi' $;)0, and has eaten nioi(^ corn than llie Uinc 
light(^r hoj;s. 

XV. Economy oi Full Feeding from Birth. 

It shotdd he rememhered thai it takes a cei'tain perct'iitajic of the 
food to supply daily animal waste. 'Phe youni,' animal converts into llesh 
more of the food j;iven than u full "rown oiu- ; no matter how lonjf the 
animal is kept the daily waste goes on constantly. Ilonce, it should re- 
(juire MO arjiiiment to show that the; true economy is to feed strong from 
birth, if the object ho simply to sell the animal when fat. When 
fat, s(^ll at once, unless the slate of llie market is such that il will pay lo 
hold for a time. Above all , do nol allow I lie animal lo fail away at any 
stage of growth, since il inusi be bi-oiiglil back at an increased cost of 
food over I hat originally giv<'n, lo bring it to the condition at which il be- 
iran to fail. 




PART VI. 



Diseases of Swine. 

now TO KNOW THEM; THEIR CAUSES, PREVEN^- 
TION AND CURE. 



Diseases of Swine. 



CllAI'TKIi 1. 



MALIGNANT AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES. 



I. TIIK I'ltKVKNTlON OK DISEASE. II. MALIGNANT EPIZOOTIO CATAimil. III 

CONTAdlOl'S l•'EVKI^ <)]'' HWINK. IV. CONTAGIODH rNKIIMO-ENTEIMTlS. V. 

SI'LENK; I'KVKlt, Olt MALKfNANT ANTHRAX. VI. SlIMMAUV OF TltEATMKNT F01{ 

.MAI.KJNANT DISEASES. VII. UUI.ES FOIl DISINFECTION. VIII. DIFFICULTY 

I.N (iIVIN(J MEDICINE TO SWINE. 1.\. WATCH SYMPTOMS EAUI.V, AND USE 

IMtEVKNTIVES. 

I. Tho Provontion of Diseases. 

Ill tlio ciU'c of swiiic. fli(^ prcvciilioii of disciisc! is of (,li(! utmost inipoit- 
;iiic<\ Tlicy ill"''. iiKlcwl, siil)jcct to I'oinparativiily few iiiliiiciits ; hut 
those few iirc!, generally, in th(i sliape of uialiu;nant, opid(^iuie or <;oiitii- 
jrioiis diseases of tiie most .serious kind. In such eases tlu; diflieitjty in 
adiniiiisteiin;^' medicine (tliey lieinii' <"" "^'''k lolake it witli food) is very 
<i;reul. To pre\-ent disease! in swine, llie most im[)ortaiit tliinj^ is so to 
care for the animals lii.al tiiey sl:all lie i<epl in general goodhealtii. 'I'iie 
admission of other swine among tin^ l\r\-(\ NJioidd, also, he ))roliil)ilod until 
you arc well assured that tlie new eomeis are free from disease. Tlu! 
herd should he perf(!etiy isolattid during the [ji-i^valenee of ei)id(Miiie or 
contagious disease's, and disinfcetaiits should he frecsly used ; when once 
serious disease luakes its appearance in the herd, the siek animals should 
he carefully separated from the well ones. There is only one ceonomieal 
way to treat so-called hog cholera, which may api)ear in any of tlu! follow- 
ing forms, viz: malignant epizoiitic; catarrh ; intc^stinal "hog cholei'a," a 
speeitic contagious fever, attended hy congestion, (sxudation, hlood ex- 
travasation, ulceration of the mc!mhraiies of the stomach and howels, and 
fuitid discharges ; contagious piHHimo-enteritis or jjurjih's, a (contagious 
inllammation of the stoma"h and l)owels, with red oi- ])urpl(! hlotehes of tho 
skin : or tln^ erysipelatous form of pmsumo-enteritis, or that attended 
with malignant sore throat. Wluui either of these forms of disease at- 
tacks swine, the cheapest way to ti-cat it is to send the animals at once to 
tho rendering tanks, and convert them into "grease," or kill am] hury 
th(!m at once, and thoroughly disinfe<'t every po.ssihl(! ])lar<' \vl;;rc con- 
tagion may lurk. If a com])etent veterinarian he near, apply to him at 



828 THE AMEIMCAN FAIlMEU's STOCK liOOK. 

once ; but hcwiiro of (jiuicks who yo :il)Out doctoring hoijs witl) so-callo(l 
specifics; tbcy arc a delusion and a snare fortlie unwary. 

II. Malignant Epizootic Catarrh. 

Causes. — This disease, if not actually generated in filthy yards and 
pens, is quickly and fatally developed in such places, and the poison 
germs (juickly find their way to the mucous membranes of the animals. 
Anj'thing that suddenly cheeks the insensii)le perspiration, as a cold, will 
quickly pr(Hlis])()sc to the disease. 

How to know it. — There will I)c difficulty in breathing ; ])anting ; lift- 
ing of the flanks; and a short hoarse cough. There is fever: the head 
will be stretched out and drooping; sometimes running at the nose; 
efforts to vomit; generally constipation, but sometimes cliarrhani ; and 
the animal will show a stiff tottering gait. After death, if the animal is 
opened, there will be found inflammation of the nasal passages of the 
upper part of the throat, and of the windpipe and lungs, which latter 
will be found more or less solidified. 

A second form of the disease shows less cough ; less difficulty in 
breathing, but decided jjaralysis, and tottering in the gait ; there is con- 
stipation, followed by profuse and fo?tid diarrhoea; the back arched; 
partial or total blindness ; enlarged glands and scrofulous ulcers. After 
death the lining membrane of the intestines will be enlarged and degen- 
erated ; the spleen enlarged, soft and dark ; the liver is also affected, and 
there may be water exudations in the chest and belly. The duration of 
either form will l)e about fifteen daj's. 

What to do. — If the disease shows clearly the symptoms described, kill 
the animal and bury it deep. Separate all animals showing the slightest 
ailment, and give the following emetic : 

X(i. 1. 15 to 20 Grains, powdei-eil whito hellebore, 

^2 Pint milk. 

Mix and let the animal drink it, if it will; if not, turn it down with a 
horn, as descrilied under Article VIII, in this chapter. AYhen the dose 
has vomited the animal, if the symptoms are as tirst described or in the 
lungs, give 

No. 2. 2 or 3 Grains tartar emetic. 

If the symptoms are as descril)cd in the second form of the disease, or 
if the bowels are implicated rather than the lungs, give, instead, the 
following : 

Xo. ;',. 2 or ;! Grains ealoinel. 

Either dose may be administered in the half of a roasted potato if the 
animal Avill eat. If not, envelop the tlosc in lard and place it well back 



MALIGNANT AND KPIDEMK^ DISEASES. S2!) 

in the mouth on the root of the tongue. Apply over the sore spot, lungs 
or bowels, as the case may he, the foUowhig blistering ointment: 

No.-4. 1 (Juuce powdered oantharides, 

4 Ounces olive oil. 

Heat the two over a moderate fire for half an hour, stirring constantly, 
and iiil) it in well, repeating if it does not blister on the first application. 

80 soon as the animal gets relief, if the disease is in the lungs, give the 
following, every day for a few days ; but if the trouble is in the bowels, 
omit tlie carljonate of potash : 

No. it. 20 Grains sulphate of iron. 

30 Graius carbonate of potash. 

If there are copious, dark discharges from the bowels, give 

2^0. ('.. :iO Grains podophyllin, 

2 Drachms bi-carbonate of soda. 
Mix in a pint of milk. 

But, if there be constipation, give the following instead of No. fi : 

No. 7. 1 Onnce castor oil. 

1 Drachm oil of turpentine. 
Mi.N in a iiint of milk. 

III. Contagious Fever of Swine. 

Tills is sometimes caUed intestinal hog cholera. 

Causes. — It is contagious and the infection is virulent, so much so that 
the germs are carried to considerable distances, supposablyin the air. If 
not generated in foul pens and yards, they, together with bad care and 
management, cause it to develop quickly when the germs are once intro- 
duced. 

How to know it. — Succeeding the incubation, which lasts from three 
da\s to two weeks, according to the season and temperature, there will 
be siiivering ; prostration; the nose hot and diy : the animal will not 
feed, btit will lie luider tlie litter ; the eyes will be sunken ; the gait weak 
and unsteady. There will l)e great thirst, and a clinical thermometer in- 
seited into tiie rectum will show a temperature of 103 ' to 105^ F. 
There will be heat and soreness of the skin, with red patches and black 
spots, the redness disappearing under pressure. The pulse will be weak 
but rapid ; the tongue much furred ; a hard dry cough, and quick bi'eath- 
ing ; the belly is sore and the animal will flinch and scream if it is 
handled ; the bowels are costive sometimes throughout the disease, but 
gencrall}' as the disease progresses, or about the third day, diarrhoea, 
foetid and exhausting, will supervene, and slime and blood may be passed, 
showing ulceration of the bowels. The last stage occasions stupor, par- 
alysis of the hind limbs, witli trcmlilings. jerking of the liml)s and invol- 
untary motions of the bowels. 



,S;J|( THE AMKi;iC-.VX FAUMKi; S STOCK BOOK. 

What to do. — Kill and l)ury deeply nil infected animiils, unless they 
can be treated in a place where the atmosphere is constantly disinfected. 
Disinfect, also, all animals that may bo near. Separate all animals in 
which the clinical thermometer, inserted into the rectum, shows a tem- 
perature of 100 o F. or more. Give them charcoal, bi-sulphate of soda, 20 
grains at a dose, mixed with the same quantity of nitrate of potassa ; give 
also sulphate of iron (copperas), or the following: 

N'o. S. 2 Pounds flowers of siilphiir, 

2 rounds sulphate of iron, 
J^ Pound nitrate of potasli, 
3^ Pound l)lack antimony. 

This mixed in twelve gallons of slop will be enough for 100 hogs ; or 
give each hog 1 pint at a dose, repeating every day. 

Be sure the water used has not run through the premises of a diseased 
herd ; use only pure well water, and be sure, also, that the food has not 
been contaminated ; and if you have lately bought strange hogs, isolate 
them in a safe quarantine until assured they are all right. 

Treatment of the sick. — (rive cool iiure well water, just acidulated with 
sulphuric acid, to drink. If there is constipation, give a mild dose of 
castor oil, say two ounces, and also give injections of warm water to 
assist the operation. Then give the following dose, repeated two or three 
times a day. 

Xo. 9. 20 Grains nitrate of potassa, 

20 Grains bi-sulphate of soda. 

Mix in a pint of gruel, and give as one dose. 

If the lielly becomes tender, and bloody dung is passed, showing ulcer- 
ation of the bowels, give fifteen or twenty drops of oil of turpentine, in u 
little gruel, night and morning. When the worst cases show signs of 
improving, give tonics, say 5-grain doses of quinine twice a day ; or 
i drachm doses of sulphate of iron (copperas). This with nourishing, 
soft food, good nursing, and a most thorough disinfection, (see Article 
VII,) may bring them out. 

rv. Contagious Pneumo-Enteritis. 

This is a form of so-called "hog cholera," or purples. It is a conta- 
gious inflammation of the lungs and bowels with red or purple Ijlotches 
ou the skin, according to the relative form of the disease. 

Causes. — Bad water, and malaria from filthy pens or swamp}' grounds, 
are prolific cause.s in hot or warm, wet seasons. A minute organism 
(b(ir/I/ns) is found in the serous fluids and tissues of the body. 

How to know it. — Charl)on or malignant anthrax, also called hog 
cholera bv those who want a better name, is sometimes confounded with 



MALIGNANT AND EPIUKMIC DISEASES. 



831 



this disease. In sonic respects, indeed, tiie ignorant may easily confound 
them. Hence we give the symptomatic distinction of each, side by side, 
as stilted hv Dr. Klein : 



CONTAGIOUS PNEIMO-ENTERITIS. 

— Period of incul)ation from two 
to five days and more. 

Rarely and with difficulty trans- 
mitted to other species. 

Spleen rarely enlarged or other- 
wise changed. 

Blood after death of ordinary 
appearance. 

No bociUus anthracis in the 
blood, but numberless bacilly in the 
serum of the thorax and abdomen. 

Lungs and l>owels always holli 
inflamed. Cough always present. 

The red or purple color diffused 
over the surface, and of an eiv- 
sipelatous appearance. 



Tiii-i: CHARBON. — Period of in- 
culcation, oi' latency, from a few 
hours to tln-cc days. 

Easily transmissible to other 
species of animals. 

Spleen always enlarged, and 
often broken down. 

Blood after death dark and fluid. 

Bacilhts antltmcix in the blood. 



Lungs and bowels frequently not 
iivi])licated. Coughmay be present. 

The discoloration local, and of 
a true carbuncular appearance. 

There are two forms of i)neumo-entcritis, one the erysipelatous form, 
the other with malignant sore throat. 

The Erysu'ELATovs Form. — The animal is dull ; will not eat : is un- 
willing to move ; tries to vomit ; there is cougii ; difficulty in urination; 
the bowels ai'e constipated ; the dung hard and black. Then dark red or 
purple blotches passing into bluish-black will appear al)out the ears, 
throat, neck, breast and between the fore-legs. There may ])e a dis- 
charge of dark or puiple fluid from the nose ; the breathing becomes 
labored, even to panting ; there is paralysis of the hind limbs ; if the 
animal is forced up, his head will drop to the ground, and he v.'alks with 
a reeling gait Icehind. Fcetid diarrho'a sets in, and the animal dies in 
from one to three days. 

"With Malignant Sore Throat. — The symptoms in the commence- 
ment are the same as in the erysipelatous form, witli a red and puri)lc 
line about the throat ; there are attempts to vomit ; difficulty in swallow- 
ing ; and the sensation of choking in breathing is so intense that the 
animal will sit on his haunches, gasping for breath with li^nd, protruded 
and swollen tongue. The s^'uiiitoms so increase, sometimes, that the 
swelling of the larynx will kill, by choking, in an hour. 

What to do. — Foment the swollen jcai'ts with hot water, saturated vvith 
v^uliihate of iron (copperasj. If there arc signs of gangrene, saturate the 



S;^2 THE AMERICAN lARMEK S STOCK BOOK. 

siUTOUiKling parts with C()U:il parts of turpentine and sweet oil. Give at 
•>nee two ounces of castor oil, and wlien it operates, give the following 
two or three times a day : 

Xo. 10. 20 Grain.s nitrate of .<oda, 

20 Grains niti-ato of potasli. 
Mix in a little gruel. 

If the bowels are swollen and tender, give twenty drops of turpentine 
in a little gruel, as may he needed, and lot the animal have powdered 
charcoal in the water it drinks. 

Another valuable remedy is that of M. Lubin, to be given in gruel three 
times a day, omitting the calomel after the third dose. It is as follows : 

No. 11. 5 Grains calomel, 

1 Draolini nitrate of potar^li. 
10 Grains powdered camphor. 

This is a good dose for the swine not j-et affected, and it may be used 
in any of the preceding diseases, as a preventive. The following has 
been found useful by Prof. J. B. Turner, of Illinois. It-wnll be sufficient 
for 100 hogs, the dose being one pint for each hog : 

No. 12. 2 Pounds flowers of sulphur, 

2 Pounds sulphate of iron, 
2 Pounds niaddei-, 

ig Pound blai-U antimony, 
}-2 Pound nitrate of jjotnsh, 
2 Ounces arsenii'. 

Mix the whole in twelve gallons of gruel for 100 swine, or give one- 
pint doses to each. 

V. Splenic Fever or Malignant Anthrax. 

This disease is rare, and has even been asserted as not occurring in the 
United States. Yet, since charbon or malignant anthrax of cattle may 
be easily communicated to other animals and man, there is no reason why 
swine should not become victims. 

The common form of Anthrax. — In pigs the most common form is a 
carbuncular swelling of the throat, extending inwards to the windpipe and 
gullet, causing difficulty in breathing and swallowing, and terminating in 
convulsions and death by strangling. It has been popularly known as 
white-bristle, from the peculiar appearance of the l)ristles al)out the parts. 
The treatment should be similar to tiiat advised for pneumo-enteritis 
with malignant sore tiuoat. (See article IV. ) 

The apopBectic or splenic form. — If this form of the disease shoidd 
appear, it will be known l)y malignant inflammation of the internal organs, 
such as are noticed in bloodv murrain in cattle. It is malignant blood 
poisoning, and so virulent i> the infection tiiat every tissue of the animal 



MALIGNANT AND E1"IDEMIC DISEASES. 833 

is affected, and is poisonous to both man and beast, producing what is 
known as malignant pustule, if serum or blood or the flesh of the in- 
fected animal comes in contact with any abrasion of the skin. 

Prevention. — Perhaps as good a preventive as any is prescription No. 
12. liut every animal infected had better be killed at once and buried 
deeply, and covered with quick lime. 

VI. Summary of Treatment for Malignaat Diseases. 

As a last word, however, we repeat : Do not waste time in doctoring 
any but blooded hogs that are valuable enough to warrant perfect isola- 
tion and the necessary care in curing. The best precaution to take in all 
the diseases named, and which go under the general name "hog cholei'a," 
is disinfection, and the most thorough isolation of the sick from the 
well. If the sanitary conditions of the hospital are not strictly attended 
to, all other treatment is thrown away ; and the attendants nmst 
thoroughly disinfect themselves before going about other swine. In fact, 
it is better that the attendants keep away from the well hogs altogether. 
Hence our advice : Thoroughly isolate all swine upon the first indications 
of disease, and if it does not give way quickly to treatment, kill and bury 
deeply at once. 

VII. Bules for Disinfection. 

The rules we give for disinfection, will apply to any structure, includ- 
ing barns, stables, sheds, and outhouses of every kind. Fumigants are 
not alwa3's disinfectants, and simply deodorizing or destroying odors, is 
not disinfection in any sense of the word. 

The disinfection of all barns, stables, sheds, or other places where ani- 
mals having malignant or contagious diseases have been kept, should re- 
ceive strict attention. Every part should be stopped tight, and flowers 
of sulphur and wood tar, in the proportion of one pound of the former 
to two quarts of the latter, mixed with tow, should be burned and allowed 
to smoke thoroughly, until the whole l)uilding is thick with smoke. So 
the hospital should be fumigated with the same, two or three times a 
week, but not suflicientl}' to set the animals coughing. Every part of the 
building should also be thoroughly washed M'ith dilute carl)olic acid, and 
the clothing also wet with it. If pure carbolic acid is used for sprinkling 
floors or washing Avails, 100 i^arts of soft water may be added to one pint 
of acid. The impure carbolic acid of gas works may be used undiluted. 
All discharges should be treated vdth chloride of zinc, dissolved in water, 
in the proportion of one ounce to one or two gallons of water. The at- 
tendants taking care of animals with malignant diseases should never 
approach or handle the well ones. 

53 



,S34 THE A3IEEICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 

A disinfectant that has no smoU and is not poisonous, known as 
chh)i-aluni, is made by dissolving three pounds of chloride of aluminum 
in two gallons of water, or in like proportions. Another cheai) and pow- 
erful disinfectant, but poisonous, if taken, is made of eight ounces of 
chloride of zinc, sixteen ounces of sulphate of iron, and one gallon of 
water. Dissolve, and to each pint used add one gallon of water. Among 
disinfecting substances may be named chlorine. This is set free by add- 
ing oil of vitriol and a little black manganese to common salt, as a disin- 
fectant of the air, but must be used in vacated buildings, and is better if 
used in the full light of day. So flowers of sulphur, burned by a heat 
only sufficient to produce smoke, will accomplish the same purpose, and 
if used carefully, it will not injure stock. A disinfectant that may be 
used in occupied buildings, is formed by adding a little chlorate of 
lootassa, at short intervals, to half a pint of strong muriatic acid, in a 
strong vessel of glass, or heavily glazed stoneware. 

VIII. Difficulty in giving Medicine to Swine. 

The difficulty in getting swine to SMallow medicine, when they are so 
sick they will not eat, is well known. Hence the difficulty in curing them 
when attacked with malignant disease. The easiest way we have ever 
found, is to have them in a pen where they cannot turn round ; pass a 
slip-noose over the upper jaw, and the mouth being open, turn down 
liquids from a horn. In case doses in the form of pills or paste are pre- 
scribed, they may be placed well back on the root of the tongue. 

IX. Watch Symptoms early and use Preventives. 
The "ounce of prevention" in the case of swine, is worth many times 
more than the "pound of cure." Good nursing, isolation and thorough 
disinfection are really the chief, as they are the common-sense treatment. 
This has always been our practice, in connection with prompt killing and 
deep burial of those Avhich did not yield to simple treatment. Any per- 
son by carefully studying what we liave written, may pretty accurately 
judge when killing becomes necessary. 



CHAPTEE II. 



THE COMMON DISEASES OF SWUTE. 



I. INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. II. PNEUMONIA OK INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 

III. QUINSY OK INFLAMMATION OF THE TONSILS. IV. APOPLEXY^, STAG- 
GERS, OR CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN. V. COLDS OR RISING OF THE LIGHTS. 

VI. CATARRH OR SNUFFLES. VII. MEASLES AND TRICHINA. VIII. TRI- 
CHINA SPIRALIS. IX. OTHER INTESTINAL PARASITES. X. PARASITES OF THE 

SKIN — MANGE OR SCAB. XI LICE. XII. DIARRHCEA. XIII. LEPROSY. 

XIV. SKELETON OF THE IIOG. 

I. Inflammatory Diseases. 
Swine are, from their nature and the manner in which they are kept, 
more subject to congestive and inflammatory diseases than any other 
farm animal. The results of this tendency are conspicuously seen in 
quinsy, coughs and colds, sometimes ending in consumption, and es^seci- 
ally in inflammation of the lungs. 

n. Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Limgs. 
How to know it.^By the rapid and laborious breathing, and shivering 
of the body and limbs. There will be a more or less severe cough, and 
the hog loses appetite. 

What to do. — Pnt the animal in a comfortable, quiet and well venti- 
lated place. Keep a preparation of mustard and tepid water on the chest 
and side, and give the following mixture : 

Xo. 13. 2 Draehins bi-sulphate of soda, 

2 Drachms nitrate of potash. 

Mix in a pint of gruel and feed it to the patient, or turn it down from 
a horn. This may be repeated as necessity requires, and, if necessary, 
a blister may be applied to the chest ; but good nursing, and such nour- 
ishing food as the hog will eat, should effect a cure. 

III. Quinsy or Inflammation of the Tonsils. 

This is a comniou and often fatal disease, if relief is not promptly 
given. It is an inflammation of the glands of the throat. 

How to know it. — If you And that the hog has difliculty in swallowing ; 
if slavering and protrusion of the tongue are seen, and especially if there 
be a swelling under the lower jaw and neck, you may be sure the animal 
has the quins}'. 

What to do. — Cast the hog or pig, and with a thin, keen-bladed knife 
scarify the parts until the blood flows freely. Then foment the parts 

8.3.i 



836 Till", A.MKltlCAN IAUMKK's SICXK ItOOK. 

with clollis \vi-iini^ out of vi'i-y lioir wiildr, iipplyiiiir tlu-in i-cpoiitpclly to 
iiulii((! bleeding iiiul n-diice tins iiifliinuuiilioii. lu tlie niciiii tiiiio the fol- 
lowing slioiild 1)0 prepared, to be used us soon as possible, as an 
injeelion : 

.No. II, A Oiiiici'S Kiilplialr 111 iii:i;;ii('siii, 

2 l)nichiii.s uil of liiipcMtliic, 
)4 Pint soap siid.M. 

Mi.x, and injoet into the reetum with a sj'ringe. If tlie animal will 
oat, give the following, niixcsd in a little gruel: 

No. IT). 2 Teaspooiifiils (iirpciitiiic, 

2 'rciispoonfuisi lai'd oil. 

If he will not eat, swal) the tonsils often with the ini.xtiire 1)V means 
of a swab fastened to a small rod, th(^ mouth iieiiig held oi)eii, as previ- 
ously described. 

IV. Apoplexy, Staggers or Congestion of tho Brain. 

This disease is not unusual in fat hogs. 

How to know it. — I'lie. animal will be stupid ; tlie eyes red ; the pulso 
hard and ra[)id ; the imwels eonstipated. As the disease progre.sses, the 
animal beeomes j)artially or wholly Ijlind, going in a circle or striking 
against objects ; and at last ho fall.s unconscious. Sometimes tho attack 
is attended with effusion on the brain, without other symptoms being 
especially noticeable; the animal falls suddenly ; tho limbs .stiffen; froth 
flows from ths mouth, and the Itreathing is hard, with a snorting sound. 

What to do. — If eold water is not at hand, bleed freely from tho jugu- 
lar vein. The [)roper application is cold water allowed to fall upon tho 
head from a considerable height. At tho same time let an injection bo 
(luickly prepared and administered at once ; use No. 14. 

V. Colds, or Rising of the Lights. 

Rising of the lights is what is generally called a cold. Keep tho ani- 
mal warm and (juiet ; feed well with easily digested food, and rub vinegar 
and mustard on the chest. If it does not yield to treatment, give a table- 
spoonful of tar every day, placing it well l)aek on the tongue with a 
])addle. If the dis(^ase resolves itself into inllammalion of tho lungs, sco 
Irealineiil therefor in Article II, of this chapter. 

VI. Catarrh or SniiiHos. 

This is a common disease that usually disappears with warmth and good 
care, and light, digestible food. It .sometimes assumes a chronic form, 
as nasal gleet, just as it does in man. When this is tho ease, the animal 
had better be killed at once and buried. 



TIIIC COMMON Dl.SKASES OF KWINE. 837 

VII. Moaslos and Trichina. 

Causes. — In swlno moa.sle.s is caused by a parasite (the bladder 
worm) from eating tiie egijs of tiic tape worm of man ((ami a solium) 
in its food, just as trichina is caused by (sating rats and mice or garbage 
containing tlie germs of this parasite ; dogs, also, are well known to carry 
and void the eggs of the tape-worm, and hence care should Ix; taken that 
swine do not eat their excrement. If the tiesh of measly pork is eaten 
by man, without its being most thoroughly cooked, he will bo just as 
surely infected with tape-worm as he wf>uld be with trichina if he ate 
trichina-infected poi'k. Hence, il is iK^vcr safe to eat measly j)ork, since 
there is always danger (hat some of Ihe cysts may escape death in 
cooking. 

The tape-worm is a flat-bodied worm, made up of small segments or 
joints from a f|uarter to a half incii in length, joined end to end, with a 
depression between them. Wlum full grown, the worm is from one inch 
to one hundred feet long. One end is nari'ow, being the head, which is 
globular and furnished with circular^ sucking discs and a proboscis or 
snout, encircled l)y a row of booklets. Fi-om the broad end the segments 
become detached and are expelled when ripe. These little segments may 
be seen wriggling along ov(!r the grass, vegetables and ground, and, as 
they go, they deposit innumerai)le quantiti(!S of eggs, which are taken up 
by grazing animals, especially the hog. It is estimated that a single tape 
worm lays upwards of 25,000,000 eggs. An egg taken into the stomach 
of a hog opens and hatches an f)Void, six-hooked embryo, which boi'es 
its way through the tissues till it linds a tissue congenial to its nature; 
and there it encysts itself and lies an 
indefinite length of time till, perhaps, 
it is eaten by a person, who becomes 
a feast for the tape-worm, which is 
developed very soon and causes intes- "ead ok t>knia solium. 

final pain, emaciation, nervous irrita- Magnified, (Cobboid.) 

bility, convulsions and, oftcm, death. 

The cysficercus vdlulosa is the hydatid oi- bladder worm, that forms 
the measles in pigs ; it becomes encysted in the mus- 
cles, liver, brain, mucous and serous mcanbrancs, etc. 

How to know it. — Measly pork is known by the 
cysts, some of which arc nearly the size of a grain 
of barley, distributed through the muscular and cysticekcds cellu- 
other tissues. In the living hog, when infected, i-osa.— Magnified, 
there will be found small, watery pimples of a pink or red color, just 
under the skin. There will also be weakness of the hind jjurts and gen- 
eral lack of health. 




838 



THE AMEKICAN FAKMEIl S STOCK BOOK. 



What to do. — Trojitmoiit is of little avail. If the difficulty eould be 
known in time, daily small doses of sulphur and saltpetre, given for some 
weeks, miiiht pass the eggs from the bowels ; yet this is not certain. 
Keep the doijs about the place free from tape worms I)y occasional 
vermifuo-es, and burn all their dung when found. 
VIII. Trichina Spiralis. 
Trichinre are found in all animals, but usually in man, the hog and the 
rat. They arc almost microscopic, varying from one-eighteenth to one- 
si.vth of an inch in li'ngth, and are among the most fatal of parasites. 
The mature and fertile worm lives in the intestines 
of animals, while the immature lives in cysts in 
the muscles. When the eggs fii-st hatch, the young 
ones migrate through the intestines, and find their 
way into the voluntary muscles, that is, the mus- 
cles of motion ; and in the course of six weeks 
they become encysted, and do no farther harm to the 
man or animal containing them ; but during those 
six weeks the life or death of the victim is merely 
a question of strength to withstand the pain, ex- 
hauslioii and emaciation, and many people die from it. 

How to know it. — The symptoms are swelling and great soreness of 
the muscles affected ; pain ; emaciation and exhaustion ; it is often mis- 
taken for rheumatism. In the 
lower animals, the same symp- 
toms arc seen as in man, but 
to a less marked degree ; there 
is loss of appetite ; stiffness in 
the hind parts ; the muscles are 
sore, and the animal is loth to 
move. If those affected live 




ADULT INTESTINAL TUI 

CHINA SPIRALIS. 

JIAGNIFIEn. 




MUSCLE TUICHINA ENCYSTED. MAGNIFIED. 



thi-ougli tlie six weeks, they will recover. 

What to do. During the six weeks give alcohol in half-ounce doses, 

three times a day in gruel, and a teaspoonful of sulphur in the food 
morning and night. 

Prevention.— For people— never eat underdone pork, for trichinse sur- 
vive 1 10 - V. Hams thoroughly smoked and boiled are safe. 

For hoiis keep them remote from slaughter houses, and never feed 

them on the offal from slaughter houses. Keep their pens free from 
rats and mice. Pork fed on slaughter refuse, or kept near a slaughter 
house, ought to be examined with a microscope before being eaten. 
When a case has occurred, trace it to its origin and kill the hogs and burn 
the pen and manure. 



Till'; COM.MOX DISl'.ASICS Ol' SWINIO. 



889 



IX. other Intestinal Parasites. 

These iii'c muiicrous. 'I'hc Imd worm ( tSt( ji//(iiiiirits Dni/afus) mid llie 
kidney ■wonn ( Eus/i'oiiffi/his C'/ijns) -ah' llio luo.sl, coiiimoii, c.xeepL tlioso 
whicli ])r()duc!e Uie inraslcs. ()n((^ tlicy luivo found lodg- 
ment, tliero is little lo he; done, :iii<l \\\r, swine liiid 
better he killed iniincdiidciy Mnd ((invcrlcd inln ijiciisc 
to iivoid diUiii'er. 'I'lic lard worm is from one to one 
iind Ihree-fonrtlis inches hnijj;, hy onu-thiiit'cnf li inch 
broad, and is found in almost all parts of tins body, it is 
often found in the liver, and the fat about tlie rib, heart 
the air i)assages, vAv. 

The EnMronfii/luK (ritjas \s found in the kidneys, which 
it, lives on till tlu^ whole is eaten, and then it attacks the 
capsule enclosing the ki<ln(!y and e;its its way through 
into the intestinal cavity, and i-auses <leatli fr<nn nervous '^7!^,''"xa'*t1!s''* 
})rostralion or inihunnuition. 1'iie kidney worm grows to oit i,aki> 
enormous size — the gifjas means the giant — it being found 
from onelo three feet long and from a quarter to a half %"^a.i;f;,I"^,""mci 
inch in diameter. It is sometimes found in the inlcistines. ~' "■"' '■' 




X. Parasites of the Skin— Mango or Scab. 

Seal) is produced by a small itch insect {tSarcoittia /Snis), and the 
disease may be eouinuniicated to man. If the an inuds appear uneasy 




I - 1 Ko.N(iVLfs (iiiiAS Cl'iivicr.) 



examine them with a glass. Mange should be no more tolerated than the 
itch in children. 

What to do. — (■i\<' the animal, immeiliatcdy, and thereafter onee a day 

f(n' a fort hiLiht , the followiiiii' as a dost;: 



i\o. KJ. 



I. OiiiiiT ll.iHcr- ..I' -iil|ilim-, 
I Driii'lnii iiili'Mic <j| |Mil:isli. 



S4() THE AMERICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK. 

Mix as a powder, and give iu tiie food. Ruh the animal thoroughly 
with soft soap, and at the end of an hour clean well with warm rain 
water. "When dry, prepare the following : 

No. 17. 1 Pint train oil, 

2 Drachms oil of tar, 

1 Draclim petroleum, 

Flowers of sulphur to form a thick paste. 

Rub this thoroughly in, and let it remain three days. Then wash 
thoroughly with strong soap suds, and if the difficulty is not removed, 
repeat the application of the ointment. The animals must be changed to 
perfectly clean quarters, with clean bedding. Burn all old bedding, and 
paint the floor cracks, and every surface outside and in, with quick-lime, 
slaked with carbolic acid, one part to one hundred of water ; or get the 
carbolic liijuor from the nearest gas-works, and slake with that. 

XI. Lice. 

There would seem no reason why swine should be infested with lice. 
If they be suspected, examine the hogs, and when 
dry, after washing with soft soap and water, 
sponge freely with crude petroleum, and give 
daily, for some days, J drachm of copperas iu the 
food. If any lice remain, apply an ointment of 
Scotch snuff and lard to the infestetl parts. 

XII. Diarrhoea. 

Young j^igs arc often taken witii diarrhuea, gen- 
erally during the first ten days after birth. The 
difficulty lies in the milk of the sow, either from bad 
„, . ,. , , ., food or other disabilitv- 

Blood-sucking louse of the 

P's- What to do. — Give good, nourishing food, of 

which sound grain is the 1)asis ; place a mixture of powdered charcoal and 
salt Avhere the pigs and sow ma^' freel}- take it. Prepare the following: 

No. 18. 2 Pounds powdered foenugreek seed, 

2 Pounds powdered anise seed, 
2 Pounds powdered chalk, 

1 Pound powdered gentian, 

2 Ounces carbonate of soda. 

Mix, and give a tablcspoonful to the sow every time she is fed. 
Xm. Leprosy. 

"We have received accounts of hogs affected with "hog cholera"' — every 
disease for which no better name is known is now so called — in which 
])miples and blisters appear about the mouth and eyes, prostration ensues, 




ll.E.MATOl'lNUS. 



THE COMMON DISEASES OF SWINE. 



841 



the animal staggers when moving, and death follows sometimes with great 
emaciation. In Europe this disease is called Leprosy — a misnomer as 
much as to call it "hog cholera." It is, perhaps, a form of malignant 
puni)hiL;'us. 

What to do. — Allow the hog a clean, cool, well ventilated, place with 
cool water to drink, and, if possible, pure water for a bath. Cleanse the 
skin with soft soap and water, and dress the sores with tar, or ointment 
No. 17. 

Give, twice a day, the following, in gruel or anything the animal will 
best cat : 

Xo. 1!). }.2 Ouuce flowers of sulphur, 

1 Drachm iiiti'ate of potash. 

The disease is contagious, and want of care, dirty pens, and foul feed- 
ing are superinducing causes. 

XrV. Skeleton of the Hog. 
For a better understanding of the anatomy of the hog, the lettered and 
figui'cd illustration of the skeleton will be found instructive. The tirst 
series of iigures, following the capitals, refer to the bones of the fetlock 
and feet. The figures following Phalanges 1, 2, 3, refer to the liinder 
parts. The last series of figures following Z — Head, indicate the bones 
of the head. The reader will have no difficulty in recognizing and learn- 
ing the names. 




SKELETON OF THE IIOG. 



Names of the Bones. — A — Cervical vertebrag. B, B — Dorsal verte- 
bri3e. C — Lumbar vertebrre. D — Sacrum. E, E — Coccygeal bones. 
F, i^— Ribs. G — Costal cartilages. i/^Scapula. / — Humerus. A", 
A'^Ritdius. L — Ulna, ilf— Carpus, or knee. 1. Scaphoid. 2. Semi- 
lunar. 3. Cuneiform. 4. Trapezium. 5. Trapezoid. 6. Os mag- 
num. 7. Unciform. 8. Pisiform. IST, N — Large metacarpal, or 



m2 TlIK AMKltlCAN KAHMKIl'S STOCK HOOK. 

cimiion. () — Siiiiill iiictaciiriiMl. /', /' — Sesamoid hones. (,>, (,> — 
I'luilniigcs. 1, Os suriVaniiiis, or i)iiH(i'ni hoiid. 2. C)s (^oroim-. .'{. < )s 
pedis. Jt — Pelvis. ( Fore-lei^ of pifif. Phiiliinges 1, 2, il). 1. Jliimi. 
2. Piil)is. 3. Ischium. A'— Femur. 7'— Paieiia. C7— Tilmi. V— 
Fihula. W — Iloelv. 1. ( )s calcis. 2. Aslragaius. ;}. CjUneiforin 
magnum. 4. (CuneiForm medium. T). t'uneiform parvum. (!. Cuhoid. 
■'},(!. ('uho cuneiform. A' — Largo met at ai'sai. ( llind-leg of pig. Phal- 
aiigi^s 1, 2, ;!)• ^ — Small metatarsal. Z — Head. 1. Inferior maxilla. 
2. Sup(>rior maxilla. 'A. Anterior maxilla. I. Nasal lioiie. 5. Molar. 
(!. Frontal. 7. Parietal. 8. Occipital. 1*. Laciirymal. U). S(iuanious- 
tempoid. 11. Pctrous-teinpoid. 



PART VII. 



Sheep and Sheep Husbandry. 



EiyiBii^vciiNra- 



OEIGLN", BEEEDS, BREEDING Al^D MANAGEMENT ; 
WITH FACTS CONCERNING GOATS. 



SHEEP AND SHEEP HUSBANDRY. 



CHAPTER I. 
ORIGIN, ANATOMY AND POINTS. 



I. NATIVE COUNTRT OF SHEEP. II. THEIR DIVERSIFIED CHARACTER. III. 

ANATOMY OF THE SHEEP. IV. TOP AND VERTICAL VIEWS OF SKULL. V. DEN- 
TITION OF SHEEP. VI. POINTS OF SHEEP EXPLAINED. VII. DIVISIONS OF 

FINE WOOL. VIII. COMPARATIVE VALUE OF FINE AND COARSE WOOL. -IX. 

RANGING AND FLOCKING OF DIFFERENT BREEDS. X. REGIONS ADAPTED TO 

SHEEP. XI. POINTS OF EXCELLENCE OF THE PRINCIPAL BREEDS. XII. 

STANDARD FOR AMERICAN MERINOS. XIII. STANDARD FOR MIDDLE-WOOLED 

SHEEP. XIV. STANDARD FOR COTSWOLD SHEEP. 

I. Native Country of Sheep. 

The native country of sliccp is not Ivuowm, jind has not been since the 
earliest historical times. There arc no wild sheep known, if we except 
the Ovis Montana, or wild sheep of Montana, in the United States, 
though at the Paris exhibition of 1865, several wild (so-called) sheep 
were exhibited, although bred in confiiienieiit. Among these were the 
wild sheep of Barbary, Ovis Tvarjdapux, more resembling a goat than 
our wild species, which is really a sheep ; and also thePunjaub wild shcej), 
Oviit Cydocvras, a native of Northern India, and the Europeon moufflon, 
Ovis Musimon, belonging to Corsica and Sardinia. 

n. Their Diversified Character. 

That sheep wei'e the earliest domesticated of any of the wild animals, 
there is no doubt. Abel was a keeper of slusep, the first recorded shep- 
herd or herdsman of any kind. The great length of time since their 
domestication, is also shown by their widely diversified character. The 
classification of Linnaeus shows : The Hornless, Horned, Black-faced, 
Spanish, Many-horned, African, Guinea, Broad-tailed, Fat-rumped, 
Bucharian, Long-tailed, Cap-bearded, and Bovant. To these may be 
added the Siberian sheep of Asia, found also in Corsica and Barbary,and 

■SIT 



S4.S 



THE AMEUICAN FAKMER S STOCK BOOK. 



the Crotiui .slioop of the (ivociaii Islanils, Hungary, and some portions of 
Austria, making about all the principal sub-si)ecies. 

III. Anatomy of the Sheep. 




SKELETON OP I.EICESTEK SHEEr. 



Explanation. — Bcgnming witli llic iicad, the references to cut of sivcle- 
ton siiuw : 1 — Tiie intermaxillary bone. 2 — Tlie nasal bones. 3 — The 
upper jaw. 4 — The imion of the nasal and n))per jaw bone. 5 — The 
union of the molar and laehrymal bones. tJ — Tiie orl)its of tiie eye. 7 
— The frontal bone. J' — The lower jaw. 10 — The incisor teeth or nip- 
pers. 11 — The molars or grinders. 

The Neck and Body. — !> 1 — The ligament of the neck, supporting the 
head. 1, 2, ;^, 4, 5, ti, 7 — The seven vertebnu, or bones of the neck. 1 
— 13 — The thirteen vertebnv, or bones of the back. 1 — G — The sixver- 
tebraj of the loins. 7 — The sacral bone. 8 — The bones of the tail, va- 
rying in different breeds from twelve to twenty-one, 9 — The haunch and 
pelvis. 1 — <S — The eight true ribs with tiieir cartilages. 9 — 13 — The 
five false ribs, or those that are not attached to the breast bone. 14 — 
The breast bone. 

The Fore Leg. — 1 — The scapula or shoulder-blade. 2 — The hu- 
mcius, hone of the arm, or lower part of the shoulder. 3 — The radius, 
or l)one of the forearm. 4 — Tlie ulna, or ell>()w. .') — Tiie knee, with 
its different bones. C — The metacarpal or siiank-bones ; the larger 
bones of the leg. 7 — A rudiment of the smaller mctacaqjal. 8 — One 
of the sessamoid bones. 9 — Tiie two first bones of the foot ; the pas- 
terns. 10 — Tlu' proper bones of the foot. 



ORKilN, ANATOMY AND POINTS OK SIIEEI'. 



849 



The Hind Leg. — l — I'lc thigli bono. 2 — TlicstilU; joint and ils hone, 
the patella. 3 — Tlio tibia, or bone of the upper part of the leg. 4 — 
The point of the hock. 5 — The other bones of the hock, ti — The 
metatarsal bone, or bono of the hind leg. 7 — Rudiment of the small 
metatarsal. 8 — A sessaraoid bone. 9 — The two first bones of the foot, 
tlio pasterns. 10 — The proper bone of the foot. 

It will be seen that the general anatomy of the sheep corresponds to 
that of the ox. In the limbs we find the number of joints the same in 
the horse, ox and sheep. Beneath the fetlock, however, the four bones 
are doubled in the sheep. 

IV. Top and Vertical Views of Skull. 

The first illustration shows the skull of a polled sheep as seen from 
the top. 

Explanation. — 1 — Occipital bone, depressed out of danger. 2 — The 
parii'tal bones, the suture having disappeared, and also out of danger. 
3 — The squamous portions of the temporal 
bone — the buttress of the arch of the skull. 
4 — The meatus auditorius, or bony opening 
into the ear. T) — The frontal bones. G — The 
openings through which ])lood-vcssels pass, to 
supply the forehead. 7 — Tiie bony orl)its of 
the eye. 8 — The zygomatic or molar ])ones, 
very much developed. 9, 10 — The bones of 

the nose. 11 — The upper jawbone. 12 — The foramen, through which the 
nerve and blood-vessels pass, to sujjply the lower jjart of the face. 13 — 
The nasal processes of the intermaxillary l)oiies. 14 — The palatine 
processes. 15 — The intermaxillary bone, supporting the cartilaginous 
pad, instead of containing teeth. 

Next we give a vertical section of the head vvith its appropriate expla- 
nation. 

Explanation.— 1 — Nasal bone. 2 — Upper jaw bono. 3 — Intermaxil- 
lary bone su[)porting the pad, supplies the place of upper front teeth. 4, 
4 — The frontal sinus. 5 — Cavity or , 

sinus of the horn, communicating 
with the frontal sinus. It is here 
shown by removal of a section of 
the I)ase of the horn. 7 — The fron- 
tal bone. 8 — Vertical section of the 
brain. 9 — Vertical section of the 
cerebellum, a — The cineritious por- 
tion of the brain, b — The medul- 




I'OI-LEU SHEEP. 




UEAD OF SHEEP— VERTICAL SECTION. 



lary portion of the brain. 10- 



-The ethmoid bone. 

5t 



11 — The cribiform 



850 



THK AMKIIICAX KAK.MKI! S STOCK HOOK. 



or perforated plate of tho ethmoid bono. 12 — The hjwer cell of the 
ethmoid bone. 13 — Tho .superior turliiiiated bone. 14 — The inferior 
turbinated bone. 17 — The sphenoid bone. 

V. Dentition of Sheep. 
Youatt gives as follows the dentition of sheep, by whieli it 
will be easy to tell the age correctly : The sheep has eight 
incisors in the lower jaw, and twelve grinders — six on a side 
in each jaw, — making in all thirty-two teeth. At l)irth the 
lamb should have the two central incisors just pushing through. At a 
month old all the incisors should be up. At one year, sometimes not 
until fifteen months old, the two first milk incisors will be shed, and two 
new or permanent ones will appear. At two years old past, it will have 
two more i)ermanent teeth, or four in all. At three years old past, it 
will have six pei-manent incisors, and at four years old past, the eight 
permanent teeth, or a full mouth, as it is called, will be shown. This 
will be an accurate test as to the age of sheep, up to four years, varied of 
course, by care and keep ; highly fed sheep developing faster than ill 
kept ones. At six the incisors begin to decrease in breadth, and lose 
their fan shape, as seen at four years old. At seven they become longer 
and narrower, and each year this shrinkage continues, until at last they 
become quite slender, the middle ones long, and at ten years they loosen 
and begin to drop out. 

VI. Points of Sheep Explained. 
To locate the different exterior portions of the sheep, we give a cut of 
one of the half-wild breeds of the animal, which seems goat-like, but the 
wool of which shows it to be a sheep. 




EXTEKIOK POINTS OF SHKEP. 



Explanation. — A — Face. B — Muzzle. O — Neck. D — Shoulder. B 
—Point of the Shoulder, i^— Breast. (7— Girth-place. ^— Back. I 
—Loin. ^— Rump. Z— Thigh. 3/— Ilip. iV— Root of Tail. 



OKIGIN, AX ATOMY AND POINTS OF 8HEEP. 

Vn. Divisions of Fine Wool. 



8al 



To illustrate the divisions of the wool we give a figured cut of a fine- 
wooled sliccp. The divisions are numbered to correspond to pure Saxon 
and Merino sheep, which when pure-bred, show only four qualities of 
wool. However, the cross-breds and especially grades sometimes show 
seven or eiii'ht. 




unit 



DIVISION OF WOOL. 



Explanation. — The rejina, or pick wool, ( 1) begins at the withers, and 
extends along the back, to the setting on of the tail. It reaches only a 
little way down on the quarters, but dii)ping down at the flanks, takes in 
all the superior part of the chest, and the middle of the side of the neck 
to the angle of the lower jaw. The fina, (2) a valua])le wool, but 
not so deeply secreted, or possessing so manj' curves as the reiina, occu- 
pies the belly, and the quarters and thighs, down to the stifle joint; 
(3) is found on the head, the throat, the lower part of the neck, and 
the shoulders, terminating at the elbow, (fore legs, ) and reaching from the 
stifle to a little below the hock; (4) is procured from the tuft that 
grows on the forehead and cheeks, from the tail, and from the legs below 
the hock. 

Vin. Comparative Value of Fine and Coarse Wool. 

Up to twenty years ago. fine wool was the most valuable, and the fine- 
ness of the fil)er inci'eased the price per pound in corresponding ratio. 
Tlicii the exceeding fineness of broadcloth was the limit and standard of 
highest excellence. Of late years the demand for long and worsted wools 



852 THE AMEKICAN FARMER'S STOCK I500K. 

has steadily incroased, with the change in fashion for gentlemen's wear ; 
and the demand for worsted, eomhing, and other long wools is steadily- 
growing, and at prices altogether in advance of the tine wools. Hence 
the larger breeds of sheep, once principally valnahle for their mutton, 
sprung suddenl}' into favor for their wool. In England, the value of a 
sheep is rated fully as much for the carcass as for the wool. In the 
United States and in Canada, to a considerable degree, the wool is still 
the principal object ; so the saying that, an Englishman in examining a 
flock, would ask, " how much will they dress," while the question of an 
American would be, " how much will they shear," stfU holds good. 

Nevertheless, this is gradually changing ; and the increased consump- 
tion of prime mutton in our huge cities, and the increased facilities for 
ocean transportation of live animals, have stimulated more and more the 
l)rceding of mutton sheep. The i)robabili1y is, that the fashionable fab- 
rics made of the wools mentioned will not soon go out of use for sum- 
mer wear, since they are altogether superior to cotton and linen, both in 
coolness and the ease with which they may be kept clean. 

Fine wools, on the olhcr hand, will never be superseded for winter 
wear, for blankets, for underclothing, and the endless variety of uses for 
which they are atlapted. 

IX. Ranging and Flocking of Pifferent Breeds. 

It is not generally known that there are peculiarities in sheep husband- 
ry, especially in the flocking of herds, which cannot be overcome. The 
most important of these is, that the mutton and long-woolcd breeds can- 
not be carried in large flocks. Merino and other tine-wooled breeds may 
easily be carried in flocks of even 1000 and ui)wards, on suitable soils ; 
])ut the large breeds cannot successfully be carried in flocks of more than 
100 together. Hence the adaptability of the Western plains and of Texas 
and New Mexico to the tine-wooled breeds, individual owners numbering 
their flocks by many thousands each. On the other hand, the large breeds 
are the favorites among farmers in the thicikly settled portions of the 
United States, where tliey are kept in tlocks of from twenty up to several 
hundreds. 

X. Regions Adapted to Sheep. 

It has generally been thought that only rocky, hilly regions are well 
adaiited to the keeping of sheep. This is a mistake. Such regions are 
suited to sheep, no doubt, for sheep require a tirra soil ; sheep, also, 
can subsist in rocky, barren regions where other animals would starve. 
Yet any dry situation adapted to grass possesses all the necessary essen- 
tials. The Western prairies, which, except for a short time in the 
spring, are firm and dry, are most admirably adapted to sheep. All the hill 



ORIGIN, ANATOMY AND POINTS OF SHEEP. 853 

regions of tlio kSouth arc oiiiiiiently suited for sheep liusljaiidiy, espe- 
cially for the inuttoii and loiiij-wooled l)reeds. There are found the es- 
sentials of a genial eiiinate, plenty of range, pure water, sweet grasses, 
and a soil natural to sheep. There is only a single drawback — the num- 
ber of dogs that are allowed to wander at will to decimate flocks. If 
the dogs were abated, the hill regions of the South would soon prove as 
valuable for sheep as for fruit and for general agriculture. 

XI. Points of Excellence of the Principal Breeds. 

The standards of excelhuice, now generally adopted at the St. Louis 
fair, at the Illinois State fair, and at many other jjromincnt Western fairs, 
and also at the great exhibition of live stock at the Chicago fair for 1881, 
may be taken as being as near perfect as possil)le, and will rule in all 
points except, perhaps, in the weight of the carcass. In the East, and 
in some portions of the hill region South, the wciglit of carcass may be 
reduced some twenty pounds. Thus the standard of 1(5.5 pounds gross 
weight for a Merino ram, and 120 pounds for gross weight of Merino 
ewe, Avas reduced to 140 and 100 pounds respectively at the Centennial 
Exhibition, while in other respects the standards were identical. At St. 
Louis, the heavy standard known as the Illinois standard is, without modi- 
tication, used forjudging shec|). This standard, in fact, was really arranged 
by prominent breeders of Illinois, and of the country contiguous to St. 
Louis, we believe. The standards for the several grades will be found 
adapted to any breed ; that for Cotswolds, applying to any long-wooled 
breed with very simple moditications. The standards arc as follows : 

XII. Standard for American Merinos. 

Points. 

Blood. — Thoroughbred, i. e, purely bred from one or more of the 
direct importations of Merino sheep from Spain prior to the 
year 1812, without the admixture of any other blood. - - 1 

Constitution. — Indicated by form of body ; deep and large breast 
cavity ; broad back, heavy quarters, with muscular development 
forming cai)acious abdomen ; skin thick, but soft, of fine tex- 
ture, and pink color; exjjansive nostril, brilliant eyes, healthful 
countenance, and good size, age considered. - - - - 15 

Size. — In fair condition, with fleece of twelve months' growth, full- 
grown rams should weigh not less than 1(55 pounds, and ewes 
not less than 120 pounds. _ _ . _ _ _ .7 

General Appearance. — Good carriage, bold style, elastic move- 
ment, showing in particular parts, as well as general outline and 
sj-mmetry of form. ---- _ ___3 



«r)4 THE AMKIilCAN FAIIMEII S STOCK BOOK. 

Points. 

Body. — Throughout, heavy hones, well proportioned in length ; 
sniootii joints ; rihs starting horizontally from hack-hone, and 
well rounded to the hreast-hone, which should be wide, strong, 
and prominent in front ; strong back-hone, straight and well 
proportioned as to length ; heavy, muscular (juarters, deep 
through, and squarely formed l)(;hiiiel and before, with shoulders 
well set on, neither projecting sharply above the back-ljone, nor 
standing so wide and Hat as to incur liability to slip-shoulders. - 8 

Folds and Wrinkles. — Folds on the ram should be larger than on 
the ewe. Large and pendulous folds from the chin or jaws, 
succeeding each other down the neck to the brisket, ending 
with large fold or " apron," and extending up the sides of the 
neck, but lighter if at all extending over top of neck; two or 
thi'ee behind the fore leg or shoulder ; one on front of hind leg, 
hanging well down across the flank ; two or more on rear of 
hind legs or quarters, extending up towards the tail, with one 
or two on and around the tail, giving tlu; animal a square appear- 
ance on the liind ([uarters, and straight down as may be from end 
of tail to hock joints and hind feet. In addition to folds, small 
wrinkles over the body and belly are desirable, as forming com- 
pactness of fleece, but not large enough to be apparent on the 
surface of grown fleece, or to cause a jar in its quality, tims 
leaving the body of the fleece even in (|uality. and free from the 
jar of large folds over the body. - - - - - - 10 

Head. — Wide l)etwecn the eyes and behind the ears and across the 
nose ; short from top of head to tip of nose ; face straight, eyes 
clear and prominent ; cars thick, medium size, and, together 
with the face, nose and lips, white, cov(!red with soft fur or 
downy wool. Ewes should give no appearance of horns, wiiile 
upon the rams the horns should 1)0 clear in color, S3'mmctri- 
cally curved, without tendency to press upon the sides of the 
head or to extreme exptinsion. - - - - - - (> 

Neck. — Medium length, good bone and muscular development, 
and, especially with the rams, heavier, toward the shoulders, 
well set high ui), and rising from that point to the i)ack of the 
head. -- - - - - ---.5 

Legs and Feet. — Legs medium or short in length, straight and set 
well apai-t forward and back ; heavy bone, smooth joints, with 
large muscular development of the fore-arm ; thick, heavy 
thighs, wide down to hock joints, and from knee joints down- 
ward covered with short wool, or the soft furry covering ))ecu- 
liar to the ears and face; hoofs well sjiapcd and of elcai- color. - 5 



OUIGIN, ANATO.MV AND POINTS OF SHEEP. 



855 



Points. 

Covering. — Tendency to hair and gare upon any part of the sheep 
is to be avoided. Evenness of fleece in length, qualit^s density, 
lustfe, crimp, truencss, strength and elasticity, covering tiic en- 
tire body, belly and legs to the knees ; head well covered 
forward, squarely to a line in front of the eyes ; well tilled V)e- 
tween the eves and the ears or horns, and well up on the 
cheeks ; muzzle clear, with small opening up to and around the 
eyes: Scrotum of rams covered with wool, free from tendency 
to hair. ------ - 15 

Quality. — Medium, but such as is known in our markets as tine de- 
laine and fine clothing wool, distinctly better in quality, lustre, 
crimp and elairticity, than the wools of same length grown upon 
the common grade sheep. - - - - - 5 

Density. — Shown by the compactness of the fleece thi'oughont, 
which should open free but close, showing very little of the skin 
at any point, even at the e.xtremities of the fleece. - - 10 

Length. — At one year's growth not less than two and one-half 
inches, and as nearly as may be uniform in length to the extrem- 
ity of the fleece. - - - - - - 5 

Oil. — Evenly distributed : soft and flowing freely from skin to sur- 
face ; medium in ([uantity. . - - - - ,'> 

100 
XTEI. Standard for Middle-Wooled Sheep. 

Points. 

Blood. — Purely bred from one or more of direct importations from 

(irc-it Britain. - - - - - - 10 

Constitution and Quality. — Indicated by the form of bod}' ; deep 
and large in breast and through the heart; back wide, straight, 
and well covered with lean meat or muscle ; wide and full in 
thigh, deep in flank ; skin soft and pink color ; prominent eyes 
and healthful countenance. - - - - - 25 

Size. — In fair condition, when fully matured ; rams should weigh 

not less than 200 pounds, and ewes not less than 175 pounds. U) 

General Appearance and Character. — Good carriage ; head well 
up; elastic movement, showing symmetry of form and uni- 
formity of character throughout. - - - - - 10 

Body. — Well proportioned ; small bones ; great scale and length : 
well finished hind (piarters ; tliick back and loins ; standing 
with legs well placed outside ; breast wide, and prominent in 
front. - - - - - ^ - - - - 10 



85() THE A.MEUICAN FAKMER'S STOCK BOOK. 

Points. 

Head. — Short and broad ; wide between ears, and well covered 
with wool ; color dark grey ; light mnzzle not objectionable ; 
ears short. - - - - - --10 

Neck. — Short and heavy, especially toward shoulders. - - 5 

Legs and Feet. — Short and well set apart : color dark grey, and 

wooled to the hoof, which must be well shaped. - - - 5 

Covering. — Body, belly, head and legs well covered with fleece 
of even length and quality ; scrotum of rams also well cov- 
ered. - - - - - - --10 

Quality of Wool. — ]\Iedium, such as is known in market as half- 
combing wool. ---------5 

100 
XIV. standard for Cotswold Sheep. 

Points. 

Head. — Not too tine, moderately small, and broad between the eves 
and nostrils, but without a short, thick appearance, and in yomig 
animals covered on crown with long lustrous wool. - - 8 

Face. — Either white or slightl}' mixed with grey, or white dajjplcd 

with brown. - -- - - -.--4 

Nostrils. — Wide and expanded ; nose darK. _ - . . l 

Eyes. — Prominent, but mild looking. - - - - - - 2 

EARS.-^Broad, long, moderately thin, and covered with short hair 4 

Collar. — Full from breast and shoulders, tapering gradually all the 
way to where the head and neck join. The neck of ram should 
be short, thick and strong, indicating constitutional vigor, 
(neck of ewe should be fine and graceful) and free from coarse 
and loose skin. [Collar 5 points with ewe.] - - - (J 

Shoulders. — Broad and full, and at the same time join so gracefully 
to the colliir forward and the chine backward as not to leave the 
least hollow in either place. .-...- H 

Fore-legs. — The mutton on the arm or fore-thigh should come quite 
to the knee. Leg upright with heavy bone, being clear from 
superfluous skin, with mooI to fetlock, and may be mixed with 
grey. -..-.-----4 

Breast. — Broad and well forward, keeping the legs wide ajjart ; 

girth or chest full and deep. . - - - - - 10 

Fore flank. — Quite full, not showing hollow behind the shoulder. 

[4 points with ewe.] - _ - - - _ - f) 

Back and loin. — Broad, flat and straigiit, from which the ribs must 

spring with a fine circular arch. - - - - -1-2 

Belly. — Straight on underline. [5 points with ewe.] - - 3 



OKIGIN, ANATOMY AM) I'OINTS OF SHEEP. 



857 



Points. 
Quarters. — Long and full, with mutton quite down to the hock 8 
ilocK. — Should stand neither in nor out. . .... 2 

Twist. — Or junction inside the thighs, deep, wide, and full, which, 

with a Ijroad breast, M'ill keep the legs open and upright. - 5 

Fleece. — The whole l)ody should be covered with long, lustrous 

wool. ___-- - - - - -18 

lOU 




STANOAKU JiEKINO EWE. 



CIIAPTEK II. 



VABIETIES OF SHEEP AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 



I. LONG-WOOLED ENGLISH ."inEEP. II. LINCOLN SHEEP. III. KOMNEY MAKSII 

SHEEP. IV. LEICESTER SIIKEP. V. THE COTSWOLDS. VI. NEW OXKOKD- 

SHIUE SHEEP. VII. THE O.XF01{1)-1>0\VNS. Vi;i. MIDDLE AND SHOUT-WOOLED 

BIUTISII HKEEDS. IX. ■\VII1TE-FACED MOUNTAIN SHEEP. -X. BLACK-FACED 

HIGHLAND, OK SCOTCH SHEEP. XI. nA.MPSHIUK-DOWNS. XII. SHUOPSHIRE- 

DOWNS. Xm. SOUTH-DOWNS. XIV. OTHEK BKEEDS OF GUEAT BRITAIN. 

XV. DORSET SHEEP. XVi. FINE-WOOLED SHEEP. XVII. AMERICAN MERI- 
NOS. XVIII. THE ATWOOD AND HAMMOND MERINOS. .XIX. THE RICH MERI- 
NOS. XX. ABOUT SHEEP IN GENERAL. XXI. THE AVEKA<;E WOOL PER SHEEP. 

XXII. SUMMARY OF BRITISH BREEDS. 

Long-Wooled English Sheep. 

Loiig-\v(i(ilc(l sIkh'P may lie divided into two classes — those roared in 

ricli alluvial and inarsliy districts that have Ixhmi drained, a.s the Lincoln 

and Honinev marshes ; and those n-aretl in the rich agricultural districts 

of aral)le land devoted to mixed farming. The latter includes thi; Cots- 

ivolds, the Leieesters, and the Oxford-Downs. In discussing long-wooled 

sheep, we shall simply give characteristics, supplemented with accurate 

illustrations of the more valuable breeds, since this will be allthat will be 

necessary to enable the reader to easily recognise them and estimate their 

value. 

n. liincohi Sheep. 

The Lincoln sheep are the largest sheep known. Under fairly good 

feeding they dress up to 120 to KiO pounds at two years old past, while 

under exceptional circumstances they dress up to 90 pounds perquarterat 

that age. Their long, lustrous fleeces, at the second shearing, will weigh from 

10 to 15 pounds of washed wool, the til)re measuring nine inches in length. 

They have been known in the United States since IJSSo, are hardy and 

prolitic, but large feeders. Notwithstanding their good qualities, they 

have not become widely disseminated in this country, the Cotswolds 

being generally preferred. They require the best and most succulent 

grasses and the most skillful care, and this, probably, is the reason whj-^ 

they have not succeeded so well in the West, where high farming is not 

the rule. 

ni. Romney Marsh Sheep. 

These .'iheep are natives of the Southeastern ]r,irt of England, especially 

the drained marsh districts of Kent, where they have been bred from the 

«58 



VAKIETIKS or SHEEP ANI> THEIIl CHARAfTEItlSTirS. 



.S59 



earliest times. They are hardier (iiau the Liiieohis, and, like most Brit- 
ish l)reeds of loiig-wooled sheep, have been improved by a cross of the 
Leicester. They have a peculiar tuft of wool on the forehead ; a thick, 
broad head and neck ; are long in the body, with tiat sides ; a broad loin ; 
full, broad thighs ; the fore quarters are not so well deveT()i)ed. The 
limbs are strong; the hoofs broad ; the wool long, somewhat coarse, but 
sound, bright and glossy. Tlie wethers at three years old will dress from 
100 to 120 pounds for the butcher ; the ewes dress from 70 to ilO pounds, 
and have nuich inside fat. There seems to be no reason why they should 
not prove valuable on rii'h, succulent pastures in the West, tliough it is 
not to be denied that all the English lireeds deteriorate in America, es- 
pecially in the West, probably both from the dry climate and the want of 
succulent food (roots) in winter. 

rv. Leicester Sheep. 
Leicester sheep arc considered as among the most valuable of British 
breeds, and justly so. Since their improvement by Bakewell, during the 
last century, they have been successfully used for the general improve- 
ment of the long-woolcd breeds of England, giving better feeding quali- 




ties, fineness and early maturity. They are divided into Leicesters proper 
and Border Leicesters. The modern improved Leicester is hornless ; the 
head small and clean; eyes bright, prominent and animated ; limbs clean 
and line-boned ; the neck and shoulders full and deep ; the body full ; 
back straight, with hind quarters tapering to the tail, and less square than 



,S(i() THK AMKUICAN I'AKMEU S STOCK liOOK. 

tlm Cotswnlds ; llicllcsli is uood, l)iit not the hi'st, hcinj:' too fat: tlic 
cars tliiii, loiiir, and dirci'tcd hacU. Tlic llccccs arc cspccialU- xaliiahKr 




for oonil)inii' wool, ln'in<i white, lony and lustrous, and will avi-rago seven 
or eight jjounds per tleei'e ; tlu' sUiii is thin, but soft and elastic. They 



V\i:iKTIi:S OF SIIEEI* AND TIIEIK f;iIAR.VCTEUISI'ICS. ,S()1 

fatten to wejirli, at twelve inonth.s old jjiist, up to twenty-five pounds each 
quarter, and at two years old up to about forty pounds per quarter. The 
t)reed is popular in sonic parts of the United States, especially in the 
West, liut to succeed they must have the very best of care and attention. 
Border Leicesters. — The breedinjf of the New Leicesters, or Dishley 
as they were sometimes called, ujjon the "Border Sheep" of En<;land, 
produced what became known as the Border Leicester, a sub-family that 
attained a distinct and well marked position in Enjrland, and which, under 
good management, at about one year and a half old, would dress from 
eighteen to twenty pounds per quarter of tender and succulent flesh. 
Older than tins the accumulation of fat was great, and the meat not fine. 
The i)rincii)al characteristics are an exceedingly small head, and small 
but fine bone in proportion to the weight of carcass. They have clean 
jaws ; thin ears ; full, placid eyes ; straight, broad, flat back ; arched 
ribs — a peculiarity of all Leicesters, giving the body often the appear- 
ance, when fully clothed with wool, of being broader tiian it is deep. 
Th(! belly is, also, carried very evenly below, giving ii straight or nearly 
straight line below. The skin is thin, but mellow, and the fleece long 
and soft, averaging nearly as much as the imi)royed Leicester — six to 
seven jiounds. Their heavy accumulation of fat has not made them fa- 
vorites in the United States. 

V. The Cotswolds. 

Tliere are none of the English breeds of sheep that have become so 
universally disseminated in th(! United States — not excepting the South- 
Downs — as have the Cotswolds. The improved Cotswold is one of the 
largest of English breeds, even since its refinement through the Leicester 
crosses. It is hardy and moderately early in maturing ; strong in con- 
stitution ; broad-chested ; round-barreled ; straight-backed ; and fattens 
kindly at thirteen to fifteen months old to yield fifteen pounds of mut- 
ton per quarter, and at two years old, from twenty to thirty pounds per 
quarter. The wool of the Cotswold is strong and rather coarse, but 
white and mellow, six to eight inches in length, and averaging seven to 
eight pounds per fleece ; some American fleeces have been sheared weigli- 
ing eighteen pounds. The two illustrations of Cotswold ewes will show 
the appearance of this favorite long-wooled breed as they appear under 
good keeping, before shearing time. 

Cotswolds in the West and South.— Their many good qualities, especi- 
ally their hardiness, adaptation to the rolling prairies of tln^ W<>st and 
the hill regions of the South, have made them general favorites with 
long-wool breeders. They also cross kindly with other breeds, including 
the South-Downs ; the ewes are prolific, and the tlesh of the iain'hs and 



THE AMKUKAN FAKMKli S STOCK BOOK. 



yearlings most excelkut. Jjilv(> all the long-wooled breeds, they accumu- 
iato much fat with age. Another point in their favor is that the fleeces 
are not "■innniy, and do not shrink, as do the Merinos. A pound of 
Cotswold wool, as it is taken from the sheep, will produce as much dean 




scoured wool as two and a half pounds of gummy Merino wool. South 
of the Ohio river, Cotswolds are often reported as wintering with little 
or no feeding, except grazing, unless during more than ordinarily severe 
winters. East and West of the Mississipi)i, in the latitude of St. Louis 



VAKIETIES OF SHEEP A\U THEIK CHA1!ACTEK1STK'8. 



ISC)''. 



and south of it, the same is true, and the statement will hold i:;ood 
with all the more hardy breeds. Yet, even in these genial climates, all 
sheep must be sheltered from storms, and it is by no means good policy 
to allow them to shift entirely for themselves in the matter of food. 
To show accurately the form of this adniiraVde breed, we give an il- 
lustration of a ewe, and also of a buck, showing their appearance after 
shearing. 

In the hill region of Virginia, and other parts of the South and West, 
the Cotswolds are yearly increasing in favor. The testimony of many 
Southern planters and farmers is decidedly in their favor. One statement, 







s±^ 



:;m;J&A!'^ 



i'kN.'iV'l 




COTSWOl.I) r.WK- 



that of a prominent farmer of Clark county, Va., must suffice. His 
testimony is as follows : It is far more profitable to keep the different 
varieties of mutton breeds, than the fine wools, or Merino breed in this 
portion of Vii'ginia. I say this from my own experience, and that of 
many intelligent gentlemen with whom I have convei'sed. The Cotswold 
sheep, and its crosses with the South-Down, are less liable to diseases of 
all kinds ; they are more prolific, better nurses, and less lial)le to lose their 
lambs than the Merino. The lambs are more vigoi'ous and hardy ; then 
jidd their early maturity, their fitness for market at eighteen months old, 
and their almost double value when in market, and you have advantages 
which far outweigh the additional amount of food which the mutton 
shecji may consume in jjroportion to iiis size. 



,S(; I TIIK AMICKICAN FAK.MKi: S STOCK HOOK. 

This is high pialso not only for the Cotswolds, but for the South- 
Downs which were always a favorite brci-d in tlu- hill region of the 




SHEARED COTSWOLD UAM. 



South. It must he remenibereil, however, that none of the long-wooled or 
the mutton breeds do well in large flocks. As before stated, 100 of these 




SHEAKED C'OTSWOLI> K.W1-: 



sheep is the largest number that should be flocked together. The illus- 
tration of yearling Cotswold will serve as a good ri'presentation of the 



VAliUVIlKS OF SHEEP AND TllKIl! CIIAItACTEKISTICS. 



865 



fully woolcd animal at this a.£^o. It also shows the fore-top of wool on 
the pate, which is characteristic of this breed. 




YEAKLINC; COTSWOLU. 



VI. New Oxfordshire Sheep. 



Another breed that lias been introduced into the United States, but has 
not met with general favor, is the New Oxfordshire, one of the breeds 



W^ 



M 






i ' 1(1/ '^' , iA 




NKW O.XFOKDSniRE EWE. 



arising from crosses of the New Leicester upon the Cotswold. They 
should not be confounded with the Oxford-Down, which is a cross between 



H(jt) 



TlIK AMEUIf'AX FAn^rEI: S STOCK HOOK. 



Iho Cotswold and Hampshire-Down, and belongs to the middle- wools, as 
well as to the special mutton breeds. In England they are regarded in 
their own locality with favor. They arc less hardy than the Cotswolds, 
and in the United States have not been received with special favor. The 
illustration of New-Oxfordshire ewe Aviil show the general appearance of 
the breed. 

VII. The Oxford-Downs. 

This excellent breed of English sheep is said to have originated about 
the year 1830, by crossing a Cotswold ram on a Hampshire-Down ewe, 
producing a sheep heavier than the Hampshire, reseml)ling the Cotswold 
in size and fleece, but finer and firmer in the fibre. The produce of these 
parents were bred together, and careful selection produced sheep that iu 



'iUmM»^m 








YEARLING OXFORD-l)O^VN. 



1862 were awarded a separate class at the English fairs. They are com- 
paratively rare in the United States. It is said of them that, in a district 
at the foot of the Cotswold hills, abounding in springy places, and re- 
quiring extensive drainage, they have succeeded and thriven where 
neither the Cotswolds nor the South-Downs would. A pen of these 
sheep, shown at the Smithfield cattle show, iu 1873, are reported to have 
averaged, at 22 months old, 298 i)ounds each, or 885 pounds for the pen 
of three. The average fleece is given as weighing 8 or 9 pounds, and of 
the best quality for worsted manufactures ; and rams are i-eported as 
having sheared 20 pounds of wool. The ewes are prolific, producing 150 
lambs to the 100 ewes. The Oxford-Downs mature early, dressing 80 



VAIIIETIE.S OF SHEKi" AND TIIEIU CIIARACTERIJSTICS. 



8(J7 



to 90 pounds of superior mutton at fourteen month of age. They are 
hardy, herd well, and are good feeders. They have a head niueh like 
the Cotswold, with the tuft on the forehead, but with dark grey face aud 




legs, like the Hampshires, hut the grey is lighter than that of the South- 
Downs. The fleece is thick and somewhat curled, giving 8 to 10 pounds 
each, yearly, for the ewes, and twelve to fifteen pounds for the rams. 
The wool is six to seven inches long, lustrous, neither hairy nor liarsh. 



HI) 8 



TIIK A.MKIMCAX FAUM I'.I;' S STOCK HOOK. 



but even in qiuilitv. This breed lias as yet been but sparsely introdueed into 
the United States, but wherever it has fallen into good hands, has been 
much liked, and is fully worthy of more extended trial, cspeeially ou soft 
and spongy lauds, where its eonstitutional vigor should stand it in good 

stead. 

vni. Middle and Short-wooled British Sheep. 

The niiddio and short-woolcd sheep of Great Britain are comprised 
prineipally in the following breeds : The Black-faced and the White- 
faced Highland sheep ; the Ilanipshire-Downs ; the Oxford-Downs ; the 
Shropshire-Downs ; the Cheviots ; the Dorsets ; the Welsh Mountain sheep, 
and tlie mixed Mountain siiecp of Ireland. 

IX. White-faced Mountain Sheep. 
Wales has long been noted for one of the indigenous breeds of British 
sheep, as it also has been as possessing one of the indigenous breeds of 
British cattle. This breed seems clearly allied to the Highland sheep of 
Scotland, and long occupied much of the lowlands and hill r(>gion adjoin- 
ing Wales. Its principal recommendation is the superior quality of the 




WIllTE-KACICU IIKJIILANM SlIKEl'. 



mutton, which, however, seldom weighs more than eight to ten pounds 
l)er quarter. These sheep are hardy, good nurses, with faces white, 
rusty-brown, or speckled with grey. The fleeces weigh only about two 
pounds each, but the wool is famous for its quality of not shrinking in 
washing, a (juaiity probably due, mainly, to the fact of its being homo- 



VAUIETIES OF SHEEP AND THEIR CHAEACTEKISTICS. 



8(itf 



spun, since the .sniuc (luality is iiUowcd to nil home-spun flannel in ;i 
greater or less decree 

X. Black-faced Highland or Scotch Sheep. 

This breed is celebrated for its i^reat hardiness and for its power of 
withstanding cold and living on scanty food even when the ground is cov- 
ered with snow, as well as for its superior mutton. It is the oldest breed 
known in Scotland. The face is black ; the muzzle thick ; the horns of 
the rains massive and spirally curved , eyes bright and wild ; the body 
square and compact. They heid well together, are docile and easily 




BLACK-FArKI) HIOHLANl) SHEEP. 



handled. When fat, the carcass will weigh from sixty to seventy pounds, 
and j-iclds mutton of exceedingly fine flavor. The ewes are excellent and 
careful mothers, and for these reasons we have given them a place in this 
work ; in some momitain regions of America, this and the "Welsh ^Moun- 
tain breed may come to be of value. The fleece of the White-faced breed 
will weigh about three pounds, but is adapted only to the manufacture of 
coarser fabrics, as carpets, blankets and rugs. 

XI. Hampshire-Downs. 

The Hampshire-Downs are a mixed breed, oi'iginating by crossing the 
South-Down on the native breed of Hampshire, followed later by the 
Cotswold. During this infusion of improved blood, they have retained 
their original hardy constitutions in a remarkable degree. Befoie the 
-var they were much esteemed in the South, as being larger and fully as 



«70 



THE AMKIiUAN lAmiEH S STOCK nO(1K. 



•rood ill tlu'ir niutton as the Soiitli-Dowiis. I'lu' laiiihs at a year old, un- 
derwood kiH'[i, will weigh 100 pounds oaoh, and tlio ilooc-cs give six to 
seven pounds of excellent combing wool. The mutton is not overloaded 










^•^Bxe^/Kse^t^ass 



1IAM|->II1KE-1)0\VN. 



with fat, and is juicy and excellent in tlavor. The Hampshire-Downs 
arc a hornless breed with l)lack face ; roman nose ; large head ; the 
whole frame massive and compact ; the barrel round and the limbs 
strong and short. 

XII. Shropshire-Downs. 

The original of the Shropshire-Downs is an old English breed which 
were kept on what was known as Marfe common, a tract of some 600,- 
000 acres. They were horned ; black or brown faced ; hardy, and con- 
stitutionally excellent ; yielding a medium fine fleece, of about two 
pounds weight ; and about fifty pounds of excellent niutton when ma- 
ture. Crossed with the Cotswold in tiie latter part of the last century, 
and later with the Leicester and South-Down, careful selection has pro- 
duced a sheep without horns ; faces and legs of a peculiar spotted gra^' 
or darker color ; small, firm head ; handsome ears ; thick but handsome 
neck ; broad deep breast — a round-barreled, broad-backed, tine-horned 
sheep, that at two years old, will dress 100 iiounds, and under extra feed 
120 pounds, of excellent mutton. The fleece is long, glossy and will 
yield about seven pounds of washed wool. The ewes are prolitic and 
good mothers, and wherever known in the United States and Canada, 
are highly prized. 



VARIETIES OF SIIEKl' AM) TIIEIK CIIAHACTEKISTICS. 



871 



Xni. South-Downs. 
The South-Downs, once the most rclebnitcd of the mutton breeds, 
both in England and the United States, ought probably still to be the 
favorites wherever the production of mutton is the chief ;iim of the 
breeder. But in the United States, wool is the most valua))le product of 
sheep husbandry, and in England the South-Downs have, of late years, 
given place in numy districts to the breeds heretofore mentioned, which 
combine good mutton with superior wool. This is very generally the 
case in the United States, and especially in the West, except in the 
vicinity of large cities whei-e superior mutton commands high prices. 
Still, the South-Downs have been bred for many years iu the United 
States, and are found in all sections of the country. The ewes are very 







SOTJTH-UOWN RAM. 

prolific. The staple of the wool is line and curled, with spiral ends, well 
adapted to carding. They are models of what a mutton and hill sheep 
should be ; in shape and character they have altered very much from the 
old-time South-Downs, being smaller in the bone, equally hardy, and 
with a greater disposition to fatten is coml)ined a heavier carcass when 
fat. The head of the modern South-Down should be of a medium 
length, and the lips thin ; the under-jaw, or chap, fine and thin ; the ears 
tolerably wide apart, well covered with wool, full and tliin ; the forehead 
well covered with wool, especially between the ears, and the eye full and 
bright, but not prominent. 

The neck should be of proportionate length, thin next the head, and 
enlarging towards the shoulders, where it should be broad and sti'aighton 
the top, and not wliat is generally called ewe-necked. The breast should 
be wide and deep, projecting well forward between the fore-legs. This 
is considered an essential point with gi'aziers, as the breast gives the 
sheep a greater degree of weight, and also indicates a good constitution 
and disposition to thrive. 



872 



TUK AMKlUfAN FAKMKK S STOC'K l',<)OK. 



The shoulders should he on a level with the back, and not too wide 
above. If the shoulder-plates are very wide on the top, it is generally found 
that the annual drops behind them. The back should be flat, from the 
shoulders to the setting on of the tail. The ribs should project horizon- 
tally from the si)ine, extending far backward, and the last rib projecting 
more than the others. The rump should be long and broad, the tail set 
on high, and nearly on a level with the spine ; the hips wide, and the 
space between them and the last rib on either side as narrow as possible, 
thus preventing the dropping of the bell}' ; the ribs generally presenting 
a cH'cular form. The legs should be of proportionate length ; the hind 
legs full in the inside at the point called the twist ; the hock, or hough, 
rather turning out. The fore-legs should be straight from the breast to 
the foot ; the face and legs of a dark brown color. 

XIV. Other Breeds of Great Britain. 

The breeds of sheep in Great Britain are as varied as the neighborhoods, 
very few of them, except those already mentioned, having more than 
a local reputation. In the summary of breeds, a few pages further on, 
these will be mentioned in connection with some of those described in 
the preceding pages. The only additional English breed necessary to 
illustrate here is the Dorset sheep. 

XV. Dorset Sheep. 

The Dorset sheep, while probably of the came origin as the Welsh 
Mountain, and the Scotch Highland shee^), are peculiar, we believe, to 




DOUSKT KAM. 



Dorsetshire. They are a hardy, active, stiong, luavily iiorned race, 
that wr>uld seem to I;e well al»!e to take care of theniseUes in iniiospitable 



VARIETIES OK SHEEI' AND TilEIK OHARACTEKISTICS. 



.S73 



regions. They are larger in every way than the Highlanders, prolific, 
and both rams and ewes are horned. They are said to produce young 
twice in the season, and this is turned to account, since the mutton of the 
lambs IS excellent, and sells for good prices. At two years old, they are 
said to dress 100 pounds each, and the fleeces are close, soft and white, 
and comb well, and weigh about six pounds each. It is probable that 
they might have some value in the mountain regions, where the lambs 
might be made available in some near market. 

XVT. Fine Wooled Sheep. 

The principal breeds of fine wooled sheep that have attained a good 
reputation, are : The Spanish, the Saxony, the Silesian, the French Meri- 
nos, and the American Merinos. This latter breed, years since famous 
all over the United States, is the result of careful breeding from Span- 




MERINO KAM. 



ish Stock. All ttie otiier breeds have been carefully tried in the United 
States but not with satisfaction. Both the Saxony and the Silesians have 
exceedmgly fine wool. In Australia many of the flocks have received an 
infusion of Saxon blood; but at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadel- 
phia, there was nothing in the vast variety of these fleeces to induce 



S74 



riii: AMKiJUAN lAimr.i! 



iTOCK HOOK. 



Aiiu'iican brocdors to iiiaUi- ;i rluunif in tlu'ir own tiiu'-wooloii sheep. 
A cross of the Freneli Mormo on Aiuerii'.in Merinos, anil :i seooiul eross, 
making the strain three quarters American and one quarter French, re- 
sulted in increased size, but the animals were tender and bad feeders. 
This iniiihl liave been expected, since tiie French Merinos are at best a 
monirrd race. It is doubtful if now a tlock of Frer.cii Merinos can be 
found in the United Stntes. 

XVII. American Merinos. 
60 widely disseminated are this most valuable breed in every portion of 
the United States, and so well known are they, that it is not necessary to 
jro into a description of their origin further tlian what has been given. 




ORorr OK AMERirw merixos. 



SutKi-e it to say they are now divided into llnee families, known a> the 
.Vtwood, the Kich, and the Ilanuuond Merinos, from the names of the 
three original breeders of these strains. They have bi>en improved by 
hnig I'ontinued and careful selections. 

XVm. The Atwood and Hammond Merinos. 
The .Vtwtiod Merinos were originated in 1 M .'> by ^Ir. .Vtwood, from 
what were known as the Hunqihrev slock. .\.i>out 1844 Mr. Hammond, 
from selections from the .Vtwood tlock. produced the larger breed of 
.Vmerican Merinos, perfect in the length and thickness of tleeee and 
thickness of staple, and characterized l>v great looseness of the skin 
which lies in soft, low, rounded ridges over the body, but offering no oli- 
stnution to the shears. These were originally of Infantado and Paular 
blood, (he raulais, it is saiil, prevailing. 



VAKIKTIKS OF KIIKKI' AM> THKIIt CJIAKACTEHISTICS. b7.0 

XIX. Tho Rich Merinos. 

Those were originally descended from th(i pure I'aulars of Spain, and 
by careful breeding und selection were much improved by Mr. Sihis Rich, 
of V(!rinont, and by his son. Thus the American Merinos originated 
from the choicest families from the herds of Spanish grandees, at the 
time of their confiscation and sale by the Spanish government, about 
1809. Hon. Wm. Jarvis, at that time United States Consul at Lisbon, 
bought '^J)()() sheep from the flocks of the Paulars, Negrettis, Agueirres 
and Montarcos. Tho flocks of these grandees are said to have amounted 
to an aggregate of 50,000 sheep. The animals bought by Mr. Jarvis 
were tho cream of Spanish flocks, and with the Infantados, make up the 
five faniili(!S which constitute the ground-work of the American Mei-inos, 
now acknowledged to be; the most valual)l(! fintvwooled sheep in the 
world. 

'I'lius we possess the descendants of the Infantados, large, compact, 
rather long bodied, and the descendants of tho Paulars, smaller but exceed- 
ingly riitli in all that constitutes fine wool — two well marked families that 
would bo injured by tho infusion of foreign blood, from whatever source 
it might come. 

XX. About Shoep In General. 

In Gr(vit Britain tho breeding and fcu'ding of sheep has been second in 
importance only to that of cattle. Since tlie settlement of Australia and 
the other British dependencies, tlio brooding of fine-woolod slioop in 
Elngland has been almost entirely abandoned, and long, medium and 
short-wooled sheep — valuable as well for mutton as for their fleeces — 
have taken their ])lace, leaving to the United States, and to the British 
colonies, the almost (ixclusivo breeding of fine-wooled shoep — Saxony, 
Silesian, and French and Spanish Merinos. This production has grown 
into great magnitude, owing to the fact before stated, that those Merinos 
may be kept in immense flocks, and to the added reason, that, in Aus- 
tralasia and in Texas, New Mexico, and the great American plains east of 
tli(! Rocky mountains, there are vast ranges of country where stock of all 
kinds may bo herded at a minimum cost. 

The sheep of the world are estimated at 600,000,000 head, yielding 
'3,000,000,000 pounds of wool annually. Of this number Groat 
Britain has ;]5,000,000 sheep, shearing annually 218,000,000 pounds of 
wool. This wool is principally of long, middle and short staple, but is 
not what is known as fine wool. The rough wool, medium fine to coarse, 
but not uniform in its texture, is produced in South America and Mexico 
from .58,000,000 sheep, yielding annually 174,000,000 pounds of wool ; 
in North Africa, with 20,00(1,000 sheep yielding 4.5,000,000 pounds ; and 



876 THE AMERICAN FAKMEIl S STOCK BOOK. 

ill Asia with 175,000,000 slioep, yielding aiimiallj 350,000,000 pounds of 
wool. Now if we add 25,000,000 slioop to these numbers for the moun- 
tain regions and northern portions of Europe, Greece, and Turkc}', and 
50,000,000 for Russia, producing in all 164,000,000 pounds of wool, the 
entire balance of the world may be set down as the home of fine-wooled 
sheep. Of these Australia has 60,000,000 ; the United States 36,000,- 
000; the Cape of Good Hope 12,000,000; Germany 29,000,000; Aus- 
tro-Hungary 21,000,000; France 26,000,000; Spain 22,000,000; Italy 
11,000,000; Portugal 2,750,000 sheep. Of all these countries, Austra- 
lia produces the finest wool, while the United States and Canada come 
next, although Canada is essentially a mutton producing country, which 
the United States is not, for the number of sheep kept. 

Notwithstanding the immense area in the United States adapted to 
sheep husbandry, the industry has not kept pace with the demand, and 
until ten years ago our wool imports were constantly on the increase in 
spite of the yearly increase of our flocks. From 1870 to 1875, only 
two-thirds of our manufactured wool product was home grown. Since 
that time our annual imports have not increased. The bulk of imported 
wool is of low grade carpet wools, and unwashed Merino, and c«ustitut> 
ing only one-fourth of the product manufactured. 

XXI. The Average Wool per Sheep. 

In the United States the average weight of wool per fleece is over five 
pounds ; in Australia it is over four pounds ; in Great Britiau four iuid 
three-quarters pounds ; in the German Empire three and two-thirds 
pounds ; in France four and five-sixths pounds ; in Austro-Hungary 
three pounds. South American fleeces are variable in weight, hut much 
lighter than those of Austi'alia, and probably will not average more than 
three pounds of wool each. 

XXII. Summary ol British Breeds. 

The report to the Government of the United States, following the 
Vienna Exhibition, states the characteristics of prominent English breeds 
as follows : The British breeds are most naturally divided according to al- 
titudes and fertility of their habitat. The large breeds, white, hornless, 
and bearing long wool with small felting property, occup}' the rich allu- 
vial districts, the land.T reclaimed from the sea, and the highly cultivated 
and very productive farm-areas. These are the Leicester, Lincoln, Rom- 
ney-lNIarsh, Cotswold, the few remaining of the Devonshire Notts, the 
Roscommon, and similar Irish sheep. Next should be classed the sheep 
of the chalk-downs, the commons and forests, suited to a dry and tem- 
perate climate. These are the Downs of several families, perhaps now to 



VARIETIES OF SHEEP AND TIIEIU CHARACTERISTICS. S77 

be taken as breeds, the Dorsets and their congeners — tlie puik-noscd 
Somersets. They produce a short, felting-wool, suited to inferior grades 
of goods. The Ryeland, formerly found in the western counties, and es- 
teemed for producing tiic tincst cloth-wool of England, is now almost ex- 
tinct. The third general division comprises tlie mountain breeds, first 
the Cheviots of the hills of the North of England and borders of Scot- 
land ; the Black-face of the central chain of mountains and moors north- 
ward from Devl)yshire to the mountains of Scotland ; and two varieties 
of Welsh mountain-sheep, and the Kerry and other mountain breeds of 
Ireland. There are many local remnants of the ancient stock allied to 
the above, but there are none worthy of special mention. The weight of 
fleece of British sheep averages about five pounds. The Lincolns may be 
placed at eight pounds, the Cotswolds nearly the same, the Leicesters at 
seven, the Downs at four, the Cheviots at three, the Black-faces at two 
and one-half, and the Welsh at two. The Leicesters are most numerous, 
exceeding one-third of all ; the Downs one-sixtli, the Black-faces nearly 
as many. Cheviots one-eighth, leaving about one-fifth for other breeds. 
The heavy breeds of eighty years ago, modified mainly hy the Leicester, 
now fui'uish lighter fieeces. 



CHAPTER 111. 



BREEDING AND CABE OF SHEEP. 



I. CONSTANT WATCHFtTLKESS NECESSARY. II. THE BREEDING AGE OF SHEEP. 

III. CROSSING. IV. COUPLING. V. THE PKOrEU TIME FOR COLl»- 

MNG. VI. GESTATION. VII. KEEP A RECORD Of THE BREEDING. 

VIII. MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING OF RAMS. IX. P.ASTrEAGE FOR SHEEP. 

X. WATER. XI. PROTECTION FROM INSECTS. XII. EARl-Y AND LATE PAS- 
TURE AND FEEDING. XIII. WINTER FEEDING. XIV. SHEEP BARNS. XV. 

{'.HADING THE SHEEP. XVI. FEDING TROUGHS AND RACKS. XVII. CASTRATION 

AND DOCKING. XVIIl. WEANING THE LAJIBS. XIX. LAMBING TIME. XX. 

THE NURSERY. XXI. TAGCtING SHEEP. XXII. MASHING AND SHEARING. 

XXIII. TYING THE WOOL. XXIV. DIPPING AKD ANOINTING SHEEP. XXV. 

A WORD ABOUT GOATS. 

I. ConstantWatcMulness Necessary. 

Con.sttint care and attention are necessary in the managemeutof sheep. 
They are timid, without self-reliance, a pre}' to dogs : and even foxes 
will destroy the lambs. The necessit}' of keeping large flocks together 
causes them to be especiall}' liable to contagious and epidemic diseases. 
In any district where nuuw sheep are kept, M'andering curs must be de- 
stroyed. They are worse than wolves and foxes ; for the latter may be 
guarded against at night, while dogs scare and destroy sheep in the day 
time as well. Care must, also, be taken to secure them against conta- 
gious and epidemic diseases. The shepherd must be watchful, vigilant 
and attentive, summer and winter; it is woi'th his while to be so, for 
there is money in sheep, once in the fleece and once in the carcass. 

n. The Breeding Age of Sheep. 

The proper age for sheep to breed is two years. The ewe may be 
placed with the buck in the autumn after she i.s one j'ear old, and there- 
after she may continue to breed until the age of ten years. But unless 
there is something in a buck or ewe more than ordinarily valuable, it is 
hardlj' economy to continue them breeding beyond seven or eight years 
old. From the age of three to eight years the be.st lambs will be pro- 
duced. Under exceptional circumstances a strong ram will cover 100 
ewes if allowed only one ser%nce each ; but as a rule it is better to keep 
a ram for each fifty ewes. 

878 



BUKr.DIMi AM) CAKK OF SHEEP. f> ( :' 

III. Crossing. 

Unless the bi-eeder be tlioroujriily informed, und is breeding with u 
view to the estal)lishniont of a new breed, in wliich distinct charaeteristies 
• ire to be perpetuated, notiiing is gained ))y crossing two distinct breeds. 
I'lic breeding of grades is diffei-cnt. If the farmer cannot afford to 
l)reed pure stock, the American iMcrimi may Ik^ crossed upon any of the 
ordinary fine-wooied sliecp of a district. In like manner the Downs will 
improve tlie quality of tlic mutton and wool ; the Leicester will give 
increased size and early maturity, and length of the wool staple; so Vviil 
the CoLswold, and IIh; latter will certainly get good constitutionc<l shecjp. 
The breeding of IVIcrinos upon long-wooled sheep should never be 
thought of. 

IV. Coupling. 

In bi-eeding in Hock, when more than (Mie ran. is kept, select the c\\-es 
most fitted to each ram. At the coupling season, drive a flock to the 
yard and let the proper ram in to thcin ; never allow more than one ser- 
vice, and, as soon as performed, separate the ewe, and so proceed until 
all the ewi'S in ])vo])cr condition arc served. Never allow a teaser, that 
is, an aproned ram, to run with the tloci\. Make a record of the ewes 
sei'\'cd. and if from the fourteenth to the seventeenth day they do nf)t 
again come into heat, they may be considered to be with lamb; but to 
nndic sure, tlii'y may l)e relumed to the ram upon the thirteenth day 
after service. 

V. The Proper Time for Coupling. 

November is the season foi- cou|)ling ; but if the object be to raise the 
sheep for mutton and wool, the lambs should not be dropped until after 
the time of grass, unless a place artificially Avarnied be provided for 
weaning. If the object be to sell young hunbs, the earlier in the season 
they arc produced the more money they will bring. 

VI. Gestation. 

p]wes carry their young on an average of 152 days from the time of 
successful service. Twenty-two weeks is usually' allowed, but the time 
may vary a we;'k or ten days either way ; 14fi days is the shortest period 
and Ifil days the longest. 

VII. Keep a Record of Breeding. 

There is nothing more important in breeding animals — especially pure- 
bi'ed animals and grades — than to keep a careful record of the breeding. 
If you buy or br(>ed an animal intended for breeding, enter its age and 
pedigree, unless the entry is already made in a public record (herd book). 



R,SO ril''^ A.MKUICAN I'AKMEK S STOCK BOOK. 

ill wliifli c-aso refer to it by p:»ge ami number. Write down, also, every 
trait and eharacteristic, even to the minutest, including feeding and 
thriving qualities ; it will save you much care and vexation in future. If 
you are breeding sheep, preserve samples of the wool from year to year, 
and attach to the samplv^s a record of weiglits, with comparison of quality 
from year to year, and one fleece with another. Thus, on all occasions, 
you may satisfy not only yourself, but any buyer as to the quality of 
your herd. Even with ordinary flocks, a carefully kept register of name, 
age, characteristics, and quality will be found useful. 

VIII. Management and Training of Kama. 

Rams should be trained to. docility and obedience, and this is not diffi- 
cult to do. They should never be allowed to run with the flock of ewes, 
but should have separate pastures and enclosures, clean and comfortable, 
and entirely disconnected from the flocks. They should be trained to 
lead and to be handled ; and if more than twenty ewes are to be served 
during the season, the ram should have extra feed and care for at least 
six weeks before tupping time. One hundred and fifty ewes have been 
served by a single ram during an extended season, but under the best of 
keeping less than 100 is better than over that number. Do not let a ram 
serve more than two or three ewes in the beginning of the season, in- 
creasing the number to five, and even ten, if necessity demands. As the 
season approaches the close, restrict him again to a small number, for an 
exhausted male cannot get strong progeny. To keep the reproductive 
powers in full vigor, daily exercise must be kept up. There is more in 
this than many persons imagine. 

IX. Pasturage for Sheep. 

Sheep eat a variety of vegetation other than the true grasses. They 
ai'c fond of many weeds, and if allowed they will soon reduce the weeds 
that spring up after harvest. All the pasture grasses arc natural to sheep, 
except those, like Timothy, which close feeding is apt to kill. Blue 
grass, orchard grass, the fescues, red-top, i-ye gi-ass, etc., maybe the 
main dependence for sheep ; clovers they do not like so well. In pastur- 
ing ewes with lambs it is well to have spaces through which the lambs 
can pass, and yet which will not permit the egress of the ewes. In Eng- 
land these are called lamb creeps ; this arrangement, as shown in the 
illustration, often enables the lambs to get much succulent food outside, 
and they do no damage to crops. In fact, sheep are often turned into 
corn-fields, and other hoed crops, late in the season, to eat the weeds, of 
which they are fond. They will soon clean a crop if it be such as they 
will not damage. 



BREEUIXO AND CAKE OF SHEEP. 



881 



X. Water. 



It has been said that sheep require no water when pasturiiisr. Do not 
listen to such folly. On very succulent grass they will live without it, 
Hnd as a rule, take hut little. Thev should alwavs iiuve it to take when 




LA.MB CKEEPS. 



they desire. Like any other animal, sometimes their systems requires 
more than at othei's. This is especially trut^ during suckling time. See 
that they have it, and of pure quality. Sheep, above all other animals, 
should never drink from stagnant pools. 

XI. Protection from Insects. 

In summer, sheep should have shelter where they may escape from the 
many insects that torment them, especially the sheep gad-fly, and others 
producing internal parasites ; also, during July and August, j^rovide a 
plowed surface of mellow soil, and smear their noses, if necessary, daily 
with tar. 

XII. Early and Late Pasture and Feeding. 

The better your early and late pastures are, the easier you can winter 
your sheep, especially in the "West where few roots are raised. Attend to 
this, and supplement the pastures by sowing rye and other hardy cereal 
ffvaiiis, which mav be done on corn land of the same season, at the last 



882 THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 

plowing, and upon grain land intended for hoed erops next season. Liglit 
grain, of little other value, will prove a mine of wealth in this way if sown 
as directed. 

Never allow your sheep to fall away in flesh before they are put iuto 
the feeding yards and harns for the winter. The time to feed is before 
they hegiu to lose flesh. They will, indeed, shrink in weight somewhat, 
as the feed becomes dry, but it will be principally moisture that they lose, 
if proper feeding be kept up. When the full succulence of the flesh is 
to be kept up, there is nothing better than roots — Swedish turnips, car- 
rots and beets being the most profitable in the West. At all events, as 
the pastures become dry, let the sheep have one feed a day of somethuig 
better than they can pick up in the fields. 

Xm. Winter Feeding. 

You cannot have an even texture of wool, if sheep are allowed to 
fall away greatly in flesh, or even receive a decided check. Every time 
this occurs, a weak place wdl be found in the wool. Nor can you raise 
heavy fleeces on hay. If you do not intend to take the best of care of 
sheep, and keej) them thriving, you had better not keep any but the com- 
monest kinds. It is true, you will lose money on these, but then you 
will have the satisfaction of knowing tiiat you have lost less money than 
you would have lost on better ones. 





ALLOWED TO SHIFT FOK ITSELF. WINTEHKU WITH GOOD SHELTER AND FEED. 

The f(!eding of roots is essential to the l)est care of sheep, especially 
when the succulence of the flesh is to be retained ; but roots are not abso- 
lutely ne('essary. The question of cost must be considered in connection 
witii grain. Carrots and j)arsiiips may I)e raised witii proper implements 
and put in pits for five dolliirs per ton ; and Swedish turiiii)s and mangel 
wurzels, for about three dollars or less. Carrots are excellent for ewes 
before lambing time, and i)arsnips for those giving milk ; the latter may 
i)c left all winter in the ground and be fed up to the time grass be- 
comes flush. Beets should not be fed until after January on account of 



BKEEDINli AND C'AKE OF SHEEP. W.\ 

!iM acrid principle thej conUiiii when first pitted. They are l)est when 
used after the Swedes are exhausted. 

Xrv. Sheep Bams. 

These need not be expensive structures, since it is onl}' necessary to 
provide shelter that will keep out wind and water, and at the same time 
admit of proper ventilation. Ventilators for the escape of foul air must 
be provided at the peak of the I'oof , and sliding doors and windows are 
needed to allow the ingress of air, according to the wind and temperature. 




-iMi'i.i-; >iiki.i'i-:k, i;it 



Let there l)c a passage-way through the center, if many sheep be kept, 
wide enough to admit a wagon — say nine feet — for ease in feeding and 
cleaning. On each side of this passage should be the racks and troughs 
for feeding, the pens l)eing arranged so as to accomodate about twenty- 
five sheep each. In very severe weather this passage may be used for 
sheltering sheep kept in open sheds, if necessary. The illustration shows 
one of the simplest forms of shelter, a structure of poles covered witl: 
hav. 



8«4 



TllK AMElilCA.N I'Al;.MKi: S ST()( K ];()OK. 



XV. Grading the Sheep. 

Sheep in winter should be ciirefuily graded, iui'ordiiiir to size, strength 
and condition. Strong hinibs should not be put with weak ones; the 
same rule applies with owes and wethers. Hams should never be kept 
with any other sheep ; nor should ewes be kept with wethers. Fat- 
tening sheep will, of course, always be kept by themselves. The hirger 
the flock the more closely can sh<'ep and lambs be graded, according to 
age, size, strength and other conditions. 

XVI. Feeding Troughs and Racks. 

Sheep should never he fed on the ground, but from suitable troughs and 
racks. The arrangement of these will depend ujjon whether the sheep are 
to 1)e fed under sheltei or not. The racks should be low enough foi' the 




OMHINATION TltOUGll. 



sheep readily to get the fodder without reaching too high, and below 
should be a receptacle for catching the waste. The illustration given 
.shows a good form of feeding trough ; if intended for hay, let the slant- 
ing board be of slats, or it may economically be made double, so as to 



BUEKDIN(J AXU (AKK OF SlIEEP. 



X.S.5 



allow fepdinjT; on both siilc>. Again, it may 1>C' used altcrualcU' for liotii 
bay and grain : tbe biugetl doors allow easy cleaning. Tbe back is up- 




d-k-. 



IMPROVED SHEEP RACK FOR PREVENTING WASTE. 

right ; the center boards are movable to work up or down, so that when 
feeding from ])()th sides they rest together on the center beam. 

XVI. Castration and Docking. 

Lambs should be castrated at from two to four daj^s old. A lamb is 
held by an assistant, who turns him upon his back, holding the rump be- 
tween the knees — the head towards himself — taking the fore and hind 
legs in each hand, putting the fore legs outside of the hind, and holding 
them firmly just above the knee joints. The operator takes hold of the 
pouch and pulls it gently, so as to get as much as possible of it, and then 
with a sharp knife at a single stroke, or better, a pair of sti'ong shears, 
takes off the pouch prett}^ close to the testicle. Then take a firm hold of 
each testicle separately between the fore finger and thumb of the right 
hand, and pull it out with all the cord that adheres to it. This com- 
pletes the operation. The reason for cutting off all the pouch that can 
be easily pulled beyond the testicle is, that it leaves a much evener sur- 
face for shearing than if only a little is taken off. This operation should 
be performed in the morning, and the lanil)s then turned out to move 
about, which will, in a great measure, jirevent any disposition to swelling 
or .stiffening of the parts, which is frequently tiic case if they are allowed 
to lie still for a time afterward. 

Doekmg should be performed as soon as they recover from the gelding, 
generally al)out three days afterward. This operation should be per- 
formed with a single strt)ke of a sharp knife, and in the evening, being 
careful to sever the tail at a joint, the assistant drawing tlie skin of the 
tail to the l)odv, so that the end will well co\er tlie stuli. 'Vhou allow 



XHi; rilK AMKIMCA.N I'AIt.M KlI S STOCK liOOK . 

tlie Hock to lit' <l()\vii ••Hid kcL'|) (iiiiet aiul still, so th:it llioy may lose the 
li'ust possililc aiiioiuit of blood. liy iiioriiiiig IIk- wound will bo sufficiently 
dried that no fear of bli^odin^' need be entertained, unless by aecident. 
Ill no case should they Ix^ driven or put to any extra exortion inunediately 
after being doeked, fen- sometimes they will bleed to death. If much 
bleeding ensues, toueh the part liglitly with a red-hot iron. 

XVIII. Weaning the Lambs. 

Spring lambs should be weaned only in tiie fall, so the dams may have 
the advantage of grass to recuperate l)efore winter. Lambs, in fact, 
should do well enough if weaned at three months old, and four months' 
suckling is ample ; nothing is gained by allowing them to run longer 
with the dams. When once taken away, they should be placed entirely 
out of sight and hearing of the dams, and if several are together they 
will sooner become contented. 

XIX. Lambing Time. 

Especial care must be taken of the ewes at and near lambing time. 
If the weather is not warm enough to fully prevent chilling, tire heat and 
a secure place must be provided nntil the iamb is dried and has taken the 




CAllINC roi; Till-. l.AMIiS 



teat. A voung lanil) is tlu' teiuli rest of all farm animals, and a ewe is 
very apt to become indifferent to a weak lamb. Hence the necessity of 
that constant care and watchfulness, which will suggest itself to every 
intelligent ])erson. 



i!i;i;i;i>i.\(; and cauk of yniiiEP. 887 

XX. The Nursery. 

Every shepherd shoukl provide a nursery for sheep that are ailing, es- 
pecially in winter. This may even he made availa))le as a jjlace foi' 
lambing. It is hetter, however, that both a lambing place and a nursery 
be provided, since tire is essential for new-born lambs early in the season. 

XXI Tagging Sheep. 

This is important and should be performed as soon in the spring as 
possible, certainly before the sheep are turned to grass. Securetho sheep 
and cut away all the wool about the buttocks liable to gather dirt 
and dung which accumulates in balls. It will improve the sheep and save 
much trouble at shearing time. 

XXn. Washing aad Shearing. 

We do not believe in washing sheep. It is distressing and dangerous 
to the sheep, and the wool often becomes dirty again before shearmg. 
But if the sheep are to be washed, it should be done in clear, running 
water, on a gravelly bottom, or under a stream of water. Do not shear 
for three days or more after washing, according to the weather. For 
those who still believe in washing sheep, the two illustrations will sliow 
tlie old and the new method, the latter being the best. 

It is important tliat the shearing be properly done, and no unskilful 
person should be allowed to handle the shears. It is better to pay an e.\- 
ti a price than to allow the skin of the sheep to be clipped and torn in 
shearing. If the sheep have been washed, shearing should take place 
M hen the oily-feeling matter, termed yolk, has so far l-eajjpeared in the 
wool as to give it its natural brilliant appearance and silky feeling. The 
wool should be cut off evenly and smoothly, reasonably close, l)ut not 
l».'aving the .skin naked and red, which renders the sheep very liable to re- 
ceive injury from cold. Stubble shearing and trimming, leaving the wool 
long, so as to give the next fleece the appearance of extraordinary length, 
orleavingitlongin places, in order to affect the apparent shape of tiie an- 
imal, are both frauds, but are sometimes practiced by unscrupulous per- 
sons, on sheep intended for show or for sale. 

XXIII. Tying the Wool. 

The fleece should be as little broken as j)ossible in shearing. It should 
be gathered up carefully, placed on a sinooth table, with the inside ends 
down, put into the exact shape in Mhich it came from the sheep, and 
pressed close together. If there are dung-balls, they should be re- 
moved. Fold in each side one-quarter, next the neck and breech one- 
quiirtcr, and the fleece will then l)e in ;m ohh)ng si|uai'e form, some 



888 



TIIK AMKIMCAN 1 AKMKI: s STOCK liOOK. 



twenty iiiclu-s wide, and twi-nty-livc or thirty inches long. Then fold it 
oneo more lengthwise and it is ready to l)e rolled up and tied, or placed 
in the j)ress. 

XXIV. Dipping and Anointing Sheep. 

For freeing sheep of vermin, as lice and ticks, and also to free 
them from mange and other itch insects, recourse must he had to dip- 
ping, as it is termed. When large flocks are kept, this is the only course 




[23^^^^^^^ 



OLD WAY OF WASHING SHEEP. 



to i)ursue. When but few sheep arc kept, the cure is accomplished gen- 
erally hy anointing them with any of the prei)arations in common use for 
this purpose. For those who prefer ointments, the following will he 
founil good : One pound mercurial ointment, one-half pint oil of tur- 
pentine, one pound resin, and six j)ounds of lard. Dissolve the resin in 
the tur|)ontine ; dissolve the lard hy gentle heat, mi.x the mercurial oint- 
ment thoroughly with it, and when cold rub l)oth ))reparati()ns well to- 
gether. In applying this, the wool must he parted well down to the skin 
from between the cars to the tail. Fi'om this similar partings should he 
made along the shoulders and thighs to the legs and also parallel ones 



BUEEDI\(; ANU CARE OF SHEEP. 



889 



aloiiii' the sides. These fun-ows must liuvc the ointment lightly ruhhed 
into the skin as the}' are formed. 

For dipping sheep, suitahle yards, a dipping trough, and dripping plat^ 
form must be provided ; also means for heating and keeping the li([Uor 
hot. The following is one of the best mixtures, having met with favor 
in England, Australia and America : Three pounds arsenic, three pounds 
jiearl ash, three pounds sulphur, three pounds soft soap. J\lix in ten 
gallons of hoiling water, stir, hut ;ivoid tlie fumes, and add ninetv gallons 







THE NEW WAV Of WASHING SUEEl". 




of cold water. Prepare a tank that will easily allow a sheep to be dipped, 
having a slanted, slatted drain at the side, tight bottom underneath, to 
allow the drip to run back. Dip the sheep, back down, being careful not 
to allow the head to enter the poisonous mixture, letting the animal re- 
main one minute. Lift on to the slats and rub and squeeze the wool, 
until pretty well drained, and place in a 3'ard until dry. AVhen partly 
dry, go over the heads with the ointment as reconnnendcd in ca^e the flock 
is too small to allow the expense of i)reparing for dijiping. 



«90 



TIIK A.MKKIfAN FAUMKU iS STOCK BOOK. 



XXV. A Word About Goats. 

So much ha.s heen .said about the keeping of goats for their fleeee, that 
we "■ive a .suuimary of the faets in the case. The suhstance of what fol- 
lows was prepared by the writer for the American Encych)piBdia of Agri- 
culture, from which wo extract : 

As a food animal, neither the common goat nor its kids are nmch es- 
teemed in the United States. As for their milk, we seldom see them 
kept, except occasionally for the use of invalids. In many countries, 




AN(iOUA Hlf'K. 



however, as in some mountainous sections of P^urope and Asia, it is differ- 
ent. Large flocks are kept, not c)nly for their milk, but for tlie manu- 
facture of cheese. This is especially true of Switzerland. In ^Mexico and 
New Mexico large numbers arc kept. In some portions of Te.vas, and in 
California, they are more or loss found. In mountainous, Ijarren regions 
where subsistence may scarc^ely be had for cattle, the goat may eventually 
find a place in the United States. Such, however, has not yet been the 
case with the exceptions named. Iloi'e and there goats are kept aliout 
stables for tlieii' supposed good effect on the health of the horses. Of the 



IJKKEDIXO AM) CAKE OF SHEEl'. 



891 



other varieties of -goats introduced into the United States, at different 
times, there has been great confusion of names. Thus, it has I)eeu said, 
the Cashmere, Persian, Angora, and Circassian goats are the same, only 
moditied by altitude where raised. This is imdoubtedl}' a mistake. The 
Cashmere and Thibet goats are the same, and in their native country are 
said to yield only about three ounces of the precious down per fleece, of 
which the costly Cashmere shawls are made. In France the introduction 
of the Cashmere goat, in 1819, did not prove profitable, the yield of 




FEMALE ANGORA. 



down being too small. In 182:^ a cross was made between the Cashmere 
and Angora goat, which brought the yield of down from three ounces to 
thirty-three ounces per fleece. In 1849 the first introduction of Cash- 
mere goats was made into the South. Other importations into other 
States have followed, notably to New York and California, esi)ecially of 
the Angora goat. The cuts of male and female Angoras will show their 
characteristics. They are now found in nearly every State in the Union, 
principally through their crosses on the common female goat. They are 
hardv even in Wisconsin, yet the}' have not proved jjrofitable to their 



S!l-J 



TiiK \Mi;i;i(.\N i.\i;mI''.k s stuciv iuvdk. 



(iwiiors, ovou ill iiiiumlniii districts, and llicir int-cdiiii;- Ins pn-tly miicli 
lnH'U iiltandoiii'd, i-xccpl in sunu- portions of tin" Soulli. I'ImIi, and Cali- 
foniia. 

TliiM'o \vt>iild siHMU to Ix' no roiisoii why (lio roaring of Angora goats 
slionld not lio |)rolilal>lo in niui-li of tlio liiil anil mountain regions of (lu< 
Sonlli. and in tlio inonnlain n-gions of California and Drogon. Mncli of 
lln> liiU and |>lain region of tlu< far \\'est ^lioidd also he cxci'llonllv adap- 
ted to this indnstl'N. Thai the eoinnion goal thli\es and breeds w it h i lie 
utmost feenndlty ni .Me\ieo and New Mexieo is well known, and this is 
Iruo of the plain regions w herever tiiey have been tried. Tin* Angora 
will tlii'i\(' wherever the eiiminon goat will. The probability is (hat tlii> 
iiigii price of the pure .-.I ocU operates against tlu' lir(>eiling of these aiii- 
iiials ; and besides liiile is really known of them outside tin" line breeders 
who ari> inlorosUHl in llieni. Capital is cautious about I'lilering into un- 
tried ehannels ; this is especially true of agricultural capital. Farnu>rs. as 
a class, aie conservative in their ideas, jind pro|ierly so, since their wealth 
is. as a rule, accuinulated slowly. I'robably the time has not. come for 
the development of this industry ; if it ever i-omes, it must arise fi-oni a 
st»<ady and ii>eri>asing d<Miiaiul for tlu' staple, and only whenthest- |lece(<d 
Angoras shall lia\<- proved themsolvos luiapted to tho cliniato, and rou- 
sonably prolilic. 



PART VIII. 



Diseases of wSheep. 

now TO KNOW I'lIKM; TUh^Ilf CAUSES, i'KEVEN- 

tio:n and cuke. 



Diseases of Sheep. 



CHAPTER 1. 



GENEBAL DISEASES. 



I. REFERRING TO SCIENTIFIC TERMS. II. INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. III. DIS- 
TEMPER OR EPIZOOTIC CATARRH. IV. GRUBS IN THE HEAD. V. HYDATIDS ON 

THE BRAIN. VI. APOPLEXY. VII. INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. VIII. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES. IX. SWELLED HEAD. X. VEGETABLE POISON- 
ING. XI. TETANUS OR LOCK-JAW. XII. PARALYSIS OR PALSY. XIII. RA- 
BIES OR CANINE MADNESS. 

I. Referring to Scientific Terms. 
The anatomy and explanation of the terms used to designate the several 
parts of a sheep have been treated of in Chapter I of Part VII. A care- 
ful study of these is necessary to enable the flock-owner intelligently to 
undertake the cure of disease, as well as to enable him to become nicely 
conversant with all that goes to make up physical perfection in the ani- 
mal. The knowledge of these things is an important integer in consti- 
tuting the diffei'ence between haphazard and practically intelligent 
breeding, management, and cure of diseases, and may save the intelli- 
gent man valuable animals and much money yearly. In the United 
States and Canada, the fatal diseases to which sheep are subject are 
comparatively few ; and this is especially true in the West and South- 
west, owimi, probably, to the fact that the summer and autumn are com- 
paratively diy and equable, and the winters not characterized by excessive 

dampness. 

II. Inflammatory Diseases. 

Diseases of an inflammatory nature are prolific causes of death among 
sheep in Great Britain. In America, our sheep are comparatively exempt 
from these diseases. Mr. Spooncr renuirked this fact, in comparing 
English and American sheep, and attributed the cause to the more arti- 
ficial care of sheep in England. AVhatevcr tlie cause may have been in 
his day, this will not now apply ; for in no country is all farm stock more 
highly fed than in the United States and Canada. The real cause un- 
doubtedly lies, first, in the climate, and second, in the greater intelligence 
of our flock masters. The}' neither intrust sheep nor other farm stock 

895 



S',)() TIIK AMKUKAN FAKMKR's STOCK BOOK. 

to ignorant .servants, who, perhaps, can neither read nor write, and who 
add .superstition to ignorance. Tiie intelligence of the master keeps pace 
fully with all that is new in the art of fanning, and this intelligence is 
quiclvly caught by the workmen and shepherds. 

III. Distemper or Epizootic Catarrh. 

Sheep distemper or Malignant Epizootic Catarrh, is an epizooty that is 
sometimes fatal in sheep, both East and West. The disease in its malig- 
nant form i.s a severe congestion and intlammation of the lining mem- 
branes of tlie na.sal (lavities, sometimes extending to the stomach and 
bowels. 

How to know it. — There is a slight watery discharge from the nostrils 
and eyes ; there is depression and more or less loss of appetite ; the pulse 
is slightly increased in frequency and is weak ; the breathing is not 
changed unless the bronchial tul)es are affected ; there is no cough. At 
the end of a week, unless the animal gets relief, the nasal discharge is 
thick and glutinous, and sometimes tinged with blood ; the eyes are half 
closed and the lids are gummed with a yellow se,creti()n ; there is great 
prostration and emaciation ; the pulse is very weak ; respiration is diffi- 
cult : tiie apjietite is lost, and the animal soon after dies. 

What to do. — There should be no bleeding or purging, lieniove the 
sheep to warm, well-ventilated (piarters, and if the bowels are costive, 
prepare the following : 

No. 1. 1 Ounce earbonate of ammonia, 

1 Ounce rhubarb, 

2 Ounces ginger, 
"2 Ounces gentian. 

Simmer the rhubarb, ginger and gentian for fifteen minutes in a quart 
of water, and, when cold, add the ammonia and cork the bottle. Give two 
tablespoonfuls four times a da v. Keep up the strength of the sheep 
with good food and nourishing drinks. Good nursing is of equal import- 
ance Avith the otlur treatment, for if the sheep are neglected they will 
either die or become so enfeebled as to be of little value. 
rv. Grubs in the Head. 
Causes. — This is caused liy the eggs of the sheep gadfiy ( CEt^tms Ovis,) 
being deposited in the nostrils of the sheep in July 
and August. The eggs being deposited, the mag- 
gots hatch and find theii way through the sinuses, 
causing niucii pain. When the gadflies are seek- 
ing the sheep, the animals will crowd together, 
suKie CAD- with their noses to the ground, stamninir violentlv ^„^„ _^ 
at times, and will run from one place in the pas- oadflv. 
lure to another. When the maggots reach their resting place they attach 
tiicnis('l\ cs \>\ tlieir hooks, and are not casih- dislf)dired. 



GENERAL DISEASES. .S!)7 

What to do. — The gi-ubs may often be extracted by a competent sur- 
geon, but it is a nice operation, and scarcely pays except in the case of a 
very valuable animal. Burning leather under the noses of the sheep in a 
close place, to cause violent sneezing, used to be practiced, but it is un- 
safe. Injecting up the nostrils equal parts of sweet oil and turpentine 
will often dislodge the grubs Avhen they are not firmly fixed, but care 
must be taken not to strangle the sheep. 

Prevention. — Prevention is in this case far the l)est remedy. Keep a 
portion of the field plowed so the soil is loose and dry. Smear the 
sheep's noses once a day with tar during the season of the fly, and catch 
as many of the flies as possible, by means of a light bag-net. 

V. Hydatids on the Brain. 

Causes. — The bladder worm, causing this dangerous disease, is one of 
the forms of the tape worm, preceding the true or sexually perfect worm. 
It is rare in America, jirobablv from the fact that there arc fewer dogs 
in proportion to the population than in England. 

What to do. — Once fixed, nothing i)racticall3' can be done, though, 
when located, surgeons have i)ierccd the cysts with a strong hypodermic 
syringe, injecting therein half a teaspoonful of the follo^ving : 

No. 2. 1 Grain iodine, 

5 Grains iodide of potash, 
1 Ounce water. 
Mix. 

Prevention. — Never allow dogs to feed on sheeps' heads, or other gar- 
bage, unless cooked in the most thorough manner, remove the excre- 
ments of dogs wherever found in the pastures, and Icill all dogs that 
make a habit of prowling about, away from home. 

VI. Apoplexy. 

This disease is mostly confined to sheep that are plethoric and fat. 

What to do. — The sheep will leap suddenly in the air, fall, and unless 
promptly relieved, will die in a few minutes. Then the only remedy is 
sudden and copious bleeding from the jugular vein. 

Prevention. — Fat sheep should be carefully watched for the earlier 
symptoms. If a sheep apjiears dull and partially unconcious of what is 
going on ; if the nostrils and pupils of the eyes are dilated, and the 
membranes of the nose deep red or violet ; the pulse hard and the breath- 
ing stertorous, bleed immediately and give afterwards two ounces of 
epsom salts, to Ijc followed by an ounce every six hours, until a full 
evacuation takes place from the bowels. 



,S!)S THK AAtKKlCAN I'AHMEI! S .STOCK BOOK. 

VTl. Inflammation of the Brain. 

This is produced by the same causes that produce apoplexy, and is 
often a secondary effect of apoplexy. The animal is dull and inactive ; 
the eyes red and protruding, and, as the symptoms intensify, the animal 
rushes about in the wildest delirium. The general treatment is the same 
as for apoplexy. 

Vin. Inflammation of the Eyes. 

What to do. — If there is serious iiiHamniatiou, take a little blood from 
the facial vein, the vein running down obliquely from the eye. Bathe 
the eyes with the following wash : 

No. 8. ii Grahis nitrate of silver, 

1 Ounce soft water. 
15 Drops laudauuni. 

Dissolve the nitrate of silver in the water and add the laudanutn ; mix. 
Bathe the eyes well three times a day and apply the lotion twice a day 
with a camel's hair l)rush. 

IX. Swelled Head. 

Causes. — This is produced by a variety of causes, the bites of venom- 
ous st^rpcnts and malignant insects, etc. Snake l)ites usually produce 
death before the animal is found. 

What to do. — 111 ("ise of the bites of venomous insects, cut the wool 
from around the parts, and bathe with strong saheratus water and give 
internally, if necessary, each hour until relief is obtained, the following : 

No. 4. yi Drachm chloral hydrate. 

1 Ounce soft water. 
Mix. 

X. Vegetable Poisoning. 

What to do. — 111 case of trouble fnjin vegetable poisoning, bathe the 
affected parts thoi'oughly with warm water, and keep moist with the fol- 
lowing lotion : 

No. .'>. 1 Ounce sugar of lead. 

1 Pint soft water. 
Mix. 

XI. Tetanus or Lock -Jaw. 

Causes. — There are various causes producing this difficulty, as inflam- 
mation of the memliranes after gelding, injury to the horns and hoofs, 
or a wound on any part of the bod}'. 

How to know it. — The animal, if able to walk at all, does so with great 
distress ; the jaws arc set, and death generally takes place (juickly. Tt 
13 an excited condition of the nervous system. 



GENEUAL DISEASES. SIC) 

What to do. — Treiitmeut is of little use, tlio malady being usually fatal. 
Put the sheep into a dark place alone, and put a piece of Solid Extract of 
Belladonna, the size of a pea, on the tongue twice a day ; put oatmeal 
water in the pen for him to drink. Warmth and quiet are essential. 
Bleeding used to be considered a specific by many, but it should not be 
practiced. Move the bowels as soon as possible, and follow this up with 
belladonna. Give four ounces of castor oil as the laxative. When the 
worst symptoms are overcome, give gruels and other soft nourishing food 
until recovery. 

XII. Paralysis or Palsy. 

Lock-jaw and epilepsy are often mistaken for palsy ; yet, it is the 
direct opposite of them. Like the two first it is somewhat raie in 
America. 

What to do. — The first thing to do is to make the lamb warm and com- 
fortable. Ciive warm gruel, with a little ginger as a stimulant. If the 
bowels arc costive give four ounces of linseed oil. Give twenty grains of 
powdered Nux Vomica in soft mashes three times a day ; continue this two 
or three weeks. If the paralysis is severe, clip off the wool and apply 
a blister of Spanish Hies to the spine, from the points of the hips to the 
shoulders. 

XIII. Babies or Canine Madness. 

Sheep are particularly lial)le to be bitten by rabid dogs in their first 
stages of madness. The flock-master should not hesitate to destroy all 
strange dogs, and, of course, the sheep if attacked with rabies must be 
killed at once. 



CHAPTER II. 



PAEASITIC AND OTHER DISEASES. 



I. SCAB, TICKS AND LICK. II. VOOT-KOT. III. FOII, IN TlIK FOOT. IV. 

SWOLLEN FOOT ANI> (iUAVEL. V. MAGGOTS FROM BLOW FLIES. VI. IN- 
TESTINAL WOKMS. VII. THE ROT OR LIVER FLUKE. VIII. LUNG WORMS. 

IX. SHEEl' WORRIED I!Y DOGS. X. SPRAINS, STRAINS AND BRUISES. XI. 

CARE WHEN LAMBING. XII. NAVEL ILL. 

I. Scab, Ticks and Lice. 

Causes. — Scab is produced by a niiiuite microscopic, parasitic insect, 
which burrowing just beneath tlie cuticle, jjroduces extreme irritation, and 
cau.'^e.s the exudation of a wateiy Huid, serum. This, in diying, form.s the 
scab wliich brings away with it the wool in larger or smaller patches. 

The di.sea.se is very contagious, and the insect is so 
tenacious of life that it ha.s been said to have remained 
in a pasture three years andthen spread the infection. 
A careful flock master should examine every sheep 
purchased minutely, and take every means to keep 

Is found in sebaceous glands ,,.»,. /. i • ji i rii} ^^^ . ,• i 

of the sheep .ind dog; it t iKMutct-tion trom liis Hock. i he illustration shows 

causes skin irritation and jv- . i -.i i • -i i j! 

eruption. sliccp afrectcu With seal) in its extreme lorin. 

How to know it. — The sheep will be restless and irritable ; will rub 
against anything near ; M'ill l)ite its fleece, and scratch with its hoofs. At 
length the fleece becomes ragged, and drops off, to iicrmanently infect 
the pasture. 

What to do. — It is not diflicult to cure, l)ut the means must be thor- 
ougii. A good effective remedy, though poisonous, is the following: 

Xo. G. G I'ounds arsenic, 

6 Pounds peiirl ash, 
6 Pounds snl])hiir, 
G Pounds soft soap, 
20 Gallons boiling water. 

Mix, but avoid tlie f unites, and when cold, add 180 gallons of cold water, 
and stir until well mixed. Prepare a tank that Mill readily allow a sheep 
to be dipped in it. From this a slanting, slotted drain, having a water- 
tight l)ottom underneath, and extending just over the edge of the tank, 
should be laid. Dip the sheep, backforemo.st, into the tank, allowing him 
to reniain submerged in tiie li(iuid, except the head, for one miiuitc. Then 

900 



i'AK.\>rrii 



OIIIKI! DISEASKS 



;m)1 



[)l:ic-t' him OH the shit-^ and s(|iu't'z(' the wool thoi'ouii'lily, and wlicn well 
di'aiiicd turn into a clean \ard until di y. Then go o\er the heads of the 
ilock with the following : 

No. 7. 2 Pounds iiii'rciiii:il ciintiiicnt, 

6 roumi.s lard, 
2 Pounds I'osiii, 
1 Pound oil of luipi'iUinc. 

Place the lard antl mercurial ointment in a suitable iron pot , and ini- 
mersc in a vessel of hot water, .say about ISO degrees, and stir until well 
Hiixed. Then dissolve the rosin and turpentine, and when the lard is 
cold, rub it all well together. Apply it by parting the wool on the lusad 
between the ears, on the forehead, and under the jaws, the idea being to 
reach every part not touched by the; di[). 




scAU IN .sul;:i . 



In preparing No. fi, for ordinary cases, twenty pounds of strongtobacco 
may be simmered in the water, instead of the arsenic, and the other ingre- 
dients may bo stirred in while the liquid is boiling hot, having tirst re- 
moved the tobacco leaves and stems. AVhen this dip is used, the head 
may also be dipped, from ti:ne to time, being careful that the liquor does 
not get in the nose and eyes. The sheep may remain in the liquor, as 
hot as can be borne, four or five minutes, dipping the head occasionally, 
and No. 7 need not be used though it would be better. The wool must 
be pressed and dried, as liefore stated; so proceed until the flock is all 
gone over, using some means to keep the liquor hot 



rilK AMKIilCAN I'AimiCi; S STOCK nooK. 




SHEEP TICK 
WITH ECCS. 



A dip in grciil repute in Australia, where ininionse ll()el<s are kept , is 
the followingi 

No. 8. 10 Pounds tobacco leaves, 

10 Pounds suli)hur. 
50 Gallons water. 

Boil the tobacco in the water, and add the sulphur while hot. l)i]> tlie 
sheep in the licjuor, as hot as can he home, for five minutes. 

Tjcl^, — The sheep tick is a dipterous insect, liut with no wings devel- 
oped. Tile ti<'ks are large and live on the surface of the 
>i<iii and su<k l)l(iod. They are plainly seen when the 
wool is divided, or when the sheep are shorn ; then the 
tides will go off to tiie lambs, where there is more 
wool. 'IMh^ ti'eatment for tlicm may be the same 
as for scab. 

Lice. — Lice arc sometimes found on sheep ; tlicy 
are of the variety of bird lice, (Trichodectes), with large, 
)r()ad head, with biting jaws, 'out no sucking tid)c. Bird lice are usu- 
illv verv irritating. The treatment given above will apjjly for lice as well 
IS for scab and tick. 



II. Foot Rot. 

How to know it. — Tlic skin at the top of the clefts of 
the hoofs and over tlu^ heels, which is naturally smooth, 
dry and pale, becomes red, moist, warm and rough, as 
though chafed. Ne.xt, there is a discharge; and ulcers 
form, extending down to the upper portion of the inner TRirnoDECTEs 
wall of tlie hoof. Thcni the walls become disorganized, and '"^ ''"'"^ sheep. 
the disease jjcnetrative, b(^twe(;n the fleshy sole and the bottom of 
the hoof, an offensive and purulent matter is thrown out, and the 
whole foot becomes a mass of corruption, often filled with maggots. 
The animal early becomes lame and loses appetite, and at length dies 
from exhaustion. If the attack is \iolent, and in the first cases it gene- 
rally is, it nniy reajipcar the second and third years, but in a milder form, 
if pro])er measures l)e taken, and this should be done at the first symp- 
toms of lameness. 

What to do. — ^'nt away all the diseased parts, cleaning the knife from 
lime to linu^ in weak carbolic acid. Prepare a tank and fill it to a depth 
of foiu' inches with a saturated soluticni of blue vitriol (sul[)hato of 
<-oi)[)cr). Keep this as hot as the sheep can bear to stand iii, by occa- 
sionally introducing a piece of hot iron. Let each sheej) stand in this for 
ten minutes or more. Then cover the hoof willi chloride of lime, and 




TAKASITIC AND OTHEIt DISEASES DOo 

fill the cleft of the hoof with :i tillct of tow, long enough for the ends to 
be twisted into a string to tie about the fetlock. Keep the sheep in a 
dry, well-littered yard on diy, short pasture, and examine the hoofs daily 
for some time. Renew the chloride of lime, if necessary, and feed plenty 
of nourishing food. It is probable that a tonic may be needed ; if so, 
prepare the following : 

Xo. 9. 2 Diatliiiis common salt, 

}.2 Dr.achm sulphate of iron, 
,'o Draolini nitrate of potash. 

Mix as a powder, and give once a day, as circumstances may dictate. 

III. Foul in the Foot. 

This is a common disability, especially in sliecp that have been driven 
on the road. 

What to do. — When it is only the effect of travel, the remedy is simple. 
Wash the cleft and other parts of the hoof with warm, soapy water, and 
then touch the tender or thin parts with a feather dipped in oil of vitriol 
(sidphuric acid), and cover them with tar. Apply a strong solution of 
blue vitriol (sidphate of copper), to the cleft if any signs of foul arc ap- 
parent. In driving sheei), these three things, viz., soap, sulphuric acid 
;uid blue vitriol siiould bo kept on hand ; or in place of sulphuric acid the 
following : 

Xo. 10. 1 Part solution chloride of anthnony, 

1 Part compound tincture of myrrh. 

Mix and kee[) ready for use in incipient foul or travel sore. If it is a 
bad case the foot should be bandaged. 

IV. SwoUen Foot and Gravel. 

How to know it. — ihc? issue (l)iplcx canal in the front and upper part 
of the lioof ) l)ecomes swollen and inflamed. 

What to do. — Examine it to find if any substance is imbedded therein ; 
if so, extract it ; if swollen and inflamed, treat as advised for other swell- 
ings ; if ulcerated lance it lightly to let out the matter, and dress with the 
compound tincture of myrrh. If the hoof becomes graveled, extract the 
gravel at any cost ; dress as above, and cover with a small plug of tow 
dipped in tar. 

V. Maggots from Blow Flies. 

There should be no excuse for maggots accumulating m wounds, much 
less from the collection of filth about the thighs. If found, cleanse the 



!)04 TlIK AMERICAN FAKMEll's STOCK HOOK. 

parts thoroughly, extnicl tlio maggots and touch the; wounds with the 
following : 

No. 11. 1 Part creosote, 

4 Parts alcohol, 
Mix. 

Bathe daily with tincture of myrrh. 

Prevention. — Keep tlio sheep well tagged h} shearing from under tlie 
tail anil thence diagonally down the thighs. 

VI. Intestinal Worms. 

The presence of intestinal worms is seldom known to the ordinary ob- 
server until after the death of the sheep, when they may be found by 
dissection. If the worms are thus found, the presumption is good that 
other sheep are seriously infected, for, as a i-ule, unless thev are abund- 
ant, they do little or no harm. 

What to do. — As a simple vermifuge, when their presence is suspected, 
ordinary wood soot, mixed with the salt the sheep naturally take will do 
good. In fact, if sheep are allowed plenty of salt, with the soot mi*, 
ture once a week, when worms are suspected they will do well enough ; 
or give every two weeks, in ground feed, the following, which is enough 
for 80 to 100 sheep : 

Ko. 12. i INmiids coimnon salt, 

1 I'diiiul suliihutc of magnesia, 
,'o Pound sMli)liate of iron, 
}2 Pound powdered gentian, 
Mix. 

For good simple vermifuge for round and thread worms, to be given 
as a drench, take 

No. 18. 4 Ounces linseed oil, 

^2 Ounce oil of turpentine. 
Mix. 

If the sheep an; known to have tape woi-m, give in molasses and water 
the following : 

No. 14. 2 to 4 Drachms jiowdered areea nut, 

10 to 20 Drops oil of male-fern. 
Mix. 

The first quantities for small, and the latter for large sheep. 
In the case of a large sheep, administer half a pint of linseed oil on the 
following day. 

Vn. The Rot or Liver Fluke. 

Causes. — Small flat worms ( Fasriola Jfipalica and Dlstoncum Lan~ 
ceohtiim) in the liver, called the liver fluke, are the cause of rot. 



PAUASITIC AND OTHER DISEASKS. 



!»or) 




FASCIOLA 
HEPATICA. 



How to know it. — I here will l)e tenderness and weakness about the 
loins ; the belly will be swollen and enlarged ; the eyes yel- 
low as in jaundice ; and if the skin I>e rubbed back and forth, 
when taken up between the thumb and fingers, it is soft 
and Habljv, with a crackling sensation. 

What to do. — If there is diarrhoea, a weak heart beat, and 
general stupor, i-cinov(! the sheep to a high dry pasture, or 
to well ventilated airy places, as the case may be. Prepare 
the following : 

No. 15. ig Pound sulphate of magnesia, 

6 Drachms oil of turpentine. 

Mi.K the magnesia sulphate with three half pints of water, 
add the turpentine and give one-third of it every two days, 
shaking the bottle before using. 
Follow the above with the tonic : 

Jfo. 16. 40 Pounds o.at meal, 

4 Pounds powdered gentian or anise seed, 
4 Pounds common salt, 
1 Pound sulphate of iron. 
Mix. 

Give half a j)int to each sheep once a day for a week : then wait three 

weeks and repeat. Remove the 

sheej) to high dry pasture or salt 

marsh, l)otli being poisonous to the 

Huke. Do not put the sheep in a 

wet pasture, for there they only 

sow the seed to perpetuate the 

trouble. 

vm. Lung Worms. 

Causes. — This disease is caused by the presence of worms (^StrongyJus 
Filaria), which are usualh' found in the wind-pipe, and l)ronchial tubes 
and sometimes in the lungs. 

How to know it. — There will be a 
husk\' coLigli ; (juickened breathing; 
loss of appetite and flesh ; and the 
sheep will rub its nose on the ground ; 
there may be dysentery with foetid 

evacuations. Examine the mouth and throat, and also the stools, for in- 
dications of the norms. Prepare the following: 

Xo. 17. Ounces sulphate of magnesia, 

4 Ounces nitrate of potash, 
4 Ounces sulphur, 
4 Ounces sulphate of iron, 
iMlx. 




UISTONECM LANCEOLATUM. 



STKONGYLUS FIL.^KI.V, M.\I,E EXLAROED. 



Iioi; THE a:\iericax fakmkr s stock hook. 

Give a single liiindful to each sheep in oat or corn meal once a day for 
a week ; then wait three weeks and repeat. Burn turpentine on pine 
shavings under tiioir noses so as to niaki- theni breathe the fumes. 

IX. Sheep worried by Dogs. 

Sheep tiiat liave been torn l)y dogs, are apt to die, owing to the lacer- 
ated nature of the wound, especially if the skin has heen stripped from 
consideraI)le surface in hot weather. 

What to do. — The lacerated surfaces must Ix; brought together, in such 
a way that they may unite ; and, if necessary, stitched. In hot weather 
flies must be guarded against, and the wounds should be treated as 
advised in the case of horses wheu wounded. 

X. Sprains, Strains and Bruises. 

What to do. — These also are to be treated precisely as advised iu the 
case of horses. In simple cases hot fomentations and the subsequent 
application of camphor is the rule usually followed. For a sprain, to 
immerse the limb in water as hot as can be borne, for half an hour at a 
time, and repeated several times a day, usually effects a rapid cure. 

XI. Care when Lambing. 

What to do. — The ewes siiould be well fed for several weeks previous 
to lambing, so as to be sti'ong and have the lambs strong and well devel- 
oped when dropped ; but avoid having ths ewes fat. Have a dry, com- 
fortable place for them to run in, not too warm ; they should be put in a 




SWK.I,l.INr, OF THE UMBILICUS IN CHAIIBON (NAVEL ILL.) 

wai-mcr i)lace wheu lambing than tliey have been accustomed to, in order 
to avoid chilling the lamb. Allow no spectators around the sheep while 
lambing, except the man they are accustomed to ; let him watch the 
progress of events to see thnt help is given if needed. 



PARASITIC AND OTHER DISEASES. 



907 



Sometimes wrong presentatioiis are made, and then the shepherd should 
be ready with his liand oiled and warmed in warm water to render 
assistanee ; let hiin insert his hand and ehange the position of the fcrtus 
as the case requires, being very eareful indeed not to wound or torture 
the ewe. 

If the lamb is dropped ut night and gets chilled, put it into a warm 
water bath and dry it thoroughly when taken out, and give it a few 
spoonfuls of milk, diluted a little and sweetened, and with a dusting of 
red pepper in it. Keep the ewe separate from the others for a week or 
ten davs, and feed on soft food and roots if it is too early for grass. 



Charbonous fever. 




XII. Navel 111. 
•arbuncular erysipelas in lambs, in addition to 
the other symptoms, usually manifests itself 
in swelling of the umbilicus. The swellings 
are not confined to the umbilical region, but 
are often found in other parts of the body. It 
is sometimes seen as a symptom or complica- 
tion of rlieumatic disease of the joints of lambs, 
foals and calves. It was considered by shep- 
lierds, not many years ago, to be a distinct 
disease, known as Navel 111. See illustration 



on i)receding page. 



PART IX. 

POULTRY. 

HiSTOEY. manageme:n^t a:n^d characteristics 

OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. 



POULTRY. 

CHAPTER I. 
ORIGIN AND VARIETIES OF FARM BIRDS. 



I. ORIGIN OF THE WOni) POILTRY. II. TVPE3 ANI> K ATIVE f'OUNTRY OF BARN-VARI) 

FOWLS. III. CHANGES DUE TO BKEEUING. IV. DIVISION OF FOWLS. 

v. THE WILD TURKEY. VI. DUCKS. VII. GEESE. VIII. THE SWAN. 

IX. PHEASANTS. X. GUINEA FOWLS. XI. PE.i^FOWLS. XII. ANATOMY 

OF THE HEN. 

I. Origin of the "Word Poultry. 
The Avord poultry comes from the Latin word puUus, a chicken, or the 
young of any animal. In its hroad .sense it is now used to designate any 
domestic fowl bred or fed for human food, and for the eggs and feath- 
ers. Hence, the peacock may reasonaljly be included, since its feathers 
are an important article of commerce. The modern word poultry, how- 
ever, more properly comes from the French word jwule, hen, just as our 
word pullet comes from the French poulct, a chick. The cut of the 
French Creve Cceur will illustrate a singular departure from the wild 
type given on the next page. In a more modern sense the word poul- 
try is generally ap^ilied to barn-yard fowLs or the genus gaJlus — the word 
fowl being used M'ith a prefix, as water-fowl, which includes ducks and 
geese. Guinea-fowl, etc., while turkeys, peacocks, pheasants and other 
later or only partially domesticated birds are designated by their pro]3er 
or common names. 

II. Types and Native Country of Barn- Yard Fowls. 

The originals of all the varieties of barn-yard fowls were inhabitants of 
thickets, and other openings of the forests, rather than of the dense 
forest itself ; there are a number of species. A variety closely resem- 
bling our common barn yard fowl, is the Sonnerat fowl, (^GaUus iSon- 
nera(ii) a native of the Ghautes, separating Malabar from Coromandel. 
Dami)Jiicr, previous to the discovery of Sonnerat, found wild fowls 
closelv resembling our old barn-yard fowls in the islands of the Indian 
Arcliipehigo. So it ma}' safely be said, that our fowls witli long flowing 
tails, arc'natives of India. 

hi yi;j 



!IU 



THK AMKIJICAN lAK.MKll 



■^TOCK HOOK. 



ni. Changes Due to Breeding. 

The great wild species of Southern Asia, and tlie wiUl Mahiy and Chit- 
tagong, were i3rol>al>ly intlueiitial in modifying the hirge Asiatic brecdsof 
to-day ; and our hantanis undoulitedly spring from tlie Baniviva jungle 
fowl, although carefid antl systematic l)reeding and selection have given 
ns bantams of all the princii)al breeds of barn-yard fowls, including the 
games. Again, as siiowing a marked departure from the wild form, we 




CREVE COil'K COCK AND HEN. 

give cuts of two iieads. one the iiredu, or Gueldre, retaining the wattles, 
but not till! marked comb, and a variety of Brahma, with no wattles, and 
with only the rudiments of a comb. 

IV. Division of Fowls. 

Our barn-3'ard fowls may therefore be divided into the common or 
mixed breeds, Asiatic fowls, Eurojjean and American varieties, and Ban- 
tams. Each of these will be treated in their propi'r places. 



ORIGIN AXU VARIETIES OE EAR.M lUIlDS. 



915 



V. The Wild Turkey. 
The wild turkey is a native 011I3' of America ; tliere are several so- 
called species, but they are, however, only varieties that have bred con- 
stant to tj'pe, perhaps having escaped from some ancient domestication. 
They are all fertile one with another. The turkey is native to all that 
region from Central America, north, up to 4.5 degrees, wherever suitable 
timl)er covert can be found ; but in all the more thickly settled regions 
they have long since been exterminated. The illustrations show the 
common wild turkey hen, and the Mexican wild turkey cock. 




;ALLtS SONNEKATIl. 



VT. Ducks. 
None of the wild fowl seem to have been more easily domesticated 
than the duck, though the domestication of birds of any species seems 
easy, whenever they prove valuable enough to pay their keeping. Only 
the larger varieties have, as a rule, been thought worth domestication, 
though of late years some of the smaller and beautifull}' plumaged birds 
have been bred in a tame state. They make very handsome adjuncts to 
water scenery, in connection with swans and the rarer species of geese. 



!ll(i 



THE AMKKICAN FAli.MEl! 



■<TO(K ISOOlv. 



Tlu! common wliito duck and the Koiicu arc two of the oldest domesti- 
cated varieties of ducks ; while the Cayuga, or black duck, an American 
variety is among the latest. 




HEAD OF SINGLE WATTLEU liUAHMA Ft)WL. HEAD OF BREDA, 01! (itJEoDKE. 

VII. Geese. 
Geese, as well as ducks, l)eing l)ii'ds of passage, are found in all cli- 
mates, from suh-tropical latitudes up to the Arctic Circle. Following: the 




WIl.l) TrUKEY HEN. 



season of .spring into the >.'ortii, they breed in summer from latitude 
fortv-tive uj) to sixty, and return in the autumn to their winter ouarteir 



OlUrrlX \XI> ^■A1!IETIES ()F FATIAI TilRDS. 



!)17 



in the sub-ti-opical regions. Tiie common gr:ij goose is tiie nearest ap- 




MEXICAN 'WILU TURKEY COCK. 

proach to the wild type, and these are becoming sciircer and scarcer each 



918 



TH!'. .\-Mi:i;UA\ I AUMICi: S STOCK 1500!v. 



Vi'iii', gnuliuilly uiviuii" way to improved l)7'cc(ls. Of these, tlie Einl)deii, 
or Bremen, eomltiiie a i)ure white e()h)r, softness of color, anil heavy 
weight. The ori<>in of the gray and the white geese is generally sup- 




posed to he the Gray-lag goose (yl«ser i^c/vf.s), of the Nortii of Europe. 
The American wild goose (Anser Canadensis), is a distinet species; 
this variety breeds freely, and is toleraljly contented under domestication, 



ORIOIX AN1> VARTKTIKS OF FAIUF BIRDS. 



91!) 



even in the first gciienitioii. It is Imt ;i few years, eomparativelv, since 
they were first domesticated. Asia and Africa liavc f iiniished us with 







four sul)-fainilies of aeese, three of wliieh come from China, and the 
fourth from Africa — the African jroose. 



il2() Till'; AMi;i;i( AN rAioiKu's stock hook.. 

VIII. Tho Swan. 

The swiin lias loiii^ Ik-cii known in liistory, hut is not a usoful ])ird 
(ixccpt as ail ornamental apix^idagi! lo (he. ponds and lakes of i)arks. 
'I'lic most <'()inni()n i>i 1 In- wliili^ swiii ; I liric are, hcsidos, u number of rare 
Mild (iniaineiilal varici ii's, niiioni^ 1 liciii I li(> black swan from Australia, and 
the bhu'k-iieckrd Cliili swan. Tlie bead and neck <d' tli<' latter are jet 
bla<k ; llie l)ndv, wind's, and tail, pure wliite, tbe bill lia\ilin- ;i re(i knob 
or protilberanee. 

IX. Pheasants. 

None of the plioasants ( /'/nifi/dii.us) aro natives of the United Stiitos, 
llie so-ealled pheasant of the South and some other soelions of the Uniti'd 
States beinj; rc^illy the ruffed ^^vouso, (^Tc/rao niii/)<'//u.'<). 'i'lie eomnion 
half-ilomestieated pheasant of Europe and Ameriea ( /V/f^s•/(^/l«.s• Cofchi- 
cKn) is found wild in the (/ihumsus, and about the (Caspian Sea. Ju tho 
United States wi^ have live varieties which brcHul in eontineiuent, but none 
of them are more capable of doniesi ication than the j)eacock. 'i'hese 
varieties arcs: 'I'lie rin^-neeked, oriiiinally from China; the ash-coloi'ed ; 
the white; and the i)arti-i'oloi(Ml. 

'The riiiii-iiecked pheasant is said to be orii;inally from China. 'I'ho 
male of tlic^ silver pheasiuil ( J'/i(tsiimns iii/rllicin.irnx) oriiiinally from the 
niirtli of China, is a most beautiful bird, of a sil\-er white color, with 
rcLinlar, slender, lace-like black markiniis on the feathers of the l)ack, 
while lh(^ under ji.ai'ts are of a black color; theloiii!;, droopinn' tail is also 
silver white, barred with black. 'I'he female is (d' a dull reddish color, 
and id' a smaller size. The jiolden |)heasant { /'/idsiaiiiis lli(titin(ih(t pic- 
/iis) is one of the most beautiful of birds, bred in a state of half-doines- 
ticalion, and is much smaller (ban either of the pheasants bcd'm'o men- 
tioned. The under part of the male is (d" a red color, the head is oriuw 
mented with a splendi(' <folden yellow crest, the lU'ck i* hidden or over- 
luiiii:' bv a somewhat |)rojcctinf; riiff of f(>athers of a briii'ht yellow color, 
striped or barred with black. Tlu^ winj^s arc (d' a dull bln(\ tho hind 
parts of the bodv are of a li'olden color, set off willi red, and the tail is 
long and brown, barred with black. The fcmakMif 1 his is|)eoies is also 
inconspicuous in color. 

These birdH have bred well in soim^ forests in Europe, and in a state 
of domestication havo j)roduccd fhre(! varieties, viz: the ordinary golden 
and red color, tho black, and the Isabella or fawn. They all, like tho 
(Juinea-fowl and peafcnvl, roost on high trees anil cli'vaf(>d jioints, and 
wander considerably ; but in I'loso eoutineiuciitthcy will permit handling. 



oiiKiiN AM) \Ai;ii:rii:s oi' i'akm isikds. !»21 

X. Guinoa-Fowls. 
Guinoafowls avr. of two xariclics .iikI arc iiuw <|ui(c widely dissciiii- 
lliltcd. Till' \arictics arc, tint pearl and I In- w liile, llje ladervot rather 
rare. They lia\e hecii grDUpt^d \>y naturalists into a nunilxr of varieties. 




SI'KCKI.iai (;iINKA-KOWI,. 

but the distinction was more fanciful than real, since all tho varieties 
readily inaU; om^ with the other, and the progeny an- continuously fertile 
to^etlier. 

Their ori^iinal home ina\- he infeiMn^i from liicir ji'cncric name, }finii- 
ida ; they come from Numidi^i and oIIkt poiMions of Africa from (iani- 




WniTK (illNKA-I'OWL. 



bia to the Gaboon. The so called Cape Verde and Jamaica Guinea- 
fowls are undoubtedly dcsc(>ndantH of these, become wild after having 
been carried there. Tlie cuts of the white and speckled species will give a 



'.i-J-2 



■iiii; .\Mi;i;u'A.N i au.mki: s stock hook 



g()(i(l i(l<';i of llic wliiilc ti'ilx'. A very raic s|)c(ics is (lie V^illiiriiio 
( Juiiii'.'i-fowl, so 0!iII(m| lor its vullui'('-liko liciul iiiid nccU. 'IMio wliole 
species iirn iiinonj^ the iiiosi wiitclifiil iiiid wiirv of birds, giviiijj instant 
iilanii with (heir shrill nolo of diiiig(!v. When lired, they siiould be 
allowed full liboi'ty, siiico liicy do not stand eoulineiuciit well. 

XI. Peafowls. 

Tliis mairnilicent liird, i|iiilc us('l(!S« c.vcc^pt foi' tho splondorof its plum- 
aii't' !iii<l tlu! value of its l:iil feathers, is rjire in farmyards, from its sup- 
posed want- of aiiaptation to northern elini.ites. This, however, is a mis- 
lake; they aro lis iiardy as most of tho breeds of barn-yard fowls. The 
male is cruel and cowardly, and is given to deslroyini; the eggs of the 










/2y^-^^Bt~.^z. 



I'KACOCK. 



female. Ilenee thi' hens ai'i^ very secret as lo tlu'ir nests. 'I'liey do not 
lay their eggs imtil late in the seaxm, and kee|) their broods away from 
I lu^ yards until driven thither in the autunui for want of food. They 
have eonsiderable powei's of flight , and the males, (^specially, wander long 
distanoos from home ; they should la^ allowed their full liberty. 

XII. Anatomy of tho lien. 

The anatomy of the hen will an-^wcr for all the land birds, and, in a 
measure (for all but the sciiMitilic bi-eeder ) for water-fowls as well, since 
the fi'ame of the latter is only so modilied as to permit their swimming 
and divinjr ill water. Hotli in land and watei-fow Is the more valuable 



OIMfilN AM) \AI!IETIKS OK l-Aini IIIIUjS. 



[12:^ 



lll|l 




portions foi- food ;iic tlic lircast. llic tliijrii, tlii' Ic^j-, tlic neck iiiid llic 
\vin<^. Tilt! hiii'U and rump <rivc Imt little ti(!sli, very clioicc in fhivor. 

Fig. 1 represents the Hkeloton of a lieu of average size and in the pro- 
poitioiis as oi'dinarily met with. 

Explanation. — -^^ — Tin; head, iiMiLith 2 >)-4 inehes. U — The neck, 
length ^ l-'6 inches. C — The hack or spine. D — The hip> 
bones, (tlie hack and hips comprise 
from the slioulder to tlu' tail.) length 
I) ti-lO inclies. ^' — Hump or eor-cygis, 
length, 1 1-2 inches. /' — .Shoulder- 
l)lade or .':houlder. G — Collar hone; or 
'merry-thought.' // — Chest or thoiax, 
composed of th(! sides and breast-bone 
(l)one of the throat); it contains lli 
iieart, livei', etc. 7 — The l)reast-l)onc 
length a litlh? o\ei- ;') 1-2 inches. •/ — 
The wing bones, as will ))C seen, are 
composed of the humerus or shoulder- 
bone of th(! wing, length H 1-7 inches ; 
also the radius and tin; cubitus, the fore- 
arm or pinion, length 2 '4-i inches; the 

tip of the wing, <,r that which tak.'s the ^'^^™»'^- ""' ""' "'^^- 
place of the hand and fingers, length 2 1-8 inches. A' — 
The leg, composed of J — (F'g- 2.) the tiiigli bone, 
lengths 1-7 inches; e — the shin I)on(!, lengtii 4 ]-'■'> 
ini'hes ; y — th<( )i()n(! of tiie foot, the tarsus, lengtii 
y> 1-7 inches; 7 — tiie claw-, that of the middle, lengtii 
2 \-y> inclies; tin; tu'o to the right and left, length 
1 Ci-lO inches ; that of the back, length ^-10 inches ; k 
■ — tli(! patella or knee ; i — tlio os calcis or heel. 

Tli(! foot as shown in Fig. 2, is all that ])art (f) 
from (fj) to (/"). The hen — like nearly all four-footed 
animals, and unlike man — walks on the toes. If the 
hen walked on tiie foot, all that jxntion fi'om the toe 
nails up to «, would rest on the ground, and hence the position of the 
rear to(! would Ik; different. As it is placed, it supports the other toes m 
walking and especially when on the perch, at night ; for all land breeds 
are p(!culiar in this, that when they are at rest, they I'etain tlicii' jjosition 
securely by the simple weight of the body, whic^h causes tlie siiu^ws and 
muscles to contract and tliiis draw the toes firmly around the object 
grasped. Some fowls liav(! five, and even six toes, Imt fouronlv ai-e used 
to advantage — tiiree before and one Keiijnd. '{"he rest are really supor- 
nunirrary — as much so as two tiiunili-^ 0:1 a man's hand. 



(Fig 1). 




CHAITKR II. 



BAKN-YARD FOWLS. 



I. EXGLlSn BREEDS — DORKING FOWLS. II. SII.VEll GUAY l>ORKINGS. III. GEAY 

DOUKINGS. IV. FAWN-0Ol.OliEl> UOUKINGS. V. BLACK DORKINGS. VI. 

WOLTON OKAYS, OR CREOLKS. VII. KUENCII FOWXS — IIODDANS. VIII. LA 

FLF.CHiC FOWLS. IX. fREVE CIEfUS. .\. HKEDA OK GUELDER FOWLS. 

XI. M'ANISII FOWLS. XII. HAMHIK<; FOWLS — BLACK IIAMIilHli. XIII. 

PENCILED HAMISrUGS. XIV. LEGHORN FOWLS. XV. WHITE LEGHORNS. 

XVI. AMERICAN BUEEDS. XVII. DOMINlglE FOWLS. XVIII. OSTRICH 

FOWLS. XIX. I'LYMOITH ROCK FOWLS. 

I. English Breeds— Dorking Fowls. 

Of the distinct English breeds of barn yaril fowls, the Dorkings, in 
their v:iri(>ties, confessedly stand tirst. Tlie old White or Surrey Dork- 
ing is tlie original tyi)e from which the othei-s have spniug. The Dork- 
ings all have tive toes, are full wattled, with Unig sickle-shaped tail feath- 
ers and generally single serrated combs. The White Dorkings are 
plump, compact birds with sti'ong head and bill. Tlie plumage is pure 
white without spot, and the legs, also, are white. The mature cock will 
M'cigh fully ten pounds, the hen eight or nine pounds, and year-old birds 
eight or niiu! pounds when fat. Tiiev are fairlv hardy, good layers, care- 
ful and watchful of the brood : and the flesh is most excellent. None of 
liie Dorkings can stand cold storms ; but they are altogether the best of 
the distinct English breeds. 

II. Silver-Gray Dorkings. 

The Silver-gray Dorking is undoubtedly a chance variety of the White 
Dorking, which has been continued by careful breeding and selection. 
They vary much in their markings, unless the greatest care is used, and 
even then many chicks must l)c discarded from the breeding yai'ds. 
Their mixed origin is fully shown in the fact that dark colored birds 
often produce handsome silvcr-giay chicks. 

HI. Gray Dorking. 

The distinguishing colors of this variety are : Breast, tail and larger 
tail feathers perfectly black ; the head, neck, hackle, back, saddle, and 
wing bow a clear, pure, silvery white ; and across the wings a well de- 
fined black bar, in striking contrast with the white outside web of the 

U-24 



HAKN-YAUD KOWLS. 



925 



quill foallicrs iiiid i]n' wliilc iiucklc of tlic neck and saddle. Tiic iicok of 
the lu'ii is .silvery wliite ; the hreasl salmon red, cluingini^- to grayiiearthe 
;highs ; the wings silvery or slaty gray, without any tinge (if red ; the 
tail dark red, the inside nearly hlaek. The chicks grow i-apidly, if well 
fed, so that they may be made ready for broiling before they are fully 
fattened. 




WIHTi; 1>I»UK1N(1 eocK. 



IV. Fawn-colored Dorkings. 
Bii-ds of Ihi.s variety are handsome, but with tails shorter than the 
others ; thev have Iihiek legs and a high carriage. The hens lay large eggs. 
The matured corks will weigli up to nine (lounds and tlie hens seven 



92(j 



THE AMF.r.ICAN FAUMEU S STOCK BOOK. 



pounds of excellent flesh. They are said to have l.ieen produced by a 
cross between the White Dorkinirs and the fawn-colored Turkish fowl. 

V. Black Dorkings. 

The black Dorkings differ but little from the other varieties. They are, 
however, thought to be more hardy than the other sub-families ; the hens 
!irc good layers and careful nurses, and the eggs are large. According 
to Wright, the pure-brcds are jot lilnck ; the neck of some cocks tinged 




GRAY DORK NGS. 

with gold, and the hens silver tinged ; the comb usually double, short, 
sometimes cupped, but sometimes single ; the wattles small ; the tail 
feathers shorter and broader than those of the White Dorking ; the legs 
black, short, and with the two under toes separate and distinct. 

VI. Bolton Grays or Creoles. 

This lireed, once famous in Eii^Uuul, was said to have been bred with 
such nicety that individual fowls could scarcely be distinguished one from 
another. They are great layers ; not inclined to set ; short-legged ; plump ; 
meduun-sized ; the eggs, however, rather small ; the color is white, thick- 
ly spotted with black as to the neck and body, with black bars at the ex- 
tremity of the tail. 



BARN-YAUD FOWLS. 



927 



VII. French Fowls— Houdans. 

The four varieties of French fowls that have l)eeu more or less dissemi- 
nated ill the United States are the Houdans, the Creve Cceur, La Fleche, 
and the Breda. 

The Houdans rank in France with the Dorkings in England, and in 
the United States they are regarded with favor. They are said to have 
been originated from a cross hetweon the Dorking and the silver Padoue, 
and have the tifth toe as do the Dorkings. In color they should he white 




UUl HAN HEN. 



and ])lack, evenly distributed, making them distinctly speckled. Red 
feathers are not admissible, but an occasional stained feathej-is sometimes 
seen in the best fowls. They love to wander, but bear confinement m'cII. 
The comb is double leafed, and they have whiskers and beard growing- 
well up on the face which, with the crest or top-knot, gives them a curious 
a[)pearance. The crest of the hen is quite thick, rounded and full. They 
arc hardy, fatten kindly, lay good-sized eggs, and the flesh is of the tirst 
quality. 



•.IL*.S 



THE AMERICAN FAH.MER S STOCK BOOK. 

VIII. La rieche Fowls. 



Thet*e are hardy ; tall, rather anguhir, but compact-bodied ; jet l)lack ; 
strong-Hmbed, with dense, tirin pUnnage. They hiy excellent egg.s, and 
the Hesh is superior to that of any other French breed, and excelled 
probably by none. They are a full wattled fowl, and the protuberant 




feathers behind the serrate comb gi\'e them the tippearance of being 
double horned. Their ears are large and opa(|ue. The beak moderately 
curved, neck hackles long and fine, reflecting violet and green-blacs 
colors, as do the breast, wings and upper tail feathers. The legs are 



15Ai:.\-VAia> FOWLS 



92!> 



long, slate-blue in youug fowls, uiul :i lead-gray when old. The hen is 
colored like the cock. The cocks are fully mature at a year and a half 
old and the hens at twelve months. 



rx. Crave Coeurs. 



The Creve Cneurs are among the most elegant and stately of French 
fowls. Their color 




their antler-like, deep crimson combs and crested heads give them a 
bold, striking and dignified appearance. They are, also, probably the 
most useful of the French breeds, when we take into consideration their 
good feeding ([ualities, their great merit as steady producers of large 



mo 



THE AMKIMCA.V lAIiMEU S STOCK liODK. 



eggs, their easy fattening qualities, and their constitutional hardiness. 
Their color should he jet hlack, though us age approaches an occasional 
white feather may appear in the crest. They are short-legged, compact 
fowls, with little offal, and of the non-sitting order — so much so that tlie 
eggs sliould he placed under other hens, or those more apt to l)e reliable 
as sitters and nurses. In England they are reputed somewhat tender, hut 
in the United States we have heard no complaints of this kind, after they 
were once acclimated. The heads of the cocks are topped with handsome 
crests, before which are seen large, toothed, two-horned combs. Their 
wattles are handsome and pendent, and they have dense cravats of 
feathers on the fore part of the neck. The illustration admirably shows 
their chief charactei'istics. 

X. Breda or Gueldre Fowls. 

These fowls are called after the French province of the same name, 
where the l)reed originated ; but though they are classed as French fowls 
they evidently show an infusion of Asiatic blood, while they are Polish in 




BKEUA OK GUELDRE FOWLS. 



shape and undoubtedly closely allied to that breed. There are several such 
varieties distinguished by color — the cuckoo-marked being called Guel- 
dj-es, and the black, Bredas, though the latter term seems to be applied to 
all iliat arc not cuckoo or dominique marked. 



HA1!X-YAUU rOWLR. 



'.i;U 



They have just a jaerceptiljle crest, pendent wattles, and very little 
comb. Whatever the color, they have but few feathers on the legs, 
which are slaty blue, and the thighs vulture hocked. The plumage is 
close and compact, the ear lobes and wattles bright red and peculiar in 
shape. The chicks arc hardy and feather quickly, and the eggs are large, 
smooth and excellent in flavor. Two peculiarities of this breed are the 
almost total absence of comb, causing a depression in that part, and their 
cavernous and conspicuous nostrils. The accompanying illustration, to- 
gether with the cut of head on a previous page, will sufficiently portray 
their distinguishing characteristics. 

XI. Spanish FdWlS. 

There are a number of Spanish varieties besides the Pure Black and 
the Pure White, as the Minorca or Red-faced Black, the Ancona, the 
Gray or mottled, and the Andalusian or Blue Spanish. They have long 
been j^alued in the United States for their great laying and non-sitting 




BLACK SPANISH KUWLS. 



qualities, but are too tender to stand a northem climate, without extra 
protection, and they do not do well anywhere, when ex|30sed to wet. With 
proper attention, the fancier may get good I'cturns in lar<re, meaty, well- 
flavorcd eggs, and plenty of them. To the average farmer they are not 
a valuable ))reed. 



ya2 



THE AMKKKAN KAKMKl! S STOCK liOOK. 



The characteristics of the two principal varieties are sufficiently a\c'1 I 
portra3'cd hy tiie illustration in connection with the following discription : 
The weight of a fuU-gi-own Spanish cock should not l)e les.s than sc\cii 




pounds, nor its height, when erect, less than twenty -two inches. The 
color should ))e pure black, or pure white, according to the variety, without 
■white in tlie ))la(k or black feathers in the white variotv. The e^'e 
.«houid he full, bright and of a dark brown color. The ear lobes ;uid 



BARN-YARD FOWLS. ttiJo 

white face are impoi*tant characteristics ; tho comb of the cocks liigh, 
firm, single and deeply serrated, while in the hens it will often fall over 
on one side ; the wattles larae, long, and of the deepest veriniliou color, 
as is also the <'()nib. 

xn. Hamburg Fowls— Black Hamburg. 

All the Hamburg fowls have these constant characteristics : Bright, 
double combs, tii'mly fixed, and ending in a long point behind and some- 
what turned up ; medium size; upright carriage ; long upright tails, and 
long flowing plume feathers. They arc hardy and roliust, great layers 
of excellent flavored eggs, but seldom sit, even when they have a free 
range, and almost never when kept confined. 

The black Hambui'g is one of the best of fowls for farms where free 
range can l)e had and plenty of eggs are desired. They will lay even in 
the coldest weather if given warm quarters and warm food. The eggs 
ai'e not large, but they make up in quality what they lack in size. The 
plumage should be deep black, relieved with a metallic lustre. 
XHI. Penciled Hambtu-gs. 

There are two varieties, — viz., Golden and Silver penciled, as there are 
two varieties of Spangled Ilamburgs, the (Jolden and the Silver. In fact. 




GOLDEN ["KNCILKD IIAMltrU' 



the Silver penciled variety are proI)ably but little different from the old 
Bolton Gray, previously described, and descended probably direct from 



<)34 



TJIK AMEKlCAxN KAK.MKl! S STOCK HOOK. 



the 'rurki.sli fowl described loni]; ajro by Aldrovaiidus. To<retmeicr says 
of thoin, that perliaps no variety of fowl ever rejoiced in more synonyms 
liian this very pretty, and, in siiitahle situations, protitahlc breed : they 
have been long termed Bolton Grays, from l)f'inif extensively ami success- 
fully cultivated in and about Bolton, in Lancashire ; Creoles, from the 
intermixture of tiie l)lack and white in their plumaije ; Creeln, which is a 
provincial mode of pronouncing Creoles ; Vvrals, because tiic numerous 
points of their polisiied, brifriit scarlet rose combs bear no distant resem- 
blance to red coral; Penciled Du/cft, because many are imported from 
Holland ; JJutch Every-<Jatj Layer.s and EvtrlaslimiH, for the same rea- 




~ii,vi;ii i'K.N<ii,i;i) II AMi!ri!(i>. 



son, and their great |)roductiveness as layers ; and Chitfepraf)^, the deri- 
vation of which is not so obvious. Chittefaee, according to Bailey, the 
lcxicograi)hcr, means a meagre child ; and Chitteprat, if intended to de- 
scribe a diminutive hen, would not l)e misapplied to one of this variety. 
The general characters of Penciled Hamburgs may be thus stated: 
They are birds of small size, compact and neat in form, sprightly and 
cheerful in carriage. In the plumage on the body of the hens, each 
feather ( witii the excejjtion of thos(! of the neck-hackle, which should be 
perfectly free from dark mai-ks) is (HMuiled with several transverse bars 
of black on a clear ground, which is white in the silver, and a rich l)ay in 
the golden birds. These pencilings have given rise to the name of the 



BAiiN-VAi;i> Ko\vi-s. 9.'55 

variety. In the rofks, however, there is a general aUsenco of tliese mark- 
ings, the birds being either white or bay. lu both sexes the legs are l)lue, 
with tine bone. The eonib is a rose, (^((iiare in front and well peaked be- 
hind ; the ear-lobe a well-delined white ; the face searlet. 

In weight and size, Silver-peneiled Ilaniburgs are considerably below 
the general standard; tiie carriage of the coek is very erect ; the tail is 
well borne up, and the head oecasioually thrown back so far that the neek 
often touches the tail ; tiio general ft)rni is exceedingly neat and elegant. 
In the hen the carriage is sprightly and active, but not so impudent as that 
of the cock ; both sexes arc alike noisy and restless in their habits, neat 
and very pretty in their form. The neck-hackle in both should be pure 
white ; penciling with black, a very frequent fault in the hackle of the 
hens, being very objectionable. The saddle of the cock must be pure 
mealy white. The cock's tail is black, the sickle and side sickle-feathers 
being glossed with green, and having a narrow white edging. In the hens 
the tail must l)e distinctly barred or penciled with black. 

The breast and tliighs of the cock are white, as are the upper wing-cov- 
erts or shoulder, but the lower wing-coverts are marked with black on the 
inner web, showing a line of dots across the wing, forming a bar. The 
secondaiy quills, or those flight-feathers which are alone visible when the 
wing is closed, are white on the outer web and blackish on the iiuur wcl), 
and have a rich green-glossed black spot at the end of each feather. In 
the hens the entire plumage of the body, namely, that of the breast, 
back, wings, and thighs, should have each feather distinctly penciled or 
marked across with transverse bars of black ; the more detined these are 
the better, as there should be a perfect freedom from a mossy appearance, 
which is caused by the two colors running into one another. The legs 
and feet in both sexes should be of a clear leaden or slaty blue. The 
comb in the cock is evenly set on the head, square in front, well sprigged 
above with snudl.even |)oints, not hollowed on the upper surface, and ter- 
minating in a single flattened i)ike behind, which inclines slightly upwards. 
In the hen the comb is the same in form but very much smaller. The 
ear-lobe in both sexes must be a dead opaque white, free from red on 
the edge. 

The hens of either variety must have the body distinctly and definitely 
penciled, and the hackles of either sex nmst be entirely free from dark 
markings. In the spangled varieties the markings must be distinct, like 
span<'-les, or speckled. The other characteristics range uniform M'ith 
those of the other varieties. Whatever the variety, they are nu)st valu- 
able either to the farmer or fancier, but with the farmer, unless he be a 
fancier as well, if a little off color in breeding it is no detriment, so far 



UM 



TIIIO .\Mi;i;i('AN I'Ali.MKi; S STOC 



XIV. Leghorn Fowls. 

Tho Loixliom fowls arc of the Spanish type, except in color. The 
White I>ei;'ii(ini is refjardcd with most favoi', allhoiii^h tiic Brown \a\<s- 
hori) has i(s fanciers. Tiicrt' are also other grudesof colors except black. 




STANDAICn Wlinl'. I.I'.CU 



Whatever the color, they have all the jzood layinj; qualities of the Span- 
ish, without their tender quidities, and indeed dispute tlie palm with the 
Ilamhuriis in evei-y c;ood point. The illustration shows what are 
accepted among breeders as standai-il \\'hite Leuhorns. 

XV. White Leghorns. 

These hinls are among the most elegant of harn-yard fowls, eitherinthe 
yard of the farmer or amateur. They are similar to the Spanish in ap- 
pearance, except that the plumage is white, with hackle or neck, and the 
saddle or rump feathers tinged golden. Uidike the Spanish, they are 
hardy, standing even our west(>rn winters excellently, 'i'hey are good 
winter layers, and seldom d('sir<' to sit: the ■\()un<i' early take care of 



l!ARN-^Ai;i) I'OWI.S. 



!t;i7 



thi'msclves, and featluM' so i^arly that thoy look to Ix', iiiiniatiii'o fowl.s 
wlicn six weeks or two luor.tlis old. They are quiet and doeilc. The 
e<i2S are superior in flavor, and as a tabic fowl they have few superiors 
aiuou<( the <>al liliaceous trii)e. 








XVI. American Breeds. 

The distinctive Aniericaii breeds of barn-yard fowls that have attained 

wide celebrity arc the Dominique, t lie Ostrich fowl, and the Plymouth 

Eock. The Dominique have often been confounded with the Scotch 

Grays, and also with the Cuckoo Dnrkuii;-.s and other fowls bred to the 



938 



THK AMKIUCAN I'AliMKlt S STOCK BOOK. 



cuckoo feather of England and France ; they are, however, an old and 
entirely distinct American race. The Georgian Game is also a distinct 
American breed, but this will be treated of under the head of Games. 

XVII. Dominique Fowls. 

For the farm-yard, when both eggs and chickens are desired, this breed 
when pure, (unfortunately now rather rare), is one of the most valuable 
of the known breeds, for it combines hardiness of constitution with good for- 
aging qualities ; is prolific of eggs, and when killed shows plenty of good 
flesh. The true color is a soft and undulating shading of slaty blue, 
upon a light ground all over the body, thus forming bands of various 




DOMIMt^lK KOWL. 



narrow widths, and finely penciled among the smaller feathers. The 
cocks have heavy hackle and saddle feathers. The feet and legs must lie 
bright yellow or buff, and the bill of the sanu' color. The combs of the 
cocks, however, are variable, some cocks having a single and others a 
double comb. 



BAi:\-VAI!I) FOWLS. 



939 



XVIII. Ostrich Fowls. 

This breed is not widely disseminated, but in tlieir native region — 

Bucks County, Pa. — they are highly esteemed for their weight, valuable 

laying qualities, excellent flesh, and hardy constitutions. The cocks will 

weigh nine pounds at maturity and the hens seven to eight, iiild will 

often lay forty to fifty eggs before 
wanting to sit. The color of the 
cock is blue-black, the ends of 
the feathers tipped with white. 
The wings a golden or yellow 
tinge, the hackle dark glossy blue. 
The cocks have a double rose-col- 
ored comb, and large wattles. The 
legs are short and strong, and the 
l)ody thick and plump. The hens 
are marked similarly to the cock, 
but more soberly, and the comb 
is single, high aud serrated. 
XIX. Plymouth Rock Towls. 
This is one of the latest-formed of American breeds, first shown at 




OSTRICH FOWLS. 




Pl.VMOt TH KOCK.-. 

Boston in 1.S40. It is evidently a breed made up of various crosses, and 



mo 



TIIK AMKKICAN 1 AIIMKI! 



;T()(K UOOK. 



uiifortuiiatch' was disscniiiiated licforc its cliaractoristics l)ccamo uniform 
or well tixod in any respect. It gave; rise to much hitter controversy, 
in Aviiich even the connnon dunghill was stated to have had a large share 
in the origin. Of late years, what is called the Improved Plymouth 
Hock has ai)peared and shows care and uniform breeding. They are said 
to grow fast, tlcdgc early, take on flesh rapidly, and to comhiiu; excel- 
lent iiualities as egg producers and as table fowls. They have not 3'et 
become popular, except with a comparatively few fanciers, and for the 
reason, perhaps, that their really good qualities are not yet known among 
farmers. 



-*, ' "T- 




A I'AIK OK BANTAMS. 



CilAl'TKi; III. 
GAME FOWLS AND OTHER RARE BREEDS. 



I. GAME FOWLS AND THEIR VARIETIES. II. EARl, DERBY flAMES. III. IlKOWN- 

ISREASTED RED GAMES. -IV. DUGK-WINGEl) GAMES. V. WIllTi; GEUUUIAN 

<iAMES. VI. GAME BANTAMS. VII. UTHEU BANTAMS. VIII. THE SEA- 
BRIGHT BANTAM. 1.\. .lAPANESE BANTAMS. X. FRIZZLED FOWLS. XI. 

RUMl'LESS FOWLS. XII. SILKY FOWLS. 

I. Game Fowls and their Varieties. 

The Games are the most elegant as they are the noblest of the gal- 
linaceous tribe. Watchful, without fear, attacking an enemy — even in- 
truding dogs — with boldness, and fightingto the death, they at the same time 
are hardy, good foragers, and the hens produce eggs of the finest flavor. 
In fact, many fanciers breed them simply for the excellence of their eggs and 
the delicacyof their flesh. Public sentiment is justly against thu barbarous 
practices of the cock-pit, in Avliich birds are pitted against each other 
until one or both are killed. The varieties are numerous, and the sub- 
varieties are many, each having a kx^al celebrity. As mere fighting birds, 
the English, Irish, Cubans, Mexicans, Spanish and Malays all have their 
favorites, while in many sections of the South the Georgian Games are 
held to be superior in point of shape, carriage, plumage, hardiness and 
courage, as they undoubtedly are superior in point of flesh, and the 
quality of the eggs. Among sub- varieties that have acquired more or 
less celelirity, the Salmon-pile Games, and the Dominique or Cuckoo 
Games may be noticed as combining many excellent quaUties. AVhat- 
evcr lireed is selected, but one variety can be kept in a run, since it would 
give rise to endless battles and killing of birds ; besides, of all gallina- 
ceous birds, the breeder of games should carefully keep them from inter- 
mixture. 

II. Earl Derby Game. 

This most excellent strain of game fowls is really the Bhick-Brcastcd 
red Game, but bred with the greatest cai'e and attention for over a cen- 
tury in England. They are unsurpassed in style, beauty and courage, 
and for the table are among the best. As bred in England and in this 
country they are identical ; they are described as having a round, well 
knit body, on long, strong legs, with white feet and claws ; the head 
long, the bill lance-sluqjed aiul eleg.nit ; the face bright red, with small 

',)4i 



;m2 



THK AMEIUCAN KAK.MEI! S ST()( K BOOK. 



coinl) :iik1 wattles red : tlicy are daw-eyed, that is, the eye is gray like 
that of tlie Jackdaw ; back intense brown-rod ; lessor wing coverts 
maroon colored ; greater wing coverts maikod at the extremity with 
steel-blue, forming a bar across the wings ; primary wing feathers bay ; 
tail irridcscent black ; hackle well feathered, touching the shoulders ; 
wind's large and well quilled ; back short; breast round and black; tail 
long and .sicklcd, being well tufted at the root ; the carriage is uprightand 
elcirant. 




EAKL DKUBV CAME. 



Beeton, an English author describes them as follows: Head fine and 
tapering; face, wattles and comb bright red ; extremities of upper man- 
dible and the greater portion of the lower one white, but dusky at its 
base and around its nostrils ; chestnut brown around the eyes, continued 
beneath the throat ; shaft of neck hackles light buff ; web pale brown 
edged with black ; breast shaded with roan and fawn color ; belly and 
vent of an ash tint ; primary wing feathers and tail black, the latter 
carried vertically and widel}^ expanded ; legs, feet and nails perfectly 
white. 



GAAIE FOWLS, AM) OiriKR liAKK 15KEEDS. 



!)43 



m. Brown-Breasted Ked Gaines. 



Not inferior ijcrhaps to the foregoing in point of elegant carriage and 
courage are the Brown-hreasted I'eds. Tegetmeier justly says that since 
they have long been sought for the pit, by men who rear them solely to this 



c { 




end, variation in shades of color is cared nothing about. Hence under 
the name of Brown-breasted red are included streaky-breasted, marblc- 
})reasted, and ginger -breasted rods, and various other shades of color. 
There is no breed of Game having so many variations in color, caused by 



!t44 



A.MKUICAN lAK.MKl; S .STOCK KOOK. 



iiiatiiii;- togothor l)lues, piles, dims, ami l)rii\vii aiul l)l;u'k-l)r(':isted reds ; 
so thai tlioic is little uniformity of viAm in llic strain. In the purest 
strain is a light streaky breasted cock, with l)ack and shoulder coverts 
daric crimson : saddle red niaro(ni on centre, passing off to a dark lemon 
and straw: hackle red, with the middle of each feather d.irk. 'Hie hen 
should have a nearly black body, but intermixed with gray (jn the wing; 
the hackle bright, brassy orgoklcn. 

IV. Duck-Winged Games. 
Like the r>rown-breastcd reds, there arc several varieties of the 
Duck-w ings. The Silver Grays are considered to be, perhaps, the purest 
in tx'pe : bnt each fancier has his own peculiar strain. Tegetiueier des- 
crii)i's tlu! b(!st cocks, correct in color, as having the hackle nearly clear 
white, with a \ery slight tinge of straw color, without any decided yel- 
h)W tinge or dark streak on the feather. The saddle should be as nearh' 
as possible the color of the hackle : the breast a maroon straw : the 




UUCK-WING GAME FOWLS. 

shou'ider coverts a rich bi-ass or copper maroon ; the brea.st and tail pure 
black. The hens to match these cocks should have their necks of a dear 
silver, striped with black, the silver to go right up to the cond), but being 
a little darker above the eyes ; the back and shoulder (^ovcrts a bluish- 
gray, shaft of feather scarcely showing any difference from the rest of 
the feather, any approach to red or penciling being decidedly objection- 
able ; the breast salmon eolor, of a rich shade. 



GAME FOWLS, AND OTHER RARE BREEDS. 



!14o 



V. White Georgian Games. 
This magnificeut breed of Southern games makes one of the prettiest 
sights we luivc ever seen on the lawn. Their elegant carriage, i)are 
white folor, great courage and intelligence, make them decided favorites 




wherever known. They are of European origin, like all other Games, but 
have been bred pure in the South, and are now, we believe, unknown in 
Europe except by specimens carried there. Thev are as good farm fowls 
— the eggs being delicate, the flesh excellent — as they are game in the 



;m() 



■rilK AMKUICAN FAK.MKi: S STOCK liOOlv. 



pit. Their iliaracteristics jirc : In color tliey must be pure wiiile all 
over, witli no shade whatever on neck, hreast, hoek or tail. Tli(> legs 
niav be white or yellow ; and the beak should harmonize with the logs ; 
the comb, ear lobes and wattles must be of the deepest vermiliou color. 
Tho yellow beak and legs are generally preferr(>d, since they ;.,•.■ su[)- 
posed to indicate greater hardiness: hut we liaxc never seen any differ- 
ence in this respect between the white and yellow legged liinl>. '^till. 
the latter will continue to l)e preferred for cooking, in respoi . to a 
somewhat poi)ular. but i)robably cnoneous taste. 




BAKKEN, FULL FEATHEUEU. 



VI. Game Bantams. 

Many of the varieties of the large games have their rei)resentatives in 
tiu^ l)aiitams ; si)ecimens of the game bantams are often but little larger 
than pigeons, but they all possess the erect carriage, wonderful courage, 
and i)rilliant plumage of their larger relations. To our mind, the Black- 
breasted reds combine more good qualities than anj^ other. They may 
be kept in tlu; yards with the large Asiatic breeds without any danger of 
intermixture, but they M'ill nevertheless be found fully masters of thej-ard, 
and will always give due warning of danger to the flock, and assist ma- 
terially in its pi-otectir)n from intruders. Fall broods of any of the ban- 
tams make the handsomest and smallest specimens, and show birds are 

Usriiillv thus brctl. 



UAMF: fowls. AM) OTlllCli RAKE ISKEEUS. 



!l4i 



VII. Other Bantams. 

The principal varieties Ijred are the BUick, the Cochin, the Feather- 
legged, the Nankin, the Pekin, tlie Wiiite, the Seabright and the Japan- 
ese. The two latter will he suiEcient for notice here as being the two 
most distinct and elegant of all the varieties. 

VHI. The Seabright Bantam. 

These are of two varieties, tlie Golden-penciled, and the Silver-penciled, 
identical, except in the color of their plumage. A peculiarity of these 
is, that occasionally an old hen, or a l)arren one, will assume the plumage 
of the cock, a remarkable reversion. It is worthy 
of note, however, that the males of the Seabrights 
are all what are called hen-tailed lireeds. 

The standard for the kSeal)riglits whether Gold 
or Silver-penciled, is: The M'eight of the cock 
should not exceed twenty ounces at most ; the 
hen not more than sixteen. Hens have been 
shown weighing not more than twelve ounces. 
The i)lumage of the Silver bantam is of a silver- 
white color with a jet black margin. The Golden 
variety is identical except that the ground color of 
SEABRIGHT BANTAM. the pluuiagc is goldeu. The legs are smooth, the 
heads are clean, the comb double and pointed at the back, and the tail 
straight and without the long sickle feathers. "Whether they be golden 
or silver spangled, the value of the birds consists in the delicacy and pen- 
cilings of the markings. 

rx. Japanese Bantams. 

These are without doubt the most striking of any of the varieties of 
bantams. Their carriage and general contour remind one of the best 
specimens of the white Leghorn, except that the comb of the hen is fullv 
ui)right. This rare breed has a pure white body, the tail long, and the 
shafts of the sickle feathers white, long, upright, with the ends slinhtl}' 
curved, but carried over theljack. The comb should be very long, broad, 
and moderately serrated, extending well back ; the wattles lon<r, pendant, 
and bright red. The legs are short and yellow ; the bod}' of the winirsis 
white, but the quill feathers black. The hens are fan-tailed and the comb 
somewhat crinkled. These fowls cannot stand hard weather, and the 
thicks are quite tender. Hence they sjiould not be hatched until warm 
weather sets in. The illustrations show perfect represent;itions of tiiese 
ele<rant fowls. 




948 



THK AiIF;i;iCA.N 1-AUJIEK S STOCK UOOK, 



X. Frizzled Towls. 

Amoiif the most curious of the gallinaceous tribe are the frizzled fowls, 
ori<^iiially said to have heen brought from Java, and occasioually found 
in the collections of amateur fanciers. The color should be pure white, 
though there are varieties bred brown and also black. Their peculiarity 
consists in their feathers being frizzled or rolled l)ack. They are not 
useful, and their only value consists in their curious appearance. 





JAPANESE B^VNTA.M COCK. 



JAPANESE BANTAM PULLET. 



XI. Rumpless Fowls. 

Runiplcss fowls have been known for centuries at least. They were 
known in Virginia in the last century, and Buffon would have iiad the 
generation for wiiom lie wrote believe, tiiat short tails, or the want of 
tails was a eiiaracteristic of American animated creation ; and he gravely 
accepted as truth that English fowls gradually lost their tails when trans- 
planted to America. If he had been better informed ho would have 
known that Aldrovandus described the rumpless fowls moi-e than a hun- 
dred years before his time. It is the Persian or rumpless cock of 
Latham. They have been bred of various colors, including black. The 
most fashional)le variety now is pure white, with a small single comb as 
shown in the illustration. l\inn|)l('ss bantams have also been bred. In 



CAME FOMLS, AND OTHER RAKE ]U!EEDt<. 



!»4!) 



fact, it would .seem not difficult tf) breed off the tail feiithers of any 
fowls. None of the rmnpless lireeds, however, have partieular value 
except as curiosities. 




KUMPLESS FOWLS. 



XII. Silky Fowls. 

This is also a lireed more curious than useful. Its chief peculiarity 
is, that the feathers are filamentous and lack cohesion, giving the 
plumage a silky appearance. They are sometimes called negro-fowls, 
from the fact that the skin is of a dark violet color, or almost black, and 
the wattles and low, flat comb often dark pui'pie, and covered with Avart- 
like excrescenses. The bones are also covered with a dark menil)rane,so 
ihat taken altogether they may be regarded aa the most singular of the 



!t:>o 



TlIK AMKKUAN TAIIMKl! S STOt'K HOOK. 



wIkiIc oalliuiu'oous tril'i'. 'riic silk fowl is ;i luilivo of Asia, and the most 
fashioiialilc spcciiiu'iis an' now hrcd pure white. 'I'he young' ehiekeiis are 
eovered with a vellow, silk\ duwu and are most interesting. Aside from 
their eurious apiiearanee, they have little value. 




I'All; or MLh\ IUWL6 



CIIAPTl-:i{ IV. 



ASIATIC FOWLS. 



I. THE VARIOUS ASIATIC HREEKS. II. DARK BItAIIMAS. III. LIGHT KRAHMA8. 

IV. OOCniN KOWI.S. V. (IKNEUAI, CIIAKACTKUISTICS OP COC'IIINS. VI. 

WUITE COCHINS. VII. BL'I' K COCHINS. — VII 1 . I'AUTUIlKiK COCHINS. 

I. The Various Asiatic Breeds. 

Of all tl;e varieties of Uie lar^e Asiatic liieeds introduced into the 
United States, tii'st and last, the Urainnas and the Coeliiu ('liinas alone 
have held their own Avitli otiier i)(i])ular In-eeds, and have been genei-ally 
disseminated. The. so called Shanghai and the Chittagong — th(^ lattei- 
confessedly the giants of th(^ larger breeds of fowls — have not fulfilled 
cx|)e(tutions. We shall, therefoi'c, give the Chittagong only a passing no- 
tice, and simply delineate the principal varieties of tlie l?rahmas and the 
Cociiins. Of tlie Shanghais it may l>c, remarked, that, wlieii tiist intro- 
duced, they were tlio largest of the fowls imported up to tliat time, and 
were of various colors, gray, buff, cinnamon-colored, parti'idgii and 
bhick ; and it is more than probable tliat sonu' varii^ties of the Cochins 
owe their parentage to a union of flic Shanghai and Chittagong, if indeed 
the ISO called Shanghai ]h' not a Cochin and notiiing else. However this 
may be, neither the Cochins nor Brahmas were originally from the 
Brahma-Pootra river, in India, since this region having been in the pos- 
session of the English so long, these remai-kable fowls, if they had 
existctl there, tould not ha\'c I'cmaincd unnoticed. 

II. Dark Brahmas. 

As bred both in England and Anx'i'ica tlie ciiaracteristics of the dark 
Brahmas are as follows : Tlie head of tiic cock siiould be surmounted 
with what is termed a "]iea-comli."" Tliis i-csemlilcs thre(^ small combs 
rumiing parallel tiic h'ngtii of the head, tlie centre one the highest ; 
l)cak strong, well curved; wattles full; ear-lobes red, well rounded and 
falling below tiie wattles. The neck should be short, well curved; 
hackh^ full, silvoiy white striped with black, Howiiig well over the back 
and sides of the breast ; feathers at the head should l)e white. Back 
very short, wide and flat, rising into a nice, soft, small tail, carried up- 
right ; buck almost white ; tlu' saddle feathers white, striped with black, 

951 



!|-.2 



TIIK AMEUICAN FAKMEI! S STOCK HOOK. 



and tlio longer the bettor. The rise from the saddle to the tail, and the 
side feathers of the tail to be i)ure liLstrous green-blaek (exeept a few 
next tlio saddle), slightly tipped with white, the tail feathers pure black. 
The l)reast sliould be full and broad, and carried well forward ; feathers 
black, tipi)ed with white : wings small, and well tucked up under the 
saddle-feathers and thigh fluff. A good black bar across the Ming Is 
important. The fluff on the hinder parts and thighs should be black or 
dark gray ; lower part of the thighs covered witli soft feathers, nearly 
black. The markings of the heu are nearly similar to those of the cock. 
Both sexes should have rather short yellow legs and profusely feathered 




DAUK AND LIGUT BRAHMAS 



on the outside. The carriage of the hen is full, but not so upright as 
that of the cock. The markings of the hen, except the neck and tail, are 
the same all over, each feather having a dingy white ground, closely pen- 
ciled \v\{\i dark steel gray, nearly up to the throat on the breast. 

m. Light Brahmas. 

The best of these fowls should be mostly white in color, but if the 
feathers are parted, the bottom of the plumage will appear of a bluish- 
gray. The neck-hackles should be distinctly striped with black down the 



ASIATIC FOWLS. 



f)03 



center of eaeh feather. The phune of the cock is often lighter than 
that of the hen ; the back should he quite white iu both sexes. The 
M'ings should appear white when folded, but the flight feathers are black ; 
the tail l)lack in Iioth cock and hen ; in the cock, however, it is well de- 
veloped, and the coverts show splendid green reflections in the light ; it 
should stand tolerably upright, and open well out laterally, like a fan ; 
the legs should be j^ellow, and well covered with white feathers, which 
may or may not be very slightly mottled with black ; ear-lol)cs must !)e 
pure red, and every bird should have a perfect pea-comb. The illustra- 
tion shows both the penciled or dark and also the light Brahma. 




WHITE COCHIN FOWLS. 



rv. Cochin Fowls. 

As an indication of the steady and increasing popularity of this, the 
largest of valuable barn-yard fowls, it is only necessary to enumer- 
ate some of the principal varieties into which they have been broken up, 
accordinij to the taste or fancv of breeders. These are. White, Buff, 



<|.")4 THE A.MKKKAN FAKMEU S STOCK BOOK. 

Cimuunou, Grouse or Piirtridire Cochin, Lemon, Silver Buff, Silver Cin- 
namon, Black Cochin, Cuckoo, and Silky-fcathercd Cochin. We illus- 
trate three of the best known breeds, the White, the Partridge and the 
Buff Cochin. Although among the largest of barn-yard fowls, they 
endure confined quarters well ; but it must be remembered that even the 




most domestic of fowls eannot remain iicalthy unless tlicv arc allowed a 
fair amount of exercise. Among the best of the breeds for farmers arc 
the White Cochins, the Buff Cochins, and the Partridge or penciled Coch- 
ins. It may also be remarked that the principal ol)jection to the Brah- 
mas, and especially the Cochins, is that they accumulate fat so rapidly at 



AI^IATIC KOWLS. 



ilo") 



maturity that they are subject to apoplcx}' and kindred disorders. Tiiis 
may, however, he avoided hy plenty of exereise, and a rather low diet. 
The engravings of Buff Cochin cock and hen show the general shape and 
carriage of the several sub-faniiles. 

V. General Characteristics of Cochins. 

The characteristics which will api)ly to the several varieties arc now 
generally accepted to he as follows : In the cock the comb single. 




BUFK COCHIN HEN. 



fine, rather small, upright and straight, with well defined serrations, stout 
at the l)aso and tapering to a point; head small and carried rather for- 
wai'd ; eye bright and clear ; deaf cars pendant and large ; wattles large 
and well rounded on the lower edge ; the hackles of the neck full and 
abundant, reaching well to the hack ; back broad, with a gentle rise from 
the uiiddle to the tail, and with abundant saddle feathers; wings small, 
the primaries well doubled under the secondaries, so as to be out of sight 
when the winjzs arc closed ; tail small, curved feathers numerous, the 



!)5(i Tin: AMr.uiCAX rAi;MKi:".s stock hook. 

whole tail carried rather horizontally than upright ; breast deep, broad 
and full ; thighs large and strong, well covered with soft feathers ; vul- 
ture hoeks, those with long, stiff feathers, are objectionable ; the fluff 
soft and abundant, well covering the thighs and standing well out behind ; 
legs rather short, thick and bony, wide apart, and well feathered on the 
outside to the toes ; toes stout and strong, the anterior and middle toes 
well feathered ; the carriage not so upright as in other breeds. The hen 
should correspond with these points, but be more feminine in appearance ; 
for instance, the comb should be single, very small, fine, low in front, 
perfectly straight with well defined serrations, and the tail, of course, 
lacking the sickle feathers. 

VI. White Cochins. 

These are sturdy, heavy birds, and among the best foragers of any of 
the Asiatic varieties. The standard for color, the other characteristics 
being as given under the general head, is : Comb, face, deaf-ear and 
wattles, brilliant red ; plumage pure white throughout, the cock as free 
from yellow tinge as possible, the hens entirely free from any tinge 
whatever ; legs bright yellow. 

VII. Buff Cochin. 

The points for cocks of this breed are as follows : Comb, face, deaf- 
ear and wattles, l)rilliant red ; head, rich clear buff; hackle, back, wings, 
and saddle, rich, deep golden buff, the more uniform and even the bet- 
ter ; quite free from mealiness on the wings ; breast, thighs and fluff, uni- 
form, clear, deep buff, as free from mottling and shading as possible ; 
tail, rich dark chestnut, or bronze chestnut mixed with black, dark chest- 
nut pi'efei'able ; legs, bright yellow ; leg feathers, clear deep buff. 

The color of the hen should be as follows ; Comb, face, deaf-car and 
wattles, same as cock ; hackle, back, wings and saddle, same as cock, 
but slight marking at ends of feathers of the neck not a dis(]ualification ; 
legs, bright yellow, with feathers same color as those of the bod}'. 

Vm. Partridge Cochins. 

The illustration will give a good idea of this magnificent breed of fowls. 
The points of color are : 

Color of Cock. — Comb, face, deaf-ear and wattles, rich brilliant 
red; head, rich red; hackle, rich bright red, with a rich black stripe 
down the middle of each feather ; back and shoulder coverts, rich dark 
red ; wing bow, rich dark red ; greater and lesser wing coverts, metallic 
greenish black, forming a wide bar across the wings ; primary wing 
quills, l)ay on outside wel), dark on inside web ; secondary wing (juills, 
rich bay on the outside web, black on the inner wel), with a metallic 



ASIATIC FOWLS. 



957 



l)lack end to each feather; saddle, rich l)nght red, with a black stripe 
down the middle of each feather; breast, upper part of bodj', and thighs, 
rich deep black ; tail, glossy black (white at the base of the feathers ob- 
jectionable, but not a disqualification.) 



p ^Iflff 




Color of Hen. — Comb, face, deaf-ear, and wattles, brilliant red ; 
neck, bright gold color on the edge of the feathers, with a broad black 
stripe down the middle; remainder of the plumage, light l)rown, dis- 
tinctly penciled with dark brown ; the penciling to reach well up the front 



il'l.S 



TIIF AMi;i;KAN 1 AliMKU S STOCK ISOOK. 



of the breast. The sliaft of the feathers on the back, shoulder eovei'ts, 
l)o\v of the wing, and sides, creamy white ; remainder of the plum:ii2:e,rieii 
l)rown, distinetly penciled with darker brown ; the penciling reaching 
well up the fi'ont of the 1)i'east, and following the outline of the feathers ; 
legs, dusky yellow, with brown feathers. 




iiii- l•l(i^;oN^^ 



CHAPTER V 



BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT OP POULTRY. 



I. A STrnV OF POINTS NECESSARY. II. EXPLANATION OF POINTS. III. POINTS 

OF THE HEAD. IV. THE PLUMAGE ILLUSTRATED AND EXPLAINED. V. IDEAL 

SHAPE OF FOWLS. VI. BREED TO A FIXED TYPE. VII. NUMBER OF HENS TO 

EACH COCK. VIII. HOW TO MATE. IX. BREEDING UPON A MIXED FLOCK. 

X. INCUBATION OF VARIOUS FOWLS. XI. GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF 

FOWLS. XII. PROPER FOOD FOR FOWLS. XIII. POULTRY HOUSES AND COOPS. 

XIV. FEED BOXES AND DRINKING FOUNTAINS.^ XV. BREEDS FOR MARKET. 

XVI. BREEDS FOR EGGS. XVII. HOW TO FATTEN. XVIII. KILLING AND 

DRESSING FOWLS. XIX. PACKINCi AND SHIPPING TO MARKET.— .XX. GLOSS- 
ARY OF TERMS USED BY POULTRY FANCIERS. 

I. A Study of Points Necessary. 

Careful study of tlie [loiiits iind olmracteristics is fully as necessary to 
success in the breeding of poultry as in any other department of l)reedin<>-. 
It is not enough that you have a general idea of how fowls are to he fed 
and cared for ; but to succeed — especiaU}^ as a breeder of pure fowls — 




POINTS OF POULTRY. ILLUSTRATED. 



one mu8t understand the probable results in mating fowls for a particular 
jDurpose. Not only must the contour and physical make-up be under- 
stood, ViUt the breeder must have a knowledge of, and nice discrimination 
for, the various feathers, markings and characteristics, else he cannot hope 



DdO 



rilK AMEKICAN FAKJIEU S STOCK BOOK. 



for tlio l)cst success. Hex should also undcrstaud the technical terms used, 
so that he may school his miutl to tlieir exact meaning in applyiir thcni to 
the fowl. The iireceding illustration and references Avill fully explain all 
the points. They have l)een compiled from the best authorities extant, 
such as the writings of Tcgetmeicr, Wright and others. 

II. Explanation of Points. 

The first illustration, with lettered references, is all that will be re- 
quired in learning the technical terms relating to the exterior of fowls. 

Explanation .— -4— Neck hackle. ^—Saddle hackle, f— Tail. D— 
Breast. E — Upper Wing coverts. F. Lower "Wing coverts. G — 
Primary quill. H — Thighs. I — Legs. K— Coml). L — Wattles. M 
— Ear-lobe. 

III. Points of the Head. 

For the following analysis of the points of the head, and of the plum- 
age, we are indebted to 3Ioore's liural JVezv Yorker. The cut will explain 
the precise situation of the sevei-al i);u'ts of the head. 




I-OINTS <>!•■ THK 111. AH Ol.' COCK. 



Explanation. — 1 — The com!), which surmounts tlie skull. '2 — The wat- 
tles which hang underneath and on each side of the beak. ;-5 — The ear 
wattles, which hang under the cheek. 4 — The tufts of little feathers 
which cover and protect the auditory organ. 5 — The cheeks which com- 
mence at the beginning near the nostrils, cover all the face and re-unite 
behind the head by a continuation of the tlcsh of the same nature, but 



BREEDING AXU MAXACE.MENT OF I'OILTliV 



9(51 



covered with feathers, (i — The nostrils wliieh are at tlie beginniiiir of the 
beak. 7 — The beak, of which the two parts, the upper and lowei- man- 
dible, are horny. 

The head of the cock, as of the hen, is composed of two principal parts : 
1st, the skull is a firm miion of bones, which include the upper part, or 
mandible, of the beak ; 2nd, the lower part or mandible of the beak, i)e- 
ing the lower jaw-bone, formed by a single piece. In the skull are the 
sockets or cavities which contain the eye ; the nostrils are in front of the 
eye ; the auditory organ, or car, is behind the eye. The head, excepting 
the beak, is entirely covered by a fleshy coveiing, round which may be 
seen several appendages or caruncles, which are the crest, the two ear- 





OCTEK AND INNER WING PLUMAGE. (See Article T^'.) 



lobes, and the two ear-wattles. This covering forms the cheeks. The 
color, the size, the form of each of these parts is varied according to 
the variety, and often serves to characterize each. A tuft of short feath- 
ers called "the tuft" covers the ear. 

The comb is straight of- drooping ; it is single when it is composed of 
only one piece, double when there are two alike united or near together, 
it is triple when it is formed of two alike and one in the middle ; it is 
frizzled when full of granulations more or less deep, and erect excres- 
cences ; it is a crown when it is circular, hollow, and indented ; it is goblet 
shaped when hollow, vascular, and not indented. There are other forms 
but thev are composed of parts or unions of those particularized. 
■' til 



!t()2 



TIIIC AMKKU^AN FAKMKU S STOCK BOOK. 



IV. The Plumage Illustrated and Explained. 

With tlu' lion there may 1)0 tlircc kiiKb of feathers distiiigu'iJslK'd : 1. 
The hirge feathers on the wings for flyhig, and on the runii) to form the 
tail ; 2. tlm middle-sized feathers which cover the large feathers, and arc 
also found on the wing and rump ; 3. the neck, the back, the sides, the 
throat, the shoulders, and a part of the wings. They are always in lay- 
ers compactly covering those l)cneath them like tiles. We shall des- 
ignate thorn l>y the name of the places they occupy, and refer to the 
engravings to render them easy to recosrnize : 




POINTS OK TnK FOWL. 



Explanation— . 1 — The upper fiMlhcrs nf (he liciul iiro small in those fowls not tufted. 
'I'liey siiiidiiiKl llif skull. 

/<— 'I'Ik^ un<lcr feathers of the liea<l are ahiiosi like bristles. They cover the cheeks in 
the spaee which separates on the wattles. 

C — The upper feathers of those at the haek of the neck are short, and lenjltlieninfj; 
lower down, forniiuf; what is called the haeklc. They heeonie lon<;er helwei'u the 
shoulders when they cover the heginninjj of those on the t)aek and the eonnneneenient 
of till' wings. 



BREEDING AND MANA(iEMENT OK POILTUY. 



!i;;:5 



n — The feathers of the baek, forming :i layer nboiit in. These feathers arc of the same 
nature as those of the neck, but a little larjier, and form the saddle. 

F— The feathers of the breast cover the entire len^'th of tlie two breast muscles extend- 
ing beyond the breast-boue at each side and unitin;; at its end. The wliole forms what is 
termed the breast. These feathers, with the feathers of the loins, overlap those of the 
sides. 

(; — The feathers on the sides cover the loins, takini; in the l)aek as far as the rump, 
which they so beyond and cover the lower part of the feathers of tlie tail. They also 
cover the commencement of the feathers of the Hanks, thiirhs and abdomen. 

//—The feathers of the flanks are li<;ht and fluffy. They cover the upper part of the 
thigh feathers and slip under those of the breast. 




SHOWING POINTS. 



/ — Tlie feathers of Ww. abdomen cover and envelop all this l)art from the end of the 
breast to the rumi). These feathers are generally fluffy, of a silky nature ;ind spread out 
in a tuft. 

./— I'lie outside feathers of the thigh cover those of the abdomen and Icj;-. 

L — The outside and inside feathers of the leg stop at the heel, or in sonic varieties they 
proceed lower and form what are called ruffles or vulture hocks. 

M — The feathers of the feet or sole are long, short, or entirely absent, in the different 
varieties. These feathers are along the sliank either in one or several row-. They are 
always on the outside part. 



illi-l 



TlIK AMKIMCAN KAliMEIt S STOCK ISOOK. 



JV — The f«':illuT- iif till' Iocs iippciir on llie outsidi'S. 

O— 'I'he iniiltilf tail toiithers envelop the rump and cover the hiises of tlicl;irj;c fcMlher^ 
of the tail. 

r — The l;n;;vr tail feathers arc in n rei;nlar line of seven on eaeh side of the rmn|i. ami 
form the tail. 

y_'l'he outside feathers of the shoulders cover a part of the other feathers of I he wImi;-. 
'riiey form the shoulder. 

if — The inside feathers of the shoulders are small, thin, and slender. 

iV — The lar<ier feathers of the pinion form, wlien the wing is opened, a l.irj;c. arched 
surface, and are of different sizes. These feathers grow out of the nniler side of tlic 
pinion. 

T — The small olitside feathers of the pinion are of different, sizes. Tlicy come on all 
the outside surfaces from tln^ shoulder to the pinion. Tlicy hegin ([uite small on ilic out- 
side edge, and finish a medium size on the inside edge. 

V — The inside feathers of the i)inion are close, middle-sized, and small, covering the 
bases of the large feathers of the |)inion. 

I' — The huge tlight-featliers. or feathers of the Iiaiid, are large and strong, and are of 
most use to the bird in locomotion. They begin at the under edge of that which is called 
the top of the wing. 

JT— 'I'lie outside llight-featliers cover \\w large ones; they are stiff and well llatteuedon 
the others. 

I'^Tlie inside llight-featlnns arc. some small and others medium-sized: lover the 
bases of the llight-feathers. 

Z — An appendix called the (lonmu'l of the wing, which represents the fingered part. It 
is at tlie joint of the pinion and has some middle-sized featliers of the same description as 
tlie large pinion featliers, and have some RimiU ones to cover them. These feathers assist 
the tlight. 

V. Ideal Shape of Fowls. 

The Dorking fowl may l)C taken as tlio i-nihodinicMit of as much cx- 
oellcncc in the same comptiss tis rtin hv. found in any other breed. Hence 




IDE.M. Mi.M'l'. <»1' I'OWI,. 



wo jrivo an illustration of the Dorkino-, tiotir<-d to roiircsent the ideal 
shsipe of the barn-yard fowl. 



lUlEEDINCJ AM) MANACK.MK.NT Ol' I'OUr-TKV. IHi.) 

VI. Breed to a Fixed Type. 

In l)rc'odiiig fowls, always avoid violent crosses. Disparity of foiin in 
niatin<>; birds can only end in disa.ster throuiili tlu^ d'oppinji' ont of undue 
form, and espeeiaily l)y had effects in tiie feathering, even after the lapse 
of many 3'ears. The same general rule should bo borne in mind that we 
have stated in ])revi()ns diaplers on lireediiig live stock : avoid crosses as 
much as ))ossible, and breed pure when it is possible to do so. 

VI. Number of Hens to Each Cock. 

The nunil)er of cocks to Ik^ kept iicconliug I0 the hens will \arv with 
different breeds. One cock to eight or tcm hens is sutticient in any breed. 
This will bo the right number for (rames, Dorkings, and French fowls : 
with Spanish Tirahmas or Cochins two more h(nis may be allowed. ( )no Ham- 
burg cock will generally serve for twelve to fourteen hens. \\'hen several 
males are kept, it is l)etter to keep all but f)nc or two of them contined, 
allowing them to take turns with the Hock, since this prevcuits worrying 
the hens and ensures better service. When tlu' raising of chickens is 
alone concerned, it is l)ettor to have |)lenty of males, to ensures fertility. 
Wlion only eggs are wanted for market, as many will be laiil whether 
properly fertilized or not. 

VEII. How to Mate Fowls. 

From the age of one to four ^'cai-s is the best time for laying. Hens 
two years old and over make the best sitting hens. Avoid vulture hocks 
( feathers running (low 11 at the hocks as in vultiucs) m all fowls, and 




l'KOTE('TIN(i nER UliOOI) 



especially in the Asiatics breeds. In breeding Asiatic fowls, let the males 
be as full-colored as possible, since the tendency of these fowls is to 
hrced to lighter colors ; but Judgment must Ite used not to get too violent 



n()6 



THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 



contrast in the sexes. So, if the hen is long-backed select a short-backed 
cock, but if the hen is short-backed, never breed to a long-backed cock ; 
you cannot well have the back too short. In breeding to color, all self-colors 
should bo as solid as ])ossible, and in parti-colored fowls study the birds 
for mating carefully, so that you may Ijreed as near to a feather as pos- 
sible, according to the characteristics of the breed. As a rule, heavily 
penciled males will get heavily penciled chicks, l)ut if the saddle is very 
heavily striped, or the neck hackle very dark, the chicks will incline to 
be spotted ; but cocks with dark hackles, and hens witli hackles lightly 
penciled will produce chickens delicately penciled. 

IX. Breeding upon a Mixed Flock. 

If vou cannot afford pure-bred stock, Iniy a sufficient number of cocks 
for your hens, or select a dozen hens and mate them with a good cock, 
from which to raise chic<teus. Once you begin, stick always to the same 
sti'ain, and in three years you will have a strain of fowls — if you have 
carcfulh' selected the chicks, always using pure males — good enough for 
market purposes and eggs. In the meantime, got a clutch of eggs from 
pure fowls and breed them separate from the others, and soon you will 
have the pure breed also. There is no farm stock that it pays better to 
breed pure than poultry, whether they be land or water fowl. 

X. Incubation of Various Fowls. 

Thi" following taiilc will show at a glance all necessary information in 
relation to the incul)ation of various fowls. 



NAME OF BIRD. 



PERIOD OF INCUBATION. 



SHORTEST 
PERlOn. 



MEAN 
PERIOD. 



LONGEST 
PERIOD. 



Twkey, sitting on \ Hen 

" the eggs of \ Duck. . . 

the j Turkey. 

Hen sitting on the \ Dnck. . . 

eggs of the ... J Hen 

Duck 

Goose 

Pigeon 



t 



28 
30 
30 
34 
24 
32 
33 
20 



XI. General Management of Fowls. 

In order to raise poultrj' successfully, jjropcr buildings and picntv of 
range must be provided. The l-.uildings need not l)e expensive, and on tl j 



BKEEUI.N'G AND MANAGEMENT OF PDlLTltV 



9fi7 




FOEARING FOR THEMSELVES. 



fai'iu any warm out house will afford comfortahle quarters, and range 
enough is provided in the out fields. On the 
farm in summer fowls will pick up a good 
share of their living, insects chiefly, and 
thus, Avhile partly supporting themselves, 
they are at the same time profiting their 
owner by the destruction of insect pests. In 
fact, fowls, if allowed, will wander consider- 
able distances in search of food, as illustrated 
in the cut "Foraging for themselves." 
Those who keep fowls in villages and subur- 
ban places, must j)rovide animal food and 
also green vegetable food in addition to the grain fed. This, with com- 
fortable quarters, care in feeding, and due attention to the health of the 
birds, constitute about all there is practically in poultry raising, except 
that pure breeds are kept with a view to the rearing of very superior 
birds. In the latter case a more careful study of the anatomy, physiology, 
and points of fowls must be made as in breeding any other animals. 

XH. Proper Pood of Powls. 

Fowls need a variety of food ; they are nearly omniverous feeders. 
Animal food is essential, but the bulk of the feeding may be grain, either 
raw or ground. If mixed feed (ground grain) is used, have the dough so 
stiff that it will not run ; never feed sloppy food. Indian meal and pota- 
toes boiled and mashed together, so stiff that the dough clings when 
squeezed in the hand, is one of the best of foods. Feed on clean ground 
— never in a trough in summer, since moist food so fed will inevitably 
become sour, and the troughs are seldom properly cleaned. In winter, 
ground feed should be fed as hot as the hens can eat it, and a little chop- 
ped onion mixed in is excellent ; provide other green food also, as cab- 
bage leaves. For animal food, a sheep's pluck, hung so high that the 
fowls can just reach it, is excellent ; so are the greaves from trying 
establishments. To keep the hens in good laWng condition, they must 
have animal food, and also bones broken so fine that the}"^ may be easily 
swallowed. Very little meat, however, is necessary, for if too much is fed 
the fowls may lose their feathers. Whole grain, and the drinking water 
should be kept in some receptacle, so the fowls may take it at pleasure. 
The grain fed may be screenings from wheat, rye, buckwheat and oats. 

XIII. Poultry Houses and Coops. 

Poultry houses, however simi)le, should be both warm in winter and 
well liurhted. The side containing the glass should face the South for the 



TUr. A.MKKKAX I'AiaiEU S STOCK liOOK. 



adViiiitagc of llif siiirs wiinuth in winter. The windows should al.so ho 
provided wilii iron ncttini:-, so the sasii luay lie raised lo admit air in 
siunnier, and also in mild weather in winter. One portion should l)e half- 
dark, for the laying and sitting hens, and a projjor dust bath must also be 
pi-ovided. Have the perches not mf)ro than two feet from the floor in the 
roosting place, and all on one level : let tiieni he large. A two by four 
.scantling, well rounded and set on edge, is not too large for heavy birds. 
The whole house should l)c whitewashed once a month in summer, and kept 
scrupulously clean at all times. If lice make their a])pearance, fumigate 
thoroughl}', and after cleansing, whitewash with lime to which a little car- 
bolic aciil is added. Sprinlile Scotch snuff among the feathers on the 
backs of the fowls, and give fresh materials for dust bath. 

The proper coops for hens with young chickens will readily suggest 
themselves. A barrel with one head out, laid on its side, and with stakes 
driven along one end to admit the passage of the chicks is a good make- 
shift. The ordinaiT triangular coop is well known. The best coop is a 
square box 18 by 24 inches, and roofed to shed rain ; from the open end of 
this a runway is thrown nine inches high and as wide as the coop, so 
closely slatted at the top that old fowls cannot get their heads through 
to feed. At the end are orifices to give egress and ingress to the 
chicks. In this way they may be fed ^vithout interference from the 
mother hen or otiier fowls, and it also fui'uislies a safe place of refuge 
from danger. 

XIV. Feed Boxes and Drinking Fountains. 

Both the feed bo.xcs and drinking fountains should be self-feeding. A 
three-irallon jug tilled with water, and turned mouth down in a suitable 
dish, and properly supported, makes a toler- 
able drinking fountain, and will suffice to 
convey the idea. For a Larger number of 
fowls, a five or six gallon keg, with a faucet 
with a long spout to r(!st near the bottom of 
tlu! driidving trough is good. If tilled, 
l)iinged tight, and the faucet opened, just 
enough water will be given up to keep the 
supply in the trough at a uniform height. 

Feed boxes are made on the same general 
to the bottom, and with an orifice large 
enough to allow a frei^ flow of grain, and resting near enough the bottom 
of the feeding box so that but little Mill lie given down at a time. Slats 
sufficiently wide apart so the fowls ean feed throusrh them, also keep 
the poultry from wasting the grain. 




A GOOD FOim OI- FOCNTAIN. 

principle, a box narrowin 



liliEKDlNi; AM) MANAGEMENT OE rOlLTUV. 



9«9 




A I'Eltl'KCT FEEUINU HOl'I'EK. 

When a fo^vl desires food, 



A Perfect Hopper.— The l)est form of feediuiz- hopper is >ho\vn in the 
annexed cut ; it can readily be eoiistructed by any ptM-^on by aid of tlie 
following description with refei'ences : A 
— An end view, eight inches wide and 
two feet six inches high. JJ — The roof, 
three feet long, projecting over the 
perch on which the fowls stand while 
feeding. G — The lid of receiving man- 
ger raised, exhibiting the grain. U,U 
— Cords attached to the perch and lid 
of manger or feeding trough. J — End 
Iku- of perch, with a weight attached to 
the end to balance the lid, otherwise it 
would not close when the fowls leave 
the perch. // — Pulley. G — Fulcrum. 
The hinges at the ridge are for raising 
the top when the hopper is to be replenished, 
it hops upon the bars of the perch and the weight of the fowl raises the 
lid of the feed box, exposing the grain to view, and after satisfjing its 
hunger jumps off and the lid closes. Of course the dimensions can l)e 
increased as desired. 

A Rat-Proof Hopper. — A stool hopper — as shown in tiic annexed cut — 
inaccessible to rats may be built by the following directions : Make a 
platform two or three feet square, as 
the ease ma}' be ; then make a square 
box, three inches high and si.xteen inches 
square ; nail it in the center of the plat- 
form ; saw strips one and a quarter 
inch square and eighteen inches high 
for the posts : nail strips of boards, two 
inches wide, to the posts at the top to 
secure and steady them: tlien take 
common lath or any thin stuff, one 
and a half or two inches wide, and 
nail them to the top and bottom, up and 
down, leaving spaces of two inches be- 
tween the slats, so that the fowls can get at the feed. Tlie roof miiy be 
four-square, as shown in the cut, and detached so that it can be raised 
for the hopper to be replenished with grain. Elevate the hopper on a 
post about three feet from the ground, as shown in the cut, which makes 
it rat and mice proof. The fowls will soon learn to leap upon the plat- 
form and feed from the i;rain l)ox between tlie slats. 




\ iruOL FEED1N(. Hori'I-K. 



970 THE AMEIUCAN 1 AliJIEIi's ST(JCK BOOK. 

XV. Breeds for Market. 

The Dorkings arc .superior table fowls ; they are, however, rather ten- 
der and hai'd to rear, and have not gained special favor in the United 
States. The Doniiniques are hardy, good layers, and good tal)lc fowls ; 
the rivmouth Koeks are larger, and perhaps better if you have the stock. 
A Dominique cross on Brahnias or Cochin Chinas, will give chicks that 
grow fast, feather well, and make plump fowls. A Dorking cross on the 
lar<re Asiatic breeds, is regarded in England as excellent. All things con- 
sidered, we think the Brahnias and the Cochins will give the best results, 
and the Brahnias especially are good winter layers. In this, however, 
every breeder will have his own fancy. The Houdans and La Fleche are 
in good repute among breeders, but the price of the original stock must, 
of course, be taken into consideration. 

XVI. Breeds for Eggs. 

As laying fowls simply, we have found the Polands all that could be 
desired. The Leghorns, Houdans, Haniburgs and Black Spanish are 
fully as good layers, and all of them are non-sitters ; lint the Leghorns 
and tlie Hamburgs have the reputation of being tender, and the Spanish 
are decidedly so. The Houdan and La Fleche have hardly been tried 
sufEcicntly iu this country to warrant a decided opinion as to their true 

value. 

XVII. How to Patten. 

The fattening of poultry, if they are in good flesh to start with, does 
not take long. In fact the bulk of the chickens marketed are taken direct 
from the yards without extra feeding. This is bad economy. Fifteen to 
twenty days' feeding, if they are contined in a dark place, will render them 
fat. When fat, market immediately, since they will soon begin to shrink. 
Market when they cease to feed full. Corn meal, made into a thick 
mush, with as much additional meal as can be worked in while boiling 
hot, and allowed to cool, is the best feed. Put the fowls in coops so 
small that they cannot turn round, and feed three times a day, allowing 
to take what water — skimmed milk is better — and clean gravel they will. 
The last week omit the gravel, and keep the pens clean and well littered 
with straw all the time. 

XV 111. Killing and Dressing. 

Let the fowl fast at least twelve hours Ix'fore killing. No man ever 
made money by selling a fowl with half a jjint of raw corn stuffed in the 
crop. Tie the legs of the fowl together, hang it up, open the beak, 
pass a sharp thin-bladeil knife, into the moutii and uii into t lie roof. 



BmEEDINC; AND :MAXAGEMEXT of rOLLTKY. ^71 

dividing the menibranc ; thus the bird is killed instantly. Then deftly 
cut the throat and let it bleed. The nicest way to pick, is without scald- 
ing and while the bird is quite warm. It may be easily done and the 
bird not torn ; thus dressed it will l)ring enough more in a city market to 
pay the extra trouble. 

To Scald a Fowl. — A well known buyer and dresser for the Chicago 
market, in answer to the question, how to dress and pack, gave the writer 
the following information which is here reproduced : 

Have the water just scalding hot — not boiling — 190 degrees is just 
right. Immerse the fowl, holding it b}' the legs, taking it out and in, 
until tiie feathers slip easily. Persons become A'ery expert at this, the 
feathers coming away by brushing them with the hand, apparently. At 
all events, they must be picked clean. Hang turkeys and chickens by 
the feet, and ducks and geese by the head to cool. Under j(o circum- 
stances whatever, should ducks and geese be scalded ; they must invaria- 
bly be picked dry. Take off the heads of the chickens as soon as picked, 
tie the skin neatly over the stump, draw out the insides carefully, and 
hang up to cool. Never sell fowls undrawn. They will bring enough 
more drawn and nicely packed, with the heart, gizzard and liver placed 
inside each fowl, to paj^ for the trouble. Let them get thoroughlv cool — 
as cold as ^jossible — but never, under any circumstances, frozen. There 
is always mone}- in properly prepared poultry ; the money is lost in half 
fitting them for market, the fowls often being forwarded in a most dis- 
gusting state. There is money in the production of eggs ; there is 
money in raising poultry for the market. The money is lost in improper 
packing, and in a foolish attempt, occasionally made, to make the buyer 
pay for a crop full of musty corn, at the price of first-class meat. 

XIX. Packing and Shipping to Market. 
The poultry, having been killed as directed, carefully picked, the heads 
cut off, and the skin drawn over the stump and neatly tied — or if ))re_ 
ferred, leave the head on, the fowl will not bring less for it — and the 
birds chilled down to as near the freezing point as possible, provide clean 
boxes and place a layer of clean hay or straw quite free from dust, in the 
bottom. Pick up a fowl, bend the head under and to one side of the 
breast bone, and lay it down flat on its breast, back up, the legs extend- 
ing straight out behind. The first fowl to be laid in the left hand corner. 
So placed, lay a row across the box to the right, and pack close, row by 
row, until only one row is left, then reverse the heads, laying them next 
the other end of the box, the feet under the previous row of heads. If 
there is a space left between the two last rows, put in what birds Avill fit 
sideways. If not, pack in clean, long straw, and also pack in straw at the 



*J72 TIIK AMICIIICAX lAK.MKKS STOCK UOOK. 

sides iuul between the Itirds, so they luiinot iiiove. l*:uk straw enough 
over one layei'of fowls, so that the others eannot toueh, and so proeeed 
until the hox is full. Fill the box full. There must never he any shak- 
in<;, or else the l)ir<ls will l)ec()nie lirnisoil, anil loss will ensue. Many 
packers of extra poultry i)laee pai)er over and under caeh layer before 
fillinji in the straw. There is no doubt but that it pays. Nail the box 
tijiht : mark the initials of the packer, the number of fowls and variety, 
and mark plainlv the full name of the person or tirm to whom il is con- 
signed, with street and muul)er on the liox. Thus the recei\-cr will kuow 
tit a glance what the l)ox contains, and does not have to unpack to find 
out. 

XX. Glossary of Terms Used by Poultry Fanciers. 

Beard. — A iimuii of feathers under the throat of some l)reed.-, asllou- 
daiis or Polish. 

Breed. — Any variety of fowl i)resenting distini-t characteristics. 

Brood. — Family of young chickens. 

Broody. — Desiring to >it. 

Carriage. — The attitude or bearing of a bird. 

Carunctdated. — Covered with tleshy iirotnlx-rances, as on the neck of 
a turkey-cock. 

Chick. — A newly -hatched fowl, until a few weeks okl. 

Cliirkin. — Applied to indefinite ages until twelve moutii-^ old. 

Clutcli. — (liven to the batch of eggs under a sitting hen, also to l)rood 
of chickens hatched therefrom. 

Cockerel. — A joung cock. 

Comb. — The red protuberance on top of the fowl's head. 

Condition. — The state of the fowl as regards health, beauty of plumage 
— the latter especially. 

Crest. — A tuft of feathers on the head ; the lop-knot. 

Crop. — The receptacle for food before digi-stion. 

Cuithion. — The mass of feathers over the tail and end of (he hen"s 
back, covering the tail : chiefly developed in Cochins. 

Deaf-ears. — Folds of skin hanging from the (rue ears, \arying in 
■<-olor, being blue, white, cream-colored, or red. 

Duhhlmi. — Cutdng off the comb, wattles, &c., leaving the head 
smooth. 

Ear-lobes. — Same as deaf-ears. 

Fare. — The bare skin around the eye. 

Flights. — The primary wing feathers, used in Hying, but unseen when 
at rest. 

F/iitfs.—Suh. downv feathers al)out the thiuiis. 



iii;Ki;i)iN<; and manaijkmknt or i'f>ri,Ti:Y. 973 

Furnlslicd. — Assiuncil full ohiiraclcr. W'lu-ii :i cockerel ol)t;iiiis liis 
tail, conil), &c. 

Gilh. — A tciui applied to the wattles, sometiiiies more iiiilctiiiitciy to 
the whole re<rioii of the throat. 

HarklfH. — The peculiar narrow fcaliicis on the fowl's neck. 

Hen-feathered, or Henny. — Kesciiihlinir a hi'ii, in the alisciice of 
sickles. 

Hock. — The elbow-joint of the le<r. 

Keel. — A word sometimes used to denote the liiea-t hone. 

Leg. — The .scaly part, or shank. 

Ley-feather.'i. — The feathers on the outside of the .shank. 

Mos.sy. — Confused in marking. 

Pea-comb. — .\ triph; comb. 

Pencilin<j. — Small stripes over a feather. 

Poidt. — .\. younir turkey. 

Prima He.i. — The (liirht-feathcrs of the win;r>, hidden when the wiiiir is 
clcsed . 

Pullet. — A young hen. 

Tiooster. — The common term for the male bird. 

Saddle. — The posterior of the back, reachini; to the tail in ;i coc]<, 
answering to the cushion in a hen. 

Secondaries. — The wing quill-featiieis. which -how when tiie l)ird is at 
rest. 

Self-color. — A uniform tint over the fealiiers. 

Sliafl . — The stem of a feather. 

SJiank. — The scaly part of the leg. 

Sickle.t. — The top curved feathers of a cock"s tail. 

Spangluir/. — Thi; marking produced by each feather having one large 
spot of some color different to the ground. 

Spur. — The sharp weapf)n on the heel of a lock. 

Stag. — .\nother term for a young cock. 

Strain. — A race of fowls, having acquired an individual character of 
its own, by being bred for years by one breeder or his successors. 

Symmetry. — Perfection of proportion. 

Tail-covert.f. — The soft, gloss}', curved featiiers at the sides of the 
bottom of the tail. 

Tail-fiat/iers.—\m)\]vi] lo the straight, stiff feathers of the tail only. 

T/iig/is. — The joint al)ove the shanks. 

To])-knot. — Same as crest. 

Trio. — A cock and two hens. 

Under-color. — The color of the plumage as seen when th<' surface is 
lifted. 



<»74 Tin: AMKnirvN fakmku's sroriv iuk)k. 

Vulture-hock. — Stiff proji'otiiiii' feathers at the hock-joint. 

Wattlix. — The red depemlinir stnietiiro,s at each side of the base of the 
l)eak. 

)IV/>. — Expressing a tlat and thin structure. The web of a feather is 
the flat or plume portion ; tiic web of the foot, the flat skin between the 
toes ; of the wing, the trianguhir skin, seen when the member is extended. 

Wintj-fmr. — Any line of dark color across the middle of the wing. 

Wing-hoio. — The upper or shoulder part of the wing. 

Wing-hiitts — The corners or ends of the wing. Game fanciers denote 
the upper ends as shoulder-butts ; the lower as lower-butts. 

Wing-coverts. — The broad feathers covering the roots of the seconda- 
ry quills. 



CHAPTER VI. 
THE TUKKEY, AND ITS VARIETIES. 



I. VAKIETIES OF THE DOMESTIC TURKEY. II. THE BRONZED-BLACK TURKEY. 

III. THE COMMON TURKEY.- IV. THE OCELLATED TURKEY. V. ENGLISH 

TURKEYS. — —VI. RARE VARIETIES. VII. THE CARE OF TURKEYS. 

I. Varieties of the Domestic Turkey. 

Notwithstanding the length of time that the wild turkey has 1)een do- 
mesticated — over 300 3'ears — it still retains some of its wild hal)its, even 
under the most artificial conditions. This is undoubtedly due to the fact 
that the turkey endures close confinement to a less extent than any of the 
domestic land birds, and hence these traits of wildness, wandering and 
the hiding of nests and young, have not been entirely bred out. The 
same is true of the pheasants, still less domesticated, although they have 
been in more or less subjection to man since ancient times. 

All turkeys, whether of the wild or domestic varieties, breed freely, 
one Avith the other, and continue fertile, thus proving conclusively that 
they came originally from one species. They are now broken up into 
every color, l)lack-bronzed and white-mottled being the original wild 
color. Among the sub-species, are : The Common turkey ; Bhick-and- 
white-mottlcd ; Black-ljronzed ; the Mexican ; the Ocellated or Hondu- 
ras ; the White ; the Buff ; the Fawn-colored ; the Copper-colored, and 
the Parti-coloi'ed . Temminck, in 1813 described Isabelle yellow turkeys, 
with fine full crests of i)ure white. Lieutenant Byam described crested 
wild turkej's as seen l)y him in Mexico ; it is probable that this observer 
mistook curassows for turkeys, since this bird is domesticated there 
and nobody else has found crested turkeys in Mexico. 

II. The Bronzed-Black Turkey. 

This variety is said to have been produced by a cross of the Wild tur- 
key upon the Common turkey hen, the produce fixed and improved by 
careful selection and breeding. They are the largest, as they are un- 
doubtedly the liest, of the domestic vai'ieties. The average for mature 
birds, well fattened, is about thirty pounds, while foi'ty pounds is not 
uncommon for extra male birds. The hens will weigh from twenty to 
twenty-five pounds each, when mature. They are as hardv as thev are 
beautiful in pluma<i:e. 

1)75 



!»7() 



Till-: AMKl.MCW lAl.'MKKS >T()(1\ COOK. 



Tlio l)i'st siiiH-iiiiens :iro desi'riboti as follows: In tlu" i-ock, tho fate. 
ear-l()l)es, wattk-s and jaws are deep ricii ii-d. tlio wattles waited and 
sonietiiiK's oil<i:ed white, the l)ill ciirxed. siioni;-, of a liuiit horn color at 
the tip and dark at the base. The iieeU, l)ivast and l)ack black, shaded 
with bronze, which in the sunlight glistens golden, each feather ending in 
a narrow glossy black band extending cl(>ar across. The nndcr part of 
the body is siniilavly marked, but more snixlucd. The wing-bow is 




BRONZK TURKEYS. 



black, showing a brilliant greenish or brown lustre, the tlight-fcathers 
black, barred across with white or gray, even and regular ; the wing-cov- 
erts rich bronze, the end of each feather terminating in a wide black 
band, giving the wings, when folded, a broad bronze band across each ; 
tail black, each feather irreguhu'ly penciled with a narrow brown band, 
and ending in a grayish-bronze band. Fluff abundant and soft : legs 
long, strong, dark or nearly black. The hen is similarly colored, but 
more subdued. 



THE TrllKKV, AM) ITS \M;1K.IIKS. 



977 



ni. The Common Turkey. 

The common turkey is white and h'.ack iiiottUid, having tiie head and 
wattle of the wild turUe}-. They are of uiediiun .size, and, prol)ably 
from the fact that tliey have been more generally disseminated and longer 
domesticated than the other varieties, they are less inclined to wander. 




THE COMMON TORKEY. 



When simply dollars and cents are concerned, they are the most profit- 
able to breed, since they are hardy, of medium size, and mature early. 
They will weigh, fat, at eight months old, from eleven to twelve pounds, 
and, when fully grown, sixteen pounds. 

IV. The Ocellated Turkey. 

This is one of the most elegant of the whole genus ; it is a native of 
Central America, and is found wild all over that region. It breeds kindly 
with our domestic turkey, and the progeny remains quite fertile, but 
both the tru(! and cross breed an; too tender for the North. Our bronzed 
green and gold turkeys undoubtedly owe their markings to this variety. 
The ground color of the plumage of the Honduras, or Ocellated turkey, 
is bronzed-green, banded with gold-bronze and shining black ; lower down 
the back the color is deep blue and red ; upon the tail the bands be<'ome 
fully defined and sharp, jiroduciiig the peculiar oceliated or eve-like ap- 



:)7S 'I'llK A.Mi;i;HA.\ I'AK.MKl! s SIOCK liOOK. 

peurimci', wliciico tlicir iiiiiiu'. Tlic wattle is ulso p('culi;u-, and tlic top 
of tlie head is i-ovori'd with wart-likc protuberances, as sliowii iu the cut 
of a 3'oung Oiellated hen. 




'-_^ "^'1^2^'^ '■"'"^'•1^' 



v-iT-' ' '" 



YOUNG OC'ELLATKl) TIKKKV IIKN. 



V. English Turkeys. 

'I'he so-ciilied Knglisli turkey is simply ,1 snh-vaiiety of the common 
Anu-ricau domesticated turkey already dcs( rihed. Careful hreedinsj; and 
selection have increased the size and rendei-ed tiicni (|uite uniform in 
color. One suh-varicty is the Norfolk turkey, black with a few white 
spots on the wings. Another sub-variety, valued in Cambridgeshire, is 
bn»nzc-gray, and longer-legged than the Norfolk ; these, liowever, vary 
from a light copper color to dark, the latter being jireferred. 



THE TIKKKV. AND ITS VAKIETIES. 5t7!) 

VI. Rare Varieties. 

There are a numl)er of uioi'c or less rare varieties of turkeys, the Iiuff, 
the Fawn, and the Pure-wliite l)eing tiie principal ones. They are all 
considered more tender than the varieties heretofore named. Turkeys of 
the -white variety are especially handsome, the color being relieved l)y the 
tuft on the breast, which remains jet black, which, with the blue-white 
and red caruncles of the head and neck, present a most elegant appear- 
ance. 

VII. The Care of Turkeys. 

Turkeys will bear continement less than any of oui' domestic fowls, if 
we except the i)eaeoek, and perhaps the Guinea-fowl. They must have 
plenty of range, and will not roost under shelter, unless compelled to do 
so, even in the winter. Their favorite resort is a high, bushy tree, just 
as the iK-acock favors the highest peak of the house and barn. An eccen- 
tric fancier was not much out of the way who said the three best house 
guards ai-e turkeys, peafowl and geese. The two first see everything, 
and the latter hear everything, and, he (]uaintly added, their clatter quick- 
ly arouses the "noble watch dog," who, awakened from a sound sleep, 
contributes his bark, and gets the credit of the whole alarm. 

When full grown, turkeys are hardy, and fully al)le to take care of 
themselves. The young chicks, however, are quite tender, up to the age 
of four weeks, and again about the time they begin to acquire the red 
head, which occurs at si.\ or seven weeks old. During this time they 
should be protected from hot suns, heavy rains, and the night dews. 
For the first two weeks, hard boiled yolk of eggs rubbed up with oat 
meal or cornmcal makes the best feed. After this, cracked wheat, oat- 
meal grits and cracked corn should form the .staple of the feed, and if a 
little bruised hempseed is added until the chicks are two months old, 
they Avill thereafter pretty nuich forage for themselves, except for their 
daily feed of wliole grain. Young onions chopped fine and mixed with 
their feed should be given pretty often. The curd of sour milk is also 
excellent for them. In fattening, cornraeal, cooked to a hard iiuish, is 
the usual feed, and if to this be added what skimmed milk they will 
drink once a day, with plenty of pure water at other times, they may be 
fattened to heavv weights. 



WATER FOWL. 
CHAPTER VII . 

5EESE AND THEIR VAHIETIES. 



I. THE MANAGEMENT OP GEESE. II. EMBDEN OR BREMEN GEESE. III. TOU- 
LOUSE GEESE. IV. WHITE CHINESE GEESE. V. HONG KONG GEESE. VI. 

THE AFRICAN GOOSE. VII. THE CANADA OU WILD GOOSE. VIII. EGYPTIAN 

GEESE. 

I. The Management of Geese. 

The numagemcMt of gccsc i.s very simple. A good dry .spot for thoir 
resting place, plenty of range, with young grass, and a pond, or running 
water, if possible, will enable any one to raise geese successfully, if plenty 
of grain, corn and wheat screening.s arc given to make up what they fail 
to get in thoir rambles. The grain fed should alwaj's be given in a deep 
vessel of water in summer, if deep natural water is not near, since geese 
are often annoyed by insects getting in the ears and nostrils, which they 
rid themselves of by thrusting their heads well down into water. 

In fattening for market, coni-nuMd and potatoes boiled together to a 
thi(^k mush, is as good as anything. They shouUi be sold as soon us fat, 
which should be in about two weeks of feeding. If tlu^ mush is made 
with skimnu^d milk the geese will become very fat, if given as muc^h as 
they will eat three times a day. 

Geese are subject to but few diseases. For <liarrh(i>a, give one or two 
drops of laudanum in a little water, and rc^jcat if necessary. For giddi- 
ness bleed them in the prominent v(\in which separates the claw. Geese 
live to a great age;, and old geese are the best mothers. Ganders, how- 
ever, are best at from one to three years old, since as they get age they 
are apt to become cross, and sometimes injure small children. 

II. Embden or Bremen Geese. 

There is no doubt but the Embden is the most valuable of the domesti- 
cated varieties of geese. They should be pure white, with prominent 
blue eyes; strong, medium-length neck ; heavy bodi(>s, with the feathers 

!I.S() 



tiKESK, AM) TIIKIIi \ Al.'l K TIKS. 



9HI 



ratluT more inclined to curl from the shoulder to the head, than in otlicr 
varieties ; the bill is dark Hesh color and the legs orange. Young birds 
of the year have been made to weigh over forty pounds, and mature birds 




near sixty jiounds. The average for breeding birds may be ])ut at al)out 
twenty ])ounds. They arc curly layers and may be made to icar two 
l)r()ods in a season. 



i»S2 riiK A\ii:i;i( A\ iai;.mi:i; s siock hook. 

III. Toulouse Geeso. 

Those mairuiticciit hii-ds, next in merit to tiie Eniixlen. ;iii(l liy many 
faneiers prefi'iTed to (hem, ha\e eompaet bodies, ratiier .short h'L;s, and 
will often oiitweiu^ii the Kmlniens. 'I'iieir l)()dies and breasts are ligiit 
j;ray ; the neck darlv gray, the eoh)r (U'epening as tiu^ head isappi'oaelied ; 
tile wiiiiis are (■oh)red lilce (lie nee!;, btit ^I'lfinii' iisiiiter towai'ds (he bellv. 







roi l.nr-;|-. (iKKsK. 



wiiieii, together with tiie rump, is wliile. Tiie h'gs and feet ai-e a deep 
reddisli orange, and tiu^ bill the same eolor, but inclining to brown. In 
(|ualitv of Hewh there is little if any difference between the KmbdiMi and 
the Toulouse. 

IV. White Chinese Goose. 

The White Chinese geese, from tiu'ir immense size, pure white eolor, 
and swan-liUe appeai-ance are much admired by fanciers who have ponds 
of watei'. Whether swimming or on laud, thev ai'e pleasing and graceful 



(iKKSK, AM) TllKll; \ srUKlll 



in niovcniciit . The color is j)ur(! while; tlic hill and tlu; kiioli on the 
licad oiaiiixc colored, and the color of the h'ji'.s tlie .siiinc. A peculiarity 
of this breed is the great disparity in size between the males and females. 




the former being one-third larger than the latter. They are ])rolific of 
eggs, which are rathi^r small-sized for llic sizi; of tlu; birds, and Ihe gos- 
lings are tender and delicate in flesh. Tiicy are hardy anil prolific, some- 
times I'caring three breeds in a season. 



<)K1 



riiK AMi:i;i(AN 



STOCK ISOOK. 



V. Hong Kong Geese. 

'I'lic Hong Kong, or gray Cliiiia goose, is supposed to be the variety 
from wiiich tiie A\'iiite Chinese goose sj)rung. Certainly, there are not 
greater diffcrenees l)et\veen the two than between the Enibden and 
Toulouse. The Hong Kong is distinetly knobbed, and in size is between 
a goose and swan. Their distinguishing marks are the knob on the top 
of the head, the feathered dewlaps or wattle under the throat, and dis- 
tinct dark stripe down the neek. They vary in color, but the true color 




HON<i KON(i GEESE. 



is ii grayisli brown on the back and upper i)arts of the l)ody, changing to 
white or whitish gray under the abdomen ; the neck and breast yellowish 
gray, with a distinguishing stri|)e of dark brown rumiing down the 
back of the neck from the head to the body ; the bill and legs are 
orange, and the jirotubcranees at the base of the lover bill very dark, 
np|)roaehing to black. They are nocturnal in habit, very prolitic in eggs, 
.iiid the Hesh of the young birds is superior in (piaiity. 



(!P:E!SE, AM) TIlKIi; \Ai;iKTIKS. 



t>85 



VI. The African Goose. 

Tliis is OHO of tlic largest, of any of the varieties- of geese, and is re- 
iiiarkahle for its upright carriage, carrying the neck straigiit and the head 
level ill walking. It is rather a rare bird in the United Statc-s, and has 
sometimes ])een called the Siberian (ioose, hut the name African goose is 
undouljtedly the true one. The hill is hooked or armed with small iudeu- 




AFRICAN GEESE. 



tations along the sides ; at the base of the bill on top is a bright vermil- 
ion colored fleshy tubercle, and a hard, firm, fleshy membrane under the 
thioat. The head and upper part of the neck are brown, deeper on the 
upper side and lighter on the underside. The cut will give a good idea 
of tlic principal characteristics of this variety. 

vn. The Canada or Wild Goose. 

This goose is well known all over the United States and Canada, 
breeding in the far North, spending the spring and autumn in the more 
temperate regions, and going South, even to the (iulf of Mexico, in the 
winter. It is the most sai;acious of anv of the goose tril)e, and when 



ilSC TIIF. AMKKICA.V FAIlMEl! S f^TOCK liOOK. 

liatclu'd from wikl cg'iis, often hccoiiies thoroiijilily doiiu'sticnti'il in the 
lir.st generation, and breeds freely with tlic other varieties of geese. 
When 1)r(Hl on tlio farm, the flesh retains much of the game liavor of 
tlie wild l)irds. It is certainly one of the handsomest of water fowls. 

Vni. Egyptian Geese. 

This is a rare variety in the United States, but is prized for its beautiful 
plumage and stately carriage. It is a small bird, weighing about eight 
pounds, but elegant and striking in its plumage. The color is dark red 
around the eyes ; the bill white ; a red ring about the neck ; the neck 
and breast light fawn gray, with a maroon star on the breast ; the belly 
red and gray : tiio wing feathers one-half deep rich l)lack, and the rest 
pure white, with a l)lack bar running across th(^ centre; the liack light 
red, changing to dark red near the tail ; the tail jet black. 




•I AMI \i: II roULoUsK oousK. 



WATER FOWL. 



ClIAl'TKi; VIII. 



VARIETIES OF DOMESTIC DUCKS. 



I. nrCKS ON THE FAKM. II. VAIUETIKS BEST AOAPTEU TO THE FARM. III. 

AYLESBURY DUOKS. IV. liOIEN IH'CKS. V. THE COMMOX WHITE DUCK. 

VI. f'AYlliA BLACK I>l(KS. VII. MTSrOVY' IHrKS. VIII. BLACK EAST 

INDIA UUCKS. IX. CAI.l. lilCKf-. X. OTIIEK AXIi R ARE DUCKS. 

I. Ducks on the Farm. 

Year l)y year Ixitli ducks and u(H'sc are heconiing more popular as an 
addition to tlic rcunlar fai-m ^to(•k. Ducks, especially, are yearly receiv- 
ini;' niiirc and more attention. First, from the fact that the ducklings arc 
the most active and indefatigal)lc insect hunters known ; second, the^^ 
a !•(> more easily reared than any otiier farm l)irds ; third, their feathers 
arc valuable, and fourth, the eggs and young ducks find ready sale in 
the markets. In the tields of tlie market gardener they are especially 
valualile, and all those mIio liiiow their value in this respect would raise 
them, if onlv for their aid in >mniner as insect destroyers. 

II. Varieties Best Adapted to the Farm. 

When the tlesh and featlici's are the principal objects, the white breeds 
are best ; but v/hen iiesh is the prime object, and handsome, ornamental 
qualities are desired, the Black Cayuga and the Rouen duck will give sat- 
isfaction. We think the young of the Rouen duck the best insect de- 
stroyer.s of any of the large breeds, and tiie young of the common gray 
duck, the best of the smaller breeds. The JMuscovy, one of the largest 
of ducks, has really little to recommend it, except size, and even here, 
the Cayuga, the Rouen and the Aylesbury will nearly compete with, 
them, and are far superior in quality of flesli. One reason, probably, 
why ducks have received so little attention in the West, is that wild 
ducks have been so numerous in tlu^ spring and fall that a mess might at 
any time be had fov the shooting. Tliev ai-e. iiowevcr, becoming scarcer 

!IS7 



'.I.SS TIIK AMKUICA.V FARMEU S STOCK HOOK. 

:iiul liiuluT \('ar liv year, and licncc, cxcci)) in now ^ettli'nirnt-< near 
watcu', inoro and more attention is yearly heinir paid to the lai.sing of 
tiime ducks. 




The raising of ducks is oxeeedinglv sini|)le. They are little liable to 
disease and are able to take care of theinsehcs soon after l)eing hatched. 
The mean ])eriod of incubation is thirty days. The eggs should be 
l)laee(l under a large hen, light IJl-aiiina ]>rcfiiably, and when hatclu-d 



VARIETIES OF DOMESTIC DUCKS. 



I»89 



the}- sliouldhavc a pool of cloar water to jjla^- in, liowovor small it may 
l)e. Their food may be the saiue as that of young chieks, and if placed 
where insects abound, they will soon rid the sciuash, melon, cucumber, or 
other i)atches of these enemies of tiie liardener. 

III. Aylesbury Ducks. 

Of all the Englisii breeds, the Aylesbury is undoubtedly the best, and, 
taking into consideration the color of the feathers, it is one of the mo.st 
useful of the species introduced into the United States. They are 
scarcely .so heavy as the Rouen, but eighteen i)ounds per pair is not unu- 
sual. They are prolific in eggs of pure white color, and quite thin in 




"^-^■^^/^ 



AYLESBIUV nUAKE. 



the shell. The Aylesbury is rather inclined to fall down behind from 
the stretching of the abdominal muscles. In breeding, always avoid such 
birds, and as soon as it is noticed, kill and dress them for market, since 
as soon as this becomes the case they are generalh' sterile. This will 
apply to all ducks, and hence, in the selection of the male, take these 
that are especially free from this disability. 

IV. Rouen Ducks. 

This name is probably a corruption of ivoun duc-k ; at all events there 
is no evidence that the breed originated at the Fivnch town of this name. 



J)!)() 



■IIIK AMKKICAN lAlJMKi; s STOCK ISOOK. 



It is uiidoiihtodly .-i viuiotv of tho Mnlhird or (irsiy dtick, :iiul Itrcd lojrether 
the \ oung CDUH' uniform iii tlioir markings. Tlio color sliould closely 



;j I "imiBi; 




:ip|)roxim:itc that of the wild Mallard diicU. In fact, tho markinjrs of tho 
wild iluck will perfectly describe the tame, enlarired and improved va- 
riety. The eves, howevei', are more deeply sunken, and they liavf tlie 



VAUir.TlKS OK DO.MESTIC ]>'JClvS. 



991 



disability of i?()on fullini;' licliind, the alxloiiiin:!! pidluliciuiicc Id'iniriU'vcl- 
ojied at an early aa(\ 

They ai'c the largest as they arc the most (luiet of dueks, and seldom 
wander. When fat, they have been made to weiirh nearh' twenty pounds 
the pail-, and drakes of nine or ten weeks old have l)ocn known to weiirh 
more than twelve pounds the pair. The Hesh is most exeellent 
and they are prolific layers of large, rather thiek-shelled, bluish-green 

eggs- 

V. The Common WTiite Duck. 

This du<'k is too well known to need description. They are not uiUike 
the AvU^sbury, except in size. Since the introduction of the larger 
breeds, they have fallen into disrepute and are now seldom found pure. 




COMMON MIUTE DICK. 



VI. Cayuga Black Duck. 

Of the origin of this famous American duck, nothing positive is known. 
They have been bred about Cayuga lake, New York, for many years. 
They are essentially a water duck, rarely rising from the water, and so 
clumsy on land that theyseldom wander far. In color they are ])lack, or 
rather deep brown black, with a white collar about the neck, and white 
flick.s on the breast ; the drakes usually show more Avhite than the ducks, 
and the green tint on the head and neck being far more pronounced ; in 
fact the duck should have 1)ut a faint strip of green on the head, neck and 
wings. In breeding, the darkest males should be selected, since they in- 
cline to breed to white. They are good layers, producing about eighty 



;ii(-> rill-: wiKitUAN rAi;Mi:i; s ,>sT()ck hook. 

to imioty OiTCJs in :i soason w luu well t\"(l. The llosh i-< oxopUonl, ihirk 
and liiuii llavorod, aiul llio l>inls liardv. 'Plio woijiht of tlic hinls at six 
to cielit iiKinths old. if well t'alti-ncd. is from twoivo to fourtocn pountls 




per [>air, and sixtocii i)ounds has l»t>('ii rcaclu'd. l"\ir loarinir iMitircly on 
liind, WO have not fonnd llicm so i^ood as ihc K'oucii oi' l\oan, Iml near 
laUos, ponds and stroanis (iu'ic aio no lu'dcr or more protitablo ducks. 

VII. Muscovy Duck. 

Tlio Musk, or Brazilian diu'k was once rciiaidcd with jrroat favor, nnd 
cortainly thov arc lioth iiandsou'.c and laruc llic drakes ofton woiiiliing 
ten pounds The eolor is a very dark, ricli, lihie-lilack. prisiiiatie witli 
everv eolor of wliieii blue is a eompon('i\l ; tliere is a white I>ar on eaeh 
niiiL:', and more or less white alioul the iiead and neck. The feathers in 
the hack of the drake are liiu' and pluiui--like ; the Icii's and feet are dark. 
In warm elimates they are said to lie prolilie, hut oui' experience with 
them, A'ears a<ro, was thai tliev are neither hardy nor ji'ood layers. 
They are readily distiniiuislied by the red membrane surrounding the eyes 
anil coverinLT the cheeks. 



VAKIKTIICS or DOMESTIC DICKS. 



»93 



VIII. Black East Indian Ducks. 
These arc really l)la(l<, and arc among the in().--t beautiful of ducks. 
From time to time tiiey have appeared under various names, as East 
Indian, Labrador, lUii'Uos Ayres, and IiiazilliaM ducks. They an- ijuite 




;.\>T rsniA dicks 



hardy, and their color would --iigL^csL tiiat tlicy are closely related to the 
Mallards. Their beauty and hardiness, together witli their small size 
will recomnu-nd them to amateurs ; but for protit they cannot comiiure 
with the best of the huge l)rccds. 




(JHAV CAI.I. UrCKS. 

IX. Call Ducks. 
There are two varieties of ducks which bear the same relation in size 

to the large breeds that Bantams do to other baru-yard fowls. These 

<;3 



il!>4 



THE AMKIMCAN FAKJIEU S STOCK ItOOK. 



arc the Gray and the '\^'llitc Call duck. The Gray is the miniature 
counterpart of the Koan or Kouou duck, and the White resembles tiio 
AAlesl)ury except in size and color of the bill, M'hieh in t lie White Call 
duck is a clear yellow, while in the Avlcshury it is a tlcsh color. Thcv 




arc pretty thinir^ on a lake or piece of water in ornamental grounds, 
and the colored variety is used by sportsmen as decoys for other ducks, 
they being noted for their loud, shrill, and oft repeated call ; hence the 
name. 



VAIilETIKS OF DOMESTIC DUCKS. 



995 



X. Other and Rare Ducks. 

Among the ducks of elegant plumage lately domesticated is the Wood 
duck, known all over the West, and now disseminated as the Carolina 
duck. It is one of the most beautiful of any of the varieties in the bril- 
liancy of its plumage and varied elegance of the markings, one of the most 
striking in the gi-acef ul plume of feathers falling back from the head. 
Thoy are so easily domesticated that they will allow themselves to be 
handled, if always treated with gentleness. 

The Mandarin duck, a Chinese variety, is also a bird of splendid plum- 
age, 1)ut rare. 

Of the crested ducks, the White and the Black Poland are best known. 
Both are crested, the crest varying in size, but always bearing a ball of 
feathers, quite round. 

Another very rare duck, the Crested duck, said to be native to America, 
is described by Mr. Latham as being " the size of the wild duck," (an 
indefinite description), "but much larger, for it meosures twenty-five 
inches in length ; a tuft adorns its head ; a straw yellow, mixed with 
rusty-colored spots is spread over the throat and front of the neck ; the 
wings, speculum blue beneath, edged with white ; the bill, wings and tail 
are black ; irides red, and all the rest of the body ashy-gray." 




ARCTIC WATER FOWL. 



PART X. 



Diseases of Poultry. 

HOW TO KNOW THEM; THEIR CAUSES, PREYEN- 
TIOX AND CURE. 



Diseases of Poultry. 



CHAPTER I. 



THE CAEE AND TREATMENT OP SICK POWIiS. 



I DIVISION OP DISEASES INTO GROUPS. II. APOPLEXY. III. VERTIGO. IV. 

PARALYSIS. V. CKOP-BOUND. VI. DIAKKHCEA. VII. CATARRH. VIII. 

BRONCHITIS. IX. KODP. X. GAPES. XI. PIP. XII. CONSUMPTION. 

XIII. INFLAMMATION OF THE EGG PASSAGE. XIV. LEG WEAKNESS. XV. 

RHEUMATISM. XVI. POULTRY LOUSINESS. 

I. Division of Diseases into Groups. 

The tliseases to which poultry are subject, are comparatively few. 
Poultry lousiness; roup, a contagious disease; gajjes ; crop-bound; 
diarrhoea; catarrh; inflammation of the egg passage, and rheumatism, 
are the principal ones. These and a few others, only, will be noticed. 
They may be divided as follows : Diseases of the brain and nervous sys- 
tem ; diseases of the digestive organs ; diseases of the lungs and air pas- 
sages ; diseases of the egg organs ; and diseases of the skin. 

II. Apoplexy. 

Causes. — The cause of this disease is usually overfeeding and confined 
quarters. The bird may be moping for some da3's, but usually the 
trouble is not noticed until the fowl falls, and dies with hardly a struggle. 

What to do. — The remedy is to open the largest of the veins under the 
M'iiig. By pressing on the vein between the opening and the body, the 
blood will continue to flow until the jircssure is released. 

Prevention — The j^revention is plenty of exercise, and abstinence from 
over-stimulating food. 

m. Vertigo. 
This is caused usually by strong feeding and lack of exercise. The 
fowl runs in a circle with but partial control of the limbs, and sometimes 
falls and dies. 

What to do. — When observed, hold the head of the bird under a stream 
of cold water wiiich will soon give relief. Ten grains of jalap may be 
administered afterwards, and the bird be kept on a rather low diet. 

999 



1000 THE AMEKICAX FAUMEU's STOCK BOOK 

rv. Paralysis. 

This is also induced by the same causes as the two last mentioned dis- 
eases, and is the direct effect of some disorder of the spinal cord. But 
little can he done, when once a bird is thus attuiked. 

Prevention. — Plenty of exercise, a mixed diet, and will ventilated but 
dry (juarters. 

V. Crop-Bound. 

Causes. — This is caused by irregular feeding. A hungry bird stuffs 
his crop to such a degree, that the whole, when nu)istcned, becomes a 
dense imjiacted mass. Sometimes any large hard substance will serve as 
a nucleus for the gradual gathering of other substances around it. 

What to do. — The treatment is to puncture the upper part of the crop, 
loosen the nuiss by degrees with a blunt instrument, and gradually re- 
move the lump. If the incision is large, the slit may be sewed up, and 
the bird kept for ten days on soft food. If in good condition, the 
cheapest M-ay is to kill the bird unless it be a valuable one. 

VI. DiarrhCBa. 

Tile symptoms are obvious. 

What to do. — The remedy is to give sometliing to check tiie purging. 

Try the following : 

No. 1. 5 Grains iiowdcred chalk, 

.5 Graius Tiukey rhubarb, 
2 Grains Cayenne pepper. 

If this does not check tlie discharge, give the following, until the bird 
is relieved : 

No. 2. 1 Grain opium, 

1 Grain powdered ipeeao. 

Give every 5 hours, until relief is had. 

VII. Catarrh. 

Causes. — Damji quarters, and roosting in exposed situations. 

What to do. — In simple cold or catarrh there will l)e swelling of the 
eyelids, a watery or other discharge from the nostrils, and the face 
may be nioi-e or less swollen at the sides. 

What to do. — Renu)ve to comfortable ([uarters, and give warm food, 
liberally dusted with pepper. This will usnally effect a cure. 

VTII. Bronchitis. 

Causes. — Bronchitis results when the effects of a cold expend them- 
selves in the lungs and air passages. 



THE CAKE AXD TREATMENT OF SICK FOWLS. 1001 

How to know it. — There will be cough, a raishig of the head to In-eatho, 
and a more or less offensive smell. 

What to do. — In severe oases, give the following : 

No. 3. 1 Grain calomel, 

ig Grain tartar emetic. 

Strip a feather, also, to within one-half ineh of the end, and swah the 
throat thoroughly witii powdered borax : also, let the fowls drink of the 
following : 

No. 4. I4 Ounce chloride of potassium, 

2 Quarts soft water. 

This disease is sometimes called croup. 

Preventives. — (iood ventilation, cleanliness, and proper care. 

IX. Roup. 

When this disease is once found, the affected fowls should be either 
killed and burned, or else removed out of the way of the well ones. Or, 
better, remove the well ones to other quarters. Separation must be 
complete ; otherwise the entire flock will be suV)jected to the disease. It 
is one of the most fatal pertaining to fowls, and action should be decisive 
and promptly taken. 

How to know it. — Tiie symptoms, at tirst, are like those of severe 
catarrh ; but the discharge from the nostrils is thick, opaque, and of a 
peculiar and offensive odor. Froth appears at the inner corners of the 
eyes : the lids swell, and often the eyes are entirely closed ; the sides of 
the face become much swollen, and the bird rapidly loses strength and 
dies. 

What to do. — The fowls must have dry, warm quarters, and soft and 
stimulating food. Give, as soon as possible, for a small fowl, a tea- 
spoonful, or for a large fowl, a tablespoonf ul of castor oil. The nostrils 
should be syringed, by inserting a small syringe in the slit of the roof of 
the mouth, with one part of chloride of soda to two parts of water. 
Three or four hours after the oil has been given, having divided the fol- 
lowing into thirty doses, give one, two or three times a day : 

No. 5. % Ounce balsam copaiba, 

>^ Ounce liquorice powder. 
^2 Drachm piperiue. 

This is enough for thirty doses ; enclose each dose in a little gelatine, 
and administer as directed. If the fowls continue to get worse, kill at 
once and bury them. 



1002 



THE AMEIMCAX 1 AU.MEi: S STOCK BOOK. 




GAPE ■vvonji. 

, natural size; i, enlarged. 



X. Gapes. 

•ausoil 1>y parjisitic worms ( Scferosfoma si/njamiis) in tho 
wiiul-pipc, and occurs usually iu chickens from 
two to four months of age. It lias been said to 
be produt'cd from a small, tick-like jiarasite, lodged 
on the heads of the chickens. If a case occurs, 
examine tho chickens with a pocket lens, and if 
the parasites are found, destroy them with the fol- 
lowing, which is good, also, for hen lice : 

No. C. 1 Ounce mercurial dintuioiit, 

1 Ounce lard oil, 

>a Ounce flowers of sulphur, 

)-2 Ounce crude petroleum. 

^lix, by melting in a ■warm bath, aiui apply 
when just warm. 

To cure the gapes, strip a small quill feather to 
within half an inch of the end ; dip it in spirits of turpentine, and insert 
it into the opening to the wind-pipe at the base of the tongue ; turn it 
around once or twice, and withdraw it. If relief is not had, repeat tho 
operation again the next da}-. Give w-irni shelter, good, soft food, well 
mixed with a little black pepper, and skini-milk to drink. 

XI. Pip. 

Tills is not a disease but tho result of another disease. It is the forma- 
tion of a scale or crust at the tip of the tongue. 

What to do. — Remove the incrustation , wasli witii cliloridi' of soda, 
and if the nostrils are stopped, inject as advised for roup : if the fowl is 
very much ailing, give a teaspoonful of castor oil. 

XII. Consumption. 

This is a rare disease among fowls that are kept on the farm. It is a 
gradual wasting away, with cough and the throwing out of matter, and 
is tho result of too close confinement in damp, unhealthy (juarters. It 
often becomes hereditary in fowls so kept, and if 3'ou are unfortunate 
enough to have got such fowls from some breeder of pure-bred fowls, 
who was not attentive to his stock, kill them, since it is worse than use- 
less to breed from them. 

XIII. Inflammation of the Egg Passage. 

How to know it. — The indications of this disease, rare in fowls kept on 
the farm, arc as follows : If the intlammation is at the lower end of the 
passage, the egg is without shell; if the inflanunation is in tiie middle 



THE CAKE AND TREATMENT OF SICK FOWLS. 1003 

portion, the membrane is misshapen, or incomplete; if the whole j^as- 
sagc is inflamed, the yolk is jJassed out without any covering. 

The laying of soft shelled eggs is not evidence of inflammation. It 
may be the effects of being driven about, or of a want of lime matei'ial in 
the system to form the shell. In inflammation there will be fever, and 
the feathers, especially over the back, ^vill he ruflled. The hen will be 
moping, and at times will strain to discharge the contents of the passage. 

What to do. — The proper remedy is to give the following ; 

No. 7. 1 Gi'.iiii calomel. 

1-12 Grain tartar emetic. 

To be given in a little gelatine. 

Keep the hen aftenv^ards, for some time, on nourishing but not stimula- 
ting food. As a rule the cheapest way, unless in the case of a valuable 
fowl, is, if the difliculty returns, to kill the fowl. 

XTV. Leg Weakness. 

This is a disease of young fowls and more generally of young males, 
rather than of pullets. The bird seems unable to support its weight, and 
constantly sinks down. The large Asiatic fowls are most subject to it. 
The remedy is nourishing diet, with a due proportion of insect or animal 
food. The grain should be cracked wheat, coarse oat-meal or barley 
meal, and if from three to eight grains of citrate of iron be daily given, 
it will greatly assist as a tonic. 

XV. Rheumatism. 

Causes. — This is a disease arising from cold, damp quarters, or those 
badly ventilated. Another cause is the chickens running in the dew or 
wet in the early season. Cramp is produced by the same causes. Little 
can l)c done, once they are affected. 

Prevention. — The prevention is obvious. Good, clean, well ventilated 
quarters, and plenty of nutritious and varied food. 

XVI. Poultry Lousiness. 

There would seem to be little need for the appearance of this nuisance, 
if care were taken, and if new fowls introduced were first examined with 
a lens ; for the parasites are very minute. The common hen louse, is 
larger than the "hen spider" so called, which is almost microscpic. 

What to do. — The first may be destroyed by sj^rinkling the breeders 
and nests with Scotch snuff or flowers of sulphur, at intervals of two or 
three days. 

The hen spider is more ditScult to exterminate. When hens have been 
allowed to roost in a horse stable, we have knowm the horses and every 



1004 THK AMKHICAX FARMER S STOCK 1500K. 

crcvioc to be so iufeslod thiit only the most rigid means could oxtermi- 
n;itc thoni. This was Ity tlie iii)i)liciitioii of flowers of sulpliur, inoistoiicd 
with kerosene, applied to the roots of the manes and tails of the horses, 
and a tliorouirii application to the fowls themselves. In addition, every 
part of the building must be thoroughly cleansed and washed, and every 
surface, crack and crevice filled with lime, slacked with ainnioniacal 
liijuor from the gas works ; or in place of this use a little carbolic acid 
with ordinaiy lime Avash. Wash, also, all the furniture, perches, nests, 
etc., with a solution of one pound of potash, to a quart of water, or the 
anunoniaeal water of a gas factory. Then put in plenty of dust baths, 
and the difficulty will probably Ijc ended. 



PART XL 

DOGS. 

HISTORY, MAT^AGEMENT AI^D CHARACTERISTICS 
OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. 



DOGS, 



CHAPTER I. 



DOGS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 



I. SOMETniNG OF DOG HISTORY. II. ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF I>OGS. 

III. SO-CALLED WILD DOGS. IV. THE DOG AS A COMPANION OF MAN. V. 

CHARACTEKISTICS OF THE GENUS CANIS. VI. GESTATION OF THE DOG. VII. 

PECULIARITIES OF DOGS. VIII. THE PRINCIPAL VARIETIES OF DOGS. IX. 

THEIR DIVERSIFIED CHAHACTEU. 

I. Something of Dog History, 

It has been thought by many that the dog was the first annual domes- 
ticated by man. To substantiate this there is nothing but theory, and 
the added fact that even the most savage and degraded tribes of the 
human race all keep dogs ; but mere savages use them not so much in the 
chase, as to give warning to the camp of the approach of danger. And, 
notwithstanding the brutality of their treatment, the dogs of savages evince 
the same reliant attachment to their masters, and the same submission to 
their will, as those of more intelligent and civilized people ; but they lack 
that self-reliant character, intelligence of action, faithful self-denial, and 
aptitude to anticipate every want of their masters, that the improved and 
better educated dogs of enlightened people possess. In fact, the dogs of 
the savage and those of selfish or brutal masters, compared with better 
treated ones, all prove conclusively that the dog is simply what he is 
made, and a pretty good index to the chai-acter of the master. The dog 
will partake of his master's savagery, meanness, selfishness, foppishness 
and dishonesty, as he will of any of the nobler qualities that actuate 
human kind. These qualities, as in men, may be inherited, and strength- 
ened through successive generations, or they may be bred out through 
successive generations of intelligent care. 

II. Zoological Classification of Dogs. 

The dog belongs to that division of animals known to naturalists as 
vertebrates, that is, having a back bone extending backwards from the 

1007 



lUt)8 



THE AMKKICAX FAK.MKl! s STOCK HOOK. 



skull; the class, majjimalia, mckVmg its j-oimg ; unguiJafa, hnv'mg its 
extremitios armed with claws or nails ; the order digit ujnidcK, because 
they walk on their toes. The genus is named canis, and includes the wolf, 







jackall and fox ; but although there is a general resemblance of form be- 
tween all these animals, there is little else in common between the dog 
and the other animals of the genus. As with the horse, the ox and the 
sheep, the truly wild species is extinct, if indeed either of these anitnals 



DOGS AM) THEIR CIIAHACTKIUSTICS. 1009 

hiis existed in a wild ,st:ite .since t\w liistoiicul period hegun. In faet, all 
the so-called wild dogs, of which stories are told, arc dogs escaped from 
domestication, and which have bred and multiplied in a semi-wild state. 
The so-called wild dogs really partake more of the (character of the wolf 
than that of the true dog ; for it is a fact that the wolf may be domesti- 
cated, and it is also true that the wolf and dog will breed together, and 
their progeny is said to be fertile. 

III. So-CaUed Wild Dogs. 

In some parts of Germany, Italy, Spain and Turkey, there are dogs 
essentially wild, so far as their ownership and care by jnan arc con- 
cerned. In India, there are troops of them, to which the Dhole, the 
Pariah, the wild dog of the Deccan, and the half-wild Thibiet dog belong. 
The Dingo or wild dog of Australia, is decidedly wolf-like ; and the 
Esquimaux, and other dogs used for drawing sledges on the snow, are of 
the same character ; the dogs of the North American Indians also par- 
take of this wolf-like nature. The Hare-Indian dogs are peculiar to tribes 
of Indians, (Hare-Indians) who roam along the Mackenzie river and 
Great Bear lake. They have neither courage nor strength sufficient to 
destroy the larger animals, but they ai'c j)eculiar in their broad feet, and 
light bodies, which (liable them to run over a slight crust on the 
snow, and thus overtake and keep at bay the I'eindeer and moose until 
the hunters come up. 

IV. The Dog as a Companion of Man. 

The horse, the elephant and the dog are the only three animals sub- 
ject to man, that in the least seem to indicate a decided affection for and 
reliance upon their master. The two first, unless in very exceptional 
instances, simply submit to man and perform the tasks required of them. 
Only under the most humane and intelligent treatment, do they requite 
the favors received and evince constant affection ; otherwise, they eat, 
drink, and rest as may be provided ; submit to commands, recognize the 
voice of the master, but show no regard, except such as results from the 
gratification of their appetites. Not so the dog; our home is his 
home, ourpropertv his care, our will his pleasure, our sports his pastime. 
His affection and veneration for his master are shown in every possi- 
ble way. Whether hungry or well-fed, or whether ill or carefully pro- 
vided for, he is the same sagacious, painstaking, docile servant-friend, 
talking volubly in his dog language, evincing by his intelligent eye and 
eio(|iient tail his eagerness to serve. His master's friends are his friends 
too, and the home of the friend his home so long as the master wills. In 
tiic words of the poet Burns : "See 1k)w the dog worships his master; 



1()1() THE AMKIUCAN FARMEU S STOCK HOOK 

witli \\li:i( rcvcroiKV lio croiiclips at liis feet, witli wliaf rcvciviKi' ho 
looks up to liiin, with what dclijiht he fawns upon hiui, and witli what 
cheerful alacrity he ol)c'ys him."" Or, as Byron expressed it ■. 

"But the poor dog, in life the firmest friend, 
The flrst to weleonie, foremost to defend, 
Whose honest heait is still his master'sown. 
Who labors, tights, lives, breathes for liim alone."" 

The dog was the same in ancient times. The ancient poets give lesti- 
moii}^ of his incoiTiiptihle fidelity and lasting affection for his master. 
Thus Homer in the "Odyssey" has immortalized the aged dog Argus ; 
when all others had forgotten the returning hero, Ulysses, the King in 
the disguise of a l)eg<rar at length coming to his palace, M'as recognized 
by none, even an old servant of the house, l)ut — 

•'Argus the dog, his ancient master knew, 
And, not uneoueio\is of his voice and tread. 
Lifts to the sound his ears, and rears his head. 
He knew his lord — he knew and strove to meet; 
In vain he strove to crawl and lick his feet; 
Yet all he could, his tail, liis ears, his eyes. 
Salute his master and confess his joys." 

Cnvier, the great naturalist, avers that the dog exhihits the most com- 
plete conquest man has ever made. Whether the master he rich or ])oor, 
each individual dog adopts his manners, distinguishes his voice, defends 
his goods, and remains attached to iiim even unto death ; all this springs 
not from necessity or constraint, hut arises simply from gratitude and 
true friendship. 

The dog is the only animal that has followed man all over the earth ; 
he is the only animal capable of becoming man's ally agaih.';t other ani- 
mals, and is hence an imperative necessity in thecstabli-shment of society. 
Me is a most valuable ally by reason of his swiftness, iicute sense of smell, 
his great strength, wonderful courage and unswerving fidelity to his mas- 
ter, which neither the tlneats nor blandishnients of others can overcome. 
Hence, the dog may be considered one of the first and most important 
factors in civilization ; he guards the fiocks of the barbarian, the home of 
the more civilized, and among c'llightened people, becomes a sagacious 
and unswerving friend : piu-forming duties for the shepherd, the drover, 
the sportsman, and aliout the home, that could not l)e compassed by any 
other means. 

V. Characteristics of the Genus Canis. 

The general characteristics of the dog and wolf are not dissimilar; they 
have the same elongated nose; their dentitions, (teeth) are similar; 
l)oth delight to hunt in packs ; their food and thtMr digestive organs are 



i)0(is AND iiiKii; (11 \i:\fii:i;rsTKs. 1011 

iiliko ; tlieir [n-i'iod of gestation is the same, and tliry are said to lie fertile 
together. The Jaekiill, the Wolf, the Fox and the Dog, are prineii)ul 
members of the Genu.s Cnni.t. It will not be necessary here to follow 
the matter further, than simply to state the opinions of some naturalists 
on the subject : 

Buffon thinks t\w Shepherd dog the oiiginal type, and iias ingeniously 
sought to trace all the varieties from that source. Others, again, be- 
lieve the wolf the original of the dog. Youatt, a critical authority, be- 
lieves the wolf and dog to be distinct, notwithstanding the many points of 
resemblance. Our oi)inion is that the dog is (juite distinct from the wolf ; 
more so than the Chinese and Caucasian races of men. This, however, 
is a matter of little conse(jnence. We have the dog in its varied useful 
forms, and so long doincsticat(!d, that his nolile qualities have been hand- 
ed down to us since before written history. We have also growTi out of 
the dislike to dogs, which jjrevailed among the Jews and other oriental 
nations, who tolerating dogs simply as scavengers, api)lied to them the 
meanest terms of reitroacli. To call a man a dog is still regarded among 
Oriental nations as the most oi)i)robrious epithet that can be bestowed ; 
and among our more ignorant .-ind vulgar population, there are some 
who hold to the same sentiments. The more enlightened rightly regard 
the dog as at the head of the animal kingdom in respect to intelligence, 
honesty and faithful devotion. 

VI. Gestation of the Dog. 

The pro[)er age at wliicii the tlog should begin to bear young, is two 
years ; the reproductive power lasts to eight or nine Acars. The number 
of young pro'duced at a birth will average six ; the most favorable season 
for copulation is early in the spring or late in winter, and the average period 
of gestation is sixty days, the shortest being fifty-tive days, and the 
longest period sixty-three davs. 

VII. Peculiarities of Dogs. 

As distinguished from other members of the Genua (JauLs, the dog 
(^snh-genis cam's /ami/iaris,) has the pn[nl of the e3'es round, while 
those of the wolf arc ol)lique, and those of the fox upright and long ; the 
dog carries its tail curved upwards, and if it has a hairy tip, it is generally 
white ; another peculiarity is that the genus crtnis always has two tuber- 
cular or iiollow teeth liciiind the large- carnivorous or eyo teeth, in the up- 
per jaw. 

A late English writer, George Frederic Pardon, has the following in 
relation to wild dogs, which will raise a smile at the ignorance of the 
writer, both in confounding the prairie-wolf with the dog, and in speaking 



1012 



AMEIMCAN I'AU.MEi: S iSTOCK HOOK. 



of tlu^ (roops of wild dogs, ohrying the voice of no owner, in the South-west- 
It is, however, not further out of the way than the assertion of another 
writer, who stated that all the wild animals of America, had "short tails ;" 
this latter assertion was in the last centui-} , but Mr. Pardon's testimony 
is of recent date. He says : 

" In the extreme western districts of North Ainei-ica, and even in the 
neighborhood of towns in the South-west, troops of dogs, obeying the 
voice of no owner, and living upon such game as they cau catch, ori)rey- 
iii<f ui)on the carcasses of any animals that have hajipened to die on tlio 



^^r^^^- 




l"Allt OF CUKTnOrNDS. 



road, or in the woods, wander about lawlessly, and disturb the quiet 
iiigiit with their howls. In the far West these wild dogs are known as 
prairltvwolves, but if caught when quite young, they are easily tamed." 
The fact is, that the prairie-wolf is no more easily tamed than the large 
gray wolf, or tlie fox, and not nearly so easily domesticated as the l)lack 
bear, or its diminutive relative, the racoon. Neither are they dog-like in 
any sense, but are essentially wolves, and uidike the fox, do not seek the 
habitations of m:ui, nor increase with the settlement of a count rv, as 
\\-i foxes. 



DOGS AND TUEIK ( IlAIiACTEIilSTICS. 



1018 



Vni. The Principal Varieties of Dogs. 
Tho dog tribe in all its varieties may Ix' distinguished liy the following 
])i'culiarities : 

1. Dogs having the head, and especially the muzzle, lengthened as 
the Greyhound, in its varieties. To these belong the Greyhound, the 
Italian Greyhound, and the nol)le Scotcli and Irish Deer-hounds, and the 
Albanian hound. 

2. Those having the head and muzzle less elongated, as the Hound, 
Shepherd-dog, Spaniel, Setter and Pointer. This elass comprises the 




POINTEU AND SKTTEK. 



most useful, intelligent and noble of the whole tribe, including allamong 
the Spaniels, the noble Newfoundland, and the sagacious St. Bernard 
dogs. 

3. All that class notable as having the muzzle essentially shortened, 
and the cranium on top of the head elevated, as Terriers and Bull dogs. 
Among the valuable farm dogs of this class are the Mastiff, now quite 
rare, and the Terriers : the dangerous ones are Bull dogs, and the useless 
are Pug dogs, though the latter are not deficient in affection and 
intelligence. 



10] I Tin; AMKI.K AN 1 AIJ.MKI; S STOCK liOOK. 

A«'ain, doir!< iii;n- hi- cli\i(l('(l into chtsscs in which all of the class pos- 
sess peculiarities in conimon, inleiisilied in special directions. Thus the 
Shepherd dog, belonging to the Spaniel class, is a dog of rcmarkahle sa- 
gacity, and affectionate attachment to its master. So wonderfully have 
its special qualities been intensitied by c-areful breeding and selection, 
that the Scotch CoUey has come to be regarded as a distinct breed of the 
family of Spaniels to which all true Shepherd dogs belong. Next may 
l)e taken the Mastiff and all that class of large, short-haired dogs noted 
espeirially for their strength and determination. Among the dogs of 




UKAIi or lil.OODnOUND. 

fleetness and staying (jualities are the (ii'cyhounds in their several vane- 
ties, the Deerhound, Foxhound, and Uloodhound. Tiien come the 
Newfoundland, the Water Si)aniel, the Pointer, Setter, and Poodles. 
Among dogs especially used to hunt vermin (rats, mice, badgei-s, etc.) 
are the Terriers, including the Black-and-Tan, Sc;)tch,and Sky e Terriers. 
.Among pet dogs, of tiie larger class, the Dalmatian, or Sjjotted Coach 
dog is best known, and of the more diminutive or trumpet-dogs are the 
Ulcnheim Spaniel, the King Charles Spaniel, the small ten-iers, the Italian 
( ircviioimd, tlic I'oodli'-- and Pul''^ — the latter as uninitii>'at(Ml nuisances 



UOGS AM) THEIR ClIAUx\CTElU.STICti. 



1015 



both ill temper und physieiil iiifirmitios as eould well he imagined. Of 
the larsre elass, the Mastiff is a ii.ol>lo do"', and faithfuUv submissive to 




THE DALMATIAN OK CUACll l>< 



his master, but dangerous to strangers, wliile the only valual)le (luaHtv of 
the Bull-dog is his obstinate but blind courage, and tenacit}' of grip. The 




SMALL SKYK TEKlilEE. 



Bull-dog is valuable, however, when uioditied hy erossing with more intel- 
ligent dogs of the larger bi'eeds, and espeeially valuable in the sub-breed 
known as the Bull-terrier. 



rill'; amk.i;han rAi;Mi:i; s stock hook. 



'I'lii' iiiosl comiiion, ami iii()-.t divcrsiticd of tlio dog Irihe, arc those 
lowii as ("urs . tlu'v arc of no particular breed, l)ut arc scciiiint!:ly made ii]> 




of chance crosses of short-haired breeds. They are l)y no means to l)e 
despised, since thej' are deficient, as a rule, neither in affection, sagacity, 
courage, nor devotion to their mast(>rs. 



uoGs AM) TiiKiu ciiai;ai'tei;istk>. 1(117 

IX. Their Diversified Character. 

No animal ever brought under suhjcetion to man lias assumed sueh 
diversitied characters as has the dog ; it is one of the mo.st wonderful 
exhibitions of variation of species in the natural histor}' of animated 
nature. Yet, in all this wonderful variation, there is no departure from 
the permanent characteristics of the species. They differ as to form, size, 
color, length of hair, temper, courage, and constancy of affection ; and yet, 
from a scientific point of view, they are all the same, and have remained 
so ill their attributes since the earliest ages. As illustrating this we 
give two forms — one a diminutive and highly-bred Terrier, of the Skye 
t37Je, the size of which may be estimated by that of the goblet beside it, 
the other, the St. Hubert hound, combining in a considerable degree 
the courage and tenacity of the Bloodhound, with the strength and lleet- 
ness of the Deer-hound. The one is a mere toy, the other one of the 
noblest of dogs of the chase. Upon ordinary observation they might be 
relegated to different species, and yet, from a critical view, not only of 
the same genus, but of the same species — nay, even of the same fainilj', 
that of canis faniiliaris. 



CHAPTER 11. 



DOGS OF THE CHASE. 



1. lOUNDS. II. THE ENGLISH GKEyHOLNIl. III. THE ROUGH SCOTCH GKEV- 

IIOUNI) Oil DEEK-HOUNl). IV. THE GRECIAN GREYHOUND' V. THE PERSIAN 

(iUEYHOUNU. VI. THE RUSSIAN GKEYHOL'NI). VII. THE TURKISH GREY- 
HOUND. VIII. THE IRISH WOLF-HOUND. IX. THE STAG-HOUND. X. THE 

FOX-HOUND. XI. THE BLOOD-HOUND. XII. THE DACHSHUND. XIII. 

OTHER HOUNDS. XIV. THE FOX-TERRIER. 

I. Hounds. 

Under the name hound, in its original meaning, were inclucicd all dogs 
of the chase, or those used bj' man in .securing game. Later, the term 
was restricted to dogs of the chase and field, including, of course, the 
Setter and Pointer ; and it is now narrowed down to include only dogs 
that follow game by scent or sight, such as the Grej'hound and its varie- 
ties ; the Blood-hound, the Stag-hound, Fox-hound, the German badger- 
hound (Dachshund)^ Terrier and Beagle. 

II. The English Greyhound. 

For beauty and grace of form, and great speed combined with a fair 
amount of courage, the Gi'eyhound has been famous from the earliest 
historical times, and has always been a favorite with the wealthy. Up to 
the time when the world became disenthralled from the despotism of 
feudalism, the Greyhound was the companion of Kings and so-called 
nobles. The larger and more powerful are still valuable, where hirge 
game may be coursed. Improved fire-arms, however, have gradually 
rendered this class of dogs less and less useful in the chase, and they are 
now kept i^rincipally for coursing the hare, as coursing dogs in exhibitions 
of speed, and for their noble ap|icarance and beauty as jiet compan- 
ions to men of wealth. 

Aside from its elegance, the Greyhound has little claim as a faithful 
companion to man, since it lacks real affection as well as sagacity. Its 
beauty and high breeding, however, are supposed to make up for its lack 
of sense and sensibility ; and there are many instances reported from the 
far i)ast .showing it to have been deficient neither in courage, sagacity nor 
fidelity. One notable instance is of the hound Gelert, l)elonging to Llew- 
ellen, son-in-law to King John, in 1205. The master going to hunt could 
Hot find his favorite Crreyhound, and was obliged to depart without him. 

lois 



UOGS OV THE CHASK. 



loi; 



Returning from the chase his dog met him, covered with bloud. Going 
to the chamber where his infant son lay in his cradle, the whole apart- 
ment showed signs of violence ; the clothes were disturbed and bloody, 



iiiiiiiii:i*iii|!ii!i:iiEiii,i!iiiii!iiiij;i:iii"Hii 




and upon calling the child no response was heard. lu a rage Llewellen 
plunged iiis sword into the breast of the hound, which, dying, looked 
reproachfidl^' into his master's face. A closer search showed the infant 



1020 TIIK AMi;i!l(A\ FAK.MKIl's ST( )rK lt(.)OK. 

quietly sleeping ])eiie:itli the bloody clothing, sind a gaun-t wolf lying dead 
close by, showing that the faithful hound had remained at home to pro- 
tect and save the life of the young heir of the Welsh principality. The 
story is somewhat poetical, ])ut it is good enough to be true. 

The English Greyhound is the finest of the Greyhounds of to-day. 
Elegant in shape, possessing high breeding, good courage, fair sagacity 
and trai'tahility, they are now kept principally in the United States for 
their beauty and swiftness on the course, and for hunting hares and rab- 
bits. The illustration will give a good idea of the finer specimens. 

That this dog, 400 years ago, possessed the highest characteristics of the 
best dogs of to-day is shown by the rhymes of Wynken de Werdo, printer 
and poet, 149(), or at least attributed to iiini. They are as follows : 

Headed lyke :i snake. 
Neokyed lyke a drake. 
Footed lyke a catte, 
Tayled lyke a ratte, 
Syded lyke a teme 
And chyned lyke a bream. 

If by "teme" we understand deep sided, and by "bream," we under- 
stand that it had a strong, broad back and loin, we have the counterpart 
of the best dog of to-day, remembering always that the poet's license has 
exaggerated all the points ; with this exception the rhymes will describe 
the smooth Greyhound, which was a dog of Kings and nobles, in Britain 
so long ago as the days of Canute. The most fashionable colors now are 
black, or maltcse (l)luish lead-color), though good dogs are shown of red, 
fawn, brindled and wiiite as well as black or maltese ; dogs with a tinge of 
gray about the jaws are especiall}' good. 

m. The Rough Scotch Greyhound or Deer-hound. 

This is one of the noblest and mo.-t valuable of the Greyhounds, i)ut 
now, like the famous Irish Greyhound, almost extinct — in fact, absolutely 
so in its purity. The modern Scotch Greyhound is a cross l)etween the 
smooth Greyhound and the old Kough Scotch Deer-hound. It is a larger 
dog than the pure Greyhound, reaching a height of 28 inches, and a girth 
of .32, and weighing in working condition over 80 pounds. The color is 
red or fawii with black muzzle. They have speed sufficient to reach a 
deer, and a brace of the best of them the strength to pull one down. 
They have, also, courage, sagacity and docility. 

rv. The Grecian Greyhovmd. 

This is an elegant dog, smaller tnan tiie English Greyhound ; tlie hair 
rather long, somewhat waw ; the tail having a thin brush of hair; the 



DOGS OK THE CHASK. ll»21 

legs also slightly feathered ; the ear pondulou^s ; the eyes large and intel- 
ligent. Ic is supposed to have been descended from tlie hound of the 
Greeks and Romans. 

V. The Persian Greyhound. 

This is a dog of great eleganre and beauty ; as delicate as the Italian, 
but large enough for coursing, and exceedingly swift ; it is used iu Persia 
for coursing the antelope and hare. The height is about twenty-four 
inches ; the ears are pendulous and silky haired ; the tail also silky haired, 
having been compared to that of a silky haired Setter ; the hair of the 
body, liowevcr, is smooth. 

VI. The Russian Greyhouad. 

This dog, like the Deer-hound, hunts by scent as well as by sight. He 
is swift and stout, and fairly courageous, and is considered a match for 
the wolf, the wild boar, or bear, when the hounds are hunted in packs. 
In height he is about 26 or 27 inches ; ears short, pricked, but turned 
over at the tips ; the hair not long, but thick ; that of the tail long, fan- 
like, and with a spiral twist. The color of the animal is dark brown 
and gray. 

VII. The Turkish Greyhound. 

This dog is described as being small, almost hairless, and leather rare 
even iu Turkey, and probably worthless either as a pet or for any practi- 
cal use. 

Vm. The Irish Wolf-hound. 

For a dog differing from the these last mentioned, and superior to the 
Russian, and to the Scotcli Deer-hound, the Irish wolf dog, a true Grey- 
hound, as it existed 200 years ago, may be taken as a type of elegance, 
combined withgreat strength, fleetness, courage and tractability. Evelyn, 
the father of English horticulture, who wrote 250 years ago, describing 
the savage scenes of the bear garden, says : "The bulldogs did exceed- 
ingly well, but the Irish wolf-dog exceeded, which was a tall Greyhound, 
a stately creature, and did beat a cruel mastiff." Campion, a contempo- 
rary of Evelyn describes them as Greyhounds of great bone and liinl). 
Goldsmith relates that he knew one as tall as a yearling calf. There are 
said now to be no thoroughly pure dogs of this once famous breed. 

IX. The Stag-hound.. 

The Stag-hound is the modern representative of the Talbot, or old Eng- 
lish hound used in the chase when large game, like deer, ran wild in the 
forests of Great Britain. Sliakesjieare evidt-ntly bad tJie Stag-hound in 



1022 ■''"'■' AMEHICAN I AK.MKK S STOCK UOOU. 

iiiiiul wlu'u lio (loscribod tlu" lioimds of Tlicscus in " Midsuiiiiiui- Nighf's 

Dri'ain." 

"ily hounds are bred out of the Si)artan breed 
So Hewed* so sandedf ; aud their heads are huug 
Witli cars that sweep away the inoruiiig dew. 
Crook-kneed and dewlappedj like Thessaliau bull ; 
Slow in pursuit, but inatehed in mouth like bells, 
Each under each. A cry more tunable 
Was never hallo'd to, nor cheered with horn."' 

It is rolatcd of this magaiticent dog, thtit in a hunt, tlic patk being at 
fault, two dogs took up the ohuse, and ran the deer from Kingfield park 
in Northumberhmd to Annan in Scotland and back, a distance of more 
thtui 100 miles. In returning, the deer leaped the wall of the park from 
which he started, and died. One of the hounds pursued to the wall, and 
expired, unable to leap the barrier, and the other hound was found dead 
from exhaustion a short distance in the rear. In 1482, a deer was pur- 
sued fifty miles across the country in four hours, ])y a pack of these 
lioimds without a break ; the severity of the pursuit may be understood 
from the fact that nearly twenty horses died in the chase ; but, again, later 
civiliztition has rendered these hounds of little practical value. 

X. The Fox-hound. 

The modern Fox-hound was pi'oduced by a cross between the old Eng- 
lish hound and the Greyhound. They combine courage, stoutness and 
fleetness, with great power of scent, and like all dogs that hunt in packs, 
they give tongue as it is called, (cry out) when on the scent. If the dog, 
mIicu he finds, is not quite sure, the note is given undecidedly and at in- 
tervals ; the scent being sure tlie dog runs open-mouthed, in full cry, and 
all the other dogs rush immediately to the call, and the M'hole pack are 
in full, united cry. There are few more exciting scenes than a pack of 
hounds in pursuit, giving tongue, with a party of horsemen cheering them 
on. In England, fox-hunting is the national sport of the wealthy, and in 
the Sotith it is keenly followed by inany of those whose wealth allows 
them to keep hounds, and participate in the- sport. As a guide to those 
who may fancy these dogs, the following condensation from the National 
(English) Dog Club Book of Points will be interesting: The head should 
be light, very sensible, and at the same time full of dignity ; witli a cer- 
tain amoimt of chap, and the forehead a little wrinkled ; tiii> neck long 
and clean, with no approa<'h to dewltip or cravat ; the ears set low and lie 



*XOTE.— Flewed : deep mouthed. Flews are han>;in5? chops, giving the ])eeuliar 
appearance to the heads of the hounds, 
t Sanded : speckled ; of a sandy color. 
X Dewlap : the loose hangmg skin of the neck. 



DOGS OF THE CHASE. 



1023 



close to the head ; tlie shoulders should bi> long and well sloped hack ; the 
chest deep and wide ; llie elbows in a straight line with the body ; the 
fore legs quite straight, large in bono and well clothed with muscle ; the 







pasterns or ankles must be large, strong and straight, Avithout turinng in 
or out ; the feet round, and rather flat than arched ; the division lietween 
each toe sjiould be just apparent ; the sole of the foot liard and indurated. 



-1024 THE AMKHKAN FAKMKK S «TOCK liOOK . 

The back of the Fox-lioiiiid should l)e straight, wide and muscular ; th(! 
loins strong and square ; the bacli ribs deep, and the hind quarters pow- 
erful. The tail should be carried gaily, but not hooped, nor feathered at 
the end. 

In color, the Fo.\-hoiuid .should, for choice, l)e black, white, and tan. 
When the colors blend, the animal is said to be pied. The best pie col- 
ors arc hare, badger, red and yellow. The coat should be dense, smooth 
and glossy. 

XI. The Bloodhound. 

Of all dogs which hunt by scent, the Bloodhound is the mo.st extraor- 
dinary for his power of following the trail upon which he is put, com- 
bining marvelous power of scent, persistent determination — however the 
track may have been crossed and recrossed — courage amounting almost 
lo ferocity in the attack, but at the same time when pure, unequalled hi 
faithfulness, gentleness and affection to his master and friends. The 
breed in its purity is rare, they generally being crossed with the Bull-dog 
to render them ferocious. It is one of the oldest of English-bred dogs, 
and, has been known as the Sleuth-hound, the Leash-hound, the Slouth 
and the Slugg-hound, but while bearing the general characteristics of the 
old English or Talbot hound, it is undoubtedly distinct. When kept 
chained he is morose and ferocious, as indeed all dogs are, more or less, 
and at all times he is inclined to be touchy and savage, and never will 
permit the approaches of strangers. His height will range from 24 to 
30 inches at the shoulder. The color a reddish tan, darking towards 
the head and back, and quite free from white on the face or white 
patches ; but if the brown of the body be flecked with white, it is consid- 
ered good. In the Ijest tyjie of the English Bloodhound, the coat should 
be close, silky, short, and strong; the forehead long and narrow ; the 
eyes deep and sunken, but expressive, and {)lainly sho\ving the liaw or 
third eyelid, which gives a pcculiai- look of redness to the eyes. The 
ears should be long, thin, and pendant, hanging straight down the sides 
of the face ; if they rise when the dog is excited it shows that there is 
cross blood in him. The face and upper jaw, to the nose, should be nar- 
row, the nose itself large and black, or neai'ly black, the lips or flews 
should be long, thin, and pendulous. In a perfect Blood-hound the ears 
and the flews arc long enough to touch each other when bi-ought under 
the chin. The neck should be long and strong, the shoulders and fore 
legs straight and powerful, the feet compact and close at the toes, which 
should be well split. The skin of the throat should be loose and Mrinklcd, 
or what the huntsmen call throaty. The back and loins should be broad, 
tiie chest deep and full, tlie stcM'ii tapering, and th(^ tail well set on and 



ixxis or TiiK ciiAsi-;. 



1025 



oaiTied in :i sjraot'ful upward cmvo. His voice is (loop and sonorous, and 
in pursuit, a full, deep, nioUow and prolonged bay. The illustration will 
give a faithful idea of the pure English IMoodiiound, now unhappily rare 




from having been so niurh crossed witii other -ravage dogs. Yet the 
instinet of the Bloodhound lies simply in one direction, and hence, except 
for tr;iokini!: f(>lonsand other criminals, they are of but litle use. 



1021) 



THK AMEinCAN FAKMEU S STOCK BOOK. 



XII. The Dachshiind. 

The German Badger hound. Dachshund, incorrectly called Dashound, 
is one of the mobt valuable of dogs for hunting badger, raccoon, and 
other animals of that class. For foxes, in a country whei'e the hunter 
waits at a run for a shot, they are of great value, being sure of scent, 
slow in pursuit, and the most persistent of dogs in following. In the 
United States they are rare, and in Europe are seldom found except 
in tiic kennels of the wealthy. "We think that in the South this breed 
should be of great value for hunting foxes, and as general farm dogs, 
since it is agreeable, cheerful, of consummate courage, and devoted to the 



i?im^ 



^^^^^^^5^&-^ 



5sJs 














THE DACnSUDNK 



master and family. The Germans have a jjroverb that where a Dach- 
shund fastens he holds — " Wo ein Dachshund fa7igt er half. " 

The dogs will weigh about 20 pounds ; the hair is short and moderately 
hard, and the skin remarkable for its thickness as well as for its elastic- 
ity, so that when seized in tight ing, the dog can turn and also seize his 
adversary by the throat or fore leg. The prevailing colors are black, 
with tan markings ; brown, with tawny markings ; fallow led and gray, 
with blue or brown flecks. The ong^a^^ng is a faithful representation of 
this sturdy (^ome would call him homely) and valual)le dog. 



DOGS OF TlIK CHASK. 1027 

XIII. Other Hounds. 

The other liounds that niiiy ho mentioned are the Harrier, the Beagle, 
and the Otter-hound. The Harrier resenil)les the Fox-hound, but is 
smaller. A cross of the Grej'hound upon the Southern hound, and this 
produce bred again to the Southern hound will bring an excellent dog for 
hunting hares — for the wild annual wc call rabbit is a true hare. This 
dog is now quite rare in England, and almost unknown in America. 

The Beagle. — The true Beagle, like tlie Harrier, is almost extinct. 
They may be called small and delicate hounds, in size ranging from 14 
inches down to less than ten inches in height. They have long, pendent 
ears, long liodies, and arc more pretty than useful. 

The Otter-Hound. — The Otter-hound is a rough, wiry-haired dog, 
otherwise much like the old fashioned Bloodhound. They are so savage 
that instances are on record of half a pack being killed in a single night 
fighting with each other. They are delicate in power of scent, good swin.- 
mers, and can endure cold water well. Added to this, they are of the most 
enduring courage in fighting enemies, and have the iDcculiarity of biting 
savagely and deep, and instjuitly tearing out their hold. 

Hunting the hare is thus described by one of the jjcst of English poets : 

•■ Poor is the triuiniih o'er the timid hare, 
Yet vain her best precaution, though she sits 
Conceal'd, with folded ears, unsleeping eyes, 
By nature raised to take the horizon in, 
And head conceal'd betwixt her hairy feet. 
In act to spring away. The scented dew 
Betrays her labyrinth ; and deep 
In scattered sullen openings, far behind, 
With everj' breeze, she hears the coming storm. 
But nearer and more frequent, as it heeds 
The sighing gale, she springs amazed, and all 
The savage soul of game is up at once." 

XrV. The Fox-terrier. 

The Fox-terrier was once considered a most useful dog for pulling 
foxes from tlieir holes of refuge, and was originally kept as an addition 
to everv pack of hounds. This was in the day of slow hounds. Now-a- 
days the hunting pace is too fast for him. But as his usefulness ceased 
here, he still held a place, and he is now a fashionable companion for 
young men of leisure. Their weight is about 16 pounds. The head is 
flat and narrow between the eyes, but widening up to and between the 
ears ; the ears are set rather back, and lying close to the check, and are 
small and thin; the jaw is strong, smooth, level, and armed with strong 
teeth ; eyes small, black and keen, nose black, shoulder straight, chest 



I()2S 



THE AJIEKICAN FARMER S STOCK ROOK. 



full and round but not deep ; neck light and rising finely from the 
shoulder ; back straight, and thighs well bent and powerful. Q^he color 
is white, with black, black and tan, or w\th tan markings about the head. 
The tail is short, and the limbs straight and strong. The coat should be 
fine but hard, and not at all inclined to silkiness. The cut will give a 
good idea of this intelligent and really handsome and useful dog. 



S3555R?^*?^^^rs^^; 




FOX-TEKRIER. 



CHAPTER III. 



SPORTING OR FIELD DOGS. 



I. THE POINTER. II. THE SETTER. III. POINTS OF THE ENGLISH SETTER. 

IV. POINTS OP THE IRISH SETTER. V. TRAINING TO WORK. VI. THE 

ENGLISH SYSTEM OF TRAINING. VII. THE ENGLISH RETRIEVER. VIII. THE 

CHESAPEAKE BAY RETRIEVER. IX. THE CLUMBER SPANIEL. X. THE ENGLISH 

SPANIEL. XI. THE IRISH WATER SPANIEL. XII. THE SPRINGER. XIII. 

THE COCKER SPANIEL. 

I. The Pointer. 

All dogs used iu field .sports, for finding birds, or a.s it is termed, for re- 
trieving game, when shot, and also the Newfoundland, the St. Bernard, 
and many of the long-haired household pets are of the Spaniel class. 
The Pointer seems farther removed from the type than any other, and 
yet he belongs to this class. He has the most delicate scent of any of 
the field dogs, is exceedingly staunch in pointing game, but in the West his 
feet are not strong enough to stand the sharp stubble of the jjrairio 
grasses. All sporting dogs take naturally to the finding and pointing of 
game, but to make them perfect and reliable, their education must be 
careful and complete. 

They arc, all of them, the most intelligent of dogs, and a numbei- 
of instances are recorded, in which both Pointers and Setters have refused 
to work longer, when loaned to a person who proved an indifferent marks- 
man. Looking back in astonishment at the bad marksmanship, after a few 
ineffectual attempts to bring down the bird, thej' trotted off home, and 
no coaxings, blandishments or commands could call them back. A case 
is reported in which a Pointer became so incensed at his master's bad 
shooting, as several times to have attacked him in a manner not to he 
mistaken. Many of the Spaniel class will hunt indifferently well, but it 
is only the well-bred Pointer and Setter that become cataleptic, that is 
immovable, upon getting the scent of game. It has been said that the 
original instinct of the Pointer was to steal cautiously up to his game, 
and then spring suddenl}', and his pointing is a modification of this habit 
acquired by education. This is disproved by the fact that the puppv will 
point as truly and naturally as old dogs. 

Among the most interesting of the anecdotes, showing the iuiniovable 
staunchness of Pointers upon scenting game is that of Mr. Ciilpin who 



KCiO 



THE AMKKICAN FARMEU S STOCIC BOOK. 



tells of a bnice of Pointers standing an hour and a quarter without moving. 
This, however, was exceeded hy Clio, a dog l)ch)ngingto aMr. Lee, who 
btood witli iier hind legs upon a gate for more than two hours, with a nest 






/!' 




of j)art ridges close to her nose. She must have seen them as she jumped 
over the gate, and had she moved an inch they would have been friglitened 
away. Mr. Lee went on, and, having other dogs, did not miss Clio for 



SPORTING OK FIELD DOGS. ]l)31 

a long time ; at length he perceived she was not with the rest, and neither 
came to his call nor his whistle ; he went back to seek her, and there 
she stood just as she had got over the gate. His coming up disturbed the 
bh'ds, and he shot some of them, but Clio, when thus relieved, was so 
stiff that she could not move, and her master sat down on the gni^s and 
rubbed her legs till she could bend them again. 

Again, as showing the intelligent sagacity of the Pointer, Mr. Jesse, in 
his "Gleanings," tells the following story: An old friend of mine had 
a very sagacious Pointer, which was kept in a kennel with several other 
dogs. His gamekeeper having gone one day into the kennel, dropped his 
watch by some accident. On leaving the place, he fastened the gate as 
usual, l>ut had not gone far from it when he heard it rattled very much ; 
and on looking round he saw his favorite Pointer standing with her 
forepaws against it and shaking it, evidently for the purpose of attract- 
ing his attention. On going up to her, he found her with his watch in 
her mouth, which she restored to him with much seeming deliijht. 

II. The Setter. 

The Setter is undoubtedly the most valuable, as it is the most intelli- 
gent, of field dogs. His head shows remarkable development of In-ain, 
combining intelligence, affection, docility and courage. They have been 
called timid, and so they are if they have been cowed, but it is a fact that 
well-trained Setters are among the most watchful and trusty of house 
dogs, as well as the most reliable in the field. The original colors were 
dark bay, and white, or else decided chestnut. The English Setter is 
white, mth black or brown marks. The least adulterated are bred in Ire- 
land ; and importations into the United States are from the very best of 
the class both English and Irish. 

The Gordon Setter, an English strain, is heavier in build and not so 
fine in the head as the white and brown English, or the Irish Setter. The 
color should be (juite black, or black with a (inge of brown or tan. The 
black of the purest animals should be rich and without mixture, and the 
tan should Ije a deep mahogany red without any tendency to fawn color. 
The Irish Setter is of two distinct strains, the red and tlie white-and-red. 

III. Points of the English Setter. 

The Skull. — The skull has a character peculiar to itself. It is with- 
out the prominence of the occipital bone so remarkable in the Pointer ; is 
also narrower between the ears, and there is ;i decided bi-ow over the 
eyes. 

The Nose — This should be long and wide, witliout anv fullness under 
the eves. There should b(\ in the average dog Setter, at least four inche.s 



1U32 



Tin; AMKKHW IMMIKl; 



from the inner corner of tlie eye to tlie end of the nose. Between tho 
point iind the root of tiie nose there slionld be ;i slight depression — at all 
events there should he no fulUiess — luul tiie eyebrows should rise sharply 




m 






from it. The nostrils ninst be wide ;ip:iit, and larsre in tlie o]ienir.cs. and 
the end should be moist and cool, tiioniili many a dog with e.\eei)tionally 
good seenting jiowers li;is liad a ri'm;u]c:ilily dry no>-c, amour.tin<r;n some 



KPOKTINO OK FIELD DOGS. 103;^ 

cases to roughness like that of shagreen. In all Setters the end of the 
nose should be black, or dark liver-colored, but in the very best bred 
whites, or lemon and whites, pink is often met with, and may in them be 
pardoned. The jaws should be exaetly equal in length, a " snipe nose," 
or " pig jaw," as the receding lower oneiscalled, being greatly against its 
possessor. 

Eaub, Lips, and Eyes. — With regard to ears, they should be shorter 
than the Pointer's, and rounded, but not so much so as those of the 
Spaniel. The " leather" should be thin and soft, carried closely to the 
cheeks, so as not to show the inside, without the slightest tendency to 
prick the ear, which should be clothed with silky hair little more than 
two inches in length. The lips also are not so full and pendulous as those 
of the Pointer, but at their angles there should l>e a slight fullness, not 
reaching quite to the extent of hanging. The eyes must be full of ani- 
mation, and of medium size, the best color being a rich brown, and they 
should be set with their angles straight across. 

The Neck. — The neck has not the full rounded muscularity of the 
Pointer, being considerably thinner, but still slightly ai'ched, and set into 
the head without that prominence of the occipital bone which is so re- 
nuirkable in that dog. It must not be "throaty," though the skin is 
loose. 

Shoulders and Chest. — The shoulders and chest should display great 
liberty in all directions, with sloping deep shouhler blades, and elbows well let 
down. The chest should be deep rather than wide, though Mr. Laverack 
insists on the contrary formation, italicising the word wide in his remarks 
at page 22 of his book. Possibly it may be owing to this formation that 
his dugs have not succeeded at any field trial, as above remarked ; for 
the bitches of his breed, notably Countess and Daisy, which I have seen, 
wei'e as narrow as any Setter breeder could desire. I am quite satisfied 
that on this point Mr. Leverack is altogether wrong. I fully agree with 
him, however, that the " ribs should be well sprung behind the shoulder," 
and great depth of the back ribs should be especially demanded. 

Back, Quauters, and Stifles. — An arched loin is desirable, but not 
to the extent of being " roached " or "wheel-backed," a defect which 
generally tends to a slow up-and-down gallop. Stifles well bent, and set 
wide apart, to allow the hind legs to be brought forward with liberty in 
the gallop. 

Legs, Elbows, and Hocks. — The elbows and toes, which generally go 
together, should be set straight; and if not, the " j)ige()n-toe " or in- 
turned leg is less objectionaljle than the out-turn, in which the elbow is 
confined by its close attachment to the ribs. The arm should be nms- 
cular, and the lione fully developed, with strong and broad knees, short 



10;54 TIIK AMERICAN FAR.MER's STOCK BOOK. 

pasterns, of which the size in point of bone should be as great as possi- 
ble (ti very important point), and their slope not exceeding a very slight 
deviation from the straight line. Many good judges insist upon a per- 
fectly upright pastern, like that of the Fox-hound ; but it must not be for- 
gotten that the Setter has to stop himself suddenl}' when at full stretch 
he catches scent, and to do this with an upright and rigid pastern causes 
a considerable strain on the ligaments, soon ending in "iiiiuckliugover ;" 
hence a very sligiit liend is to be preferred. The hind legs should be 
muscular, with i)lentyof bone, clean strong hocks, and hairy feet. 

The Feet. — The feet should be carefully examined, as upon their capa^ 
bility of standing wear and tear depends the utility of the dog. A great 
difference of opinion exists as to the comparative merits of the cat and 
hare foot for standing work. Fox-hound masters invai'iably select that of 
the cat, and, as they have better opportunities than any other class of 
instituting the necessary comparison, their selection may be accepted as 
final. But, as Setters are specially required to stand wet and heather, it 
is imperatively necessary that there should be a good growth of hair be- 
tween the toes, and on this account a hare foot, well clothed with hair, as 
it generally is, must be preferred to a cat foot, naked, as is often the case, 
except on the upper surface. 

The Tail. — The flag is in appearance very characteristic of the breeds 
althougii it sometimes happens that one or two puppies in a well-bred 
litter exhibit a curl or other malformation, usually considered to be indic- 
ative of a stain. It is often compared to a scimitar, but it resem- 
bles it only in respect of its narrowness, the amount of curl in the 
blade of this Turkish weapon being far too great to make it the model of 
the Setter's flag. Again, it has been compared to a comb ; but as combs 
are usually straight, here again the simile fails, as the Setter's flag should 
have a gentle sweep ; and the nearest resemblance to any familiar form is 
to the scythe with its curve revei'sed. The feather must be composed of 
straight, silky hairs, and beyond the root the less short hair on the flag 
the better, especially towards the point, of whicli the lione should be fine, 
and the feather tapering with it. 

Symmetry and Quality. — In charact<;r the Setter should display a 
great amount of "quality," a term which is difficult of explanation, 
though fully appreciated by all experienced sportsmen. It means a com- 
bination of symmetry, as understood by the artist, with the peculiar 
attributes of the breed under examination, as interpreted by the sports- 
man. Thus, a Setter possessed of such a frame and outline as to ciiarm 
an artist would be consideriHl by the sportsman defecitive in "quality" if 
he possessed a curly or harsh coat, or if he had a heavy head with pend- 



SrOUTING OR FIELD DOGS. lOA') 

ent Bloodhound-like jowl and throaty neck. The general outline is very 
elegant, and more taking to the eye of the artitst than that of the Pointer. 

The Hair. — The texture and feather of coat are much regarded among 
Setter breeders, a soft silky hair without curl being considered asine qua 
noil. The feather should be considerable, and should fringe the hind as 
well as the fore legs. 

Color. — The color of coat is not much insisted on among English Set- 
ters, a great variety being admitted. These arc now generally chissed as 
follows, in the order given: (1) Blaclc and white ticked, with large 
splashes, and more or less marked with black, known as "blue Belton ;" 
(2) orange and white freckled, known as orange Belton; (3) plain 
orange, or lemon and white ; (4) liver and white ; (5) black and wliite, 
with slight tan markings; (6) ])lack and Avhite ; (7) liver and white ; 
(8) pure white ; (9) black; (10) liver; (11) red or yellow. 

rv. Points of The Irish Setter. 

The points in which the Irish differs from the English Setter are given 
as follows. The description appliea to the pure reds, but the white-and- 
reds are identical with them except in color : 

The Skull. — The skull is somewhat longer and narrower, the eye- 
brows being well raised, and liic occijjital prominence as marked as in 
the Pointer. 

The Nose. — This is a trifle longer, with good width, and square at the 
end : nostrils wide and open, with the nose itself of a deep mahogany or 
very dark fleshy-color, not pink nor black. 

Eves, Ears and Lips. — The eyes should be a rich brown or mahogany 
color, well set, and full of intelligence ; a pale or gooseI)erry eye is to be 
avoided. Ears long enougli to reach within half an inch or an inch of 
the end of the nose, and, thougii more tapering than in the English dog, 
never coming to a point ; they should be set low and close, but well back, 
and not appi'oaching to the hound's in setting and leather. Whiskers 
red ; lips deep, but not pendulous. 

The Body. — In frame the Irish dog is higher on the leg than either the 
English or black-and-tan, but his elbows are well let down nevertheless ; 
his shoulders are long and sloping ; l)risket deep, but never wide ; and his 
back ribs are somewhat shorter than those of his English brethren. Loin 
good, slightly arched, and well coupled to his hips, but not very wide ; 
quarters slightly sloping, and flag set on rather low, but straight, fine in 
bone, and beautifully carried. Breeders are, however, going for straight 
backs like that of Paiuierston, with flags set on as high as in the Enslish 
Setter. 



10;50 TIIK AMEinCAX FAKMF.i: S STOCK I'.OOK. 

The Legs. — Legs very straight, with good hock, well-bent stifles, and 
muscular but not heav}' haunches. 

The Feet. — ^The feet are hare-like, and moderately hairy between the 
toes. 

The Tail. — The flag is ciotlu'd willi a long, straiglit comb of hair, 
never bushy or curly, and this is beautifully displayed on the point. 

The Coat. — This should be somwhat coarser than that of the English 
Setter, being midway between tiiat and the black-and-tan, wavy but not 
curly, and b}^ no means long. Both hind and fore legs are well feath- 
ered, but not profusely, and the ears arc fui nislicd with feather to the 
same extent, Avitli a slight wave, but no curl. 

The Color. — The color should l»e a rich lilood red, without any trace 
of black on the ears or along the back ; in many of the best strains, how- 
ever, a pale color or an occasional tinge of black is shown. A little 
Avhite on the neck, breast, or toes, is by no means objectionable, and 
there is no doubt that the preponderance of white, so as to constitute 
what is called "white and i-cd,"' is met Avith in some good strains. 

V. Training to Work. 

The training of the Pointer and Setter is identical. They are quick to 
learn, and should not be unduly punished, for it is only perseverance and 
care in training that make the perfect dog. Professional trainers are 
apt to be brutal and too severe, therefore once the dog is fairly way-wise, 
the owner had better finish the training himself. In shooting on the 
prairies, but little trouble will bo experienced, though to make the most 
of any dog, tact and patience are required as well as experience. They 
must be made to obey, and if they are stubborn and willful, aside from 
natural high spirits, they must be punished, and that always with the whip, 
never with the ram-rod or gun. It does not jiay to run the risk of break- 
ing the gun in an insane attempt to break the dog. Always use the same 
words for any given command ; these as generally used are as follows : To 
prevent breaking over a fence or barrier — " Ware fence ;" to cease chas- 
ing cats, hares, poultr}', etc., — " Ware chase ;" to come to heel, and walk 
<iuietly behind the master, — "To heel," or "Heel;" to run or course 
forward, — "Holdup;" to lie down, — "Down charge," or "Down;" 
to prevent taking food placed near, or to prevent running in on birds, — 
"Toho." If the dog is too full of spirits, a light cord twenty or thirty 
feet long trailing behind him, will soon sober him. 

VI. The English System of Training. 

The training of bird dogs, where the fields arc small, especially in Eng- 
land, where manors must not be tresspassed on, is more ditiicult. Ui)on 



si'oiniNG on riELD kous. 1037 

this subject a competent English authority says : The education of the 



^!'fi'!!f'S'Iiilil[i!!ii 




Pointer, and of the iScttcr also, has uiily to he carried up to the point at 



l.O.tjS TIIK AMKIMCAN I'AKMKi; 8 STOCK ISOOK. 

wliicli it \v:is compelled to stop, for want of the gun ; and that there are 
some few essentials in regard to which it requires finish. The '• Down- 
charge" is dependent upon the rising of the birds, and can better be 
taught at i)airing-time ; but, however well inculcated, is too apt to be for- 
gotten, and to be lost sight of, in tlie anxiety to bag the game. The Poin- 
ter or Setter should not be used as a retriever ; another dog should be 
specially set apart for that purpose. If this is not the case, tlu; chances 
are ten to one that the young dog is allowed to go to his bird, if a runner, 
without waiting for his master's order. If this is done once or twice, the 
habit soon increases, till at length both dogs rush at their bird, in their 
anxiety to retrieve it. The "gillie" should have charge of the dogs at 
this critical moment, and he as quietly as possible should keep them 
steadily down. This is all he has to do at that moment, though he may 
well do that and mark at the same time. He may also lead the retriever, 
till he is steady enough to walk at your heels. His grand use, however, is 
to keep the dogs down wlu ii tiic birds rise, and this he should do under 
all circumstances. 

Dogs do not require to mouth llicir game as an encouragement ; they 
are quite satisfied if they see it fall, and will continue the work as long 
as their strength will allow, without touciiing a feather. By adhei'ing 
strictly to this plan, all danger of their ac(iiuring this inexcusable fault is 
done away. If any dog is wanting in self-contidence, be careful in fol- 
lowing him up, pay great attention to his point, and take care to shoot 
his bird, if possible ; or, at all events, to shoot at it. In this way, the 
<log finds that you estimate him higher than he thought, and he learns to 
depend on his own powers, instead of following another dog, and always 
looking out for " points." In grouse-shooting, there is not the annoyance 
of the constant hedges, which are so detrimental to the Pointer in the 
pursuit of the partridge ; but there is a much greater chance of the dog 
pottering over a foot -scent, because the grouse runs so much more than 
the partridge, and being feathered down the leg, his foot-scent is so 
much stronger. 

It is here tluit a good Setter shows his superiority, as he generally 
makes out a foot-scent bett(;r than a Pointer ; thougii I have seen Pointers 
that would make out anything. The very highh -bred Pointer often has 
no notion of this ; he points as stiff as a Chinese idol the moment he comes 
upon scent of any kind, and nothing will move him as long as tliat scent 
continues. Such dogs are useless on tlic nu)ors. You not only want to 
know that there is game somewhere, but also where it is. The essential 
feature of a good dog is, that he shall stop the moment he feels the scent, 
and satisfy himself that game is before him. As soon as he is quite sure 
of this, he should wait until you are within distance ; on being assured 



SI>()l!TI\(i Oi; I'IKLl) DOO.S. 1().)1» 

of which, he should draw upon his l)inls, if they are running, talving care 
to stand quite steady if he hears the faintest " Toho " from his master. 
This is sometimes necessary if tlie grouse ai'e strong runners, as the 
shooter must often heid them hcfore they will rise, though good sports- 
men prefer walking rapidly up to them, and putting them up, as they 
will seldom, till they are become very wild, get far enough before you to 
rise out of shot. Some dogs learn to leave their tirst point, and go round 
and circumvent their game ; but this is onlj' a rare accomplishment, and 
is scarcely to be desired ; it is much better to send your man well on 
before them, ordering him to drop to the ground the moment they rise. 

VII. The English Retriever. 

Ketrievers proper are cross-bred dogs. The English Retriever is a 
cross between the Irish Water Spaniel and the Newfoundland, the object 
of the cross being to make them stout enough to bear heavy game like 
hares and large birds, and to impart endurance in cold water. They are 
generally curly, but whether curled or smooth haired, the color should 
be black, or black-and-tan, or black with tabby or brindled legs. The 
cross with the Spaniel and short, flat-coated St. John's Newfoundland 
are said to make the best dogs. They have wonderful intelligence, a 
soft mouth, strength to carry, and are thorough swimmers. 

Mr. Cobbett, an English authority, describes the Retriever as follows : 
He should have a long head, a large eye, a capacious mouth. His ears 
should be small, close to his head, set low, and with short hair on them. 
His nose should be large, his neck long, that he may stoop in his quest, 
his shoulders oblique and deep, and his chest broad and powerful. His 
loins, back, and hind quarters are all of great importance ; for though a 
hare will be the maximum of weight he will have to carry, he may have 
to carry it a long distance, to get over a stone wall with it, or to make 
his way through a strong covert. His legs should be strong, straight, 
and muscular ; his feet round and moderatel}'^ large, with the toes well 
arched. If he be required for punt-shooting, his coat should be short 
and close ; but for general purposes it should be flat, shining, and abund- 
ant. If black, he should be all black ; if black and tabby, the tabby 
should not go far up the leg, and should be free from white. The tail 
should be well feathered, moderately short, and carried gaily. The 
feather should be decidedly heavy, but tapering to the point. 

No Retriever deserves the least consideration from a judsje at doo- 
shows unless his temper is good. Temper is the foundation of a good 
Retriever. He should be about 24 inches at the shoulders, moderately 
long in the body, and fairly short on his legs. He should be as clean cut 



104(1 



Tin; AMKHKAN FAUMKU's STOCK BOOK. 



as a Setter under the aiiglo of the jaw. The Setter cross is s.iid to be 
tlie best, but it ecrtainlv (limiiiishes tlic likiini' for the watei-, and, in some 




instances, tiie produce has a marked disinclination to quest in tiiick 
tan";led woodland. 



^I'oiiTixu on i-ii:i-i) \nH;> 



1(141 



Vm. The Chesapeake Bay Retriever. 

There are throe strains of these noble dogs : 1st, the Otter breed, of 
a tawny sedge color with very short liair ; 2d, the Red Winchester, a 




dog with long, smooth hair ; and 3d, the Curly Retriever, having curled 
hair and of a red-l)r()wu color. A white spot in the breast of either class 

i- not i-on--idercd a disciualitication. 



KUi' 



riiK AMi;i;i( AN i \i:mi;i; > siock hook. 



TUi'V iiix' f-.uitl til liiivc spriiiii; from ;i |):iir of Ncwfoiiiidhuul.-., .sci-urt'd 
from ii wri'ckc'd slii|) in ISOT. (iov. Lloyd, of M;ir\l;iiid, into wliosc pos- 




y^^nM^ .iii f \f I V^ I Vj 



session tlic do^- cnmc, 1 laincd liim ("ii-cfuily, ;ind "S.-iilor," :is ho was 
cMllcd, <r:ivc oriiiin to llic proircny known as (lie Sailor hrcod. 'I'lic hiti'ii 



M'OIMINC <>i; I-IKI.I) IXXiS. 104.') 

nlso ln'caiiic famous as a staunch iclricx it of ducUs aud oilier liaiui', and 
crossed willi tlic Irish 8paniel they have since become famous. The 
Maryland Poultry and Fancier's Association, at the first sliow lu'ld at 
Baltimore in 1S77, appointed a coniniittec to (h'aw up a standard of points 
for jiulging this brecHJ. 

As .showinj;- tiu' tractabihty and intelligence of tJie Ketrievei-, the fol- 
lowing ant;cdole related liy Mr. Cul)bett, of ;i dog belonging to his fi-iend 
Sir Charles Taylor, will suffice. He says the sagacity of this dog was 
extraordinary. Sir diaries would sent! him out in the mor'iiing to see if 
the weatlu'r wouhl suit for siiooting, saying, "(io out and sec if it will 
do." The dog would go out, waliv round tlie house, putting iiis nose uj) 
in tlic air for a f I'W moments, and then comeback to the house. If "it 
would do," he would jump up on liis master's knees and spring al)out the 
room in tlic most lively manner. Sir diaries would then tell him to 
fetch Tom, the keeper. Off lie would go, sometimes to the distance of 
about a mile, to fetch the keeper. He would scrape at the keejier's door, 
run towards tlu; corner where the guns wer(! kept, and by delighted liarks 
tell Tom that he was Manted to go out shooting. And then they 
would both be soon read}' for tius day's s[)ort. If, on the contrary, "it 
would not do." the dog woidd come in slowly, looking down on the carpet 
in a tlcjected wa\-, throw himself .at length on the rug, and go to slee[). 

IX. The Clumber Spaniel. 

In Eiisriand, where i)eeiiliarilies of breeds are accurately looked to in 
the hunting of game, the Clumlier Spaniel is used for partridge shooting. 
This dog remains perfectly mute, even on the hottest scent, his great 
merit being his silence, so that he becomes valuable with game that takes 
wing at the slightest noi.se. He is thought to tie an improved type of the 
old Eni;lisli Springer or Cock-Husher. The Clumber is sagacious, strong, 
slow in hunting, and easily gets through underbrush. His color is pale 
vellow and white, or orange and white, the white always being the pre- 
vailinu" color. He is large-boned with great length of body ; the head 
laru'c : the eye full and expressive ; hair short and exceedingly thick, and 
the tail fully feathered. 

X. The English Spaniel. 

The old Eiiirlish Siianiel is one of th(! licst of water dogs, never refus- 
m<x when there is game, and a ca[iital swimmer and diver. His nose is 
excellent, and his intelligence high, but he is rather restless, and wants to 
lie kc'pt under good sulijection. As a hunting dog, he is now but little 



uni 



riii; AMi:i;i( AN iaumki! s stock hook. 



used, liut lu> has Ix'on so higlily bn'd. tliat lie lias Ihtoihc an exceodinjily 
haiulsoiiio and conipunionablc di)g, ospocially tlio .sniallor and tino l>reed 

for tlioro are two variotios as tlior(^ arc of tlio Irish Water-Spaniel. 

The illustration shows one of the most perfect specimens of the breed. 




ENCLISn SPANlEl,. 



XI. The Irish Water-Spaniel. 

Irish AA'ater-Spaniels are (^f two varieties. Those of the South of 
Ireland, are uniformly of a pure liver color ; ears long and well feath- 
ered, sometimes two feet across from the point of one ear to the point of 
the other; the hair consists of short, crisp curls; the body long, strong 
and low ; the tail round, and carried slightly down, but straight and with- 
out being at all fcathei-ed. 

The North of Ireland Spaniels have short ears, with Init little feather 
on them, or on the legs ; the coat is somewhat curled, and liver-col- 
ored, but with considerable white, so much so, sometimes, as to make 
him realh'^ liver-colored and white. The pure liver-eolored dogs of the 
South of Ireland, are most highly prized, as are those having a well- 
defined toy) knot, not straggling across, but coming down in a peak 
on the foi-ehead. 

XII. The Springer. 

The Springer, like the Clumber, is a stout, slow but heavy dog, and is 
not adapted to hard work. Many of them arc mute, and this, in connec- 
tion with their acute and discriminating sense of smell, their tractable 
teni])cr and the ease with whi<h they may be managed, renders them well 



SPOUTINC: on FIELD DOGS. 



104: 



iidaptod to l)c;iting small oovfvt.-s. On wild woodlands of thick under- 
bi'usli or on the woodland openings, the C'luuiher would he the best for 
partridges. 

XIII. The Cocker Spaniel. 

The term Cocker is genersdly iisetl to designate every field Spaniel 
except the Springer and Clumber, so the varieties are innumerable. The 
Cocker is higher in the leg than either the Springer or Clumber, more 
active, and apt to be wild, but nevertheless a useful dog in England 
mIicu well broken. The colors are various; liver-and-white and black-and- 
white being comnu)n, though lemon-and-white, self-colored liver, black, 
andcNcn l>lack-and-tan are sometimes met with. 




NdUTIl lia^ll WAIKK-M'AMKL. 



CHAPTER IV. 



WATCH DOGS. 



I. lIOrSE WATCH HOGS. II. THE MASTIFF. III. THE Brl.I.-DOO. IV. THE 

BULL-TEURIER. V. THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOC. VI. THE ST. BERNAKI) DOG. 

VII. SHEPHERD DOGS. VIII. THE SCOTril COLI.IE. IX. THE SPANISH 

SHEPHERD DOG. X. THE DROVER'S DOG. XI. THE POMERANIAN OR SPITZ 

1)0<T. XII. THE GERMAN SHEEP DO<;. 

I. House Watch Dogs. 

Dotrs kept in (H- near llu' house, whose duty it is to iiuard property, 
are iviiown as ijuard or wateh dogs. As a rule, these are the veriest curs 
of mixed Itreeds, aud of hut little value for the purpose for which they 
arc kept. If the property to lie guarded recjuircs a large, strong dog, 
that will inspire fear, the jNIastiff is undoubtedly the best ; but those of 
jnire breed are difiicult to get, and, of course, no dog is a sufficient pro- 
tection against professional thieves. When the care of childi'en is a part 
of the duty required, the Newfoundlands or St. Bernards arc the best, 
since their natural instinct lies in this direction. If unswerving courage, 
fidelity, refusal under any circumstances to make friends with strangers, 
and prompt watchfulness in giving the alarm are what is required, the 
pure BuU-tcrrier is one of the most useful of dogs. The Bull-dog proper 
is of no value whatever simply as a watch dog, l)ut is useful as a cross on 
nioi-o intelligent dogs to increase their courage and tenacity of purpose. 
For guarding flocks and herds, and as aids in driving them from i)lacc to 
place, the Shepherd dog and the Drover's dog, in their several varieties, 
are all that could be desired. 

II. The Mastiff. 

This noble dog is of great antiquity in the British Islands. Unfortu- 
nately the pure Mastiff is one of the larcst of dogs, many of the so-called 
^Mastiffs being simply smooth-haired mongrels of great size. The true 
Mastiff is docile, intelligent, honest and trustworthy, courageous, but not 
ferocious, grave, sometimes sullen-looking, but vigilant ; a dog, withal, 
which nothing can temi)t from his duty. 

In the sixteenth century — nearly 'M)0 3'ears ago — Conrad Ilerebatch 
thus describes him : " Neither too gentle nor too curst, that he neither 
faune upon a theefc nor flew upon his friends ; very waking ; no gadder 

io-k; 



WATCH DOi; 



1047 



about, nor l:ivi«Ii of his mouth, barking without cause; neither niaketh 
it any matter though he be not swift, for lie is but to fight at home and 
give warning to the encmic."" Their rarit}' is caused by their immense 
size and coiisc(juent cost of keeping, added to the fact that modern safe- 
guards for the protection of proi)crty liave, in a measure, superseded their 



^^.,,_1_L^^| Ifl'll |i||""l* |1 ' If Jlif 111 l|||l||l|| I Ij 1 1 1 1 




MASTIFF AND BLOODHOUND CKOSS. 



use. Still, their habit of silence renders them exceedingly valuable in 
guarding luuiters' camps, and for all situations where the dog is expected 
to give assistance in an encounter they are invaluable. If crossed Avith 
the Bloodhound or Newfoundland, the progeny is apt to be ferocious, 
and crossed with the Hull-dog they are often savage brutes. Hence, 



104H TllK AMKKU AN lAIIMKU S STOCK KOlMv. 

every l)ig '>«o\Mi dog must not be taken for a Mastiff; the illustration 
shows the head and shoulders of a Mastiff erossed with a Bloodhound. 

Over fort \ years ago, as a hoy. the writer used to hunt with sueh a dog 
and a tinely-hred Greyhound, and many a prairie-wolf and deer have we 
carried home on the saddle as the result of the chase. The Mastiff was 
quiet enough at home, never molesting strangers nor the farm stock, hut 
onee aroused at the sight of game he was ungovernable. No game native 
to Northern Illinois but he had killed, an eight-pronged buck, otter, wild 
hogs, wolves innumerable, and a full-grown lat, i)eing the trophies of his 
individual prowess ; for the (iievhouud was simply fleet enough to over- 
take, but without the courage to attack, or even participate in. the struggle. 
Hare alone would he i)ick uj). and these could seldom double on him. 
He seemed when coursing them to be rolling like a hoop: suddenly his 
head and lithe neck would sweive to one side, the hare was seized, and 
the trophy carried to the ^last iff to kill . As showing the tenacity anil great 
courage of this Mastiff, he killed, without help, a full-grown wildcat, of 
the short-tailed si)ecies, after two successive struggles, one in the dense 
thicket, where the cat broke from him. On the edge of a ravine the cat 
attempted to enter a hole, but the dog was too ipiick for her : seizing her 
by the rump they both rolled to the bottom, and so tierce was the com- 
motion that it was impossible fiu" me either to shoot or get near. At 
length the ilastiff seized the cat by the back and then made short work 
with her. iShe measured three feet eleven inches from the nose to the 
tip of tail, the tail being seven inches in length. After the battle, the 
Mastiff looked as if he had been dipped in blood, the claws of the eat 
having scored him from end to end. 

III. The Bull-Dog. 

Whatever the British Bull-dog nniy have been in other days, he is now 
valuable for only two purposes, viz: blind ferocity in lighting — if this 
may be considered valuable — anil for crossing upon other more tender- 
mouthed dogs, to give then\ grip and holding ([ualities. Thus, as l)efore 
observed, the cross upon the Terrier makes a nmst ^ aluahle dog. The 
illustration shows the characteristics and form of the pure-l)red Enalish 
Bull-dog perfectly — sullen ferocity, combined with great nuiscular power. 

The points of the true Bull-dog are summed up by a iSporting English 
authority, as follows: A Bull-dog cannot be too wide across the chest. 
i)ut his loins should be gradually tapering : with the barrel or rii)s quite 
round, a slijrht fall behind the shoulders, the spine well arched, and rising 
gently to the .stern, which should be full and thick, joined well to the 
loins, and with a downward tendency to the tail. 



AVATCII DOC 



l(t4!l 



The tail slioukl be fair!}- loii^-, liut not too long : .straiglit, fine, and 




sliiililly citrvftl toward?^ tin- tip. 'I'lic cuivl- known a.- a "rin-i- tail,"" and 



](i:)0 



A.MKKUAN KAIi.MKl! S STOCK r.OOK. 



that called a "screw tail" are hoth objectioualilc .uhI lessen tlie value of 
the d()<f. The tail should alwa^y.s be set low on t\u' IkkIv, and he carried 
straight, and never hanging down, which latter point is considered a sign 
of poor blood ; as also is tlie directly bony "rat tail."' The legs should 
be short and well bowed, as very straight legs, especially foi-e-lcgs, show 
a want of sti-cngth. The elbows should project, and tlic hind-legs should 
lie rather longer in proportion than the fore, so as to raise the loins. The 
hocks, or hamstrings, should be straight, and the stifles, or joints of the 
hind legs, not turned out. The toes of all the four feet should be even 
and not allowed to turn out. All the toes should be small, and M'ell split 
up, so that the Dog has a good firm footing without the toes turning 
either in or out. 

The coat siiould be tine and smooth. Its color is not of much conse- 
(|uence, but it should be unmixed, either red or red-snuit, fawn, or fawn- 
smut, blue or blue-smut, or white. A little black is no deterioration. 

In weight, the Bull-dog may vary from lOlb. to 70 lb., but, whatever his 
weight, he should be muscular without being fat ; strong without being 
bulky ; courageous without savage ferocity ; sagacious, open-eyed, loud- 
tongucd, and not too affectionate ; for, as Mr. Mayhew says, the Bull- 
dog most given to show its fondness is least to he depended on. 

IV. The BuU-Terrier. 

The jx'rfect Bull-terrier has been defined as containing just so much 
of the Bull-dog cross, as to combine the fidl head, strong jaws, well de- 




NOI.Isn liVl.l.-TKIilJIKH. 



veloped chest, powerful shoulders and thin fine tail of the Bull-dog, with 
the light neck, active frame, strong loin and full liind-i|uaiters of the 



WATCH DUGS. 1051 

Terrier. Tliis gives them greiit stamina, good rminiiig powers, and a 
height varying from ten to twenty inches. IIalf-l)lo()ds make Hghting 
dogs, while somewhat less blood of the Bull, will produce a dog that will 
easily learn tricks, that will fetch and carry well, take water like a 
Spaniel, hnnt all day, and fight to the death, and at the same time with 
calm courage. They are oiiedicnt and good tempered, owing to intelli- 
gence comhined with affection, and with a courage that never gives in. 
This is the English Bull-terrier, that by careful breeding and selection for 
generations, leaves but little to be desired as a house dog, or one that 
will show his value either in the yard or in the field, hunting and destroy- 
ing all that class of predacious animals infesting the farm. The illustra- 
tion represents one of the best of the br«ed. 

The color most sought is pure white, or white patched witli black ; 
equally good dogs, however, may be patched blue, red fawn or lirindie. 
Black-and-tan or self-colored red arc not so desirable, 'i'heie should not 
be any projection of the under jaw, crooked fore-legs, or small or weak 
hind-ijuarters ; for until these entirely disappear, the Terrier cross -^iiould 
be contiiuied. 

As an instance of the intelligence and understanding of the Bull- 
terrier, the following from Sir "Walter Scott will ])e interesting: •' The 
wisest dog I ever had, was what is called the Bull-dog terrier. I taught 
him to understand a great many words, insomuch that lam positive that 
the communication betwi.xt the canine species and oursehes might lie 
greatly enlarged. Canqionce bit the baker, who was liringing l)read to 
the family. I beat him, and e.\|)laiued the enormity of iiis offence: 
after which, to the last moment of his life, he never heard the least allu- 
sion to the story, in wliatever voice or tone it was mentioned, without 
getting up and retiring into the darkest corner of the room with great 
appearance of distress Then if you said, 'The baker was well paid," or 
'The baker was not hurt after all,' Camp came forth from his hiding- 
l)lace, capered, l)arked, and rejoicetl. When he was unable, towards the 
end of his life, to attend me when on horsel)aek, he used to watch for my 
return, and the servant used to tell him 'his ma.ster was coming down the 
hill, or through the moor,' and altiiough he did not use any gesture to 
explain his meaning, Cam]) was never known to mistake him, but either 
went out at the front to go up the hill, or at the back to get down to the 
moor-side. He certainly had a singular knowledge of si)oken language." 

V. The Newloundland Dog. 

There arc three (-lasses of Newfoundland dogs, considered |)ur(\ 
besides the many lr)ng-haired mongrels that i)ass for Newfoinidlands 



HI.")-.' TllK AMKKICAN KMIMKl! s STIHK HOOK. 

aiUDM^i- tlu'.-io ijrnoniiit of this tnilv iii:i>:iiili(:oiit hivoii. riu-c an- : 1. 
Tin- trill' Ni'wfouiullaiul. 2. Tlu- Lat-iv l.:il>i:idor. .>. Tlu' St. ,lolui">, 
or suialk-r Labrador. 

The Largo Labrador, is moro loosoly Imilt tliaii tin- tnu- Nowfoiiiullaiul, 
and tlu'ooat is luort- or loss lui.xed witli whito. Tho liair is loiijior. inoro 
woollv. and ourly. 

'riio St. .ToUn's Nowfomullaiui is a dog soliloni ovor i' 4 iiulios liigh, and 
oftoii loss. Tlio lioad is proportionally largor ; tho oar f nllor ; tho noi'k 
husror. and tho body nuuh nioro ooni|iaot : tin- hair shortor. glossy and 
not woolly. Tho ooh)r should ho jot hlaok. Tho linihs and foot of this 
strain aro most oxoollout. It is this dog, orossod with iho Wator Spaniol 
that inakos tho itost liotriovois. 

Tho truo Xowfoundland is tho porfoot typo of dog intoUigonco and 
sairaoitv, oonihinod with oourago. affootion and dovotion to his niastor and 
his frionds. Ho has hut one disability as a honso dog : if not oarofully 
washod onoo a wook witli soap and wator, and a> oarofully lirushod ovorv 
day with a hard brush, tho odor is most disagrooablo. Thus attondod to, 
tho skin is kept porfootly oloau and tho objootiou is roniovod. 

Tho oharaoloristio.s of tho truo Nowfoumllaud aro graphioally dosoriiud 
bv a suruoon of tho English navy. Wo havo ownod a numbor of thorn 
brod puro, and will vouoh for tho aoouraoy of tlio dosorii>tion : Thohoad 
of a Nowf(uuidland is romarkably grand and full of oharaotor, and its 
oxprossion vory bouovolont. Aoross tho oyos tho skull is vory broad, and 
ho has a largo brain. Tho forohoad is froipu-ntly wrinklod ; tho oyos aro 
small, but bright and intolligont : thoy aro gonorally dooply sot, but 
should not havo a blood-shot a|)poaranoo. Tho oars uuist bo small, 
smooth, .sot low. and hanging oloso ; thoy ari' vory seldom sot up, ovou 

whou tho animal is oxoitod. Noso I'.nd nostrils largo: muz/.lo long and 

tjuito smooth : mouth oapaoious : tooth lovol. 

Tho nook is naturally short. It is woll olothod with nuisolo, as aro 

tho arms, logs, and foro-haud : but thoro is a slaoknoss about tho loin, 

whioh aoi'ounts for his slouohing and somowhat slovenly oarriago. 

lie is fro(|uontly short in his baok ribs, and some of tho l,irgo~t dogs 

havo a toiidonoy to weakness in tho baok. 

The foot aro long and strong, but tho solo is not so thiok as that of a 

will-brod Pointer, nor aro the toes so muoh arohod as in tho average of 

hunting dogs. This peouliar struoture of tho foot is adai)ted for his 

sledge work on snow, and aooonnts for his power in tho wator, and has 

given rise totlu vulgar ornu- that ho is *se:nipalmatod. 

Tho shaggy-ooated Newfoundland has a smooth faoe, but within two 

inches of the skull the eoat suddenly elongates, and, exoept that he is 



WAKII IliKJS. 



very <lc:iii to (lie angles of liis neck, he is thoroughly feathered in liis out- 
line His coat fjeneraliy parts down tiio back, and this pailiiifr is con- 
tiiiiicil to the end of the tail, which \h l>usiiy and carried very frail}-. Wis. 
hind legs arc closely-coated from flic hock, and lii^s feet all i-onnd arc 
nearly as free of feather as a cafs. 




The color is generally l)lack ; and a hrown, or brindled tinge is a val- 
ued characteristic of the true breed. The black and white is not cousid- 
ci'cd so ii'ood. 



1054 Tlir. A.MKKICAN FAlIMKli'.S STOCK ISOOK. 

Ill fonu lie is coIossmI. He lias hocn known to reach thirty-four 
iiithcs ill lieiiilit, and hi* is frL'((ui'iitly lo ho found from twcnty-i'iglit to 
thirty inohos, or even inoro. 

Tliat the more intoiliiTont dog:- havo the power of reason in a high 
degree, there isnodonlil. We once had a iiolilc Xewfoundhmd, who con- 
st itntiMl himself a kind of police among dogs. He would walk among 
a crowd of fighting dogs and throw tiicm right and Id't, and if they 
attacked him, lie killed — his prowess in one aftei'iioon accomplishing the 
death of three dogs in succession ■which had attacked him. Tsnally he 
was calm andserene, any child hcingperfectly safe with him. If attackeil 
I)V a person with a stick, he invariably seized it, and kept it. A little pet 
fox-terrier used to hother him mnnercifully liy fawning upon him and 
k'aping up in front of him to bar his j)rogress. One day he started for 
the barn to inquire into some fancied trouble there, and the ti>rrier 
annoying him as usual, he seized her and walking to the horse trough, 
gave her a good ducking, notwithstanding her frantic shrieks for help, 
and then setting her on her feel, pursued his way without fnrthei- notice. 

Another Newfoundland also showed a tiuc reasoning faculty. lie used 
to play ball with the children ; thi\v throwing a soft ball into the air, it 
was his aim — generally successful — to catch it before it reached the 
ground. One day a croquet ball of wood was thrown and he caught it to 
the injury of iiis teeth. Never after that would he catch a l)all until it 
had struck the earth and rebounded. A favorite spoit with the children 
was to throw a slipjjer from an upjjcr window, and get the dog to bring 
it liack up stairs, to do which he was obliged to i)ass entirely around the 
house. One day the lower window, in the side from which the slipper was 
thrown, was open. In rushing ])ast he caught sight of it , stopped sud- 
di'iily, leaped in, went through the house and so iq) stairs. 

VI. The §t. Bernard Dog. 

The dogs of St. Hcrnard, an Alpine hospice, kept by the 'Monks of St. 
Bernard, Switzerland, have long been famous for their sagacity in track- 
ing out benumbed traveller.s in the snow. They are trained to carry 
wine, provisions and clothing, on their life-saving expeditions. Traversing 
the snowy waste in every direction, they discover the traveller, however 
deeply ho nniy be buried in the snow, and by a long, sonorous howl, 
notify the monks, who come to their assistance. If the traveller be able, 
the dogs allow the clothing and provisions to be taken from their custody 
and appropriated. The " Good Dog Barry"" has become world-famous, 
and his stuffed .skin, .standing with bottle and collar about his neck, is 
jireserved in the ]\Iuseum at Berne. The lives of forty persons are said 
to have been saved b\- this noble and sa<iacions do<r. 



\\AI(II DOUS 



io.-).-> 



Tlie ch;ii:ict(>i-istic.s of the St. IkTiiiirtl douare us follows : Head largo, 
majestic, and full of cliaraeter ; C3'cs deeply placed, and with a furrow 
between tlicm extending up the skull ; lips pendidous ; coat hard, smooth 
and fleecy ; tail bushy and carried handsomely- ; feet round and arched ; 
toes broad ; tem[)er amiable ; the countenance noble, but with an air of sor- 
row. The general shape i^ symmetrical, and the gait stately : the height is 




>T. 1\KUNAK1> 1)(J( 



from twenty-eight to thirty-one inches, and the length, including the tail, 
six feet. There are two varieties, one long-haired the other smooth. The 
rough-huin-d variety is most sought when of a deep tawny brindle, re- 
lieved with some whiti'. The .smooth-haired dog is red-and-white, or 
brindled-and-white, a broad, pc^culiar white collar distinguishing the 
dogs of purest l)recd. 

VII. Shepherd Dogs. 

There are many so-called Shepherd dogs. Many varieties of dogs con- 
taining an infusion of .Spaniel bhjod, and even ("ur dogs, may be taught 
to watch tlocks and herds, and everj^ eountiy where sheep are kept has 
its individual and evenlocal breeds. In England and in the United States, 
tlie herdsman's favorite dog is the Scotch Collie. The Drcncr's dosj is 
similar to the Collie — that is, he .should be of the Spaniel class ; and the 
celebrated Spanish Shepherd dog possesses the same characteristics, but 
is in every way larger and sti'onger, since he sometimes has to cope with 
wild animals. 

VIII. The Scotch Collie. 

The Shepherd dog is retpiired to be stigacious. good tempered, and 
obedient. He nmst accomplish his pui-posc moi-c l)v t-oaxin;.'- than b\' 



Ki.-.il 



THK AAIKKICAN lAUMK.I! S STOCK HOOK. 



driviiiii', ('si)(>(i;ill\' in tlif i-isc of sheep : lu' must lu'iul off a wandering 
sheep, and thus prevent its going forward, never seize it and fcnrc it 
l)aek. 

" Honest iuiil e;ii('fiil, looking ff)r no praise, 
Tlie Sliei'p-iloi;- guards tin; llock. Companion, friend, 
I'roteetor. all in one; a kindly word, 
Or smile, is ani|ile i)aymeut for his toils."' 

The best color is hhvek, witii no white oxeept on the throat and limbs ; 
blaeU-and-tan is also regarded as valuable. In shapethc body is elegantly 
formed, and amply clothed with long, tliick, woolly hair. The legs and 
feet are strong ; the tail is long, gently curved, and bn.shy. Like the 
Enulish Sheep-dog, the Collie has one and often two dew claws on each 
hind leg. As house-dogs they arc quite as valualjle as they arc in the liehl. 




.V single instance siiowing the inherent instinct of the Collie nuist suf- 
fice. It is recorded by Et trick Shepherd— the poet Hogg — and relates 
to his dog Sirrah, and is as follows: On one occasion .seven hundred 
lamlis lirokc up in an evening, and, scampering off in three divisions,. soon 
lost themselves among the neighb(n'ing hills. Sirrah seemed to under- 
stand that this largo flock of lambs ought not to be absent from their 
accustomed dwelling-place at night, and, without orders fnmi his master, 
set off in search of them. The night was dark, and t]ic shepherd and his 
companion spent the whole of its long hours in scouring the hills, but 
they could obtain no trace either of the seeking dog, or of the recreant 
flock. " On our way home, however," says Mr. Hogg, "we discovered 
a lot of lambs at the bottom of a deep ravine, and the indefatigable Sir- 
rah standinir in front of them, lookinii' around for some relief, but still true 



WATCH DOGS. 



1057 



to his charge. The sun was then up, and when we first came iu view, we 
concluded that it was one of the divisions which Sirrah Iiad been uuable 
to manage, until he came to that commanding situation. But what was 
our astonishment, when we discovered that not one lamb of the whole 
flock was wanting ! How he had got all the divisions collected iu the dark 
is beyond my comprehension. The charge was left entirely to himself 
from midnight till the rising sun ; and if all the shepherds in the forest 
had been there to have assisted him, they could not have effected it with 
greater propriety." 

IX. The Spanish Shepherd Dog. 

In Spain, a larger, stronger, and swifter dog is employed to watch the 
mountain flocks. It is sometimes called tlie wcjlf-dog, l)ut it is quite una- 
ble to cope with this animal, though it will fight savagely when neces- 
sary. It is a clean, long-liml)cd dog, of medium length of hair and 




^^^•^^^^.^^^ 



SPANISH SHEPIIKUl) DOG. 



somewhat wolfish in his general appear;incc, but nevertheless a true dog, 
and undoubtedly without any wolf blood in him — i)artaking more of the 
Setter type, a dog said originally to have come fi'om Spain. The cut 
will perfectly illustrate this dog. 

(i7 



U)58 THE AiMKliK AN I'Alt.MKK S KTOCli. UOOK 

X. The Drover's Dog. 

Tlic Drover's dog is a nioditicd Slieplierddog, larger, stouter, and gen- 
erally of mixed breed, the Slicplierd, iiowever, largely predoiiiiiiating. 
Newfoundlands are said to nia]<e an excellent drover's dog, l)ut they do 
not stand the heat well. Any good-footed dog, that is tractidile, and that 
will stand the heat, is used in the United States, since their work lies 
mostly in the summer season. For general purposes on the farm, espe- 
cially when sheep arc kept, the Collie is, to our mind, altogether l)est. 
When they have been carefully trained, their sagacity, even under the 
most trying circumstances is truly surprising, as the following well authen- 
ticated performance of a female dog, belonging to a shepherd of Perth- 
shire, Sc-otland, will show: "The man had bought for his master, at Fal- 
kirk, fourscore of sheep, which he immediately despatched home under 
the cai'e of his dog alone, a distance of seventeen miles, through a popu- 
lous country. The poor animal when but a few miles on tiie road drop- 
pod two whelps, but, faithful to her charge, she drove the sheep on a mile 
or two farther, then allowing them to stop, returned for her pups, which 
she then carried about two miles in advance of the sheep. Leaving hei' 
pups here she returned for the sheep, and drov(^ tlicin on a few miles.; 
and this she continued to do, alternately carrying her 3'oung ones and 
taking charge of the flock, till she reached home. The manner of her 
acting on this trying occasion, was aftei-wards gathered by the shepherd 
from various individuals who had observed these extraordinary proceed- 
ings of the poor animal on the road. Although she brought every sheep 
of the flock safely home, yet it is painful to add, that she did not suc- 
ceed in bringing her offspring home alive." 

XI. The Pomeranian or Spitz Dog. 

In his native country, the Pomeranian dog is emi)loyed in the care of 
sheep, and in one respect, and that alone, he is superior to the Collie. 
He has no aptitude for game ; unlike the Collie he is cowardly, but, at 
the same time, snappish, and again, unlike the Collie, he has no head for 
learning mere tricks. In the United States, under the name of Spitz dog, 
they have been largely introduced as pets. They ai'c exceedingly cleanly 
in their habits, and sweet in breath and body ; hence their popularity. 
l?ut they are never safe with children, and their bite is thought to be 
dangerous. They are also accounted to be particularly subject to rabies. 
They have an exceedingly long, smooth, uniform coat of hair, and when 
bred in perfection, should be i)rick-eared, pure white in color, and tJie tail 
carried directly over the back. 



WATCH DOGS. 1059 

XH. The German Sheep Dog. 

This is a small-sized dog, resembling the Spitz, carrying his bushy tail 
directly over his liack. He is a dog with short muzzle, shaggy hair, tract- 
able, vivacious, affectionate, and is said to be excellent in his vocation. 
As a pet dog, he is altogether safer than his near relation, the Pomera- 
nian dog. 



CHAPTER V. 



PET AUD TOY DOGS. 



1. TIIKIK IHVEUSIFIEI) CHAUACTKK. II. THE BLACK-AND-TAN TEKUIEK. HI. TITE 

SCOrCn-TEKUIER.— — IV. THE YOUKSUIUE-TEURIEIt. V. THE SKYE-TERUIER. 

VI. THE MALTESE UOC. VII. THE ITALIAN GREYnOUNI). A'lII. THE 

POODLE. IX. THE KINC CHARLES SPANIEL. X. THE SHOCK DOG. XI. 

THE LION DOG. XII. THE I'.AKBET. XIII THE PUG DOG. 

I. Their Diversified Character. 

Man's iiijroHuity and tact in tlio hrccding of animals is no where .so 
fully shown as in the breeding of toy dogs, unless it be in the breed- 
ing of pigeons. In the latter the results are seen in the diversity of form 
and color of the plumage. In dogs the most wonderful diversity in 
shape, texture of hair, and color has been obtained, but most curious of 
all is the dimunitive size to which they are bred. No better exemplifica- 
tion of this can be given than a comparison between a To3'-terrier weigh- 
ing three or four pounds, and the huge Mastiff or Newfoundland weigh- 
ing up to 180 pounds. So widely, also, do they diverge from the true dog 
type, that none save the anatomist would believe that they belong to the 
same species. 

n. The Black-and-tan Terrier. 

The I>lack-aiid-tan is one of the most elegant of diminutive dogs. 
Those intended for useful purposes are generally bred to weigh fifteen or 
sixteen pounds, but the toy varieties, perfect in every respect except size, 
have been i)red down to ru weight of three and a half pounds ; and five or 
six pounds is not uncommon. The blood of the diminutive Italian Grey- 
hound has been freely used in reducing the size of these dogs, and hence 
the most of them rcciuire the heat of a fire in winter, as well as the pro- 
tection of a blanket when out of doors, and covering at night. It is not 
to be denied that they arc the most beautiful of pets, very intelligent, 
but timid to a degree. 

We have one of medium size which can clearly make himself under- 
stood with his dog talk. Full of amiable tricks and play, he is so sus- 
picious of strangers that he will not permit them to come near him, much 
less touch him. He is not deficient in courage, boldly attacking strange 
dogs of larger size visiting the house, and even fastening promptly ui)on 

loco 



PET AND TOY DOGS. 10(51 

tlicm if they seek to usurp his place in the affections of his misti'ess ; and 
yet so delicate that it was with ditKculty that he could l)e taught to kill 
mice that had first been caught in a trap. When ordered to go to bed at 
night, he will go to his box and earnestly work to cover himself up, 
scolding to himself all the while at his Avant of success. Upon Iieing 
properly covered, he will continue his half-growling, half-whining thanks 
until ho thinks himself properly tucked in. Every visitor is exuberantly 
welcomed with a joj'ous and continued ])ark, and bid adieu in the same 
demonstrative manner. But should a step be heard outside, that sounds 
suspicious, the note is changed into one of warning, and strangers are 
carefully examined, to see if it will be perfectly safe to make their 
acquaintance. Jockey is quite a character iu our suburban town, with his 
mincing, careful waj's. His mistress truly saj's he knows least of what a dog 
should know, and more of what a dog is supposed not to knov,% than any 
she has ever owned. He is regularly fed at meal times, and, if allowed 
in the dining room, will walk about the table to every person present, on 
the extreme tips of his hind toes, coaxing each one in succession until he 
receives a nice bit. 

m. The Scotch Terrier. 

Scotch Terriers are of many varieties. The Wire-haired Terrier, is an 
English dog, and as active at play as he is indefatigable after vermin. 
Scotch TeiTiers, whatever the strain, whether it be the celebrated Dandy 
Dinmont, the Kough, the Smooth-haired, or the Skye, are all alike in 
their warfare on rats and other vermin. In intelligence, warmth of 
attachment to their mastei's, and in vivacity, they are the peer of any 
dog, whatever his breed. 

There is a modified Skye Terrier, sometimes called Long-haired Scotch, 
which is fully as good after vermin as the Wire-haired, or the Dandy 
Dinmonts. 

rv. The Yorkshire Terrier. 

The Yorkshire Terrier, often called Broken-haired Scotch, is an ex- 
ceedingly fine dog, with a compact body, fully covered with long hair, 
quite free from curling or crimping. Tlie head is rather large ; jaw and 
nose sharp. There are three different shades of color on the best dogs : 
blue, silvery and tan ; the tan on the fluff of the head, ears and leo^s 
being of the richest possil)le color. 

There is another blue-tan Yorkshire, or silk-coated Terrier. The coat 
which is exceedingly long, silky and smooth, was probably got from a 
Maltese cross, and the rich blue-tan color is the result of careful selection. 
They are a modern breed, and the best ones are quite rare. 



10G2 



THE A.MKUH'AN FAliMEU's STOCK KOOIC. 

V. The Skyo-terrier. 



This is one of the most fasliionabie of Toy-torricrs, and, when well 
bred, is as uni(]iic as it is l)caiitiful. The really fine dogs of this breed, 
arc aiuousr the rarest of (he dog kind. The cut of the Yorkshire Terrier, 




VOKKSllIKE TEIiKIEl!. 



not a good one, would 1)0 generally accepted in the United States as rep- 
resenting the breed. In fact, any Scotch Terrier with long hair, is passed 
off for the true lireed. 




SHOIIT-HAIRED SKYE-TERKIER. 



The short-haired variety, shown in the cut, is really one of the most 
valuable of any Terrier extant, being sagacious, hai'dy, energetic and with 
the courage of a Bloodhound ; and taking to the coldest water fearlessly 
in pursuit of game. His color is mostly dark brown. 



I'KT ANIJ TOY IJOGS. 



lOfJ,^ 



The long-haired or pet Skye is altogether a different dog. Wc give his 
full description, eondcnsed from that of Rev. Cumining Macdona, a crit- 




ical judge. He tsayw tiie coat of the iikyo is so fully developed that it is 
often compared to a mat. The true Skye should have its ears, legs and 
tail all merging in one mass, with the exception of the tip of the latter 



10(M TlIK AMERICAN FARMER 8 STOCK KOOIC. 

iiiid of the feet. In a well-coated specimen the eyes are only to be 
<;;uessed at, and even the nose is often ol)semed ; but i^cnerally they arc 
each more or less visible on a close inspection. 

The eyes ai-e keen, expressive, small, and generally of dark color, 
either black or brown, as are the nose and palate. 

The ears are of good size, that is, about three inches long, clothed 
thickly with hair, which should mingle with that of the face and neck, 
and decidedly falling, but not quite close to the cheek, owing to the quan- 
tity of liair by whicli they are surrounded. 

The shape of the head is not easily got at, but it is somewhat wide, 
while the neck is unusually long. The body, also, is too much coated to 
show its shape, and the form of the shoulders and back ribs can only be 
ascertained by handling, or by dipping the dog in water, when the shape at 
once becomes apparent. The fore legs are sometimes more or less bandy, 
but the less the better ; there are no dew claws, and the feet are not very 
strong, having a tendency to flatness and thinness of the soles. Tail 
long, and carried horizontally, but with a sweep, so that the tip is a little 
below the level of the back. Weight, from ten to eighteen pounds, the 
bitches being nearly as heavy as the dogs — perhaps aliout two pounds 
less. The colors most fancied are silver gray with black tips, fawn with 
dark brown tip to the cars and tail, dark slaty blue (slightly grizzled, 
but without any absolute admixture of white), black and pure fawn — the 
order we have named being in accordance with the value of each. The 
hair should be long, straight, and shining, like that of the tail of the 
horse ; any appearance of silkiness, wooUiness, or curl to be avoided, 
excepting on the top of the head, where it has a slight tendency to silki- 
ness. By some fanciers the prick ear is preferred to the drop, the 
strains in which this point, is shown being stronger in the body, and 
hardier in constitution and courage. The prick ear should stand up vycll, 
and terminate in a fine tuft of hair coining to a decided point. 

VI. The Maltese Dog. 

This elegant Toy-terrier is, when of full age (five years old), a com- 
plete mass of long silky hair, straight and so thick that the outline of the 
body cannot be distinguished. The hair on the ears gives it a peculiar 
appearance. The color is pure white, without stain, and if there is any 
tendency to curl the breed is impure. 

VII. The Italian Greyhound. 

This is one of the most elegant of house pets, as delicate as he is cleanly 
and agile, a perfect connti'ri)art in miniature of the best specimens of 
(he smooth Coursing (ircyliduiid. I'nfortunalcly, they arc so delicate 



PET AXD TOY DOGS. 



1065 



and susceptible to cold, that tbcy must not only be well housed, but 
warmly clothed. They are not really deficient in courage, and in warm 
weather they chase rabbits and other small game. 

To win prizes, these dogs must strictly conform to the following char- 
acteristics : Head long and firm ; ears thin and pendulous ; neck long ; 
shoulders well setback ; chest deep ; straight fore-legs „ ~ - , 

beautifully formed, not full of muscle, but wiry and 
thin to appearance, but wilhal sti'ong, with a nice 
arched foot ; back slightly arched just at commence- 
ment of where the loin is set on, deeply ribbed, but 
cut away at the loin, that is to say, come off with a 
beautiful sweep from the chest ; ribs up to the flank ; 
nice square hips, with fine stern, well-bent hocks, 
and strong stifles, all being slim and beautiful, but 
plenty of strength, although modelled so fine ; self- 
colored — the colors most approved being fawn, 

blue, or black. 

VIII. The Poodle. 

The Poodle is one of the most interesting of pet dogs, both from the 
peculiarity of its curly white coat, and its docility and adaptation to 
acquire numberless interesting tricks ; in fact, wherever learned dogs 
are exhibited, the Poodle is sure to be the one depended upon for intri- 




ITALIAN GREYHOUND. 




cate tricks. Its education is carried l)y showmen to an extent wonderful 
to those who do not know that the dog is always coached by signs ; 
nevertheless this could not be accomplished if, in intelligence and 
memory, the Poodle was not superior to other dogs. 



lOGi; I'lIE AAIKUICA^X FARMEK S STOCK BOOK. 

It used to be the fashion to clip the hair close from the body, except 
the maiieof the neck, a tuft on each foot, and on the end of the tail, with 
the idea that poor Poodle would thus be transformed into a miniature lion. 
IX. The King Charles Spaniel. 

Anion"' Toy Spaniels two l)rced.s arc recognized — the Blenheim and the 
King Charles Spaniel, the latter being rather the larger and iiandsomer 
of the two. As house dogs, both are watchful, because timid, but 
not readily silenced, since they can easily run under a sofa or other place 
inconvenient to be got at, where they continue their yelping to the dis- 
comfiture of would-be depredators. 

They are both tender eyed dogs, that is, they suffer from watering at 
the eyes, and the shorter the nose the greater is this disability. 

The points of the King Charles, are : Head round and short ; ears long 
and pendent, well coated, or what is termed "feathered ;" eyes large and 
prominent; nose short with a deep stop — that is, Avell indented just at 
the setting in of the nose from the forehead ; jaw undershot ; neck short, 
well coated ; shoulders wide ; fore-legs short and well feathered ; feet 
long, with good coat between each toe ; back compact and short ; loin 
stronir ; tail carried low, never higher than the level of the back, with 
plenty of feathers on it ; hind legs well feathered also ; coat abundant, 
silky, straight, and glossy ; the black pure and very tine ; where tanned, 
rich mahogany color, free from white, a tan spot over each eye, lips tan, 
and all under parts, with legs and feet, deep rich tan. 

The points of the Blenheim vary but little from this except in color. 
It is smaller, and the color is always a white ground with red or yellow 
spots, with a well defined blaze of white between the eyes. The ears, 
also, are colored, and the whole of the head except the nose and the white 
mark up the forehead. 

X. The Shock Dog. 

This is a cross between the Danish Spaniel and the Poodle, a long 
curly-haired, large-eyed, short-nosed little fellow, good as a vermin 
hunter or as a pet. 

XI. The Lion Dog. 

This, again, is a cross-bred dog between the Poodle and a small Span- 
iel, and is strictly a toy dog. He is now scarcely known, since fashion 
has decided in favor of other varieties as pets. 

XII. The Barbet. 

The Barbet is simply a diminutive Poodle, and of no possible value, 
since it lacks the intelligence of the Poodle and is not small enough to 
render it VMhial)le as a toy. 



PET AND TOY DOGS. 



1067 



Xrn. The Pug Dog. 

Curiously the Pug, a dimiuutive Bull-dog with a bushy tail, which was 
once the fashion in England, is again in favor as a pet. This curious little 
fellow, said to bo of Chinese origin, has always been common in Hol- 
land, where they are much liked. They are, however, seldom bred true 




there, and hence low foreheads, pointed nose, and yellow "masks" are 
apt to crop out in animals obtained in Holland. In France these dogs 
are termed Raquct. The Pug is clcanh', sensible rather than intelligent/, 
and most affectionate in disposition ; to our thinking, there is no more 
unique toy dog than the snub-nosed little Pug. 




The true characteristics, accorduig to an English authority, are as fol- 
lows : The true Pug should be small, of a fawn color, with black muz- 
zle and curled tail, compact in form, and beautiful in its ugliness. For a 
show dog, the Pug should have a round head ; skull hi,£.h ; ears small. 



1008 THE AMERICAN FAKMER's STOCK BOOK. 

fine in (luality, anil dark, carriod close to the head ; eyes very prominent, 
almost as if they would leave the sockets, dark and lustrous ; nostrils 
and nose well set back, with an indent or stop, hut not so much as the 
Bull-dog ; jaws level, with a dark nuizzle and a l)lack mole ou each cheek, 
with three hairs in each mole : shoulders broad ; chest wide ; back 
strong, well loined ; tail curled over on one side about half a turn more 
than one curl ; legs straight ; feet flat ; color fawn, with all points black, 
but devoid of snmt in body-color; coat of tine cjuality, with a trace of 
dark down the centre of back. 



CHAPTER VI. 



MANAGEMEKT AND TRAIUTNG OP DOGS. 



I. TFIE FEEDING OF DOGS. II. EXERCISE. III. THE HOUSING OF DOGS. IV. 

CLEANING. V. FOUU RULES OF HEALTH. VI. TRAINING. VII. TRAINING 

TO CARRY. VIII. RETRIEVING. IX. TRAINING TO DROP TO HAND. X. 

TRAINING TO THE GUN. XI. OBEDIENCE IMPERATIVE. 

I. The Feeding of Dogs. 

Dogs, to be useful, must be well and regularly fed. It is a mistaken 
idea that stinting the food makes them active ; so also is that other ab- 
surd idea that a puppy must be kept on low diet to make him healthy and 
vigorous. The puppy, when weaned, should have a diet of milk, with 
the addition of a little sugar, three times a day ; and in addition he should 
have, once a day, a mess of milk thickened with good wheat flour, until 
he is three mouths old. Occasionally he may have broth thickened with 
oat-meal or corn-meal, or some small bits of well-cooked meat. This 
should carry him to the age of three or four months, after which he 
should be fed three times a day, with oat-meal or corn-meal pudding, 
made by stirring the meal in soup of rough meat, allowing him the bones 
to amuse himself with. After he is six months old, he need be fed but 
twice a day, upon the same diet, or, if only one is kept, scraps from the 
table, such as bread, biscuits, corn bread, and the scraps of meat will 
keep him in good heart. Clear, fresh water is always indispensable, and 
this sliould lie within roach at all times. After a dog is a year old, one 
full meal given at night, if he be a hunting dog, or in the morning, if he 
be a house dog, will do. 

II. Exercise. 

This is most important ; the young dog cannot do without it, and if 
the older dog does not get it, he soon becomes worthless. The plan of 
keeping dogs chained constantly is brutal in the extreme ; it makes 
them sullen, savage, and ferocious, and often indiscriminate in their 
attacks. The dog is an intelligent animal, and should be treated as such, 
else he is no better than a wild brute. No puppy ever became a fine dog 
if kept chained ; and young dogs kept chained to make them savage, soon 
become as stupid as their masters. 



1070 THE AMERICAN FAUMEU'S STOCK BOOK. 

ni. The Housing of Dogs. 

Every don should have some place of his own in which to lie. It need not 
be expensive, hut it should he comfortable, and should be kept clean. 
Every do"- .should have a good, well ventilated kennel and be taught that 
this is his home. Even the pet dog, should have his own parti(^ular bed 
place, and be taught to lie there when at rest. 

rv. Cleaning. 

The house dog and all pet dogs should be regularly cleaned, as much 
so as the horse. They should be brushed every day, and all long-haired 
dogs should be washed once a week. If they are lame, seek the cause. 
Examine the feet, first of all, for thorns. In bad weather, the membranes 
of the toes often get sore; if so, Avash them with soa[) and water, and 
apply veterinary oosmaline. If strict cleanliness were the rule, we should 
hear less of the vexation of fleas. 

V. Four Riiles of Health. 

Feed regularly ; have plenty of clear, cool water always within reach, 

for the dog to drink ; keep him perfectly clean ; and give him plenty of 

exercise. Thus you may be assured that you have done your whole duty 

to the most sagacious, affectionate, and trusty of animals, companions to 

man. 

VI. Training. 

Without training, a dog is like an uneducated man, comparatively of 
little value. His instinct will of course serve him to good purpose, but 
the educated, as compai'ed with the uneducated dog is pithily described 
in the words of the poet Fields : 

"Alike, yet different. The one a beast, 
The other a sentient creature. " 

It is an English maxim, and a, good one, that "you cannot begin too 
early to teach any kind of dog, obedience." It is the most important 
part of any education and, once thoroughly learned, the rest is easy. In 
England it is absolutely necessary that dogs should be obedient, and the 
same is measurably true of our more sparsely settled country. In the 
training of farm dogs, it is not difficult to teach this habit of obe- 
dience. It does not take severe l)eating, for a "cowed" dog 
is of but little account. In relation to training for field work, an 
English authority lays down certain rules, which are sensible, and from 
which we make extracts. 



MANAGEMENT AND TIIAINING OF DOGS. 1071 

VTI. Training to Carry. 
Take a stake fastened to a piece of cord, the other end of which is tied 
to the collar ; lead the dog to a piece of grass, and press the stake into the 
ground. First teach him to hold a small but sound piece of wood, hy 
waving it over his head, and then allowing him to take it in his mouth ; 
then throw it from you a little way, saying, "Go fetch." Take the 
stick gcnth' from his mouth and say, "Good boy." After youhave exer- 
cised him for some time in this, so that he will pick the stick from the 
ground, throw it farther away, and if he bring it to you, reward him with 
biscuits, etc. ; but let him have no food but that which he gains by his 
lessons. If at any time he offers to run away or tear the stick, not 
bringing it properly, then call him. If he does not come, order him, 
and if that l)e not sufficient give hi:n a few raps ; but if he will come to 
you and bring the stick, although other people call him to them, reward 
him. Afterwards teach him to carry dead or live birds, etc., by means 
of a timie pigeon or a dead rabbit, without hurting them. 

VIII. Retrieving. 
When you are out for a walk with him, drop a glove unknown to him, 
and, after going a little way, say, "I've lost." If he does not under- 
stand, wave the hand in the direction of the place, until l)y seeking about 
he finds the glove. Gradually increase the distance to half a mile or 
more ; but if he bring the wrong thing, take it from him and reward him, 
but wave him back again till he bring the right thing, but if he does not 
bring anything, chastise him. 

IX. Training to Drop to Hand. 
Press on his hind-quarters and make him sit down, saying to him, 
"Drop." Then, holding up the hand, retire with your face towards him, 
saying, "Drop, drop." If he does not move forward reward him ; but if 
he moves lead him back and drop him again. If he does it well, take 
him out with a gun, and, dropping him behind you, throw up a glove, fire 
off a cap alone, and say, "Go seek," and make him luring the glove ; and 
if the dog be not afi-aid, gi'adually increase the charge until he likes it; 
then turn over a few rabbits, and do not let him move until you have 
shot them, then send him for them. The rest can only l)e learned by 
exercising in this way constantly. They are very useful in catching 
ducks and water-fowl which are moulted and cannot fly. In conclusion, 
let me advise beginners to use whips as little as possible, and let no one 
touch the dog but yourself. 

X. Training Dogs to the Gun. 
In order to more readily teach our pupil to back another dog's point, 
when he is taken into the field and hunted on game, he should know that 



1072 THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 

"Toho" is the command, stop or hait, which \vc teach him after he has 
become prompt in ciiargiug, using the check cord as in the first lessons. 
Provide yourself with some morsels of food when the dog is hungry, and 
having fastened the cord to his collar, as before, take him into an apart- 
ment or yard, where no one can attract his.attcntion, and throw a piece 
of the food where he can see it fall. lie will naturally run for it. Let 
him do so, but when he comes near to it pull the cord sharply and cry 
out "Toho" in a loud tone. He will probably drop or charge, remem- 
bering the lesson you first taught him. This is what we desire so long 
as he stops. Continue this until the use of the cord is not required, and 
he will halt to the verbal command, and at the same time keep him per- 
fectly familiar with the down charge by signal, and to dropping to shot 
if you have determined to teach it, and have begun it. 

In order to encourage our young dog to quick movement, and to cul- 
tivate in him a free and speedy gait, we should take him with us in our 
rambles to the suburbs of the city, where there are open fields and plenty 
of room. For a time keep tlie cord attached to liis collar, and let it trail after 
him as he moves about ; it will not impede him as much as might be ex- 
pected, especially if you select a strong one, about as thick as an ordinary 
lead pencil, and " point " the end with thread to keep it from fraying. 
You will find that it will greatly add to the control you have to exercise 
over him, and will have the effect of impressing him while he is at liberty, 
that you arc still master. On these walks, accustom your dog to the 
sound of the whistle you intend using for him, summoning him from time 
to time that he may become perfectly familiar with it. Practise him, 
while you are out in the same lessons that you began at home, until every 
lesson is obeyed promptly ; and when he charges, walk away with him, 
each time extending the distance, insisting upon his remaining so until 
ordered to hold up. 

No doubt he will notice, and perhaps show an eagerness to hunt, spar- 
rows and other small birds you may come across in your walks, and prob- 
ably point when he scents them, from natural instinct. This we do not 
check, but rather encourage for a short time, as it will give a greater 
desire for the chase, and when ready to be put on game, and once shown 
to him, he will soon choose between the two, and readily distinguish the 
difference. 

Your walks should be more frequent the nearer you approach the 
shooting season, when you shall want to go into the Held, and confirm 
and put to use the lessons you have imparted to your dog. 

XI. Obedience Imperative. 
In conclusion, the authority quoted, insists, as we have already stated, 
that to train any dog, it is imperative that you should begin early, and 



MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING OF DOGS. 1073 

insist ou the creature's absolute obedience to your commands, whether 
conveyed by voice or action. There is no need for great severity, much 
less cruelty ; but the dog mixst be made to know and feel that the man is 
master. When that part of its education is complete, the rest is a mere 
matter of patience and detail. 



CHAPTER VII. 



DISEASES OF DOGS. 



I. INTRODUCTION. II. DISTEMPER. III. F1T.S AND BRAIN DISEASES. IV. 

DIARRHOSA AND DYSENTERY. V. CONSTIPATION. VI. INFLAMMATION OP 

THE HOWELS. VII. THROAT AND LUNG DISEASES. VIII. GOITRE. IX. 

RABIES OR HYDROPHOBIA. 

I. Introduction. 

Doofs are generally very lieaithy, I)ut when they become ill they are usu- 
ally very ill. Though hardy and rugged when iu health, sickness makes 
them very tender and sensitive ; but their pathology is well marked, and 
their system responds readily to judicious treatment. A few pages de- 
voted to their treatment and nursing when sick will doubtless prove inter- 
esting and valuable to many of our readers, though the dimensions of 
this work will not admit of a very extended description of their various 

diseases. 

II. Distemper. 

This is the baue of the canine. To iiim it is what children's diseases 
are to the human family. All, -or nearly all, must have it, and it is very 
often fatal, especially among the finer breeds, in which the dogs are more 
tender from extended in-and-in breeding. It is a specific blood poison, 
contagious from one dog to another, and attended by high fever, as often- 
times by many complications. It may arise spontaneously within the 
body, iiie cause being obscure. 

How to know it. — There is languor, loss of appetite, and rediu^ss of 
the eyes ; the nose is hot and dry ; the urine is high colored ; bowels some- 
times loose, and sometimes the reverse, with very offensive faeces ; there 
is disinclination to move ; the pulse is rapid, and breathing accelerated. 
These symptoms continue about two days, when the eyes and nose begin 
to run, at first watery, and later purulent ; a cough sets in, and usually 
pneumonia dcvclopes, with furred tongue and high fever, — often with 
delirium and great weakness ; the eyes and nose become so gummcHl up 
as to cause blindness and a change in the breathing, which is now not done 
through the nose, as in health, but through the mouth, and is rapid and 
painful. If the seatof the complication is in the bowels, there will be vio- 
lent diarrhoea with black, offensive (sometimes bloody) fiBces, streaked 
with coagulated mucus. If the skin is affected, there will be pustules 

1074 



DISEASES OF DOGS. 1075 

OH the inside of tlie thiglis, arms and along tlic belly ; these fill and hurst, 
discharging a little dark, watery matter. If the brain is much affected, 
there is great heat in the head, with a desire to raise up hard against 
your hand, when stroking the head, and fits usually follow. 

Fits are generally fatal, and pneumonia is often so. The violent 
diarrhoea will nearly always carry them off. 

What to do. — Put the patient in a dry, clean, well ventilated comfort- 
able place, with a temperature of about 60 ° or 62 ° ; allow him plenty 
of clean fresh water to drink, In the early stage of distemper, before 
complications have arisen, give tincture of aconite root, in one drop 
doses in a teaspoonful of water, every half hour, and three grains of 
quinine, morning, noon and night. 

If the lungs are affected, apply a mustard paste to the sides, well rub- 
bed in, putting on a blanket to confine the fumes ; and if after an hour 
he is still very bad, wash the mustard off with warm water and make a 
fresh api)lication, and give the following: 

No. 1. 30 Drops tincture aconite root, 

)^ Ounce sweet spirits of nitre, 
}^ Ounce tincture of gentian, 
2 Ounces syrup of tolu, 
Water to make 4 ounces, 
Mix. 

Give a teaspoonful every two hours. Feed on beef tea, raw eggs, 
bread and milk, etc. 

If the bowels are affected, give a talilespoonful of syrup of buckthorn, 
and supplement it with the following : 

No. 2. 2 Drachms prepared chalk, 

1 Draclim aromatic confection, 
)^ Ounce tincture of opium, 

2 Drachms gum arabic, 
Water to make 8 ounces. 

Mix. 

Give one or two tablespoonfuls, according to the size of the dog, three 
or four times a day, or, if very bad, after every loose evacuation. 
Or, instead, the following may be used : 

No. 3 1 Ounce Itiudanum, 

1 Ounce spirits camphor, 
1 Ounce extract ginger, 
1 Ounce brandy, 
1 Ounce tincture catechu. 
Mix. 

Give a teaspoonful, in a little sweetened water, after each loose stool. 
If there is straining, give the following injection : 



1076 THE AMERICAN FARMER' S STOCK BOOK. 

No. 4. 1 Ounce sulphuric ether, 

1 Ounce laudanum, 

2 Ounces water, 
Mix. 

Inject a teaspoonful into the rectum occasionally. If these do not 

prove efficient, give a tablcspoonful of castor oil and repeat No. 2, or give 

the following : 

No. .'). )^ Grain nitrate of silver, 

Bread crumb, 
Malie a pill. 

(jive this night and morning. Feed on mutton broth thickened v('ith 
arrow-root, rice-water and a little port wine. 

If the brain is affected, it will be shown by delirium and tits, with a 
desire for pressure on the head. Insert a seton across the back of the 
neck and close to the poll, just beneath the skin, and smear turpentine on 
the tape, to increase the suppurative action. Apply ice poultices to the 
head. Give No. 1, and, in addition, the following mixture : 

No. 6. 6 Ounces elixir bromide of potassium, 

3 Drachms tincture of gelseminum, 

Mix. 

Give a teaspoonful every two hours, till the brain symptoms are abated ; 
then drop off to three times a day, continuing for two more days. 

When tlic fever is abated and the stage of exhaustion comes on, give 
the following ; 

No. 7. 2 Ounces elixir calisaya, iron and bismuth, 

2 Ounces syrup of tolu, 

3 Drachms chlorate potash, 
Water to make G ounces, 

Mix. 

Give a table.spoonful every three or four hours, and feed on beef tea 
thickened with arrow-root. Feed this four or five times a day, a little 
at a time. Continue the quinine in two grain doses, morning and night. 
Or, instead of the quinine, the following may be given: 

No. 8. 2 Ounces compound tincture of bark, 

14 Ounces decoction of yellow bark. 
Mix. 

Give three tablespoonfuls three times a day to a large dog. Mr. Ar- 
nold Burges, of Hillsdale, Mich., says this treatment will sometimes 
revive dogs that to all appearances are dead ; so never give them up till 
3'ou are sure life is extinct. 

The diet of distemper patients should be diligently attended to. They 
require very little the first two or three days, — that is, while the fever is 



DISEASES OF DOGS. 1077 

high, and they should get no solid food whatever, but simply l)roths 
and gruel. When the fever is gone, and there is great exhaustion, give 
strong beef tea every four hours, pouring it down the throat, if they will 
not lap it. It may be thickened with arrow-root ; and port wine, thick- 
ened with the same, may also be given every four hours, alternating them ; 
they can take from one half to a whole te.acupful at a time. A raw 
egg broken into the mouth three or four times a day is excellent, if the 
bowels are not too loose. 

Cleanliness should be strictly observed, fresh litter given every day, 
and the excrement removed immediately when voided. See that there is 
good ventilation, but avoid drafts, and keep the temperature at 60° or 
62 ° . The line, short-haired breeds of dogs, as greyhounds, terriers, 
etc., should be covered. Allow no exercise nor exposure until recovery 
is complete. 

III. Fits and Brain Diseases. 

Fits are a common ailment of dogs, owing to the high developement 
of the nervous system. A tit should not be mistaken for rabies, and a 
good dog destroyed in consequence ; for they come upon many and some- 
times slight provocations, such as worms, indigestion, over-eating, etc. 

How to know them. — There is champing of the jaws, frothing at the 
mouth, and delirium ; the dog falls, works his legs violently, and after a 
minute or so gets quiet; very soon he gets up, shakes himself, looks 
around rather wildly, as though bewildered for the moment, and in five 
minutes is as well as ever till another fit comes on. Each tit weakens 
him more and more, so tiiat he may die eventually from exhaustion. 
But there is not the slightest danger to his master or attendant. 

Brain diseases arc rare, except as complications in distemper, or as a 
result of injui'ies and external violence. 

What to do. — Nothing can be done during the tit. For a case so bad 
that the tit would cost tiie dog his life no treatment would Ije of any avail. 
The fit being over, give him a dose of castor oil, — from one to three table- 
spoonfuls, according to size of the dog, — and also the injection No. 4. 
After half an hour begin on the following: 

No. 9. 2 Drachms bromide of potash, 

G Ounces water. 
Mix. 

Give a tablespoonful every two hours till the oil operates ; if there are 
more fits, continue thus for twelve hours, or even longer, but if the fits 
do not return, three times a day, for two days, will be enough. If fever 
and brain symptoms follow the fit, give No. 6. Let him fast for a day 
or two. If worms are suspected, treat for them vigorously. To (juiet 
all apprehension on the part of the household, let the dog i>o chained up 
in a quiet place till the case is decided. 



1078 TrtE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. 

IV. Diarrhoea and Dysentery. 

Diarrhoea should be checked, or it will run into dysentery. It is usually 
caused bv some irritant in ihe bowels. Give a tablospoonful of castor oil, 
and after half an hour begin on No. 3 ; change the diet to mutton soup 
and rice, bread and boiled milk, etc. If this does not check it, give No. 2. 

Its running on into dysentery will be known by the blood that is mixed 
with the excretions, the great straining, and the redness of the rectum, 
as also by the pain and anguish depicted on the countenance. Give a 
dose of castor oil, — from one to two tablespoonfuls, — and also Nos. 2 
and 3, with frequent injections of No. 4. If this treatment does not 
prove effective in a few hours, repeat the castor oil ; but mix with it a 
tiiblespoonful of olive oil, and give No. 5. Keep him perfectly quiet, 
and feed on rice-water thickened with arrow-root ; when better, give boiled 
milk thickened with cracker. 

V. Constipation. 

Dogs are frequently troubled with obstinate constipation, caused by a 
too heavv meat diet with too little exercise. The fisces sometimes accu- 
mulate in the bowels and I)ecome hardened like a stone, so that nothing 
short of an instrumental removal will do the least good. 

What to do. — Give a large dog half an ounce of castor oil, repeating 
this in ten hours, if the bowels have not moved. Give injections of soap 
and water freciucntly. If these means do not succeed, try and find where 
the obstruction is, by inserting the finger in the rectum and by feeling 
the belly, and if it can be reached from behind break it up with uterine 
forceps. If it cannot be reached, give the following: 

No. 10. 1 Drachm jalap, 

1 Drachm ginger, 
1 Drachm gentian, 
Syrup, lo make a pill. 

Give as one dose, and continue the injections. 

Prevention. — Feed on a mixed diet, table scraps, bits of softened 
bread, milk, mush, vegetables and soup, and give plenty of exercise. 

VI. Inflammation of the Bowels. 

This occurs occasionally from eating acrid, caustic substances in the 
food ; also, from poisons, or from lying too long on cold, icy ground. 
There will be whining, uneasiness, frequent getting up and down, pain 
upon pressure on the belly, high fever, rapid pulse, hurried breathing, 
and constipation. 

What to do. — Give half an ounce of castor oil, with a tablespoonful 
of olive oil in it. Half an hour later, give the following: 



DISEASES OF DOGS. 1079 

No. 11. )^ Draohm tincture aconite root, 

4 Ounces water, 
MLs. 

Give a tablespooiiful every half hour. Give from |^ to ^ grain of mor- 
phia every three or four hours to allay the pain, and ajjply a linseed-meal 
poultice, wet with hot water and having a tablespoonful of mustard in it, 
to the bowels. Warm water injections will also be very serviceable. 

Vn. Throat and Lung Diseases, and Goitre. 

Dogs often catch cold, cough, run at the nose, sneeze and have con- 
siderable fever, which condition, if neglected, may ruii into pneumonia. 
If taken at the very start, give No. 11, and two or three grains of quinine 
three times a day ; but if it has run on to a cough and disch.-irge from 
the nose, rub mustard paste well into the throat, and give the following : 

No. 12 % Drachm tincture of aconite root, 

1 Drachm syrup of squills, 

2 Drachms syrup of Ipecac, 

3 Drachms spirits of nitre, 
Water to make 4 ounces. 

Mix. 

Give a teaspoonful thi-ee times a day. 

If the lungs become affected, and there is a short, distressing cough, 
and rapid, painful breathing accompanied with a slight grunt at each ex- 
piration, apply mustard paste to the sides, rubbing it in well to the hair 
and covering it to retain the fumes. After an hour, sponge it off with 
tepid water and repeat the application. Give No. 1 till the fever is broken, 
then change to No. 7. Continue the quinine right through. Feed lightly. 
Temperature, ventilation, etc., must be as given for distemper. 
Vm. Goitre. 

Goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, situated on the side of 
the neck two or three inches from the throat. It has been known to attain 
the size of a man's fist, and frequently interferes with the breathing by 
pressing on the windpipe. It may come on one or both sides. Rub it 
once a day with the following ointment : 

No. 13. 2 Drachms iodide of potash, 

2 Ounces lard. 
Mix. 

Or, instead, paint once a day with tincture of iodine. With either 
treatment it will usually disappear in the course of four to six weeks. 
IX. Rabies or Hydrophobia. 

Rabies or canine madness (misnamed hydrophobia) is the effect of 
a specific blood poison introduced into the system by inoculation. It is 



1080 Till'. AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. 

thought, ill some cases, to arise spontaneously in dogs, cats, wolves and 
foxes, and in all cases is commuuicahlo hotii to man and animals hy bit- 
ing them. The virus appears to lie in the saliva and l)ronchial mucus, 
and it may be communicated by introducing dry saliva into a wound, 
without any hitc. The period of incubation is from three days to a year, 
and it has been thought to develope after still longer periods. The 
usual period is from two to four weeks, rarely exceeding forty days. 

How to know it. — It comes on gradually. The first thing noticed is a 
nervous uneasiness, and a melanclioly look in the eyes, with a sort of 
pleading expression ; an unusual fondness for the master, manifested by 
laying the head on his knee, licking his hand, and looking wistfully into 
his face ; and a quiet, subdued manner in these and other actions, 
with marked loss of the usual playfulness. This changes to a wild, ap- 
prehensive expression of countenance, and an inclination to hide and 
shrink out of sight ; he may be called out, but will seem to be frightened 
and run back ; if poked with a stick, he will snap at it ; he appears to be 
terribly thirsty, and will make frequent and desperate attempts to drink, 
but cannot swallow ; when fed, ho may perhai)S take the meat into his 
mouth, but is unable either to chew or bolt it. The sj'iuptoms may de- 
velope fully in two more days, when ho will become delirious and start 
on a tramp. If shut up in a room he will walk round and round, look- 
ing up occasionally as though wishing to get out ; if out of doors he will 
walk off, snapping, biting and gnawing whatever comes in his way, fre- 
quently lacerating his mouth, so that the froth which hangs from his 
lips is streaked with blood. From the start to the finish, he will some- 
times howl most dismally. Tliere seems to be paralysis of the throat, 
causing the inability to swallow before mentioned ; the tongue gets black ; 
the lower jaw often drops, and the tongue protrudes ; and although in his 
paroxysms he will close the jaws enough to bite, 3'et when the jaw is 
dropi)cd ho cannot howl. This is distinctively called dumb madness. 
The symptoms all become aggravated till death terminates the case. 

Every bite is not necessarily fatal. After many bites rabies does not 
ensue at all, but whenever it does, death always follows. No person who 
has been bitten should worry about it, for this very anxiety always pre- 
disposes to the development of the disease. 

What to do. — AYhencver bitten by a dog or any other animal, whether 
rabid or not, cauterize thoroughly with nitrate of silver or a red hot iron. 
If the dog is rabid, the part should be cut out and then cauterized. 

When a dog acts suspiciously, chain him up, and be very careful 
in handling him, till tiie nature of the ailment is determined. If rt 
proves to be rabies, he must of course be killed. 



CHAPTER Vin. 



DISEASES OF DOGS— COHTTUM UED. 



I. PARASITIC DISEASES O?" THK UOG II. MANGE. III. FLEAS. IV. LICE. 

V. KINGWOUM VI. INTESTI.N'AL WORMS VII. WORMS IN THE KIDNEYS AND 

HEART VIII. SURFEIT. IX. ABSCESSES AND PHLEGMONOUS TUMORS. X. 

FRACTURES AND WOUNDS. XI. DISEASES OF THE GENITIVE ORGANS, OB- 
STETRICS, ETC. XII. CHOREA. XIII. TETANUS. XIV. PAKALTSIS. XV. 

POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. 

I. Parasitic Diseases of the Dog. 
Tlie dog ii5 very subject to parasitic diseases, — more so than any other 
of the domestic animals. The external animal parasites can most con- 
veniently be considered under the heads of Mange, Lice and Fleas. 
Ringworm is also an external parasitic disease, but is the product of a 
vegetal)le (instead of animal) organism. Internal parasites include not 
only intestinal worms, but also worms in the kidneys and (occasionally) 
in the heart. Dogs are, of all animals, the most prolific source of tape- 
worm. 

n. Hange. 

Mange is caused by an acarus, a mite-like organism, that burrows in the 
skin. The sarcoptes burrow in the deeper layers of the skin and in the 
hair follicles, giving rise to Mdiat is distinctively called follicular mange, 
and which forms the inveterate mange that sometimes baffles the most 
persistent treatment. The dermatophagus and dermatocoptes occasion 
the milder forms of mange, and, ravaging on the surface and among the 
scabs, are more easily found and killed. 

How to know it. — Intense itching, inciting the most persistent and 
sometimes apparently frantic scratching, is an invariable .symptom ; the 
dog will sit down and scratch till bare patches are worn off the j)oiiits of 
one or both haunches, so as, in some cases, even to cause tumors to arise 
there. This itching usually makes its appearance first on the ell)ows, 
fore logs, around the eyes, on the belly, in the flanks, and down the 
inside of the thighs ; but very soon it spreads to all parts of the body, 
being characterized by a reddish pimply eruption, with scaly patches 
between the pimples, and by loss of hair. There is also an offensive, 
disagreeable odor, which, in connection with the scratching and loss of 
hair, excites irrepressible disgust, that finds expression in the familiar 
allusions to a " mangy dog." As with the itch in bumau kind, it is no 

1081 



10.S2 



rilK AMEUICAN FAUMKU S STOCK BOOK. 



disgrace to get it, but it is :i great disgrace to keep it, — a disgrace to the 
dog's master at least. 

Maii<;e is priiicii)ally spread hy coiitiigion ; nevertheless, poverty, Imn- 
ger and dirt unquesti()nal)Iy predispose to it. 





THE BLOOD-SUCKEU. 



THK IlIUI) LOUSE. 



What to do. — Wasii the animal thoroughly with soap and water, to 
remove all soahs and scurf ; when dry, rub well in to all affected parts the 
following ointment : 



No. 14. 



2 Ounces sulphur, 
2 Ounces lard. 



Apply once a day, but the washing need not be repeated unless more 
than four applications are required. In a case requiring prolonged ti'eat- 
ment, repeat the washing every fourth day. 

Or, if preferred, the following may be used : 

No. 15. 1 Ounce oil of tar, 

20 Ounces whale oil. 
Mix. 

Apply once a day. Give fresh litter every day, and scald all rugs 
and blankets that have been used. Wash the kennel with boiling water 
and soap, and, when dry, sponge it over witli the following lotion : 

No. IG. 1 Ounce corrosive sublimate, 

1 Gallon water. 
Mix. 

Specially obstinate cases will be apt to recpiire specially faithful and 
persevering treatment. Internal I'emedies are of no account. No change 
need be made in the feeding, unless thedogisthin, in which case increase 
liis allowance. 

Red Mange. — This is simply an irritation of the skin, which makes 
white hair assume a red color, and gives rise to some scratching. For 
this it will be sufficient to apply the following, once u day : 

No. 17. 1 Ounce oil of juniper, 

7 Ounces glycerine, 
Mix. 



lilHEAHRH OF tJ()<}H, CONTIXJKD. 



1083 




THE CAT FLKA. 



III. Plea«. 

ThcHe worry all d<jgb more or Icsk, Imt they do not produce the same 

degree of irritation a-s mange, and are much more easily manacred. They 

are best got rid of by Persian insect powder dusted down into the roots 

of tiie hair, and over carpets, etc., or by using the following ointment: 

No. 18. 1 Ounce oil of ariixe, 

10 Oniiocii olive oil, 
Mix. 

Kul* well in, washing it off 
six hours afterwards. Give 
fie«h pine shavings to lie on. 

Cats are also troubled with 
fleas. Th(! foi-midable speci- 
iiien shown in the cut is, of 
course, greally magnified. 

IV. Lice. 

Lice that live on the dog 
are of two kinds, viz : the 
blood-sucker ( hcemaiopinus ) 
with narrow head and long, trunk-like sucking tube, and the bird louse 
(trichodiTlcH) with large, broad head and biting jaws, but no sucking 
tuVjc. They may be killed by sifting wood a.shes into the hair, or by oil- 
ing the dog with whale-oil, washing it off a few hours afterwards, or by 
washing him with a weak solution of tobacco juice. 
V. Ringworm. 

The presence of the fungus-like vegetable parasite that causes rino^- 
worin will be easily recognized by the considerable local irritation, but 
more especially by an elevation of the skin in the form of a ring, which 
spreads by the ring increasing in size, the skin also becoming scaly and 
rough, and soon the hair drops off. The dog keeps up a good deal of 
scratching, but only of the affected spots. Apply No. \^), after washing 
with soap and water, and rui) it in well. 

VI. Intestinal ■Worms. 

The Tapeworm. — This is a Hut-bodied worm made up of segments (or 
joints) from one-eighth to one-half of an inch long, joined endto end, and 
with a well defined division between them In length, it varies from one 
inch to one hundred feet. Its head, which is on the narrow end, is 
furnished with circular sucking discs, surrounded by one or more rows of 
booklets. As fast as the segments become mature, they are detached 
from the tail end and, passing out with theexcremcMit, crawl around on the 



10«4 



AMERICAN FAUMKK S STOCK BOOK. 



irroiuul or grass, etc., iiiL-Miiwhilc depositing tiic eggs. These are excess- 
ively numerous, estimated to be about 25,000,000 to each entire tape- 
worm. Being eaten with the food by the unwary victim, the eggs hatch, 
setting free an ovoid, six-hoolied embryo, which bores its way through the 
tissues till it reaches a location that suits its fancy (or nature), and there 
encysts itself. Here it remains quite inert, until eaten with the flesh in 
which it is embedded, when a perfect tapeworm devclopes in the intestines 
of the animal thus eating. 

Tania Echinococcus is a tapeworm of the dog, not exceeding one 
inch in lengh, Mhich, in its cystic form, may exist in any of the internal 
organs of men and dogs. These cystic forms have the power to multi- 




T.ENIA ECHINOCOCCUS I'lLLKl) WITH EGGS. (Cobbold.l 

ply indcfiniteh', and sometimes with fatal results. Many of the bladders 
of water found in the internal organs of animals are cysts of the cchinoc- 




HEADS IN TrflE CYSTIC FORM OF 
THE ECHINOCOCCUS. 



HEAD OF TUE T.SMA CU- 
CUMEBINA. 



The taenia cucumerina has its larvse form in the dog-Iousc tn'cliodec- 
tp.s cam. 

The ta'7ua rnarginata is got from sheep and pigs, and resembles the 
taenia solium of the sheep, but having the first row of hooks somewhat 





CYSTICKUCUS TENMCOLLl.S, (CYST 
OK T.ENIA MARGINATA.) 



HEAD OF T^NIA 
MAIJGINATA. 



shorter. Its c^'stic form is known as cysticercus tennicoUin, and is oftea 
found Ml other animals, both ruminants and omnivora. 



DISEASES OF DOGS, CONTINUED. 1085 

The taenia serrafa is a common tapeworm of dogs that hunt rabbits 
and hares, in eating which they find the cystic form (cysticercus pisi- 
formis) in tlie entrails. 

The tcjBnia coenurus is got from the brains of herbivora, the cystic form 
being coenurus cerebralis. 

The cat has two tapeworms, but we need not tax the reader's patience 
further by giving tlieir technical names and description. The five cuts 
on the opposite page are all, of course, greatly magnified. 

Round worms. — The round worm (ascaris marginata) is the common 
worm of dogs. They often exist in very large numbers, and do a great 
amount of damage. Sometimes they are distributed along through the 
intestines, and sometimes they congregate in bunches half the size of a 





ROUND WOKM OF DOGS, ROUND WORM OF THE CAT, 

NATURAL SIZE. NATURAL SIZE. 

man's fist, and not infrequently they crawl through into the stomach. 
They are from two to four inches long. 

The maw-worm- — This is nothing but a section or sections of the tape- 
worm, — an unscientific designation, of course. 

Round worm of the cat- — The cat has around worm (^ascaris mystax), 
that is equally as injurious as the round worm of dogs. It also inhabits 
the human intestines. 

Symptoms of worms. — The general symptoms of worms are a capric- 
ious appetite ; dry, staring coat ; thinness of flesh ; a hacking cough, with 
a desire to vomit, and sometimes actually vomiting worms ; irregular 
bowels ; diarrhoea, or its opposite, constipation ; and general unthrifti- 
ness. To these are sometimes added bloody passages and a pot-bellied 
appearance. If the dog gets much reduced, fits are apt to follow, and 
may cause death. 

What to do. — For tapeworm, let the dog fast for twenty-four hours, 
and then give him a drachm of arecanut, coarsely powdered, made into a 
pill with syrup ; four or five hours later give two tablespoonfuls of cas- 
tor oil, and when this has operated give the following: 

No. 19. 20 Drops oil of male shield fern, 

1 Tablespoonful olive oil. 
Mix. 



lOSCi TIIK AMP'.Kir.W FARMEU'S STOCK BOOK. 

Give as one dose. Exiuniiu! the excretions carefully, to find the head 
of the tapeworm, and if this does not come away, repeat tiie above after 
two weeks. The above doses are for large dogs. To smaller ones give 
proportionately less, and less also to young dogs as compared with those 
full grown. 

B^or the round worm give the following powder every morning for a 
week, on an empty stomach, and follow the last dose with a dose of cas- 
tor oil — two tablespoonfuls — with ten drops of turpentine in it : 

No. 20. 4 Grains suntouine, 

2 Grains sulphtiret of iron, 
20 Grains sugar ot milk, 
Powder and mix. 

Give as one dose. Repeat the whole treatment at the end of three 

weeks. 

vn. Worms in the Kidneys and Heart. 

Giant strongle. — This worm {eustrongyhis gigas) \s found in the kid- 
ney. It is from one to three feet long, and half an inch in diameter, 
and is of a reddish pink color. After destroying the kidney, — literally 
eating it up, — it attacks Glisson's capsule (covering the kidney), perfo- 
rates it, and falls out into the abdominal cavity, where it causes death 
from inflannnatory action in a short time. 

Filaria imitis- — This is an exceedingly small worm occasionally found 
in tlic hcarl. and causing death .suddenly. 

What to dO' — For these two worms nothing can be done. If fits are 
troublesome, give No. 9 occasionally. 

VIII. Surfeit. 

Dogs that are kept in too close confinement, and are over-fed, suffer 
inevitably from surfeit, shown by plethora, pimples on the skin, etc., 
and sometimes by a mild form of fits or vertigo. Give one drachm of 
jabip made into a pill with syru|) ; reduce the feed, and give more exer- 
cise. 

IX. Abscesses and Phlegmonous Tumors. 

These occur frequently in weakly dogs that have bisen d(^bilitated by 
disease, especially by distemper, and sometimes as a consequence of aa 
impure .state of the blood. The latter condition is common in puppy- 
hood. They usually come around the jaws and throat, .sometimes as 
large as a man's fist ; they come to a head and break, discharging a 
blackish watery pus, run a few days, and heal up. 

What to do. — They maybe hurried by poulticing, and opened when 
soft. Inject the following lotion three times a day: 

No. 21. 2 Dnu'liinsof oarboliL' acid, 

1 Pint of water. 
Mix. 



DlfiEASKS OF noOS, CONTINUED. 1087 

If debilitating disease is the antecedent circumstance, give the follow- 
ing powder morning and night for a week : 

No. 22. 3 Grain.s sulphate of iron, 

4 Grains saltpetre, 
)^ Drachm of brown sugar, 
Powder and mix. 

If, however, the dog is in good heart, the above will not suit. Give 
this : 

No. 23. 1 Teaspoonful cream of tartar, 

1 Tumblerful of water, 
Mix. 

Give two tablespoonfuls every niornin<i-. 

X. Fractures and Wounds. 

The feet of dogs often got sore from the jjricks of thorns and irritat- 
ing grasses, or long continued ejqjosure to cold water, etc. This should 
be attended to at once. Remove the foreign body, if any is found upon 
examination, and apply a poultice till all inflammation is gone ; then bathe 
the part twice a day with tlie following lotion, (bandaging loosely to pre- 
vent his licking it ) : 

No. 24. 1 Ounoe .sugar of lead, 

1 Pint of water. 
Mix. 

If the dog has been badly bitten, and the .skin torn, sew up the wound, 
and dress three times a day with No. 21. If bones get broken, set them 
as straight as possible, and do them up in starched bandages, and splints. 
The splints must not be too heavy, but somewhat pliable. Place one on 
the front and one back and outside. Leave them on four weeks. 

XI. Diseases of the Genitive Organs, Obstetrics, etc. 

Of diseases under this head, gonorrhcea is that most often met with 
in the dog, frequently coming on without any assignable cause. It will 
be known by the matter seen dripping from the end of the sheath or 
clinging to it. Syringe out the parts with tepid water, and afterwards 
with the following lotion : 

No. 24. 2 Drachms sugar of lead, 

3^ Pint of water. 
Mix. 

Inject a little twice a day. 

Following parturition, the bitch sometimes has afterpains so severe 
and prolonged as to produce a partial or complete inversion of the womb 
or vagina, when the parts may be seen protruding, and forming a diffi- 
culty not very easily managed. If seen soon after tlio inversion, replace 



1088 THE AMEKICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 

the organ by pushing it in with the finger, and after injecting recipe No. 
4, tie on a harness and bandage over the parts. Keep these on for a day or 
two, or longer if necessary. If not seen till the parts have become indu- 
rated and cold , bathe them with warm water, and after applying lotion 
No. 4, try and push them back. If all efforts prove unavailing, they 
may be excised, by tying a cord around the parts close to the body and 
then cutting off. Dress with recipe No. 21 three or four times a day. 

During parturition do not meddle too much. If, however, a puppy 
should be too long in the passage, — half an hour or more, — give some as- 
sistance, but gently, so as not to injure either the bitch or puppy. Keep 
her warm, and feed on light, easily digested food, such as soup, mush 
and milk, etc. for a few days ; then if there are no signs of fever her diet 
may be made more hearty and abundant. While giving milk, she should 
have some cooked meat every day. Sometimes the appetite fails while 
suckling the puppies, and then she runs down terribly. In this case, feed 
the puppies on boiled milk, and give the bitch recipe No. 22, for a few 
days. The puppies may be put with the bitch three times a day for a 
few minutes, but then removed, to avoid worrying her. 

In case of swelling and soreness of a teat, or part of the udder, bathe 
it with warm water several times a day, and when dry rub well in the 
following lotion : 

No. 25. 1 Ounce gum camphor, 

4 Ounces olive oil, 
Mix. 

If the puppies should all die, great care will be required to keep down 
the inflammation in the teats. Milk them two or three times a day, and 
treat as above. The puppies should be weaned between the age of four 
and six weeks. 

Dogs may be castrated at any age or any time of year, but not during 
extremes of weather. If done at an early age, the dog will grow larger, 
and is not likely to become fat and lazy, as is the case with old dogs thus 
operated on. Bitches may be spayed at any age, but six mouths is the 
best age. It may be done either through the right side or in the median 
line in the belly, a little back of the navel. 

xn. Chores. 

The nervous system of dogs is very sensitive and easily deranged. The 
most common trouble is chorea, which is a quick, nervous jerking of any 
part, but most commonly of the head, neck and fore parts. Sometimes 
only one leg or a shoulder is affected, and sometimes the whole body. 
It may be so bad as to make the dog utterly useless. 



DISEASES OF DOGS, CONTINUED. 1089 

When this condition is coming on it is painful, and causes him to whine 
and otherwise manifest uneasiness, but after it has become chronic it is 
painless, and does not much injure the dog for work, except in extreme 
cases. 

It usually follows debilitating diseases, especially distemper. During 
recovery from these diseases the dog should always have a tonic, which 
will often prevent it; but once developed, chorea is incurable. A tonic, 
however, will be in order at any time. Give No. 22, or the following: 

Nu. 26. 34 Grain nitrate silver, 

Bread crumbs sufficient. 
Make a pill. 

Give as one dose, and repeat morning and night for a fortnight. 

Xm. Tetanus or Lockjaw. 

Tetanus is very rare in dogs, and it is well that such is the case, for it 
is nearly always fatal. No definite treatment can l)e prescribed. 

Xrv. Paralysis. 

This is quite common, and, happily, it yields readily to treatment. It 
begins by a staggering gait in the hind quarters, and grows rapidly worse 
till the dog has no power over them at all, but will drag them around by 
the movement of the fore parts. It usually follows distemper, but some- 
times i-esults from a bad cold, or from an injury to the back, or from 
worms. Clip off the hair over the loins, and apply the following to the 
back, along the spine : 

Xo. 27. t Stick lunar caustic, 

1 Teaspoonful of water, 
Mix. 

Paint it on with a canael's hair brusji. (live internally a course of nux 
vomica, as follows : 

No. 28. 1 Drachm powdered nux vomica, 

2 Drachms gentian, 
2 Drachms iodide of potash, 
Simple syrup to mix, 
Make 30 pills. 

Give quarter of a pill morning and night for three days ; then increase 
it to half a pill for three more days ; then to three-quarters of a pill for a 
like period, and finally a whole pill. Then, if the dog is small or youns, 
continue it at that till definite action of the remedy is noticed. This will 
be shown by rigidity of the muscles and stiffness of the legs, say half an 
hour or an hour after taking the pill. If it is a large or old dog, continue 
to increase the dose up to two pills ; then keep along at that till the 
symptoms above described are noticed. These symptoms, in any case. 



1090 THE AMKKICAN FAUMEU'S STOCK BOOK. 

require the pill to be stopped. In giving :uiytiiing larger than the small- 
est dose, great <'are should be taken not to omit a dose, since in that case 
the next dose might kill. 

Repeat the l)listor on the back, if necessary. Feed on nourishing light 
diet, keej) him clean, and keep the bowels open with occasional doses of 
castor oil. During recover}' do not allow him to walk about too much, as 
fatigue is injurious. 

XV. Poisons and Their Antidotes. 

When a dog has been poisoned, the first thing to be done is to give an 
emetic, — a teaspoonful each of mustard and salts, in a little lukewarm 
water. If this does not vomit him in a minute, repeat it, and if it still does 
not act, give half a teaspoonful of powdered blue vitriol in a little warm 
watei-, or the same quantity of sulphate of zinc ; then give a few swallows 
of milk, or a raw egg, or a little olive oil. A tahlespoonful of the last 
named may be given every five minutes, for half an hour ; also a few raw 
eggs. These are to moderate the corrosive or otherwise destructive 
action of the poison upon the tissues that line the stomach and bowels. 
For chemical antidotes, (to counteract the effect on the blood, nervous 
system, etc.), refer to the chapter on Poisons, in the Horse department, 
(pages 465-471), regulating the dose to suit the animal. A dog of 
average size requires about the same dose of everything as an adult man, 
or about one-twelfth of the dose for a horse. 



PART XII. 



BEES. 

HISTORY AND CHARACTERISTICS, WITH DIREC- 
TIONS FOR THEIR SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT. 



BEES 



CHAPTER I. 

VAMETIES AND PECTILIARITIES OF BEES. 



I. NATUKAL HISTOUY OF BEES. II. THE THREE GENDERS OK THE HONEY BEE. 

III. VARIETIES OF THE HONEY BEE. IV. THE SO-CALLED QOT:EN OR MOTHEa 

BEK. V. THE NDMBEU OF EGGS LAID. VI. DRONES OR MALE BEES. VII. 

NEUTER OR WORKER BEES. VIII. VARIETIES OF HONEY. IX. WAX AND 

HOW IT IS FORMED. X. PLANTS ADAPTED TO THE PRODUCTION OF HONEY. 

I. Natural History of Bees. 

In all times, and among all nations and tribes, however .«avagc, the 
honey bee has been held in high esteem. Among savages and barbarians 
bees have alwa3S been prized for the stores of sweets they produce, and 
among more civilized people, for the interest attached to the study of 
their peculiarities and habits, as well as for the value of the honev as an 
article of food or luxury. 

The honey bee belongs to the order Hexapods, that is true insects ; and 
to the sul)-()rder Hymenoptera. This sub-order includes wasps, ants, 
sand-flics and ichneumon flies. The group comprises insects having a 
tongue for taking liquid food, as well as strong jaws for gnawing and 
l)iting. The family to which the honey bee belongs (Apidie), includes 
all insects which feed their young or larva; on pollen and honey. 

Insects of this family have broad heads ; also antenna; or feelers usu- 
ally thirteen-jointed in the male, and only twelve-jointed in the female ; 
the y\vfs (mandibles) VQ.ry strong, often toothed ; the ttnigue (ligula) long ; 
the second jaws {maxillce) one on each side of the tongue, also long ; and 
the tongue, when not in use, genei-ally folded back once or twice 
under the head. The hn-vce are footless, maggot-like grubs, which are 
fed on honey and pollen ; and a peculiarity of the honey ))ee is, that the 
neuter egg may be changed during its growth, by the workers, when 
necessary, so that the fertile or mother form ( queen) is ])ioduced. 

The mother bee is impregnated bul once, and lives several years laying 
eggs, producing neuter bees or males, apparently at will, though probably 
according to a natural law not yet fully understood. The worker bees 
live not over one year, and the males are destroyed at the end of the first 

1093 



1094 THE AMERICAN FARMEU'S STOCK BOOK. 

summer's growth. This much must suffice, siuoe the object is not to 
write a dissertation on the natural history of the honey bee, but simply to 
give such information as will assist the practical farmer in keeping such 
a number of swarms as his range will support, without seriously interfer- 
ing witli the ordinary labor of the farm. 

There is a poetry lingering about the subject of bees and bee-keeping, 
that probably will never be eradicated from the human mind, a feeling 
that lias come down from the earliest anti<iuity, and fostered from gen- 
eration to generation, among ail peoi)les, especially so until the produc- 
tion of other sweet substances became p()ssil)ie to man. Another reason, 
and perhaps tlie key note to the poetry of the subject, is the curious as 
well as jjcrfcet economy of this interesting species, in all its details. 

II. The Three Grenders of the Honey Bee. 

We find these interesting insects living in colonies of many thousands, 
apparently under an intelligent system of government, composed of three 
distinct classes. These are the female, or mother bee, the neuters, or 
workers, and the males. The single female in a swarm has, for her sole 
province, to lav the eggs from wiiieh the young are hatched ; the males 






or drones have no other duty save that of impregnating the single female 
once, thus rendering her fertile for life ; the worker 1)ees, whose gender 
is neuter, gather all the food, prepare the wax, build the cells, store the 
honey, feed the young lai*ViB bees, clean the hive, and perform all the 
labor. These three classes of bees are represented by the cuts ; the out- 
lines are all enlarged, but retain the relative proportions each to the 
others. Thus, the young bee-keeper may readily distinguish each variety' 
of bee at sight. For the want of such object lessons we have known old 
men who had, as farmers, kept bees all their lives, uiuible to distinguish 
one from the other, and, in fact, who iiad never seen the mother bee at 
all. 



VARIETIES AND I'ECULIAUITIICS OF HEES. 1095 

III. Varieties of the Honey Bee. 

Our domestic bee belongs to tlic Ajrit Mellijicu, iiad is a native of the 
Eastern Hemisphere, none having been i^nown in the western lialf of the 
globe, until brought here from beyond the Atlantic ; but once introduced, 
they have taken kindly to our climate, and are now spread over the 
wiiole of North Ameiica where the winters are not too severe, since their 
natural instinct of swarming enables them easily to escape from domesti- 
cation. The varieties of the honey bee best known are the Black, or 
German bee, and the Italian, or Ligurian bee, both of which varieties 
were known as long ago as the time of Aristotle, 400 years before Christ. 
The so-called Blattk bees arc not really black, but a gray-black. The 
specific distinction between the two varieties above mentioned was first 
made by Spinola, in 1805, who called one the German, and the other the 
Ligurian, the name Italian being a synonym, adopted lately for the 
reason that the first well-known importation of them to the United 
States was from Italy. h\ IH.'JO, these " Italians " were imported sim- 
ultaneously into England and the United States from Germany, and the 
next year an importation was made direct to the United States from 
Italy, wh(;re they were systematicallj' kept ; and now they are generally 
disseminated throughout the United States and Canada. 

The German bees are pretty much self-colored. The Italians are 
easily distinguished by the bright yellow rings — three in numl)er when 
the breed is pure — at the base of the abdomen. 

The Egyptian bees {fasciata or banded) are broadly Itanded with yel- 
low. They are smaller, more slender and yellower than the Italians, and 
are supposed to be the bees mentioned in scripture. Vogel states that 
they gather no propolis ; they are also reported to be active, to stand the 
cold well, and to be cross and more liable to sting than either the Ger- 
man or Italian. Italian bees are credited with being the best natured 
of any, a matter not difficult to account for under the laws of heredity, 
since they are the oldest of thoroughly domesticated l)ees. 

Another variety of bees that has received attention is the Cyprian 
bee, which is yellow, and undoubtedly a variety of the Italian. A vari- 
ety of Italians has recently been sold, called Albinos, from their white 
hairs ; the probability is that all Italian bees have these white-haired 
individuals naturally among them. The Carnolian, the Heath, the Her- 
zegovinian, and the Kraiuer bees are also described by fanciers. In 
these days of sharp practice there are yearly candidates for the farm- 
er's money on every hand. Our advice is that farmers stick to the Ger- 
man and Italian ; they are good enough for every day use. 



1096 TIIK AMKIMCAN KAKMKK S STOCK HOOK. 

IV. The So-Called Queen or Mother Bee. 

The mother bee has no sovereign attributes, though the ancients called 
her the King, and hence our name Queen, adopted since her true gender 
became known. She is simply a perfectly developed female with ova- 
ries occupying nearly the whole of her abdomen, which, as shown in the 
cut, is of great length ; and the spermathcca, capable of being com pres.scd 
at will, is capable, according to Lenckart, of containing 25,000,000 sper- 
matozoa. Hence, the mother bee ma}' lay fertile or infertile eggs at pleas- 
ure. She is longer than either the drones or Avorkers ; her wings arc 
shorter ; and although armed with a powerful sting, she seldom uses it. 
It has been a mooted question, whether it be possible for the moth(!r bee 
to lie impregnated except while on the wing; the probability is that she 
can only be thus rendered fertile, the male losing his life with the 
accomplishment of tlu' act. 

V. The Nimiber of Eggs Laid. 
The energy with whicli the mother bee lays eggs is startling. It is her 
sole province to keep the colony populous, and since the life of the worker 
is short, her activitj' must be fully employed, during mild weather. She is 
cai)ableof laying from 2,000 to 3,000 eggs a day when necessary, and has 
been known to lay six eggs in one minute. That most careful observer, 
Hcrlepseh, says he had a queen that laid 3,021 eggs in twenty-four hours, 
i>y actual count, and .'')7,000 eggs in twenty da3^s ; that this queen con- 
tinued prolific for five years, and must have laid more than 1,300,000 
eggs at a low average during this time. Other careful observers, notably 
Dzicrzon, say queens may lay over 1,000,000 eggs. 

VI. Drones or Male Bees. 

The drones are the male bees, and their presence or absence often 
seems to be determined by the necessities of the colony. It is probable 
that, if allowed, the drones would live as long as the worker bees ; but 
from May to Novemljer is the time when they are usually' found in the 
hives. The usual number in a hive is from two hundred to three hun- 
dred, but less than half this number may safely be left by the l)ee keeper 
to ensure the impregnation of the young queens at swarming time. The 
worker bees kill all remaining drones in the autumn, usually before hard 
frosts occur. An unimpregnated queen will lay eggs producing drones 
only, but after fertilization can lay either worker eggs or those producing 
male bees, apjjarcntly at will. 

VII. Neuter or Worker Bees. 

Tlu- worker bi;es are undeveloped females, that is with abortive ovaries ; 
sometimes, though rarely, tiicy become so far dcvclo|)('(l as to lay drone 



VAUIETIES AND l-ECULIAKITIES OF I5EES. 1097 

eggs. How this happens is not certainly known, but the probability is 
that they may have been partially fed with the food used in producing 
queens. This is the ojjinion of Burlepsch, and Langstroth, but the opin- 
ion of Huber is, that, reared near royal cells, thoy received the same food 
accidentally. Tliey do not differ from the ordinary worker except in the 
power of laying eggs as stated. The number of workers in a hive will 
range from 1,500 to 4,0C0, and even more ; about 3,500 should be con- 
tained in every strong colony of l)ees. 

The worker bees are peculiarly constituted for the work ; the tongue, 
\iih\n\ jjaJpi and jaws are long, and the tongue hairy, enabling them easily 
to lap up tlieir li(]uid food. When tilled, the tongue is doul)led back, and 
disengaged of its load by the inclosing palpi and jaws, and the load is 
sucked into the honey bag. The bees have, also, the power of injecting 
the contents of the honey bag for feeding bees, or for filling the honey 
cells. The jaws are strong, with semi-conical cutting edges, so they 
may cut comb, knead wax, and perform the other work intended by 
nature. Their eyes are like those of the queen, but the wings are longer 
and, like those of the drones, reach the end of the bod}^ when at rest. 
The three cuts on ])agel094will show the dilferences perfectly. 

On the outside of the posterior limbs next the body, is a rim of hairs, 
forming what is called the pollen basket. The pollen is gathered by the 
organs of the mouth, and carried back by the four anterior legs. On the 
anterior legs is a notch covered by a spur ; its use is not well known. The 
sting of the worker is strong, sharp and straight, unlike that of the queen, 
which is curved. The gland which secretes the poison is double, and the 
poison sack is the size of a flax seed. The sting is triple, and armed with 
barbs. Hence the sting is not easih^ withdrawn when once full}' inserted, 
afid hence the bee so stinging loses its life, since the sting and a portion 
of the alimentary canal are left in any tenacious substance it may pene- 
trate, as the skin of the hand for instance. 

viii. Varieties ol Honey. 

Natural honey is the fluid nectar of flowers. It undergoes slight modi- 
fications in the honey bag of the bees, and is somewhat changed chemically, 
])ut retains the flavor, and to a certain extent, the aroma of the flowers 
from which it is gathered. Hence, certain districts noted for special 
plants, and aromatic flowers, produce highly prized honey, while other 
districts produce unwholesome honey from the noxious or poisonous flow- 
ers. Thus in ancient times, the honey gathered in the district of Mount 
Ida was famous for its excellence, while that of Trel)izond was abhorred. 

Honey contains grape sugar, manna, gum, nmcilage, extractive matter, 
the odor of the flowers from which it was taken, and a little wax, pollen 



1098 THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 

ami acid. In fact, it is said that under the microscope, the pollen con- 
tained has determined some of tlie flowers from which the honey was 
tiiken. When first drawn from the comb the honey is quite fluid, J)ut in 
time candies, as it is termed, that is, the solid glucose separates from the 
fluid parts, and is identical, chemically, with grape sugar; nevertheless the 
solid and fluid parts are not essentially different. All honey tends to 
crystalize with age, and become yellow. 

The adulterations of honey are various. That from glucose (" corn 
sugar") is the most diflicult of detection ; starch, chalk and other solids, 
may be detected by heating the honey, whereupon these impurities will 
settle to the bottom. Of late years the tilling of old comb with glucose 
has been so largely practiced, that it is not safe to buy any Ijut white 
comb, cupped over. Hence pure comb, capped by the bees, commands 
two or three times the price of strained honey. 

rx. Wax and How It is Formed. 

The wax used by bees in the formation of the cells is a solid, unc- 
tuous substance, secreted by the bees in pellets of an irregular pentagon 
shape, on the under side of the abdomen ; it is in very thin scales, 
secreted by and moulded upon the membrane towards the body from the 
wax-pockets. There are four wax-pockets on a side, and thus eight 
scales Tuay be secreted at a time. 

Wax is a costly product for the bees, the production of one ounce of 
wax requiring the consumption of about twenty ounces of honey. 
Hence, modern ingenuity has invented a machine for pressing out thin 
scales of wax of the true hexagonal shape, although the natural combs 
are not true hexagons. The formation of the comb by bees is one of the 
most intei'esting and wonderful things in nature. The walls of anew cell 
are only l-180th of an inch in thickness, and so formed as to coml-ine 
the greatest possible strength with the least material, and the least cost 
of space. The drone cells are about one-fifth larger than those of the 
workers, the diameter of the worker cells averaging little more than one- 
tifth of an inch, while drone cells are a little more than one-fourth of an 
inch, or, according to Reamur, respectively two and three-fifths lines, 
and three and one-third lines. 

Comb, when first formed, i^ always ti'ansparent ; when dark, it has 
become so from being used as brood comb, the color being due to the 
cocoons left in the <;ells. When used solely for honey, they are often 
drawn out even to an inch in length. The capjiing of the brood-cells is 
dark, porous, and convex, while the capping of those in which honey is 
stored, is while and concave. 



VAKIETIES AND PECULIARITIES OF BEES. lO'Jl) 

X. Plants Adapted to the Production of Honey. 

Aside from artificial feeding, the practice of wliicii will hardly be 
adopted and cannot be advised among farmers, or those who do not make 
bee-keeping a special business, the prevalence of honey-bearing plants 
must be specially considered, in deciding upon the number of liives 
which may be profitably kept. It is generally supposed that garden 
flowers are a prolific source from which bees get their stores ; such, how- 
ever, is not the case. In the West those annuals or perennials proliiic in 
honey are, many of them, spicous, and of great value aside from this use. 
Of the clovers, the Alsike, the White, and the Sweet clover are eminent 
for their bee-feeding qualities. The last named is of no value except 
as bee pasturage. 

Bee-kee[)ers have been accused of purposely sowing this fragrant weed 
for this purpose, much to the annoyance of farmers, and it cannot be 
denied that it has become largely prevalent where b<!e-keeping is estab- 
lished as a distinct industry. These plants bloom in June and July, 
while red clover is not available as bee food until the second growth is 
in blossom, after harvesting the first crop for hay. The earliest bloom 
will come from dandelion, the strawberry, and other wild and cultivated 
plants, and the observing bee-keeper must be governed by the prevalence 
of Ijlooni, in estimating how many swarms may find forage during April 
and May — a most trying time for bees. In May and June the sumac 
and the white sage ai"e valuable in California, while in the South the 
cotton plant is a prolific source of honey from June until frost ; and 
during this time, in various parts of the country, mustard, rape, the 
milk weeds, and St. John's wort, yield abundant stores of honej'. In 
July, corn is the great honey-producing plant all over the West ; in 
August, and thence until frost, buckwheat is the great honey producer ; 
and during the later season, the vast array of wild tlowers will "be avail- 
able, among them asters, golden-rod, the wild sunflowers, beggar-ticks, 
Spanish needles, tick seed, etc. 

In all forest regions the bees feed upon the bloom of shrubs and trees, 
and in every locality upon orchard trees and bushes. The latter furnish 
abundance of blooms, the apple especially, and the best time to change 
swarms, or divide them, is when orchard trees are in full bloom. 

The first trees to give bloom in the spring, are the red and white ma- 
ples, the aspens and willows. South of 40 degrees the red bud (Judas 
tree) is prolific in its bloom. May gives us alder, sugar maple, haws, 
crab-apple, and nearly all fruit trees and bushes. Late in May and early in 
June we have the barberry, grape, white wood (tulip tree), sumac, and 
during June the wild plum, raspberry and blackberry ; July will give 



1100 THE AMERICAN FAUMER S STOCK UOOK. 

bass wood, Virginia creeper and button bush. In the South, all these 
trees thrive in the hill region ; many of them we do not have in the West, 
anion"' them the sour wood. In California the pepper tree and 
red gum, are noted for late bloom. When there is plenty of the 
plants we have named, the bee-keeper need not fear but there will be 
an abundance of bloom of many species indigenous, but not mentioned 
here. 



CHAPTER II. 



THE GElTERAIi BIANAGEMENT OF BEES. 



HIVES. II. NUMBER OF SWARMS PROFITABLY KEPT ON A FARM. III. 

SWARMING. IV. HIVING NEW SWARMS. V. TAKING THE HONEY. VI. 

WINTERING I5EES.—— VII. IMPLEMENTS OF USE. VIII. A MOTHERLESS SWARM. 

IX. FASTENING EMPTY COMBS IN FRAMES. X. FEEDING BEES. XI. 

ENEMIES OF BEES. XII. FOUL BROOD. XIII. CONCLUSION. 



I. Hives. 

Whatever the hive used — the old fashioned close box hive is now-a- 
days ol)solete — simplicity is the main feature to bo considered by the 
farmer. Have nothing to do with a hive that is full of doors, drawers, 
traps, or any of these devices to catch the unwary. Leave these to 
experimental bee-keepers. If comb-honey in frames is desired, about 
4,000 cubic inches should be the contents of the hive. If the surplus 
honey is to be contained in caps, 2,000 cubic inches and even less will be 
ample for the hive. In any event, the 
hive should be closely jointed, and care- 
fully put together. 

,Iu our opinion the Langstroth hive, or 
some modification of this form is I)est, all 
things considered, for the fanner. Its 
patent has now expired, and the cut we 
give shows a hive that any carpenter can 
make, or the several parts can now be 
bought ready to he put together of any 
one dealing in bee-keepers, supplies, 
packed for shipment. Its working parts 
are easily adjusted; it is as near moth 
proof and vermin proof as any hive — 
none are really so. To the talent of Mr. Langstroth, who during his life 
labored continuously in simplifying the "mysteries of bee-keeping," is 
due, more than to any other one individual, the bringing of this interest- 
ing art within the grasp of all. 

On the next page are given two illustrations, showing different forms 
of movable frames, the larger one filled with comb, while the smaller one 
has only a few cells. The smaller frame is only about six or eight inches 

1101 




MOVABLE FRAME HIVE. 



1 102 



Tin; AMKliUAN FAUMEU's STOCK HOOK. 





square, :ui(l, wluu tilU'd with coiiil), will contain about a pound of lioncy. 
A nuniher of them placed side ))>' side, and joined together, 
will occup}' the same space in the hive as the larger frame. 
The small frames are far more convenient for handling 
than the larger ones, and by their use tiie honey can bo sold 
in the frames in quantities to suit retail buyers. Most of 
the California honey shipped eastward, comes in these small small iitAME. 

frames just as the bees made it. 

As before said, whatever the hive let 
it be simple ; and since none of the 
standard hives are now covered by 
patents, a practical man ought to be 
able easily to judge what suits his idea 
best. The cut will show oiu' of the 
MOVABLE FRAME FiLLKD WITH coMii. uiovablc frauics filled with a wired 
comb foundation, and may also bo taken as showing a movable frame 
filled with comb. 

II. Number of Swarms Profitably kept on a Farm. 
The great mistake made by farmers in bee keeping is, that they are too 
eager to increase the numl)cr of their swarms. When a few swarms are 
kept the bees remain healthy and give plenty of surplus honey, because 
thcv find iilenty of natural forage. Swai-ms, on the other iiand, are ex- 
tended until ten, twenty, fifty, and even more, are woiking ; then conic 
light crops of honey, disease, nu)th and other pests, and, at last, sttirva- 
tiou i)uts an end to the experiment. Artificial feeding and precise care 
may, indeed, prevent this ; but the farmer cannot spare the time from 
his other duties, though the specialist may. We have never been able to 
keep more than twenty swarms, even on one of the best of feeding 
grounds, without special care and feeding ; and the greatest profit for 
the least outlay has been from ten or twelve swarms ; some locations 
will not support more than half this number. Every farm range should 
keep five or six swarms nicely. Our advice, therefore, is, understock 
ralhcr than overstock. 



m. Swarming. 

The proper time for bees to swarm is as early in the season as pos- 
sible. If they have been properly wintered, that is, if they are strong, 
swarming will begin about the time apple trees are in full bloom. The 
old adage says, 

" A sw:irm in May, is wortli a load of hay ; 
A swarm in June, is wortli a silver spoon; 
A swarm in July, is not worth a fly." 



TflE GENEKAI, MANAGEMENT OF liEES. 



llo.-i 



This it will be well for ovcry farmer to remember. Tiie early swarms 
become populous, and liavc plenty of honey before the dry season 
and heat cut off the honey supply, and can carry themselves through. 
The hite swarm is weak, gets weaker, and finally succumbs to the 
ines'ital)le. 

IV. Hiving New Swarms. 

In working about bees, at any time, and for whatsoever pur[)ose, there 
must be no haste, sudden movements, or excitement of any kind. This 
is what causes stinging. If you crush a bee, or if it gets pinched iu any 
part of your dress, you will be stung ; if not, there is little danger, 
unless you go about your work in an excitable manner. If you are so 
unfortunate as to be stung, get out of the way as quietly and quickly as 
possible ; the odor of the sting will excite the whole colony. It is well to 
protectyourself against stingioginthc most perfect manner ; apairof buck- 
skin gauntlets tied securely over the cuffs of the coat, 
the bottom of the pantaloons tied firmly about the boot 
tops, thick, loose clothing, and a bee veil afford per- 
fect security to even those whom bees dislike (hasty 
persons), and to those who fear bees (timid persons). 
A bee veil is simply a piece of bobinet, large enough 
to tie over the head, as shown in the cut, and which 
m;iy bo fastened by being tucked under the top of the 
coat, or tied about the collar. 

Have your hives ready, and all prepared beforehand. 
If the bees are settled upon a handy bush, simply 
shake them carefully into the hive, as man}' as you 
can ; cover and place it near where the other bees may 
enter. If the greater part of the swarm fall on the 
ground, drive them to the entrance, by gently and carefully sweeping 
them Avith something soft. When they begin to enter, leave them alone 
until evening, when they must be set where they are to remain. If the 
swarm has settled upon a limb so high that it cannot be reached by a 
ladder, climb to it, tie a rope securely to the limb bej^ond where 3'ou 
wish to saw, let the end pass over a limb still higher, and thence to the 
ground. An assistant holds the end of the rope and eases the liml) as it 
begins to be severed, so it comes down gently, and often without seri- 
ously disturbing the bees ; pass it gently to the ground, put the bees 
into the hive, as before directed, and it will lie found that this is about 
all the " mystery " in hiving bees. AVatch for indications of swarming, 
and be ready, and you will seldom lose a swarm. 




BEE VKIL. 




1104 THE AMERICAN FAUMER S STOCK BOOK. 

We never knew a swarm to go directly away without clustering, the 
first time they came out. Hence the beating of tin pans, and throwing 
water, or sand among an issuing swarm is all nonsense. But if they rise 
directly up and seem inclined to make off, a good dash of water or sand 
will often bring them down, probably on the principle that they think it 
a bad day for swarming. Wire swarm-catchers are sometimes used. A 
bushel basket on a suitable handle is excellent, when a swarm is to be 
shaken down from a limb. 

"V. Taking the Honey. 

Never undertake to work about a colony of bees unless you are sure 
they are tilled with honey. At the first alarm of any kind, tapping on 
the hive, or smoking, their first impulse is to 
fill themselves with honey, to be ready for 
any emergency. Once filled, which need not 
take more than five minutes, they are quiet, 
and will not sting unless they are hurt ; pro- 

BELLOWS AND SMOKING TDBE. j •11^.1^4. iUl j 

ceed quietly then to remove the honey, and 
pay no attention to the flying bees — if you do you will get stung. A good 
form of smoker — very little smoking will do — is given in the cut. A few 

whiffs from a smoker's pipe answers 
very well. If any honey wished to be 
removed, sticks, loosen it or cut through 
uoNEY KNIFE. it with a thiu knife. The cut shows the 

best form of lioney knife. 

VI. Wintering Bees. 

A good stand for bees is a simple shed, tight on the sides and facing 
the east ; the roof should be water-proof ; if then you have shutters for 
the front to be put up in winter, to keep out drifting snow, you have a 
good place both for summering and for wintering bees. Bees, of course, 
may be most economically Avintered in a cold, dry, light, well-ventilated 
cellar ; but this again belongs to the professional Apiarist, and wants nice 
management. The healthiest and best place for the farmer to winter 
bees is in such a house as we have mentioned, further protected with 
cornstalks, or straw mats. The hives should be phiced within twelve 
inches of the ground ; this is, also, the proper distance for sunmier. The 
main thing in summer is to guard against extreme heat, and in winter 
against driving storms, especially snow. Bees will stand extreme cold, if 
they are healthy, and the hive contains thirty pounds of honey in the 
autumn. They cannot stand wet, nor snow drifted among them in the 
hives. 




GEXERAL MAXAGEMEXT OF BEES. 



110£ 



VII. Implements of Use. 

In bee-keeping, as in every other art, certain implements and labor- 
saving appliances are needed. For taking honey from the hives, the 
bee veil, the smoker and the honey knife are all that is necessary; 
and where the honey is made in the small movable frames, already 
described, the knife is discarded. Indeed, the implements of use 
are but very few, so fnr as successful bee-keeping is practiced by 
the farmer. Wc have figured the smoker and the honey knife. A pipe of 
tobacco and any well tempered, thin knife will 
answer. There are centrifugal machines in use for 
extracting honey from the comb, when it is wanted to 
be again returned to the hive. A cut of a good form 
is given. This again belongs more to the professional 
bee keeper than to the farmer. 

Vin. A Motherless Swarm. 
Sometimes, from one cause or another, a colony of 
bees loses the queen or mother bee, and has no larviB 
from which to rear another ; or, the bee kee|)er may 
choose to divide swarms, giving a nucleus of three 
frames. These are taken from the center frames of 
otlier hives ; take bees and all, l)ut be sure the queen 
is left in the old hive, and shake among those in the 
nucleus hive the bees from two or three more frames, 
so that after the departure of those that will naturally 
leave and return to their old homes, enough will be left to keep up the 
requisite warmth in the hive. First, however, you must find a frame 
containing one or more capped queen cells ; cut a triangular piece out of 

one of the frames to be inserted in the 
nucleus swarm, cutting away the bot- 
tom as shown in the illustration, so 
there shall be no danger of comjjres- 
sion of the queen cell. Then cut a 
piece containing a queen cell from the 
other frame, and fasten it to the frame 
— see the illustration, also showing 
other queen cells — and after putting 
this in the nucleus hive, put in the 
other two frames and bees as directed. 
We could hardly advise the farmer bee- 
FiRNisniNG A QiEEN CELL. kccpcr to adopt this plan, but it is 

well to know how, in case it becomes necessary to furnish a queen cell to 
an unfortunate swarm 70 




CEiNTKIFli^AI. EX- 
TRACTOH. 




I KXi 



THE A.MKKICAN TAK-MER S STOCK BOOK. 




IX. Fastening Empty Comb in Frames. 

lit of a wiri'il ('oinl) foiindatioii ; am- coiiil) cvoii 
ill pieces may Ik> utilized liy a little eut- 
tiii<>: and litliii<r, and teiii|)()raril\- l'a>tened 
with Avire or thin narrow 8trips tied top 
and bottom as shown in th" annexed cut, 
until the Ix'es secure it, which tliev will do 
in a d:\\ or two. 



rTii.izTNo riECKs OF roMH. 



X. Feeding Bees. 

If a swarm, from lack of forage, 
l)ec()iiies insnfHciently supplied with honey to carry them through the 
winter, or if it l)e found that they lack food in the early sjjriiig, they must 
ho fed. The best thing is strained honey, of course ; the only other 
admissible thing is granulated sugar made into a syrup of the consist- 
ency of honey. If the object be to stimulate bees to commence rearing 
brood early, a half pound to a pound of sugar a day, early in the spring 
and continued until bloom is plenty will be sutlicient. If they are starv- 
ing, enough must be given to fully supply their wants and some to span'. 
If the bees recjuire feeding in the fall, it should be given in such (]uaiiti- 
ties that they may begin the winter with fully thirty pound.s of capped 
honey per swarm. It is best not to (fttess at the weight ; mark the weight 
of every empty hive plainly on it before the bees are jjut in. and then 
you may know pretty nearly how n;uch honey the swarm lias by the sxrc 
test of weighing. 

We give two cuts, (uie of the feeding box invented by Mr. Shuck, the 




SUrcK"s UF.E KF.EOF.U. 

other Professor Cook's combined division 

board and feeding box. Any suitable ves- 

vel that will hold honey, with a tloat on 

top. pierced with holes, that the l)ees can 

feed through, will answer well enough, and 

this may be placed in the upper chamber of the hive, secure from other 

bees. 




cook's division ISO.\Rl> A.M) 
FKEDEH. 



OENEHAI- MANAGEMENT Ol' BEES. 



1107 



XI. Enemies of Bees. 
There are niiiiiy ciiciiiie.s of Ijccs, timoiii:- them the inos(jiiit() hawk, or 





WORK OF THE LARV.E IN COMB. 



BEK MOTH. 

devil's dariiiug-ncedle, as it is soine- 
tiines called. The bee-killer (Asil- 
us) is a two winged fly, which seizes 
the bee and sucks its fluids. A Ta- 
chhia fly has the reputation of laying- 
its eggs in the Ijodies of bees occasionally. Large spiders rarely entangle 
bees in their nets. Ants sometimes depredate on bees. These, how- 
ever, may be provided against, as may mice, toads, and the king bird. 
The worst enemy to bees is the moth, which, if a swarm is not strong, 
will soon ruin it entirely with the webs and larvte. The moth lays its 
eggs in the minutest crack, and the young find their way into the hive, 
where they soon destroy the swarm by filling everything w^ith their webs, 
as they progress. Their manner of working is shown in the cut en- 
titled "work of the larva; in comb."' 

XII. Foul Brood. 
This fungous disease of bees, once it gets a foothold in an apiary, gen- 
erally c'urries destruction with it. It is quite contagious ; Schonfeld, of 
Germany, not only infected the healthy larviB of bees Avith the germ, but 
other insects also. The symptoms are a steady decline in the colony; 
the brood becomes brown and salvy, and gives off a bad smell like that 
of putrefaction. Tiie spores are in the honey and the bees eating this and 
feeding it to the young brood, infect them. A remedy said to be suc- 
cessful in eradicating the disease is as follows : 

8 Gniiiis siilii-ylie acid, 
S Grains soda borax, 
1 ( )iuicp r:iiii water. 

Or in this propoi-tiou for llic ([uantity needed. Uncap all the brood 
and llirow tiie solution oxei- the comb witii a spraying machine. 

Xni. Conclusion. 

Tiiosc who wish to go into l)ee-kceping extensively nuist educate them- 
selves l)y means of books written particularly on the subject of bees in all 



1108 THE AMERICAN FARMEK S STOCK BOOK. 

the miiiutiffi of their care. What we have given is a guide to those who, 
like the writer, may wish to keep a few swarms of bees. 

The trying time for bees in the West is the extreme cold of our win- 
ters, and the droughts of summer. These must he guarded against. 
The same care must be exercised with bees as with any other farm stock. 
No farmer of sense would overstock his pasture ; do not, therefore, imag- 
ine because bees have the power of flight that they can forage indetinitely. 
They cannot. Their extreme power of flight is about three miles. Their 
most economical working range is, according to our observation when the 
country was new, only about one-half mile. They must first find flowers 
before they can get honey. Hence our advice, before increasing your 
swarms largely, be sure those you already have are somewhat lazy. 

It is not hard to tell if your neighbor's bees and your own are overlap- 
ping on the feeding grounds. Dust a little flour on a bee, after it has filled 
itself from a saucer of honey offered to it. See which way it flies, and 
if it flies away from home, be sure that either your neighbor is over- 
stocked, or else that you have not enough. Remember, however, that a 
few heavy swarms ai'e better than many weak ones. It is the honey you 
are after, and not numbers of swarms. In handling bees, do so deliber- 
ately and sagaciously, and you will not be stung. Do not make experi- 
ments largely in new hives, or in bee foods. Stick to a simple form of 
hive, and pure sugar s^Tup as food. Keep no more swarms than can 
easily forage to the full capacity of the hives. Take surplus honey as 
soon as it is ready, and keep plent}' of empty boxes on hand for the honey 
harvest. But be very careful how you allow your cupidity to rob the 
hives in the fall, lest bees may not have enouirh to amply carry them 
through the winter, and fully up to the time when flowers are plenty. 



GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND OTHER TERMS, IN GENERAIj USE, 
WITH THEIR DEFINITIONS. 



Ablactation — A weaning or cessation from suckling. 
Abomasum — The last or fourth stomach of ruminating animals. 
Abdomen — The portion of the body containing the stomach and intestines ; 

the belly. 
Abnormal — That which is not natural or regular. 
Abortion — The casting of the young in an unnatural manner, and l)efore 

tlie proper time. 
Abrade, Abrasion — To rub off, to wear away by contact, as rubl)ing off 

the surface of the skin, producing galls. 
Abrupt — Quick, sudden ; an ubruiJt turn or twist in the intestine may 

produce strangulation of the parts. 
Abscess — A swelling and its cavity containing pus or matter. A cavity 

containing pus. 
Abscission — The cutting away or removal of a part. 
Absorb — Swallowing up, di'inkiug in. 
Absorbent — In anatomy, those vessels which imbibe or suck up, as the 

lacteals or lymphatics. In medicine, any substance, as chalk, mag- 
nesia, etc., used to absorb acidity in the stomach. 
Absorjition — The taking up by the vessels of the l)ody of any substance 

either natural or unnatural, as the serum of dropsical swellings. 
Acardiatrophia — Atrophy or wasting of the heart. 
Acephalhcemia — Antemia, or lack of blood, in the brain. 
Accelerate — Growing quicker or faster, as an accelerated pulse. 
Acid — Sour. The last fermentation before the putrid. 
Acidulate — To make slightly sour, as with lemon, vinegar, or the min- 
eral acids. 
Accretion — Increase, or growing as an exostosis or unnatural grov\'th of 

bone. 
Aceni — Stony growths of the liver, resembling berries. 
Acrid — Sharp, pungent, 1)iting, irritating, as the strong acids. 
Acute — Severe, sharp. In diseases, those which soon come to an end in 

contradistinction to chronic. 
Action — The paces of a horse, either natural or acquired. 
Actual — The production of an immediate effect, as by the use of a hot 

iron (actual cautery) in contradistinction to the effect of escharotics, 

as a caustic application. 

1109 



I I 10 THE AMERICAN FAKMEK's STOCK BOOK. 

Acupi'essure — Arresting hemorrhage, as by means of a needle passed 

twice through a wounded substance at the side next the heart. 
Adamantine Substance — The enamel of the teeth. 
Adenitis — Inflammation of a ghnid or glands. 
Adermatrophia — Atrophy (wasting) of the skin. 
Adhesion — A joining together, as the union of parts in healing. 
Adhesive — That which adheres, as certain plasters. 
Adipose — Fatty matter ; belonging to fat. 
Adolescence — The period lietween puberty (the age of procreation) and 

the full development of tlie physical system. 
Adult — The age succeeding adolescence, and preceding old age. 
Aerate — Mixing with air, as the blood in the lungs, by whicJi it absorbs 

oxygen. 
uSdcea — Genital organs. 

Etiology — Relating to the doctrine or probable cause of a disease. 
Affection — Disease, or disease of some particular part. 
Affinity — The attraction which causes particles of bodies to adhere and 

form compounds. That which causes substances to cohere. 
Affluence — Determination of the blood or of humors to a part. 
Allmminnria — That condition in which the urine contains albumen and 

an excess of urea, coagulable by means of nitric acid and heat. 
Albumen — Substances, animal and vegetalile, resembling the white of 

an egg. 
Aliment — Solid or liquid substance taken as food. 
Alimentary Canal — The bowels. 
Alkali — Any substance which will neutralize an acid, as magnesia, soda, 

potash, etc. 
Alkaloid — A salitiable base existing in some vegetables, differing from 

alkali in composition and general properties, and having nothing in 

common except their basic properties. Brucia, emetia, morphia, 

strychnia, etc., are alkaloids. 
Alter — A term in common use for castration. 
Alterative — A medicine changing the functions and condition of the 

organs of the body. 
Alum — Sulphate of alumina and potassa. 

Alveoli — The sockets in the jaw bone in which the teeth are situated. 
Amaurosis — Partial or total loss of vision from paralysis of the retina. 
Amputation — The operation in surgery of cutting off a limb. 
AniPmia — Poverty of the blood as opposed to plethora. Too few red 

corpuscles and two many white corpuscles in tiic l)l()od. 
Anasarca — Dropsical swellings as of the limbs, al)donien, chest, etc. 
Anbury — A soft spongy tumor. 



GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS. 



1111 



Aneurism — Dilatation of an artcrv producing a tunior : lesion of an 

artery ; dilatation of the heart. 
Analysis — Separation into parts; resolving into tiie original elements. 
Anatomi/ — The art of dissecting, or separating the different parts of 

the liody. The science of the structure of the body, as learned by 

dissection. 
Anchylosis — The stiffening or rendering rigid a joint. 
AiuestJiefics — Agents which deprive of sensation and sutfcring, as chloro- 
form, ether, etc. 
Anodyne — A medicine to allay or diminish pain. 
Anomalous — Deviating from the general character or rule. 
Antacid — Opposed to or an antidote to acids. 
Antafjonism — Opposed in action ; one contradicting another. 
Anterior — Before ; in front of another part. 
Anthelmintic — Medicine to kill or expel worms. 
Antidote — That which counteracts hurtful or noxious substances. A 

remedy to counteract the effects of poison. 
Antiperiodic — Medicine to arrest or retard the return of a paroxysm in 

periodic disease. 
Antiseptic — Agents for preventing, arresting or retarding putrefaction. 
Anus — The fundament, or lower portion of the bowel at the tail. 
Aperient — Laxative medicine ; that which gently operates on the bowels. 
Aphtha — Ulceration of the mouth, beginning with minute vesicles and 

ending in white sloughs. 
Apoplexy — Sudden effusion of l)lood into the substance of the brain. 

Sometimes used for effusion into the substance of other organs or 

tissues. 
Approximate — Commg near to. An approximate cure is by inoculating 

for another disease. 
Aqueous — WateiT : having the property of writer, as watery matter, 

aqueous pus. 
Aromatic — Strong smelling stimulants, given to dispel wind and relieve 

pain. 
Artery — Blood vessels which carry the red blood from the heart. 
Articulate — Joining, woi'king together or \\\w\\ one anotJier, as the 

bones. 
Asthma — A disease attended with ditEculty of breathing, and a sensation 

producing wheezing, coughing and other distressing symptoms. 
AspIiyxia—DiiAih. from strangulation of the lungs, from want of air. 
Asthenopia — Weakness of the sight or vision. 
Assimilate — To make like another ; assimilation of food in the nutrition 

of the liody. 



11]:^ THE AMERICAN FAKMER"S STOCK BOOK. 

Asfragalus — The largest bone of the hotk-joiiit. lying below the os 

calcis. 
Astringent — That which causes contraction of the bowels or vital struc- 
tures. Astringents are medicines which suppress discharges, as from 
the bowels, blood, mucus. 
Attenuate — To draw out, to make thin, reduce in size. 
Atrophy — Wasting of a part, as the muscles. 
Atlas — The first bone of the neck or first cervical vertebra. 
Atony — General weakness, want of tone. 
Augment — To inciease. 
Auricle — The external part of the ear ; also parts of the heart, one on 

each side resembling ears. 
Auscultation — The act of listening to sounds given by different parts of 
the body when struck, especially to the sounds produced by the func- 
tional motions of the lungs and heart by percussion. 
Balk — To refuse to pull, or to refuse to go forward at commaiul. 

Bars (Of the hoof.) The two ridges of horn, passing from the heels 

of the hoof toward the toe of the frog. (Of the mouth. ) The trans- 
verse ridges on the roof of the mouth of the horse. 
Base — The lower part, as the base of the brain ; the foundation. 
Beneath — Under a certain part. 

Bicipital— Two headed, as bicips muscles, bicipital groove, etc. 
Biliary — Belonging to or pertaining to bile. Biliary duct, a canal con- 
taining bile. 
Biology — The doctrine of life, or of living bodies. 
Bioplasm — The so called living or germinal self -propagating matter of 

living beings. 
Biped — Two footed. 

Bolt — To swallow the food hurriedly without proper chewing. 
Bolus — Medicines formed into a round or conduicical mass, for ease in 
administering, often termed a ball. The cylindrical shape is the 
proper one. 
Boot — Buffer, a leather band, worn to prevent one foot cutting the other 

in traveling. 
Bottt — The grub of the fly equus equi, when in the stomach of the 

horse. 
Bougie — An instrument for opening the urethra, or urinary, or other 

passages. 
Bounded — Parts lying about another, sui'rounded by. 
Breeding-in-and-in — Breeding to close relations, in the same sub-family, 
as the produce of the same sire but of different dams, or of the same 
sire and dam. 



GLOSSARY OF SCIEXTinC TERMS. 1113 

Broxy — A term often applied to a number of fatal diseases of sheep, 

especially to a form of anthrar or carbuncular fever. 
Bronchia — The first two branches of the wind-pipe. Bronchitis is an in- 
flammation of the bronchia. 
BronchotonuJ — The operation of cutting into the wind-pipe. 
Cadaverous — Having the appearance of a dead body. 
Caesarian oiKration — To cut into the womb by way of the abdomen, 

when natural delivery cannot be accomplished. 
Calcareous — Containing lime, lime-like. 
Calculus — Any hard, solid concretion found in any part of the body, as 

stone in the bladder, gall-stones, etc. 
Calefacient — Anything producing warmth. 

Calks, or Calkins — The heel of the horse-shoe when turned down to pre- 
vent slipping. 
Callous — Induration ; a hard deposit ; excess of bonj matter. 
Camel-backed — Hump-backed. 
Canal — A tube or passage — as the alimentary canal, (throat), tympanic 

canal, etc. 
Cancer — A hard, unequal, ulcerating tumor, which usually proves fatal. 
■Canine Teeth — The teeth between the lateral incisors and the small 

molars of the jaw. 
Canker — Eroding ulcers of the mouth ; virulent, corroding ulcers. Any 

sore which eats or corrodes. 
Cannon-bone — The shank, or bone below the knee or hock. The met- 
acarpal or metatarsal bone of the horse. 
Cantharis — A coleopterous insect. The cantharis vesicatoria ; powdered, 

it is the active principle in oi'dinary blistering plasters. 
Canula — A hollow tube of metal or other substance, variously used in 

surgery. 
Capillary — Hair-like ; applied to the minute ramifications of the blood 

vessels. 
Capped Hock — A swelling on the points of the hock of the horse. 
Capsicum — Cayenne pepper. The small, long red pepper. 
Capsular Ligaments — Ligaments surrounding the joints. 
Capsule — A membranous bag or sac. 

Carbon — ^Woody matter. Charcoal is impure carbon ; the diamond is 
pure carbon. Cai-bonic acid is expelled from the lungs in the act of 
breathing. Carbonic oxyde in the blood or lungs is fatal to life. 
Cardia — The superior or cusophagal orifice of the stomach ; and of the 

heart. 
Caries — Ulceration of the substance of the bones. 



1111 THE AMERICAN FARMEU's STOCK BOOK. 

Carminafivcs — Warming, stimulant, aromatic medicines, used in colic 

and wind. 
Carotid Canal — A canal in the temporal l)one, tlirougli wliicii the .arotid 

artery, and also some nervous filaments pass. 
Cartilage — Gristle ; the substance covering the ends of l)ones, moving and 

working upon each other. 
Ca.seine — Tlie nitrogenized constituent of milk. Blood til)rin and all)u- 

men is identical in composition. 
Castrate — To geld, emasculate, deprive of the testicles. 
Cataplasm — A poultice, either medicated or not. It sometimes takes 

name from the special agent employed, as sinapism, a mustard 

poultice. 
Catarrh — A cold attended with running of the nose. 
Cataract — An opacity of the crystaline lens of the eye, causing partial or 

total Ijlindness. 
Cathartic — Purgative medicine, used for freely opening the bowels. 
Catheter — An instrument used for drawing the water from the bladder, 

and for other purposes. 
Caustic — An}' burning agent, as potash, nitrate of silver. To cauterize 

is to burn, generally applied to the use of the hot iron in diseases. 
Cavity — A depression, as the cavity of a wound. 
Cellular tissue — The membrane or tissue which invests every tibcr of the 

body, composed of minute cells conununicating with each other, and 

which serve as reservoirs of fat. 
Cephalic — Pertaining to the head. 
Cerebral — Pertaining to the Ijrain. 
Cervical — The neck ; l)elonging to the neck. 

Characteristic — A symptom of character. Characterize, to distinguish. 
Chahjheate — Containing iron. Anj' medicine of which iron forms a part. 
Chemical — Relating to chemistry. 
Chci/ii.t/ri/ — The science which investigates the composition of substances, 

and the changes of constitution produced by their mutual action. 
Chirurc/ical — Belonging to surgical art. 
Cholagogue — Medicines to increase the secretion of the bile. 
Cholechloride — A medicine which increases the evacuation of the bile. 

Chole, the bile. 
Chondritis — Inflammation of cartilage. 
Choroiditis — Inflammation of the choroid coat of the eye. 
Chronic — A lingering, long-standing disease, succeeding the acute stage. 

A seated, permanent disease. 
Chi/le — The milky Tuiuid, as taken from the food during digestion, and 

prepared from the chyme, and ready to he absorbed by the lacteal 

vessels before being poured forth into the blood. 



GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS. 111» 

Chyme — The food modified and prepared liy the action of the stoniaeli. 
Cicatrice — The scar left after the healing of a wound or ulcer. 
Circumscribed — Limited. In pathology applied to tumors distinct at 

their base from the surrounding part. 
Circulation — The vital action which sends the blood through the arteries, 

and back again through the veins to the heart. 
Cleft — A mark ; division ; furrow. 

Clyster — Liquid medicine injected into the lower intestine. 
Coagulate — To clot, as the blood when drawn. 
Cohesion — Connected ; adhering together ; sticking together. 
Colic — Acute pain in the abdomen, intensified at intervals. 
Collapse — A falling together. A closing of the vessels. Extreme de- 
pression of the vital jiowcrs. 
Colon — The largest of the intestines, or more properly, the largest divis- 
ion of the intestinal canal. 
Coition — The act of copulation ; union of the sexes. 
Coiha — Lethai'gy. Drowsiness produced by depression of the biain and 

other causes. 
Comatose — Constant propensity to sleep. 
Conception — Fecundation by action of the male. 
Condition — A healthy, serviceable state of the system. A firm state of 

the muscular tissue. 
Congenital — Born with another ; of the same birth. Belonging to the 

individual from l)irth. 
Congestion — An accumulation of clogged blood in the vessels, or in the 

parts, as the lungs, brain, etc. 
Constrict — Drawing or binding together, as constriction of the muscles 

of a part. 
Contagions — A disease that may be communicated by contact, or the 
matter communicated, or proceeding from the breath, or emanations 
of the l)ody. 
Contorted — Twisted, twisting, writhing, as the body in pain, or from the 

result of disease. 
Contusion — A bruise ; a wound made by a blow or bruise. 
Convex — Having a rounded surface. The opposite of concave. 
Concretion — Adherence of parts naturally sepai'ate. In chemistry, con- 
densation of fluids or other substances into more solid matter. 
Condiment — Substances used to improve or heighten the flavor of food. 
Confluent — Eunning together, as in pimples or pustules when they 

become confluent. 
Constipation — A state of the bowels in which the evacuations are unnat- 
urally hard. A stoppage of the evacuation of the bowels. 



HK; the AMERICAN FARMERS STOCK BOOK. 

Continuity — Parts united so completely that they cannot l)e separated 

without laceration or fracture. 
Convalescent — Returning to health after sickness. 
Convoluted — Rolled together or upon itself. The cerebrum is convoluted. 

The irregular foldings of the intestines are convolutions. 
Copious — Plentiful, abundant, as a copious discharge. 
Core — The liard portion of purulent matter, as in boils. 
Com — A diseased portion of the foot, — in the horse, between the bar 

and the quarter, usually on the inside. 
Coronet — The upper part of the hoof, just where it joins the skin. 
Corrosive — That which eats away, destroying the texture of the living 

I)ody. 
Corruffation — Contracting the skin into wrinkles. 
Costa — A rib. Costal : belonging to the i-ibs. 
Counter Irritation — An application to irritate one part to relieve pain in 

another. A blister or mustard poultice produces counter irritation. 
Cow-pox — Peculiar pustules upon the teats of cows, from which the vac- 
cine matter is obtained, used to prevent contagion from small-pox, or 

to mitigate the intensity of the disease. 
Cranium — The skull. Cranial : pertaining to the skull. 
Crest — The back or upper part of the neck of the horse. 
Crejyitation — Applied to the noise made by the ends of fractured bones, 

Avhen they grate together. The sound produced by pressing together 

cellular tissue in which air is contained. 
Cribbing (of horses) — The act of seizing any hard substance, or pressing 

thereon with the teeth, and gulping ; sometimes called wind sucking, 

though the latter is not necessarily cribbing. 
Crisis — In disease, that point or period which determines a favorable or 

unfavorable termination. 
Crop — The craw or first stomach of a fowl. 
Cruor — The red colored portion of the blood. 
Crupper — The buttocks of a horse. 

Crural — Pertaining to the legs, as the crural arteries and veins. 
Crust — The hoof, so-called. The outside laminte of the hoof. 
Crusta — A scab. 

Cul-de-sac — A passage closed at one end. 
Cuneiform — Formed like a wedge. 
Curb — A soft swelling, becoming hard, situated on the back part of the 

hind leg, just below the point of the hock. 
Cuticle — The epidermis or scurf skin. The skin is composed of the cutis 

vera, reta 7nurasu>n and cuticula. 
Cutaneous — Of the skin, as a cutaneous affection. 



GLOSSARY OF SCIEXTIFIC TERMS. 1117 

Cyst, Cystis — A small bladder or sac ; applied to those containing mor- 
bid matter or parasites, which become encysted, or inclosed in an 
envelop. 

Cystic Duct — The duct which proceeds from the gall bladder, uniting 
with the hepatic duct. 

Cystitis — Inflammation of the bladder. CVstoplegia is paralysis of the 
bladder. 

Debility — The condition of weakness or feebleness. 

Decoction — Extraction of the soluble parts of substances b}' l)oiling. 

Decompose — To decay. To separate into component parts. 

Defecation — Purifying from impurities of foreign matter. Voiding the 
excrement from the body. 

Degenerate — To become worse or inferior. 

Deleterious — Injurious, poisonous or destructive. 

Delirium — Insanity ; a wandering of mind in disease. 

Deliquescent — Any salt which becomes liquid by attracting moisture from 
the'air. 

Demulcent — That which sheaths and protects irritated surfaces. 

Dens — A tooth. Dental : pertaining to the teeth. Dentition : the de- 
velopment of the teeth. 

Depilitory — Any agent or thing which causes the loss of the hair. 

Dermal — Belonging to the skin. 

Desiccate — To make dry by heat. 

Detergents — Medicines having the jiower of cleansing the vessels or skin. 

Develop — To increase. A disease develops its intensity. To show 
increasing muscular form. Bringing to perfection. 

Diabetes — An excessive flow of urine containing saccharine matter. 

Diagnosis — The distinguishing of one disease from another. 

Diaphoretic — A medicine which causes perspiration or sweating. 

Diaphragm — The midriff. The membrane, or broad muscle, which divides 
the thorax or chest from the abdomen or belly. 

Diarrhoea — A continued and profuse discharge from the bowels. 

Diet — Any kind of food or drink . Dietary : a regulated allowance of food . 

Diffuse — To extend or drive out. That which maj^ flow or spread, as a 
diffusible stimulant. 

Digestion — The separation and dissolving of the food in the stomach. 
Digestive ointment has the power of resolving tumors. 

Dilate — To open wide, as dilation of the eye. 

Dilatation — The expanding of a body, as of the heart, arteries, the blad- 
der, etc , from over-fullness. 

Dilute — To make thin, as a medicine with water, with oil, etc. 

Diminution — A lessening, or decreasing, as of pain, etc. 



1118 THE AMEKICAX I'AKMEU S STOCK BOOK. 

Diploma — A document granted 1)>' a legally chartered college, .showing 
that tlie person named is entitled to j)ractice his or her profession. 

Disinfectant — An agent capable of neutralizing morbific I'ffluvia, or the 
cause of infection. 

Didocation — Putting out of joint. 

Disorganization — A couii)letc morbid change in, or even total destruction 
of, the structure or texture of an organ. 

DinKcction — Exposing the different jjarts of a dead body, liiat their ar- 
rangement and structure may be studied. 

Distorted — Deformed, crooked, out of the natural shape. 

Distend — To stretch out, or swell. 

Diuresis — Au extraordinary or abundant excretion of urine. 

Diuretic — A medicine to increase the flow of urine. 

Doctor — In a common sense, applied to a person legally (jualitiedto prac- 
tice medicine. In its real sense, applying to various titles, as Pli. D., 
Doctor of Philosophy; D. D., Doctor of Divinity: LL. D., Doctor 
of Laws. 

Domestic — Relating or belonging to the home or farm. 

Dorsal — Pertaining to the back. The dorsal column : the back-bone. 

Draclnn — The eighth part of an ounce. 

Drastic — Powerfully acting medicines or poisons. 

Drench — Licjuid medicine given by the mouth. 

DriKj — Originally, a medicine in its simple form, but now applied to 
medicines generally. 

Duct — A tube for conveying a fluid or the secretions of the glands. 

Duodenum — The flrst portion of the small intestine, through which the 
bile is poured. 

Dura Mater — A fibrous, semi-transparent membrane, lining the cavity of 
the cranium, and containing tiie biain, (of which it ma}' be considered 
the outer membrane), and protecting the same by its thickness and 
great resisting power. 

Dysentery — Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large intes- 
tines, producing nmcous or bloody evacuations. 

Dyspepsia — Serious derangement of the digestive functions. 

Dysphagia — DifSculty of swallowing. 

Dyspnoea — Difliculty of breathing. 

Dysuria — Painful and incomplete passage of urine. 

Acholics, Parturients — Agents causing the contraction of the womb. 

Ectozoon — Parasites, as lice, infesting the surface of the body. Entozoa : 
parasites within the body. 

Eczema — Small j)ustules crowded together, not contagious, liut producing 
a suiaiting pain. 



GLOSSARY OF SCIEXTIFIC TERMS. lH;) 

Effluvia — Morbid exhalations of the l)ody ; somctiiiu's applied to animal 

and vegetable odors. 
Effudon — A ilowinii- out, as of the l)lood, water or lynipli. into the 

tissues. 
Ejection — Casting out, as ejecting improper matters from the stomach. 
Elastic — The property of springing or stretching. 
Eh'phantiams — Chronic lymphangitis, l)y which the liml) is enlarged, 

reseuil)ling the leg of an elephant. 
Emasculation — Removal of the male generative organs ; castration. 
Emhryo — The imjjregnated ovum in the womb, after growth has com- 
menced. 
Emetic — A medicine given to ]iroduce vomiting. 
Emollients — Agents which have the power of softening or relaxin"'. 
Empiric — One whose skill is exi)erimental, or the result of mere ex- 

pewen(re. 
Enamel — The hard outer covering of the teeth. 
Encysted — Enclosed in a sac. 

Enema — Medicines given by injection into the boM-els. 
Engorgement — In animals, vascular congestion, the result of over-feeding. 
Enteric — Belonging to the bowels. 
Enteritis — Inflammation of the bowels. 

Enteroraphy — The sewing together of the divided edges of the intestines. 
Epidemic — Disease that affects a large number, as though carried in the 

air. 
Epiglottis — The covering of the glottis. A tongue-shaped projection, to 

prevent food or liquids from entering the wind-pipe. 
Epizootic — Contagious disease, attacking large numbers of horses at one 

time. Applied to catarrhal fever in influenza, which spreads rapidlv. 
Equine — Belonging to the horse. 
Equitation — The art of riding on horseback. 

Eruption — Pimples, blisters, rash, etc., breaking out on the skin. 
Esophagus — The gullet, or tube of the throat which conveys food to the 

stomach. 
Essence — The properties or virtues extracted from any substance. 
Evacuate — To empty or pass out, as to evacuate the bowels. 
Eive-necJced — In the horse, having a neck like a shorn sheep. 
Exanthema — Eruption of the skin, with fever. 
Excision — Cutting out, or cutting off, any part. 
Excoriate — To tear or strip off the skin : to wear awav or abrade ; to 

break the skin in any manner, as in galling, or \\itli acrid sul)stances. 
Excrement — Refuse nuitter. The dung. 
Excrescence — Unnatural or superfluous growth. 



1120 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. 

Excreting — Throwing out from the body. 

Excretion — The act of throwing off eifete matter from the animal sys- 
tem ; that which is thus thrown off. 

Exfoliation — Separation or scaling off of dead from living bone. Sepa- 
ration of scales (laminfe) from any substance. 

Exhale — Breathing out, evaporating. 

Exostosis — Unnatural growth or projection of bone. 

Exotic — Foreign. That which belongs naturally to another district than 
our own. 

Extensor-tendon — The tendons which stretch out the limbs. 

Extirpation — The complete removal of a part by means of the knife. 

Extravasate — To let out of the proper vessels, as blood, after the rupture 
of a blood-vessel. 

Extremities — The limbs. 

Exudation — A sweating, or passing out of a liquid through the walls or 
membranes containing it. 

Exude — To discharge through the pores. 

Facial — Pertaining to the face. 

Fceces — The excrement. 

Farcy — A disease of the lymphatics of the skin of the horse. Also, a 
disease allied to glanders. 

Fat — The well known animal substance, whose natural function it is to 
protect the organs, maintain the temperature, and nourish in case of 
need. 

Febrifuge — A medicine to lower the temperature of the body, and counter- 
act fever. 

Feculent — Foul or impure matter, formed by the breaking down of the 
tissues ; excrementitious matter. 

Femur — The thigh bone proper. 

Fermentation — Incipient decomposition of vegetable substances, from 
souring. 

Fester — To suppurate, and discharge corrupt matter. 

Fetid — Having an offensive odor. 

Fibrin — An organic substance found in the blood, and composing a large 
part of the tissues of the body. Fibrous membrane : a membrane 
composed of tibres. 

Filiula — The small or splinter bone of the leg. The outer bone of the 
hind leg of the horse, etc., — much smaller than the tibia. 

Filtration — Straining a licjuid to clarify it. 

Fissure — An opening, a crack. 

Fistula — A deep, narrow ulcer, having a passage leading to it. 

Fistulous — Rcseml)ling a fistula, either in form or nature. 



GLOSSAIIY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS. 1121 

Flanks — That part of the horse between the false ribs, hips and stifle. 
Flatulent — Affected with, or caused by, the generation of gas or wind in 

the stomach and intestines, as flatulent colic. 
Fleam — An instrument used for bleeding the larger domestic animals. 
Flex — To bend, as the head, nccli or limb ; as, a :nuscle flexing the arm. 
Flexor — A muscle whose office it is to bend a part ; in opposition to 

extensor. 
Florid — Red or scarlet lilve, from excess of blood in a part. 
Foetus — The young, 3'ot unborn. 
Fomentation — The application of warmth and moisture, as with a liquid 

or poultice. 
Foramen. — A cavity pierced tlirough and through. 
Forceps — Long pointed pincers or nipper^^. 
Fracture — The breaking of a bone. 
Frictidn — Exciting circulation by rubbing. 
Fumigate — The application of smoke or vapor. 
Function — The office or duty of any part of the body. 
Fundament — The anus or extremity of the bowel. The end of the gut. 
Fungus — An uimatural growth resembling mushrooms. 
Gall — The fluid contained in the gall-bladder, consisting, principally, of 

the bile secreted by the liver. 
Ganglion — A collection or bunch of nerve fibers, causing the enlargement 

of a nerve, and resembling a knot. 
Gangrene — The mortification or death of any part of the body, or of any 

of its tissues. 
Gas — An emanation, or invisible fluid, generated in the body. 
Gastric — Pertaining to the stomach. 
Gastritis — Inflammation of the stomach. 
Gelatine — Animal jelly. 

Generate — To beget offspring ; l)egetting or producing young ; breeding. 
Genital — Relating to reproduction of 3'oung, or to the generative parts. 
Gland — A structure for secreting certain fluids of the body, and contain- 
ing a tube. 
Gestation — The condition of pregnancy, or being with young. 
Glanders — An exceedingly contagious disease, which is incurable and 

fatal. 
Gleet — Thin matter issuing from an ulcer. In horses, applied to nasal 

gleet exclusively. 
Glottis — The narrow opening at the top of the windpipe. 
Graminivorous — Feeding on grass and other vegetable food. 
Granivorous — Feeding on grain or seeds. 



1122 THE AMEKICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. 

Granulate — To grow or develop in the form of grains, as new flesh in 

tlio healing of wounds. 
Gravel — Calculous matter found in the kidneys. 
Gravid — The state of being with young. 

Gullet — The ojsophagus, or food pipe loading to the stomach. 
Haggard — Worn down ; tliin ; ghastly ; deathlike. 
Haunch — That part of the body which lies Ixitween the last ribs and the 

thigli. lu the horse, the bony region of the hips. 
Haw — The process of the eye-socket, which is thrown over the eye to 

clear it of foreign sul)stances. 
Hvemal — Rel;iting to the l)lood. 
Hoematin — The coloring matter of the blood. 
Hectic — A constitutional and remitting fever exhibited in consumption ; 

produced also by ulcers, sores, etc. 
Helix — The outer circumference or ring of the external ear. 
Hemorrhage — A discharge of blood from the vessels containing it. 
Hepatic — Belonging to the liver. 
Hepatitis — Inflammation of the liver. 
Hepalized — Converted into a liver-like substance. 
Herbivorous — Feeding on herbs. 
Hereditary — Inbred from the; parents, as disease, color, vices, and oUier 

peculiarities. 
Hermaphrodite — Possessing the attributes of both sexes, in a greater or 
lesser degree ; being of , or including^ both sexes. Said of animals, 
plants or flowers. 
Hernia — Ilupturc, or soft tumor formed by the protrusion of any of the 

viscera of the abdomen. 
Hippopatliologij — The science which treats of the diseases of horses ; the 

leading branch of veterinary science. 
Homogeneoui^ — Being of the same kind or quality throughout. 
Hue — Color. 

Humor — Any fluid of the body, excepting the blood. 
Humerus — The upper arm-bone ; upper bone of the fore-leg. 
Hybrid — The offspring of two different species of animals, as of the horse 

and ass (the mule). 
Hydragogu'i — A medicine which removes effused fluids from the system. 
Hydrocephaluft — WatcM- in (dropsy of) the head. 
Hygiene — The preservation of health and prevention of disease. 
Hypertrophy — Excessive growth. 

Hypndeiinic — Beneath the skin. Used principally of medicines — as mor- 
phia, etc., — applied by injection under the skin. 
Hysterics — A nervous disability, mostly among females. 



GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS. 112^ 

Ileum — The lower part of the small intestine. 

Impotence — Imibility to perform the sexual function. 

Impregnation — The act of rendering, or state of being, pregnant. 

Incision — Cutting into ; a clean cut ; cutting, as in any operation per- 
formed. 

Incontinence — Inability to retain the natural evacuations. 

Induration — The hardening of a part from the effects of disease. 

Incisors — The front teeth of tiic jaws. 

Infection — Communicating disease by miasma or emanations from a dis- 
eased bod}'. 

Influenza — An epidemic disease, causing general depres.=siou, with fever. 

Infusion — Liquid produced by steeping an insoluble substance in water, 
without boiling. 

Ingesta — Food taken into the stomach. 

Inhalation — A drawing into the lungs ; the inbreathing of medicated or 
poisonous fumes. 

Inject — To throw in artificially, as from a syringe. 

Injection — Liquid medicine thrown into a natural or artificial cavity. 

Inoculation — The production of disease by virus or matter from a sore, 
communicated from one animal to another. 

Instinct — Sense, as applied to animals. 

Integument — The covering which invests the body (the skin), or a mem- 
brane covering any particular part of it. 

Intercostal — Between the ribs. 

Interfering — The cutting of one foot or leg with the other. 

Intermittent — In fevers, a characteristic by which the paroxysms intermit 
or cease, returning at regular, or nearly regular, intervals. 

Interstices — The minute spaces between the particles of a body. 

Intestines— T\\Q. bowels. The alimentary canal, leading from the stomach 
to the anus. 

Invert — To turn about or ui)side down. 

Invigorators — Strengthening medicines, or agents. 

Iris — The circular membrane of the eye floating in the aqueous humor, 
and perforated to form the pupil. 

Isomeric — Composed of the same elements in the same proportions, but 

chemically and physically diffei'cnt. 
Issue — A running sore, artificially produced, and kei)t open to relieve 
irritation or morbid action in a neighl)oring part. 

Jaundice — A diseased condition resulting from derangement of the 
liver, and characterized by great lassitude, and by yellowness of the 
eyes, skin and urine. 



11:24 THE AMERICAN FARMEU'S STOCK BOOK. 

Jejunum — Thiit part of tlio small intestines comprised between the duo- 

doniun and ileum. 
Jet — The peculiar How of blood from the arteries, in a spurting motion. 
Jugal region — The region of the check-bone. 
Jugular — The large vein of the neck. 
Labial — Belonging or relating to the lips. 
Lacerate — To tear. A lacerated wound is a torn wound. 
Lachrymal — Pertaining to the tears. The lachrymal duct is the duct 

leading from the eye to the membrane of the nose. 
Lactation — The act of giving suck, or time of suckling. 
Lactiferous — Bearing or conveying milk ; as, a lactiferous duct. 
Lamella — A thin plate or scale of anything ; pertaining to the anatomy 

of the hoof. 
Laminitis — Founder; a disease consisting of inflammation of the parts 

between the pedal or coffin bone and the sensitive laminae. 
Lancinating — Sharp, acute, shooting; in a manner as if tearing; thus, 

a lancinating pain. 
Languor — Weakness, faintncss, debility. 
Laryngitis — Inflammation of the larynx. 
Larynx — The swell at the upper part of the wind-pipe, and extending 

into the throat. 
Lateral — At or to one side. 

Laxative — A medicine which gently opens the bowels. 
Lens — In oculary anatomy, a portion of the eye situated immediately 

back of the cornea. 
Lesion — Disease of a structure ; any hurt or injur}'. 
Levator — A general name for a muscle whose office it is to raise some 

part, as the lip or eyelid. 
Ligaments — The bands of the joints binding them strongly together. 
Ligature — Silk or flax thread, or any material suitable for tying arteries. 

A bandage used in the operation of bleeding. 
Linimeiit — A fluid medicine employed externally and with friction. 
Liquefaction — The act or process of reducing a solid substance to a 

li(|uid form. 
Litlicttomy — The operation of extracting stone from the bladder, by 

cutting. 
Liver — The largest gland of the bod}', its office being to secrete the bile. 
Lobe — .\ round projecting part of an organ. 
Local — Confined to a certain part or district. 
Lotion — A fluid applied externally, usually by means of a cloth kept 

constantly wet therewith. 



GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC TKllMS. 1125 

Lubricate — To moisten, as the lubrication of the joints and moving parts 

by their appropriate fluids. 
Lumhago — Khcuinatiym of the lumbar region. 
Lymph — A transparent and nearly cohu'iess fluid. The fluid contained 

in, and poured out by, the lymphatics. 
Lymphatics — The vessels of animal bodies \\hich contain the lymph. 
Macerate — Steeped almost to solution. Thorough soaking of a part in 

water previous to dissection. 
Malady — Disease or ailment. 
Malar — Pertaining to the cheek-bone. 

Malanders — An ulcerous condition on the inside of a horse's legs. 
Malaria — Infectious and noxious cfliuvia, from decomposing animal or 

vegetable matter. 
Malformation — Badly or unnaturally sh-iped or foi-med. 
Malignant — Severe; long; dangerous disease. 
Mammal — Having an udder or teats for suckling the joung. 
Mammary glands — The glands which secrete the milk. 
Mange — A contagious disease caused by the presence of acari in the skin. 
Marrow — The fatty substance in the hollow of cylindrical bones. 
Mastication — The act of chewing the food. 
Materia medica — A term including all medicines or substances used in 

the cure of diseases. 
Maxilla — The upper or lower jaw. 

Mediastinum — The partition formed by the meeting of the pleura, divid- 
ing the chest into two lateral parts, and separating the lungs. 
Medullary — Consisting of, resembling, or pertaining to, marrow. 
Membrane — A thin animal tissue. The thin covering of the brain, bones 

and other organs. 
Mental — Relating to the mind, or to the reasoning faculty. 
Mesentery — The membrane which attaches the intestines to tin; spine. 
Mesacolon — A process of the peritoneum to which the colon is attached. 
Metastasis — The transference or removal of disease from one part to 

another, or such change as is succeeded by a solution. 
Miasma — Impal[)a])le germs, the product of putrefaction (animal or 

vegetable), producing disease. 
Midriff — The diaphragm . 

Milk fever — A fever preceding of accompanying the secretion of milk. 
Morbid — A state of disease ; the product or result of an unnatural state, 

as morbid humors ; a failing, sinking state. 
Mart if cation — The death of a part from gangrene. 
Motor — That which causes, or is the instrumcMit f)f, movement • as, the 

motor muscles. 



1126 THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 

Mucilage — A Jelly-like fluid ; one of the [)roximatc elements of vege- 
tables, abundant in slippery elm ; the agent which lubricates the joints. 

Mucus — The substance secreted by the raucous membranes, and effused 
upon the surfaces of the membranes, as the running of the nose in a 
cold. 

Muscles — The organs of motion. The voluntary muscles constitute the 
lean meat, or flesh of animals. 

Muscular fiber — Fibers composing the body of a muscle, disposed in dis- 
tinct l)undles 

Myeline — The fatty substance in nerve tis.sues. 

Myitis myosotis — Inflammation of a muscle. 

Myology — The branch of anatomy treating of the muscles. 

Myotomy — Dissection of the muscles. 

NcBVUS — A natural mark or blemish ; a birth-mark. 

Narcoma — Stupor from the influence of opium or other narcotic. 

Narcotics — Drugs which allay pain and produce sleep. 

Nasal — Pertaining to the nose. 

Naturalia—T\\Q parts of generation. 

Nauseants — Medicines that sicken the stomach. 

Navel — The umbilicus. 

Necrosis — Death of a bone, or of a portion of bone. 

Nephritis — Inflammation of the kidneys. 

Nerves — The fil)i'ous system which cimveys sensations to the brain and 
through the body. 

Nervous — Having weak nerves. 

Neuralgia — A painful disease, or affection of, one or some of the nerves. 

Neurotomy — The cutting or division of a nerve. 

Neutralize — To destroy the force or effect of anything. 

Nictitation — A quick and frequent winking of the eyelids. 

Nitrate of silver — Lunar caustic. 

Nutritive — Tending to nourish or build up ; strong, healthy food. 

Nutrition — The process by which the food taken is assimilated ; to repair 
waste and promote growth. 

Obesity— Exvoo.ding fatneSs. 

Oblique — Slanting. 

Obliteration — Alteration in the appearance or function of a part prevent- 
ing its a<;tion. 

Occult Hidden. Applied to diseases whose causes or successful treat- 
ment are not understood. 

Ocular, oculary — Relating to the eyes. 

Odontalgia — Violent toothache, usually from decay. 



GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS. 1127 

Oedema — Effusion of serous fluid into the cellular tissues, producing 

swelling. 
Oil — Fluid fatty or unctuous substances, either animal or vegetable. 

Oils are either fixed or volatile ; the former leave a greasy stain on 

paper. 
Omentum. — The caul. A fold of the peritoneal membrane, covering the 

intestines in front, and attached to the stomach. 
Omnivorous — Animals which cat all kinds of food. Swine are omniv- 
orous, ni the general acceptation of the term. 
Opacity — Want of transparency ; that quality of bodies by virtues of 

which they cannot transmit rays of light. 
Optic — Relating to the sight, as the optic nerve ; relating to the laws of 

vision. 
Orbit — In ocular anatomy, the bony cavity in which the eye is situated. 
Organ — The natural instrument by which a process or function is 

carried on. 
Organic — Composed of, or pertaining to, an organ or its functions ; de- 
pendent on, or resulting from, organism. 
Orifice — The mouth or entrance to any cavity of the body. 
Origin — The beginning or starting point of a thing. 
Os — The technical name for bone. 
Os calcis — The tip of the back. 
Osseous — Bony, or resembling bone. 
Os cheocele — Scrotal hernia. Any tumor of the hernia. 
Ossification — Changing to bone. Bony formation. 
Ostalgia — Pain in one or some of the bones. 
Osteo sarcoma — A fleshy, cartilaginous mass, growing ^vithin a bone, 

enlarging and sometimes fracturing it. 
Ovariotomy — The art or operation of removing the ovaries from the 

female suiimal ; spaying — analogous to the gelding of the male. 
Ovaries — The organs connected with the uterus that mature and give off 

the ova (eggs) which, when impregnated, produce the foetus. 
Ovule — The impregnated germ or egg. 
Oxidize — The change formed by the action of oxygen, or air containing 

oxygen, on any substance. The changing of the black or venous blood 

into i"ed or arterial blood, in the lungs. 
Ozoena — Gleet, catarrh. 
Pabxdum — That which is proper for food. 
Palate — The roof of the mouth. 
Palpitation — A rapid, thumping movement of the heart, from mental 

excitement or from disease. 



1128 TUK AMKKU'AN FARMKll's STOCK HOOK. 

Panacea — A supposed universal euro. A modicino applie;d)le (o many 

cases. 
Panc7'eait — The jiarrow, flat gland oxlonding across (he ahdonieii, soine- 

tiiiics called the sweet-bread. 
Parali/sis — An affection impairing or destroying the natural fuiiclioii, and 

especially (ho volunlary niovenient, of a ]iart ; in popular usag(>, the 

palsy. 
Parotid — Near the car. Parotid gland : tlie largest of the salivary glands. 
Parox^i/fon — In disease, a recurrence coining on after an intermission. 

Chills and fever, for example, arc paroxysmal. 
Parfun'fion — The act of bringing forth young. 
Patella — The knee-pan. 
PathoJocpj — The science wliicli (reals of (he causes, nature, symptoms 

and euie of diseases. 
Paunch — The first stomach of ruminaling animals. 
Pectoral — Pertaining to the breast, as the pectoral muscles. A medicine 

adapted to relieve affections of the chest and lungs. 
Pectin — The gelatinizing principle of certain fruits and vegetables. 
Pclria — ^That part of the trunk boimding the abdomen, containing u part 

of tlio intestines, and the internal urinary and genital organs. 
Pcnin — The exterior male organ of urination, and of the passairc of (he 

semen. 
Pepsin — A substance assisting digestion. 
Peptic — Promoting digestion ; relating to digestion. 
Pericarditii^ — Inflammation of the pericardium. 
Pericardium — The serous membrane cm-losing the heart. 
Perichondrium — The nuMubranc covering the cartilages. 
Pericranium — The membi-anc lining (he bones of the skull. 
Perinocum — The space between the anus and the genital organs. 
Periosteum — The fibrous membrane investing a bone. 
Peritoneum — The serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen. 
Peritonitis — Inflammation of the peritoneum. 
Permeate — To penetrate every part of, and [)ass through without rupture 

or sensible displacement. Water permeates sand ; light permeates glass. 
Phari/nx — The opening or tube at the back part of the mouth which 

leads to the stomach. 
Phlebitis — Inflammation of a vein. 
P)dihotom)j — The operation or act of bleeding. 
Phthisis — Consumption. 
Pli^/siology — The science which treats of tlie functions of the various 

organs of a living body. 



GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS. 1129 

Piles — A disease consisting of chronic dilatation or small tumors of the 
blood-vessels immediately about the anus, and attended with more or 
less pain. 

Placenta — The membrane coverinfr the young in the womb ; the after- 
l)irtli. 

Plethora — A full habit of body ; full of blood. 

Pleura — The serous membrane lining the interior of the chest, and 
covering the lungs, which it lubricates with its secretions. 

Plexus — Any union of vessels, nerves or fibers in the form of net work. 

Pneumonia — Inflammation of the lungs. 

Poison — Any substance, animal, vegetable or mineral, which applied ex- 
ternally or taken internally, causes either death or serious hurtful 
changes. Poisons are classified as irritant, narcotic, sedative, acro-nar- 
cotic, and acro-sedaliv(\ 

Poll-evil — A chronic, suppurating abscess, on the summit of a. horse's 
head, around the attachments of the cervical ligaments. 

Polypus — A tumor with narrow base, in the nostrils, uterus, vagina, etc. 

Post-mortem. — Literally, after death. The examination of a dead body. 

Predisposed — Pi'epared or fitted for beforehand ; inclined to ; as, being 
predisposed to disease. 

Prepuce — The cutaneous fold covering the glans penis. 

Probany — A flexible, knobbed instrument, for pressing into the stom- 
ach food or other sul)stance wiiich may have lodged in the throat. 

Process — Promineni'c : a jirojecting part ; any protuberance, eminence 
or projecting bone. 

Profuse — Al)undant, plentiful ; as, a jjrofuse discharge. 

Proc/nosis — The act or art of judging by the s3'mptoms the probable 
course of a»disease. 

Prolapsus uteri — Falling of the woml). 

Prolapsus recti — Falling of the rectum. 

Proud flesh — A fungous growth on an ulcer, or an excrescence of flesh 
in a Avound from excessive granulation. 

Pulmonary — Pertaining to, or affecting, the lungs. 

Pulsation — A beating or throbbing of the heart or arteries. 

Pulse — The action or beat of the arteries. 

Pumices — The letting down or falling of the cotHn bone on the sole. 

Puncture — Any orifice made with a pointed instrument. 

Pupil — The ball or apple of the eye. through which the rays of light 
pass to the crystalline humors. 

Purgative — Any medicine having the j^ower of operating strongly on the 
bowels. 



1130 THE AAfKUlCAN KAIilMr;K'S STOCK BOOK. 

Pus — The matter discharged from a tumor wlicu lanced, or from sores. 
Healthy pus is yellowish white in color, and is always secreted in the 
process of healing. 

Pidrefaction — The process of decomposition ; state of con-uption ; 
rottenness. 

Pyl()rui< — The lower orifice of the stomach on its right side, through 
which the food passes to the intestines. 

Quack — A i)retender in medicine. A chailatan. 

Qualmish — Sick at the stomach ; suffiM-ing from nausea. 

Quiescent — At vest. Showing no pain. jNIaking no sound. 

Quittor — An ulcerous formation, I'csembling fistula, inside a horse's foot. 

Rabies — Madness ; hydrophobia. 

Rachitis — Inflammation of the si)ine ; rickets. The latter word is prob- 
ably a corruption of rachitis. 

Ramifij — Branched ; running in various directions. 

Rancid — Having a rank, strong smell ; in a state of incipient putrefac- 
tion. 

Raphe — A seam or suture. 

Rash — An eruption of the skin. 

Receptacle — That which receives or contains something else. 

Rectum — The last intestine. The anal gut. 

Reflux — In medicine, the return of the blood from the head, or from 
towards the extremities to the heart. 

Refrigerants — Medicines or lotions to diminish heat. 

Regurgitate — To throw or pour back ; to swallow again. 

Relax — To abate ; to become more mild, or less rigorous. 

Remittent — Ceasing for a time, as a fever or a pain. 

Reproduction — The act or process of reproducing the young; I)rceding. 

Resolvent — A substance or medicine that will scatter inflammatory or 
other tumors, and prevent their sup])uratioii. 

Respiration — The act of breathing. 

Respiratori/ murmur — The murmur which, when tlie ear or stethoscope 
is applied to the chest, is heard in the lungs, and attending the act of 
bn^athing. 

Retention — A stopping or withholding, as retention of the urine. 

Retina — The expansion of the optic nerve in the back part of tlie eye, 
on which the image is produced, in the act of seeing, or vision. 

Repulsion — In physics, that power by which pai-ticlcs or bodies are made 
to recede from each other. 

Reunion — The union of parts separated by a wound or accident. 

Rickets — A certain diseased state of the bones in ciiildren. 

Rigidity — Stiffness : inflexibility. 



GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS. 1131 

liinghone — Exostosis, or fonnutioii of bony matter, on the coi'onel bone 
and j)astcru bone of a liorsc's foot. 

Roaring — A disease or constriction of tlic wind-pipe, [)rodueing a roar- 
ing noise in the expulsion of the breath. 

Rumination — The act or habit of chewing the cud. 

Rupture — The act of breaking or i)urstiiig, or the state resulting there- 
from. The common name for hernia. 

Saccharine — Containing, or having the qualities of, sugar. 

Sacral — Belonging to the on sacrum. 

Saline — Containing salt in solution ; tasting saltish. 

Saliva — The secretion of the salivary glands, which moistens th(! food 
in chewing, and also keeps the mouth and tongue moist. 

Salivation — An excessive secretion of saliva. White cloven- will some- 
times produce it in horses, or it may he produced liy certain medicines, 
especially calomel. 

Sanguine — Full of blood. Abounding with blood. 

Sanguinification — The process of producing blood from chyle. 

Sanitary — Relating to the preservation of health ; t(Miding to health. 

Sarcoma — A fleshy tumor. 

Saturate — To soak so full of licjuid or fumes that no more can \w held. 

Seal) — The incrustation on a sore. A verminous disease of sheep. 

Scaphoid — Shaped like a boat, as the navicular bone. 

Scapula — The shoulder-blade. 

Sclerotic — The thick, hard, white outer coat of the eye. 

Sciatica — A rheumatic or neuralgic affection of the hip. 

Sear — To burn with a hot iron ; actual cautery. 

Secretion — The separation of various substances from the blood. 

Sedatives — Soothing medicines ; remedies to depress nervous power, or 
lower circulation. 

Semen — The male generative product secreted in the testicles. 

Senile — Old, or belonging to old age. 

Sensorium — The seat of sensation. An organ which receives impressions. 

Sensitive — Having feeling. Sensitive lamellae : lamellaj of the cofiin-bone. 

Septic — Causing or hastening putrefaction. Antiseptic : arresting putre- 
faction. 

Serum — The yellowish, watery portion of the blood remaining aft(^r 
coagulation . 

Seton — An artiticial passage made under the skin, by moans of a seton 
needle, and kept open with tape, silk or the like, which is thereby 
drawn in, and is moved backward and forward daily, to keep up irri- 
tation, with a view to reducing inflammation elscwliere. 

Shank — The bone of the leg from tli(i knee to the ankle. 



[l;i-2 THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 

Sialogogue — A medicine to promote the flow of .saliva. 
Sinus — An orifice or canal containing pus or matter. 
Skin — The covering of the body, and the organ of touch. It is com- 
posed of the scarf skin (^cuticle), the middle (^refa mucosum), and the 
inner or true skin (^derma). 
Slink — To abort; to produce young before the natural time. 
Slough (pronounced sluff). — To fall away, separate from, as in disease, 

or in mortified parts. 
Socket — The depression or process in which one organ works on anotiier. 
Soporific — A medicine to induce sleep. 

Spaum — A sudden involuntary contraction of the muscles ; a convulsion. 
Spasmodic — Characterized by spasms, as cramping, fits, etc. ; recurring 

at intervals, as colic pains, etc. 
Spavin — A swelling in or near some of the joints of a horse's leg. It 
is of two kinds. Bone spavin is a bony growth (^exostosis) in the 
region of the hock. Bog spavin, incorrectly called blood spavin, is 
situated between the tibia and astragulus. 
Spinal — Relating to the spine, or back-bone. 
Splint — \n excrescence in the shank-bone of a horse. Sijlint-lione : one 

of the bones of a horse's leg. 
Spleen — A livid colored organ, the olfice of which is not yet well known. 
Spontaneous — Occurring without any apparent cause from without. 
Sporadic — Separated, scattered ; occurring here and there, as sporadic 

cases of disease. 
Sterile — Barren. Not capable of producing young. 
Sternum — The breast-bone, situated in the fore part of the thorax. 
Stimulants — iNIcdicines to temporarily excite the nervous or circulatory 

systems. 
StomacJtics — Agents to promote digestion. 

Strangles — An eruptive fever attended with inflammation and suppura- 
tion of the tissue of the upper part of the throat ; called in the United 
States, distemper. 
Strangulated — Choked ; having the circulation stoi)pod in any part. 
Strangury — Stopping of a passage. 
Stricture — Stoppage or obstruction of a passage of tlu^ l)ody, by morbid 

or spasmodic action. 
Stupor — A dull, sleepy, stupid condition. Loss of sensation. 
Styptic — A powerful astringent for restrainmg or stopping bleeding. 
Sudorific — That which will cause perspiration or sweating. 
Suppuration — The process of forming i)us or matter ; the result of in- 
flammation in an abscess or wound. 



ULOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS. 1133 

82iture — A stitch or fastening on joining together. The scam or joint 
which unites the bones of the skull. 

Symmetry — As applied to animals, signifies that they are well propor- 
tioned, handsomely and stoutly formed. 

Sympathy — The connection existing between two or more oigans, by 
which the diseased condition or abnormal action of one is transmitted, 
secondarily, to the others. 

Symptom — Any circumstance observed to occur constantly in tiie same 
form of disease, and serving to point out its true nature and seats ; 
any change occurring in the progress of a disease, indicative of its 
course and probable determination. 

Synovia — A fluid resembling the white of an egg, secreted at the joints 
and articulations, which it lubricates and keeps in healthful condition. 
Joint-oil, so called. 

TcBiiia — Literally, fillet or band. The scientific name of the tape-worm. 

Tarsus — The cartilage towards the edge of each eyelid, giving it shape 
and firmness. That part of the human foot with which the leg joins, 
and whose front is called the instep. The hock-joint of the horse. 

Tendon — The dense, fibrous structure in which a muscle ends, and by 
which it is joined to a bone. 

Tent — A pledget or plug introduced into a wound. 

Tenuity — The property of lieing thin, as rarefied air. 

Testicle — The male gland containing the seminal fluid. 

Tetanus — A disease in which the muscles of voluntary motion are spas- 
modically but persistently contracted, causing rigidity of the parts 
affected. When in the face it is called lock-jaw or trisnuis. 

Tlierapeutics — That part of medicme which relates to the discovery and 
application of I'cmedies for diseases. The use of diet and medicines. 

TJiorax — The chest, or that part of the body between the neck and 
abdomen. 

TJiorough-pin — A bursal enlargement of the upper and back part of the 
hock of a horse. 

Thrush — Ulceration of the cleft of the frog, and extending over the 
whole of it, with a discharge of fetid matter. 

Tibia — The large bone of the hind leg of the horse, etc. 

Tonics — Agents which gradually and permanently improve the system. 

Tonsil — An oblong gland situated on each side of the fauces, terminated 
by the larynx and pharynx, at the rear of the mouth and having ex- 
cretory ducts opening into the mouth. 

Torsion — The act of turning or twisting, as in drawing a tooth with the 
turnkey. 

Trachea — The wiuilpipe . 



1134 Tiiio a,mki;i(;an kakmku s stock hook. 

Tractile — Thiit whii-li may ho drawn out. 

Tranrfusion — The introducing of l)lood from one living being into 

another. 
Tread — Tramjjing u[)on, as the tread of one hoof upon the other. The 

part of tlie lioof resting on tlie ground. 
Tric/ii7ia spiralis — A minute cntozocin (parasitic mile), which burrows 

in the nmscles, and which, before becoming encysted, sometimes causes 

the death of the animal. They are principally generated in swine, 

fowls, rats and other omnivorous feeders. 
Tuber — A rounded projection, especially of a hone. 
Tubercle — A small tumor, as tubercles in the lungs. 
Tumor — A swelling or enlargement, generally apiilied to those which are 

l)ernianent. 
Ti/mpanum — The drum of the ear. 
Ulcer — A running sore. 

Ulna — Tlio lai'ger of the two bones of the arm. 
Ulterior — Remoter ; yet to come ; last or final. 
Utnbilicus — The navel. 

Uiifjulata — Animals having the toes (liigits) enclosed in hoofs. 
Unciform — Curved or crooked, as a chim or the finger nail. 
Ureter — One of the two canals or ducts which convey tlu^ urhic from the 

kidneys to the bladder. 
Urea — The principal characteristic- constituent of urine. It is white, 

transparent and crystallizal>]e. 
Unnary — Pertaining to the m-ine. 
Urine — The saline secretion of the kidneys. 
Uterus — The womb. 

Vagina — The canal, in female animals, from tiio vulva to the uterus. 
Varicose veins — Veins, most commonly in the legs, which are i)ermanently 

dilated, knotted and irregular. 
Vascular — Pertaining to tiie vessels of animal and vegetable bodies, us 

the vascular functions. The arteries, veins, lacteals, and the like, 

compose the vascular system. Animal flesh is vascular. 
Venesection — Letting blood by oijening a vein. 
Venous — Pertaining to the veins, or contained in the vein. 
Ventral — Pertaining to ihe al)domen or belly. 

Ventricose — A swelled appearance, making the objed look bellied. 
Vermicular — Worm-like in shape or appearance. 
Vermifuge — .V medicine or agent to kill or exj).'l worms. 
Vertebra — A division oi- sej)arale bone of Ihe spir.ul column. 
Vertex — The top of the head 



GLOSSAIIV or SCIENTIFIC TEKMS. 1135 

Vertigo — Dizziness. An indication of plethora, or, frequently, a symptom 
of some disease. 

Vesicle — A small blister. Any membranous cavity. 

Veterinarian — One skilled in (and, usually, legally qualified for) the 
treatment of the diseases of the horse, cattle and other domestic 
animals. 

Veterinary — Pertaining to the diseases of domestic animals, and treat- 
meat of the same ; connected with the duties or art of the veterinarian. 

Villi — ^Fine, small fibres. Villous : abounding with minute filires, as the 
inner mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, called the vil- 
lous coat, from its abounding with villi or minute hairs. 

Virulent — Dangerous or malignant; as, a virulent type of a disease. 

Virus — ;Contagious or infectious matter. 

Viscera. — The organs contained in any cavity of the body, particularly 
of the head, thorax and abdomen. 

Viscid — Sticky or tenacious, with a glutinous consistency. 

Vision — The act or faculty of seeing ; that which is seen. 

Vital — Having or containing life. Necessary to life. 

Vivify — To bring to a vital state. 

Vivisection — The dissection of, or cutting into, living animals. 

Volatile — Giving off vapor, or Hying off in vapor. 

Vulnerary — Plants, lotions, ointments, drugs or other substances useful 
in the healing of wounds. 

Vulva — The outer opening in female animals, of the generative parts. 

Wane — To decrease, as in a fever. 

Warbles — Small, hard tumors on the back of a horse, from irritation of 
the saddle. Tumors occasioned by the depositing of the eggs of the 
gadfly in the backs of horses and cattle. 

Warts — Spong}'^ excrescences on various parts of the body. 

Wen — A distinctly defined tumor under the skin, seldom hurtful. Au 
encysted tumor. 

Whinny — To utter the call of the horse. To neigh. 

Windgalls — A distension of the synovial memliranes of a horse's fetlock 
joints. 

Withers — The bony crest of the shoulders, in a horse. 

Womb — The uterus, or bag in which the young are carried before birth. 

Wound — A breach of the skin or flesh. Surgeiy classifies wounds as 
contused, incised, punctured or poisoned. 

Wry nech — An involuntary fixed position of the head towards one of the 
shoulders. 

Xiphoid — Sword-like. A small cartilage at the bottom of the breast^bone. 

Yeasty — Frothy, foamy, spumy ; as, yeasty pus or matter. 



1136 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. 

Zeine — The gluten of maize. 

Zoology — Tliat part of natural history which treats of the structure, 
habits, classitication and hahitation.s of animals. 

Zoon — An animal ; having animal life. 

Zootomy — Dissection of the lower animal. 

Zijcjoma — The cheek-bone. 

Zygomatic — Pertaining to the cheek-bone, or to the bony arch under 
which the temporal muscle passes. 

Zymotic — Caused by, or pertaining to, fermentation ; as, a /.ymotic dis- 
ease, being one in which some morbific principle acts on the s>'stem 
like a ferment. 



INDEX 



Page. 

Abdomen, tapping See TappiiKj. 

Abortion of mares 1")5. 417 

'• •• cows 7.")2 

Abdallah (staUion) 130 

Absorbing ointments, etc See Recipes. 

Abuse of horses 200. 336 

Accidents See Diseases. 

common, of cattle 772 

Action, importance of good 70 

in trotting 139 

" faults in 226 

Age of horse, to tell, from teeth. - . .!I3. 97 

•• mule do. do 105 

•' cattle do. do 513 

Abscess, opening an 458 

" ia scrotum, after castration.. . 412 

Abscesses in dogs 1080 

>• in horses 391 

'• in strangles or distemper 397 

See Tumors, Ulcers, FisMa, Quin-m, etc. 

Acari, nasal and bronchial 432 

See Mange. 

Aconite poisoning 465 

Acorns, as a poison 469 

" for hogs 822 

After-birth, retention of. by cow 751 

After-pains, jDrolouged, of cow 751 

.\fricau Geese 985 

Albuminuria in horses 403 

" ill cattle 738 

.\lderney cattle 558 

Alfalfa, for cattle 630 

Aloes poisoning 406 



Altera 



237 



See Recipes. 

Altering See Castrationg. 

Amaurosis, iu the liorse 425 

Amble, as a gait 178 

American versus English handling of 

colts 35. 166, 167 

American vs. Englisli th<ivi>Ui;lit>reds. 128 
" " '• sheep raisiiif;-, 859, 875 

" fondness fur trotting races. . 134 

Shortliorns See Shorthorns. 

Herefords 580, 581 

Galloways 600 

•' Ayrshires - 606 

Holsteins 619 

native hog 791 

error in breeding swine 803 

•' Ijreeds of swine 805 

•' merinos 8.53, 874 

slieep husbandly 895 

breeds of fowls 937 

-Animonia poisoning 466 



Page. 

Anaemia in cattle 706 

Anatomy of the horse 41 

importance of knowing.. .41, 07 
of man and horse compared. 45 

oftheox 508 

of ox and horse compared 508, 510 

of hog 841 

of sheep 848 

of lien 923 

Ana3sthetics .237, 451 

Aneurism, in horses 385 

Angus cattle 600 

Ankles, cocked, in horses 293 

" to protect from interfering. . . 314 

Anodynes 237 

See Recipes. 

Antacids 237 

Anthrax 701 

in swine 831, 832 

.Vntiiehninties 237 

.Vutidotes, poisons and. 465, 1090 

Antiperiodies 237 

Antiseptics 237 

Antispasmodics 237 

Aperients 237 

Aphtha, simple, of colts, etc 4.50 

epizootic, of cattle 699 

Apoplexy in horses 377 

in cattle 701 

" splenic, or anthrax 701 

l)arturient. in cows 7,56 

to dis- 

tiiiguisli 7,55 

in swine S36 

in sheep 897 

■■ in poultry 909 

Apothecaries' weight 479 

Ai)i)aratus, veterinary 472 

Arabian horse ] 28 

blood in fast ti'orters 134 

Ai-abs, as breeders, etc., of horse.. 34, 128 

Aromatics 237 

Arsenic poisoning 405 

Ascarides, or pin worms See Worms. 

Artesian wells for herding 643 

Ascites in foetus 750 

Ass, the 157 

" wild 157 

'• Poitou 159 

" breeding in America 101 

Astringents 237 

See Recipes. 

Atrophy of muscles 316 

of horse's heart 3S( 

do. liver ' 1 



1137 



113S 



THE AJIERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. 



Page. 

Atavism See Breeding hack. 

Atu ooil iiicriiios 874 

Avl.'sl)ni-v .lucks 98!) 

A\ rshiiv .Mtl k' 603 

iiiiliortatioiis 606 

poiuts 60S. (il2 

conipareil witli Dutch cattle 

for (lain- 618, 622 

A/.otuiia ■. 403 

Ba^ See Udder anil Scrotum. 

Back, bioken. in horses 320 

sprain of, in horses 321 

Balking, vice of 223 

Baili^cr hound, German 1026 

Bail' Slight in horsi-s See Eiic 

•• liaOits in stable 437 

Bake of the many-plies 727 

Bakewell and his ten rules 527 

Balkinj; 223, 227. 440 

Ball of medicine, 239, 47S 

" giving 23'.), 302 

Balling-iron 725 

Balls See lin-ipps. 

Bandages 452, 778 

•' starch ■■ 287 

Bantam fowls 947 

game 946 

Barbet dog 1066 

Barns 6(j;), 673 

•■ pietnresfrom real lite 205, 664 

'• oblong 669 

'■ with wings 670 

•• basement of 671 

" model 071 

•• ronnd and octagonal 672 

•• hog 822 

•• sheep 883 

SiH^ Stahles. 

Barnvard, amenities of 650 

fowls 924 

Barrenness See ,Stcrility. 

Basement of model barn 671 

Bates. Thos., celebrated breeder... .53!), 544 

Batavian cattle 613 

Beagle, the 1027 

Beef, value of different breeds for 517 

•• breeding for .530, .531 

" points in producing 532 

" from tlie old Teeswaters 540 

" cattle, the "touch"' for 552 

'■ points illustrated 554 

" steers vs. bulls for 590 

" fat, with best combination 005 

" when to sell for 641 

See Fatteninij, Forciny, Hhorthorns, etc. 

Bee-hives 1101 

Bee-keeping, poetry connected witli..l094 

on the farm 1102, 1108 

" implements useful in 1105 

Bee moth 1107 

Bees, varieties and peculiarities 1093 

" tlie three genders 1094 

'• Black or German 1095 

" Italian or Ligurian 1095 

'• Egyptian 1095 

Cvprian 1095 

•• Albinos 1095 



Paoe. 

Bees' wax 1098 

plants, etc., that furnish food for 1099 

'• care and management 1101 

" swarming, 1102, 1105 

•• how many to keep 1102, 1108 

'• how to work about 1 103 

■• wintering 1101,1108 

•• artificial feeding 110(i 

•• enemies of 1107 

" foul brood in 1107 

'• range Jind pasturage 1108 

Belladonna poisoning 466 

Bellfounder, celebrated stallion 135, 143 

Belly, tapping the See Tapping. 

Bellyache See Colicand JJuven. 

Berkshire hog 798, 811 

Bighead, or osteo sarcoma 318 

Birds, anthrax in 703 

Bishoping liorses' teeth 9S, 224 

Bistouries 472 

Bitch, gestation 1011 

IJarturitioa and care 1087 

Biting, vice of, in horses 227 

Black leg, or anthrax 701 

•' quarter, do 701 

tongue, do 701 

Hamburg fowls 933 

•• Dorking •• 926 

•■ duck. ( 'avuga 991 

•• East India duck---- 993 

and tan terrier lOiiO 

Black-faced Highland or Scolcli sheep. 869 

Bladder, horse's, inllammation of 404 

paralysis 405 

" eversion 405 

spasm of neck 405 

mare's, lupture 405 

horse's, stone in 409 

'• •• cutting for.... 456 

" inflammation, in cattle 739 

'• gravel, in cattle 740 

•• stone, do 740 

tapping, of ox or bull 778 

woi-m See Warm 

Blankets, etc., for the horse 196 

Bleeding, dangerous kinds of 378 

horses 452 

■' cattle 779 

geese 980 

" of wounds, to stop 308 

See Fleam. 

Blemishes, in the horse 228 

Blenheim spaniel 1006 

Blindness in the horse 224 

See Eye. 

Blisters See Hccipes. 

Blistering horses 453 

Blood, buying horses for, 218 

adapting the strain of 221 

spavin 2i 3 

ossitic diathesis in 276 

cancerous diathesis in 335 

" diseases in liorses 387 

" " '• contagious.. 394 

" '• contagious, of cattle 693 

" '' non-contagious, of cattle. 706 

See Breeding. 



1139 



Pagk. 

Blood-hound 1024 

Blood-vessel, rupture 3S5 

Blood-stick 4m 

Bloody uriue, hi horses 407 

•■ '• " cattle 739 

murrain, or anthrax 701 

Blue disease, in foals 385 

Boar, care, service, etc S13, 819 

See Swine, etc. 

Bog spavin 271 

Boil plague, Siberian (anthrax) 702 

Bolting, vice of, in horses 227 

Bolton Grey fowls 920 

Bone spavin See Spavin. 

Bones, broken See Fracture. 

" diseases of 317 

Broken knees, in horses 227, 228, 290 

320 

332 

281 

323 

227, 348 

354 



back, 


do 


ribs. 


do 


down. 


do 


tail. 


do 


wind. 


do 


teeth. 


do 



bones See Friictiiren. 

Bronchitis, in horses , . 343 

in cattle 718 

verminous 766 

in poultry 1000 

Bronchocele. in horses 325 

Broncho-pneumonia, in horse 346 

Boots, for interfeiMug horses 314 

Border Leicester sheep 861 

Bottle, drenching See Drenching. 

Bots 432 

Bowels See Intestines. 

•' inflammation of, in cattle. ..732, 733 

•' " dogs 1078 

Brace for broken knees 291 

Brahma fowls 951 

'■ dark.... 9.51 

•• light 9.52 

Brain, inflammation of. in liorsc 375 

do. in cattle 761 

do. in sheep 898 

" congestion of, in swine 836 

hydatids on, in sheep 897 

'■ diseases of, in dogs 1077 

Brazilian or Muscovy Auck 997 

Breaking versus training 35, 166, 162 

■' mules 165 

halter, vice of 189, 223, 439 

oxen 650, 656 

See Training. 

Breathing See Respiration. 

Breda fowls 930 

Breeding, artificial 37 

general principles 38 

•■ heredity in 39, 521 

of trotters 133 

" colts, principles 144 

back, or atavism... 148, 519, 523 

variation in 148, 520 

to color and form 149 

size of sire and dam in 150 

in-and-in 38, 150, 520, 535 

cross 150, 510, 521, 523 

in line 150, 520, 535 



Pact;. 

Breeding the mule 158, 163 

from practical stand- 
point 532, 576 

of cattle 516, 527 

laws governing 522 

for specific purposes.. . .,528, 533 

terms defined 533 

•• for beef 530 

" milk .531, 5.59 

'• labor 531 

'• beef and milk 531 

barren heifers 760 

of swine 812 

do. errors in.. .803, 811, 819 

•• of sheep 878 

importance of records 879 

of fowls, changes resulting. 914 
and management of fowls... 9.59 

Breeds of horses See Horse. 

do. purity of 34 

•• do. Asiatic 36 

do. European 36 

of cittle See Cattle. 

do. purity of 519 

'• do. value of different 519 

•• do. symmetry important. 569 

'• of swine 795 

" of sheep 858 

'• do. flocking various 852 

" of chickens 924, 941, 951 

do. for market 970 

do. do. eggs 970 

of dogs 1018, 102!), 1046. 1060 

" of bees 1095 

Bremen geese 980 

Bridle, pulling at 223 

Bronzetl tiu-keys 976 

Broxy, or anthrax 701 

Bruises, stone, in horse's foot 261 

Bryony poisoning 466 

Buck 8ee liam. 

Buff Cochin fowls 956 

Bull, for average farmer 532 

'• Shorthorn, scale of points 554 

•• .Jersey do. do 573 

■■ hamiiering vicious 649 

■■ training i;.')4, 657 

'• gonorrlKca of 758 

•• for barren heifers 760 

•• castrating 777 

■■ tapping bladder 778 

See Breeding, Coin, etc. 

Bull-dogs .' 1048 

•• terriers 1050 

BuUers 757, 760 

Butter and butter making 678 

" making in Europe C79 

" " at the West 679 

" coloring, salting and packing. . 680 

Buying a horse 91, 209, 213, 463 

a bull .532 

'■ a milch cow 563 

Cjesarian operation 751 , 779 

Calves, care and feeding 623, 627, 628 

•' castrating 625, 777 

" profit in feeding 029 



1140 



THE AJfERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 



Pagk. 

Calves, tniiuiiig 656 

st'ours 729 

luTiiia 734 

" hoose or husk 766 

Calving 742 

Calculi ill horse's bowels 373 

'■ bladder, kidneys, etc;. 409 

biliary (^gallstones) 420 

" cutting to remove 456 

in bladder of cattle 740 

Calks, in horse's foot 259 

Call (lucks 993 

Calomel poisoning 460 

Canada goose 985 

Canadian pony 117 

trotters 136 

*' Shorthorns 54s 

Herefords 5S1 

Cancer, or melanosis, in horses 335 

'• of the bone in cattle 711 

'• bleeding of " '• 771 

Cancerous tumor in horse's eye 428 

'• •' ■■ eye of cattle 771 

" ulcers in cattle 711 

Canker of sole, in horses 25S 

Cannula 330, 724, 776 

Canter, the 177 

Cantharides poisoning 467 

Capped elbows 282 

•• hocks 228, 282 

Capulet 282 

CarbuiuMilar erysipelas, or anthrax 703 

( 'arhuiR-lc. or f uninculns 300 

Caries, or ulcerated bone 317 

Carminatives 237 

Carolina ducks 995 

Carriage floor in stables 188 

Cashmere goats 891 

Casting, directions for 454 

Sec Ildbhhs. 

Castrating horses 455 

•• for hernia 333 

'• •• troublesfrom 412 

" calves 625, 777 

bulls 777 

•' pigs 816 

" lambs 885 

dogs 1088 

Cataract, in horses 227, 427 

spurious, in horses 225 

Catarrh in horses 339 

" cattle 715 

malignant, in cattle 713 

to tell do. from rinderpest 690 

malignantepizootic in swine.. 828 

or snuffles, in swine 830 

" iii.alignant epizootic, insheep. 890 

in poultry 1000 

'• dogs 1079 

Cathartics 237 

Cathether 472 

Cattle and horses, their pathology 

compared 375, 689 

" wild and semi- wild 491, 492 

■• of England .503 

ancient mention of 491.510 

•• Texas 492 



PARt. 

Cattle. Devon 495, 586 

" Hereford 496, 578 

" Durham or Short-horn 498, 538 

" Irish 500 

•' Scotch 500 

•' Gallowav 501, 597 

" Swiss 502 

" Dutch .502, 013 

" Holstein 502, 618 

" Jersey 558 

,' Alderney 5,58 

" Guernsey 558 

" Sussex 593 

" Glamorgan 595 

" Polled 597 

" Angus 600 

" dairy 003, 013 

" Ayrshire 003 

" Friesiaii 013 

" Bataviun 013 

" Danish 014 

•■ fossil 503 

'• early history of British 504 

" anatomy .508 

head aiid teeth 511, 513 

" to tell age 513 

" breeds, improveinrut of 516 

'• breeding 516, 527 

" of the t'ampajiuns 516 

" iurtuence of slicllcr and feed 521 

" principal types of !)25 

" roots for 530 

" I'aising and feeding 623,034 

" pasturage of 634 

" salting 038 

" grazing and herding 042 

" humanity and care 646 

" training and working 053 

" 8turm's classification of 015 

" shelter for 603 

'• ties 008 

•• stables 668 

barns 669 

'• diseases and treatment, general 

principles 689 

" plague 696 

" common accidents of 672 

'* operations on 776 

" recipes recapitulated 780 

See Coio, Daini, Diaeases, Milk; Ox; etc. 

Cautery, actual . ." 270, 280, 456, 472 

for bite of dog, etc lOSO 

Cayuga black duck 991 

Centipedes, stings of 471 

Cerebro-spinal Illeningiti^ - . 377, 672 

Ceroma, hepatic, iu hoises 419 

Certificate of soundness 463 

Charms for warts inefl'ectiud 334 

Chase, dogs of the lOIS 

Chaining up dogs condcnineil 1009 

Charbon, or aiithrax 701 

Cheddar cheese 681 

Cheese making 675 

" factorv, model 676 

" Cheddar 6>!1 

•• Cheshire 683 

Chesapeake Hay retriever 1041 



1141 



Page. 

Cheshire cheese 683 

hog 809 

Chest founder 251 

waterin HeeHydrotkorar. 

Chester white hogs 805 

county" 811,824 

Chicl^ens, barn yard breeds 924 

game". 941 

" frizzled 948 

■' ruuipless 948 

sillvy 949 

" Asiatic breeds 951 

" breeds for market 970 

" •• •• eggs 970 

Se.ePunJtrii. 

Chillingham (m\a) cattle 4112,503 

Cliiua liogs 795 

'• Poland 807 

Chinesa geese, AVhite 982 

Gray 984 

Chittagong fowls 951 

Chloral hydrate .See Anmsthetics. 

'■ poisoning 467 

Chloroform See Anmsthetics. 

poisoning 467 

Choking, in horses 358 

'• cattle 772 

Cholagogiies 237 

Cholera, hog 827, 829, 830. 840 

Chordes, in horses 332 

Chorea, in dogs 1088 

Cirrhosis, hepatic, in horses 420 

Clacking, or forging, in trotting 315 

Cleveland Bay horse 114 

Clinical thermometer G92 

Close breeding See Breeding. 

Clot in horse's heart 384 

Clovers for cattle 635 

'• swine 821 

'• " bees 1099 

Clumber spaniel 1043 

Clydesdale horses 102 

'• " half-bred 220 

Coach horses 113 

Coarse wools See Wool. 

Cob. or light horse of all work 101 

Cochin fowls 9.53. 955 

•' white 956 

" " buff 956 

" •' partridge 956 

Cock See Chickens, Hen, etc. 

" fighting 941 

Cocker spaniels 1045 

Cocked ankles 293 

Cold, or catarrh, in horses 339 

'■ " " "cattle 715 

" " " "swine 836 

" ." " " dogs 1079 

Colic, spasmodic, in horses 362 

" flatulent 364 

" how distinguished 370 

Collie, Scotch 1055, 10.58 

Coloring butter 680 

Colts, care of young 156 

" gentling and training 168 

" putting to work 171, 172 

" to subdue wild 172 



Page. 

Colts, to subdue vicious 173 

sore mouth in 355 

" castrating 455 

Comb, honey See Honeij. 

Conuuon sense in treatment of stock. . 198 

Condition powders, etc., cautions 192 

Conestoga horse 108 

Congestion of lungs, in horses 349 

'• kidneys, in horses 403 

plethoric do 403 

'• of liver do 418 

tendency to, in swine 835 

'• of brain do. 836 

Conjuncti\'itis, in horses 424 

in cattle 770 

Constipation, in horses 367 

" cattle 729 

" dogs 1078 

Consumption, in cattle 709 

■'chickens 1002 

Contagious blood diseases of horse 394 

diseases of cattle 693 

■• swine 827, 841 

Contraction of foot, in horses 228, 255 

Convulsions See Fits and Epile.psy. 

Cooling lotions See Recipes. 

Coops for poultry 968 

Copper sulphate poisoning 467 

Cord, scirrhus, after bad castration .. . 412 
" projecting '• '• " ... 412 

" tumors on " " " ...412 

Corn, \\ hen and how to feed 627, 631 

'• as food, unfounded fears 632 

'• economical raising of 640 

" for breeding swine 819 

Corns, in horses 226, 230 

Corrosive sublimate poisoning 468 

Costiveness See Constipation. 

Cotswold sheep 861 

'• standard for 856 

Cough, chronic, in horses 227, 352 

as symptom See Res- 
piratory Organs {diseases of). 

Cow, good, described in verse 508 

period of gestation 536 

" Shorthorn, scale of points 556 

'• Jersey. " '• " 571 

" Hereford, particularly described 583 
'■ I)evon, •• " '• 590 

•• milch, training 6475 6.58 

•• to break of kicking 647, 659 

'■ to prevent from sucking 648 

" to prevent from hooking 648 

'• driving 649. 753 

" as worker on farm 655 

'• milking 658 

when to feed milch 659 

pox 705 

" diseases, etc., peculiar to 742 

" cahing 742 

•• spaying 778 

See Milking qualities, etc. 

Cracked heel, or scratches 303 

Cracks in hoof 226. 244 

Cramps, iu horses 296 

" or chordes 332 

Cream, raising the See Butter. 



1142 



THE AMERICAN- FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 



Page. 

Creameries, model tj'ti 

patent t>"S 

'• mauageinent of G7S 

Cribbinj; •*•'<" 

Ciib-bitiii!r --•'• --'■ 

Cl■ee|)^;, l:iliil> f*»<t' 

Creole iow U !':2'i 

Crested <lueks i11»:> 

Creve Cienr fowls !•-!• 

Crop-boniitl HlOO 

Cross-breeJing, term iletiiied 534 

See Bret'tUiKj. 

Croton oil poisoning 4G7 

Croup, or bronehitis, of poultry 1000 

Cur dogs -lOlG 

Curb, in liorses 223, 22S, 274 

Curb-bit, necessary iu training 17S 

injuries from S.")!! 

Cutting, iu liorses 22H 

Cyanosis, or "blue disease" liS.^i 

Cvstitis, in horses 404 

iu cattle 73!i 



Paehshund. the 

Dairy i-attle 

breeds for 

stock, feeding 
buildings 



603,613 

622 

630 

67.') 



Dairying verv protltable 075 

Danish cattle 614 

Decrlumnd 1020 

Defects in the lun-se 223 

Delivery See Parturition . 

Denuilcents 237 

Deodorizing not disinfecting 833 

Development, in breeding 148 

Devon cattle 495, 586 

and Ilerefords compared.. 579, 683 

points of 588 

parallel thoroughbred horees... 591 

for labor 587, 588, 592 

for beef 592 

to distinguish from Sussex 593 

Devonshire mode of butter making.. . 679 

Diabetes insipidus, in horses 406 

Diaphi.n'tics 237 

niapliiagin. riipliue of 367 

Diarrluea of horses 368 

•• cattle 720 

•• calves 720 

•• pigs 840 

•• pouUrv 1000 

•• dogs ." 1078 

Digestive organs, diseases of, inhoi-ses 354 

ill cattle 723 

Dipping sheep 888, 901 

Discutients 237 

Disease, heredity 147 

" in the liorse, general hints 231, 236 
outward signs.... 232 

prompt ti-eatment of 235, 449 

detection 449 

•' in cattle, symptoms 689 

do. general hints 689 

prevention very important 691 , 827 

Diseases, multiplied in domesticity ... 37 

of horse's feet .240, 253 



Page. 

Diseases of horse's legs 26S. 282, 298 

'■ '• " bones 317 

•' body 317 

•' " respiratory organs. 338 
'• " mouth, stomach 

and bowels 352 

" •• biaiii and nervous 

system 375 

'' •• heart and veins... 383 

" •■ blood 387 

'• •' " contagions. .. 394 

urinary organs 401 

" peculiar lo stallions 411 

•• mares 411 

of horse's liver 418 

•• eye 422 

parasitic, of horses 430 

of cattle, contagious 693 

blood, non-conta- 
gious 706 

respiratory organs 715 
digestive organs... 723 
urinary organs.... 736 

genitive organs 743 

liervous system 761 

skin ■ ■ ■■ 764 

parasitic 766 

eye 770 

•• swine, malignant 827 

" contagious 827.841 

other diseases 835 

of slieep 895, iHK) 

•• geese 980 

•• poultrv 099 

•• dogs .". 703, 1074, 1081 

See Operations, etc. 

Dishing in trotting 278 

Disinfectants '237, 834 

lotions, etc., as. . .See Si-cipes. 

Disinfection, general directions 833 

Dislocation of stitle 296, '298 

of joints, iu horses 307 

•• i)atella, in cattle 774 

Distemper of horses See Strangles. 

•■ slieep 896 

•• dogs 1074 

Diuretics 237 

excessive use. See Urinary Onjans. 
See Secipes. 

Docking and nicking 458 

lambs 885 

Dogs, history, cliaracteristics, etc 1007 

•^ wild : 1009 

•• varieties 1013, 1060 

•• of the chase 1018 

sporting or field 102!) 

•' watch.. UU6 

shepherd « 1055 

drover's 1058 

•■ pet and toy 1060 

•' management and training 1069 

•' diseases 703'. 1074, 1081 

" anecdotes illustrating their sa- 
gacity. .1031, l(m,l051, 10.->4, 10.56 

'• versus sheep 8,")3, 878 

•' sheep torn bv 906 

" dose for ". 1090 



1143 



Page. 

Doiniiiiqiie fowls 938 

Dorkings, VVhitt; i)24 

•' Silver-gray 924 

Gray "■ 924 

Fawn-colored 92n 

Black !)2(; 

Dorset hog, Black 802 

" sheep 872 

Doses See Medicines. 

Draft, training foi- 170 

Drainage of stahles 441 

Drawing-knife 47S 

Ureiiching, directions for 239, 448, 478 

bottle 473 

Drenches See Jiecipes. 

Drenching, in horses 315 

Dressing fowls 970 

I)ril)l)liiig of the urine See Enuresis. 

Diiviiig horses, light 113 

cows G49, 753 

•• oxen (ilil 

Drones 1094. H)9() 

Dropsy, in horses 331 

" of stallioirs scrotnin 411 

" head Sao Hj/drocephalus. 

" fa'tal See Ascites. 

Droughts, providing against G34 

Drover's dog, the 1058 

Droves See Herdiiuj, Texas Cattle, etc. 

Drugs, compounding. . .See Medicines, etc. 

Duck-winged game fowls 944 

Ducks, domestication, etc 915 

varieties, etc 987 

on the farm 987 

raising, feeding, etc 988 

'■ call 993 

" wild 987,995 

Durham cattle 498 

ox, the famous 539 

See Shorthiirns. 

Duroc hogs 810, 811 

Dustlialls in horse's bowels 373 

1 )iist l)atlis for chickens 9GS, 1004 

Diiiih cattle 502, G13 

true tyi)e of Lowland cattle GIO 

" described GIG 

'■ as milkers (il7. 618,622 

'• importations G19 

•• breeding ill Holland G21 

method of l)iittcr making 679 

Dutch -Friesian cattle G18 

See Dutch cattle. 

Dysentery of horses 3G9 

" cattle 731 

" dogs 1078 

Dyspepsia, in horses 361 

" cattle 728 

Dysuria, in horses 407 

" cattle 737 

Earl Derby game fowls 941 

East Indhm ducks, Black 993 

Ecbolics "237 

Eclipse, celebrated race horse 212 

Economy of care of stock 198, 521 , 046 

Ectropium 428 771 

Eczema, or scabby skin 337, 764 

" chronic 764 



Page. 

Eczema, contagious, of catt«c G99 

Eggs, breeds for 970 

•• soft shelled 1003 

'• of (lueeu bee 1096 

Egyptian goose 986 

Elephantiasis 301 

Elephant leg 302 

Embden geese 980 

Emetics 237 

Emphysema of the lungs in cattle. . . . 721 

Enemas 479 

See tiijrinye. 

English horse, history of 121 

disuse of trotting 141 

Ilercfoids .583 

breeds of sheep 872, 876 

•■ fowls 924 

turkeys 979 

greyhound 1018 

blooilhoiind 1024 

system of training field dogs. 1036 

retriever 1039 

spaniel 1043 

bull-dog 1048 

bull-terrier 10.51 

See American. 

Enteritis, in horses 370 

•' cattle 732 

Entropium 428, 771 

Enuresis, in horses 407 

'• '• cattle 738 

Epidemic. .See Contagious, Malignant, etc. 

Epilepsy in cattle 761 

" or fits of dogs 1077 

Epizootic of 1872, the great 387 

aphtha of cattle 699 

Eplzooty in horses 387 

Ergot of rye 468 

Erysipelas, in horses 392 

" cattle 764 

" carbuncular, or anthrax.. 703 

or pneumo-enteritls, In 

swine 831 

Escutcheon, milk mirror. 562, 667, 573, 608 

Essex hog 801,811 

Ethan Allen, celebrated horse 133 

Ether, sulphuric See Ancesthetics. 

E version of bladder, in horse 405 

•' " eyelids, 428, 771 

Ewe, care and breeding 878 

" care at lambing 886, 906 

See Sheep. 
Exostosis, See Ossification, Bone spavin, etc. 

of jaw 319 

Expectorants 237 

Expression of features as symptom 692 

Eye diseases of horses 422 

•' objects in 424, 771 

" glass, in horses 225, 425 

'• sight, bad, worse than blindness.. 427 

" lids, torn 428 771 

•• •■ inflamed 428,770 

■• inversion of 428, 771 

'■ •• eversion of 428,771 

•' diseases of cattle 770 

•' extirpation of 456 



1144 



THE AMERICAX FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 



Eyes, weak, in horses. . 
" iiiuon •• " 
'• blind '• " .. 
•• white spot in eye. 
'• test for bail 



shmle for inflamed 

inllamuiation of. In sheep. 



Page. 

224 

224 

224 

225 

423,42.1, 427 
426 



Farey 227, im 

Fardle-bonnd 720! 

Fiirnier as a veterinarian 448, 449, G91 

as breeder 530, 532, 576 

" stockman.... 623, 634, 640. 651 

" bee keeper 1102, 1105, 1108 

Slack and farmerThrifty 664 

Farm horse 00, 21!) 

ducks on 0S7 

•• dogs 10.58, 1070 

manajiement 207 

Farrowing 816 

Fattening caltle .529. 630, 641 

when to cease, and sell 641 

assimilation of food 529. 651 

liogs 822 

poultry 9(0 

geesB 980 

See Feedimj and Forcintj. 

Fatilts in the horse 224 

Fawn-colored Dorkings 925 

Feathers of poultry, points, etc 962 

Febrifuges " 237 

Feeding horses 190, 193. 445 

'• sick animals 236 

'• •• " special tneans 448 

'• of cattle 623, 630, 634, 651 

»• " ■' its influence 521,564 

'• '• '• diet should be 

changed 631 

of calves 623, 627, 629 

stock for the butcher 631 

'• " crops to raise for 632 

economy of "full"' 640, 652 

" cows at milking time 659 

'• as related to shelter 664 

" pigs for profit 812, 824 

" and sheltering swine 819 

stock in field 628, 632, 821 

..f sheep 880,881,884 

•■ poultrv 967 

••dogs.." 1069 

'• •• bees, artificial 1106 

•• ••natural 1099,1108 

See Fatteuinij, Food, etc. 

Feet, tender, in dogs 1087 

See Font. 

Ferrniu sulphas poisoning 468 

Fever, mud, in horses 305 

'• lung See Pneumonia. 

'• puerperal, iu mares 416 

" " cows 755 

mixtures See liecipes. 

•• contagious enteric, in cattle 696 

Texas, in cattle 698 

" Spanish do 698 

'• splenic do 698 

" anthrax 703 

'• contagious, of swine 829 



Page. 

Fever, splenic, of swine 832 

See Temperature. 

Field dogs 1029 

•• training 1036,1070 

feeding of stock 628, 632, 821 

Filaria oculi, or wormiu the eye 427 

Filing horse's broken teeth 353 

Fine vvooled sheei 873 

'• wools .See n'oul. 

"Finishing" a fat steer 041 

Firing See Cautery. 

Firing-iron 472 

Fistula of parotid duct 326 

'• withers 326 

Fistulous sores, treatment 328 

" " opening 4.59 

Fits of dogs 1077 

Flatulent colic 364 

See Tapping. 

Fleam 472 

See Bleeding. 

Fleas on dogs 1070, 1083 

Fleece See Woui. 

Flexions in training colts 170 

Flies, poisonous, protection against. . 470 

Flocking sheep 8.52 

••Flooding,"' of cows 752 

Floor of stalls 266, 442 

•' " model barn 671 

Fluke, liver, in sheep 904 

Foal and Foaling See Colt and Mare. 

Foals, ••blue disease"' in 385 

Foods, relative value of different. .632, 635 

perfect, so-called 632 

Foot and mouth disease 699 

•• to tell from 

rinderpest. . . . 097 

Foot rot. of sheep 902 

Foot, horse's, structure 47, 56, 66 

'• contraction of 2"28, 2.55 

diseases of 24t». 2.53, 293 

gravel iu ..257 

fracture of bone of 260 

stone bruises of 261 

•• •• care of iu stable 266 

•• foul in, of sheep 903 

•• swollen, do 903 

Forage and feeding plants 636 

•• for bees 1099 

Forceps, veterinary 473 

Forcing beef cattle 627, 630 

•• in England 625 

'• •• ■' " United States.. . 6->6 

'•Forging,"' in trotting 315 

Fossil horses " 35 

" cattle .503 

'■ swine 791 

Foul brood in bees 1 107 

Foul in foot of sheep 903 

Foul sheath, in horees 408 

Founder, acute 227, 249 

chronic 251,359 

" chest, so-called 251 

Fountains, drinking, for poultry 968 

Fowls .See Poultry and Chickens. 

" water, domestic 980, 987 

Fox hounds 1022 



1145 



Page. 

Fox terries 1027 

•• huntiug 1U22 

Fracture of bone of horse's foot 2G0 

" bones of horse's legs 284 

•■ horse"s hip 287,300 

slioiilder blade 287 

skull 323 

Fnu'tures, kinds of 285, 773 

in case of cattle 772 

" ease of dogs 1087 

Frames in bee-hives See Hives. 

I'rench fowls 927 

Friesian cattle G13, 618 

See Dutch Cattle. 

Frizzled fowls 948 

Frog, diseases of See Fmit, TIh-iikIi, etc. 

•■ canker of 258 

" knife 473 

Full blootl. term defined 534 

Fumigation 833 

.See Disinfertitm and Lice. 

Fungus hrematodes 771 

I'urunculus or carbuncle 306 

Gadfly and bots 432 

'• ox, and grub 7(iU 

to protect stock against 470 

" sheep, and grub 886 

Gag for cattle 725 

Gaits, the horse's natural 177 

Gallop, the 177 

Galloway cattle 501 , 597 

" " " to tell from Angus GOO 

Galls, saddle 329 

Gallstones, in horses 420 

Game See Dnijs, Biintiixj, etc. 

Game fowls 941 

Gapes, in chickens 1002 

Garden, value of ducks in 987 

Garget 758 

Gargles See Recipes. 

Gastritis, in the horse 359 

Gelding See Castrating. 

Genitive organs, diseases, In horses... 411 
" "•• •• '• cattle... 742 

" '■ ■■ " dogs... 1087 

Gentling of colts See Training. 

Geese, distribution, varieties, etc. . . 916, 980 

•' management 980 

fattening 980 

Georgian fowls. AVhite 945 

German sheep dog 1059 

" sanitary laws for stock 697 

Gestation See 3Iare, Cow, etc. 

Glamorgan cattle 595 

Glanders 394 

Glass e3'e, in horse 225, 425 

Glaucoma, in horses 426 

Gleet, nasal, in horses 340 

Glossary of poultry fanciers' terms... 972 

" •• scientific terms, etc 1109 

■Glossitis 724 

Gnats, buffalo, protection against 471 

Gnawing the inanger. clothing, etc... 438 

•Goat husbandry 890 

" Angora 891 

'• Cashmere 891 



Page. 

Goitre, in horses 325 

•' dogs 1079 

gtold Dust horses 102 

Golilsiuith il;iid l:;ij, 138 

Gonorrlnca, in stallions 408, 413 

" dogs 1087 

Goring, to prevent 648 

Grades, term defined 534 

" Short-horn 549 

Jersey 560 

'• Hereford 580 

'• Merino and other 879 

Grain, feeding, to horses 193 

" as food for cattle 639.641 

" " " " swine 820,821 

" " " " poultiy 067,980 

Granary, the, in stables 186 

Grapes, or neglected grease 305 

Grass, the horse's run at 191 

Grasses, the various 637, 640 

for the West 638 

Gravel, in horse's foot 257 

" sheep's " 903 

" or lithiasis, in cattle 740 

Gray Dorking fowls 924 

'• China goose 984 

Grazing and herding 642 

'■ poisoning while 469 

Grease, in horse's legs 227, 304 

Grecian greyhound 1020 

Greyhound," English 1018 

" Scotch 1020 

Grecian 1020 

" Persian 1021 

Russian 1021 

Turkish 1021 

Irish KriO, 1021 

Italian 1U64 

Grinding food for stock 446 

Grooming horses 194, 447 

Grubs See Gndflij. 

Gruel, how to make 193 

Guarantee of soundness, form of 210 

should cover vices 464 

Gueldre fowls 9:i0 

Guenou's theoiy of milk mirrors 562 

Guernsey cattle 5,58 

Guinea fowls 921 

Gutta Serena, in horses 425 

Gut tie, in horses 374 

'• '• " oxen 734 

•• twist, in hoi'ses 374 

Haematuria, in horses 407 

" cattle 712, 739 

llair of cattle 553 

•■ " " appearance as syniptoin. 692 

'■ '• goiits '. 891 

Halter, good form of ] 69 

" pulling at 189, 223, 439 

Hambletoniau (stallion) 134, 143 

Hamburg fowls, characteristics 933 

Black 933 

Penciled 933 

Hammond merinos 874 

Hampshire Down sheep 869 

Harness, where to keep 183, 188 



ii4i; 



TIIK AMEIIICAN FARMKl! 



STOCK HOOK. 



Pagk. 

Hiirnpssing, direetUms for ISO 

H!iiri.-r, the 1027 

Ilav. ffediiig. Ii> horses 1!J4 

•■ •• cattle 639,641 

See Cldvers and Wivkiscs. 

lI:iV-lof t. the l*'l> 

lleiid, grubs in, of sheep 896 

swelled " " S98 

Heart, diseases of, in hoi-ses 383 

•> of dogs, worm in 1086 

Heaves, in horses 348 

Heels, cracked 303 

See Foot. 

Heifer, .Tersey, scale of points 571 

•• milking 028 

" training 058 

" spaviug 778 

See Coif, etc. 

Hellebore, white, poisoning 469 

Hemorrhage See Bleeding. 

uterine, of cows 753 

Hemp seed for cows 753. 760 

Hen, anatomy of 922 

" mating and management 905 

•• spider? 1003 

See Chickens, etc. 

Hepatitis, in horses 419 

Herding cattle 5-29. 642 

to prevent stampeding 645 

See Cattle, etc. 

Herds. hi>w to start 534 

See Bulls, Cattle, etc. 

Hereditv in animals 146, 522 

■• ■ ■• cattle .-.21.564 

•• man 147 

of disease 147 

" ossifle diathesis 276 

Hereford cattle 496. 578 

and Devons, conipared..579, 583 

'• importations of 680 

" scale of points 583 

" high stan<ling in England. . . 583 

Hernia, different kinds 333 

to reduce, in Imrses 333 

" in cattle 734 

" '• calves 734 

Hide of cattle 553 

Hide-bound, in horses ., 336 

Hides, danger of handling anthrax 702 

Highland cattle 500 

sheep, white-faced 868 

>' black-faced 869 

Hinny . the 157 

Hip lameness 299 

"Hipped," treatment of 2S7. 299 

Hives, bee 1101 

how to work about 1 103 

" to take honey from 1104 

Hobbles 474 

Hock, cai>p<'d and curby 228. 274, 282 

" sickle or cow 274 

See also Leas. 

Hog. wild 791 . 792 

" hunting 792.793 

" pen r. .S22 

" barns 822 

" cholera 827, 829, 830, 840 



Page. 

Hog. skeleton of 841 

See Stcine. 

Holland cattle See Bittcli Cattle. 

cattle-breeding in 614, 616, 621 

Holstein callle 502, 618 

butler making 679 

See Dittrh cattle. 

Honey U)97 

" adulterations 1098 

comb 1098, 1 106 

" taking from hives 1 104 

See liees and Jlirei'. 

Hong Kon<5 geese 984 

Hoof, injuries from bad action 226 

" disease of See Foot. 

Hooking, to prevent 648 

Hoose, or husk, in cattle 766 

Hoppers for feeding i)oultrv 969 

rat proof . .' " 969 

Horse, prehistoric domestication 33 

" in ancient history 33, 124 

" in civilization 36 

" anatomy of man and. compared 44 
•' •' " " ox " " oOS 

" foot, stntcture, etc 47, 50, 66 

" head and neck, structure. . .48, 56 58 

" fore legs, structure of .■>0, 06 

" hind legs, srnicture of 54,66 

" muscular structure 56 

" shoulder and back muscles of. . . 61 

" liind-cinarters 63 

" internal parts, names 67 

" external parts, names 69 

" good action of prime value 70 

" characteristics soujjlit 72, 76, 80 

" good and bad heads 72 

•' good and bad fore-quarters. .76, 81 
" good and bad hind-quarters. .84, 85 

" points, as given by Herbert 80 

" " " " '' Xenophon... 89 

" teeth, names and structure 94 

" to tell age by teeth 93, 97 

•' breeds and kinds 99 

" climatic influences, etc 99 

" thoroughbreds 121 

" American 128 

" vicious or tricky, to subdue.. .. 174 

" natural gaits 177 

" general care in stable 194 

" requires intelligent handling. . 202 

" jiroportions of 211 

" what constitutes a good 212 

," vices and defects, to detect 223 

" faults and imperfections 224 

" blemishes 228 

" treatment of disease, hints 231 

" shoeing and care of feet 266 

" and cattle, their pathology com- 
pared '...375,689 

" operations 4.51 

" poisons and antidotes 465 

•' recipes recajjitulated 480 

See Diseases, Viees, Breeding, 
Training, Medicines, Becipes, etc. 

Horses, wild, 35 

" fossil 35 

" Asiatic breeds of 36 



1147 



Page. 

Horses, European 'M 

fast-walking 71 

•• faiiu 99,219 

•• of all work 99 

•• road lOS. 213 

trotting 1(19. 133 

'• hunting lOll. 217 

light driving 113 

" coach 113 

•• English 121 

•' racing 179,213 

■' saddle 215 

" huniauitv ill treating 198 

•• how to buy 91, 209, 213, 218 

" partly bred 219 

fat, not desirable 222 

care of. in stable 194, 445. 447 

Horse pox., 4U0 

Houdan fowls 927 

Hound, term detined 101 S 

•• Wolf, Irish 1021 

" Stag 102! 

•' Fox 1022 

'' Blood Iti24 

" Badger, German Ill2i> 

" Otter 1(127 

Harrier 1(127 

'• Beagle ll)27 

'• Fox-terrier 1027 

See Greyhoiuiil. 

House watch dogs 104(j 

Ijonltry 9(17 

Hoven 724 

" tapping paunch for 777 

Husk, or hoose, in cattle 766 

Humanity to stock, and good care, 

■ their economy . . . .198. 521, 646 

Hiibback, the famous bull 539 

Hunter, or hunting horse 109, 219 

Hunting wild hogs 702 

" call ducks in 994 

'• tlie hare 1027 

with hounds 1022 

" reminiscences 1048 

See Dogs. 

Hybrids 150 

Hydatids (in the brain 897 

Hydrocele ill >tallions 411 

Hvdn.ccphuhis in f.ctus 750 

Hydr(i]iliobiu in liorses 398 

•• cattle 7(J3 

'•sheep 899 

-dogs 1077,1079 

precautions 1080 

Hydrothorax in horses 351 459 

■• cattb' 721,77(3 

Hypertrophy of horse's heart 383 

'• liyer 420 

Hj'podermic injections 47!^ 

Hysteria, in mares 417 

Icterus, in horses 420 

Illinois, hog production 794 

Impaction of the rumen 725 

•• " omasum 72(i 

" •• •' bowels, in dogs 1078 

Imperfections of the horse 224 



Page. 

In-and-in Ineeding 150, 152 

of cattle, hints.... 710 

" of swine 811.815 

Incontinence of urine See Enuresis. 

Incubation of various fowls 906 

I ndia, hog of 798 

Indian pony 117 

Indigestion See Dii-spcpsia. 

Inttammation of lungs See P«('">;j'/ni'a. 

" •' tonsils See Quiiisii. 

" '• horse's parotid gland 325 

" •• •' jugular vein. 328 

" •■ •• bars of roof 

of montli 357 

" " •• pharynx 357 

" " " stomach 359 

" " •' bowels 370 

" •' •• brain 375 

" ■• •• endocardium 383 

■• vein 386 

'• kidneys 401 

'• bladder 405 

" stallion's testicles... 411 

" womb, in mares 415 

'• ■' " in cows 755 

•' ovaries in mares 415 

•' uddei .... 416 

" liver •• liorses.. 419 
'• iris '• ■• ..426 

'• " tongue in cattle 7'24 

" " bowels '• •• .732. 733 

•' " kidneys " •• ... 736 

" bladder •• •• ... 739 
" " udder " cows ... 758 

'• " brain •• cattle . . . 761 

•' " " '• sheep ... 898 

" " ej^es '• " ... 898 

" '• the egg passage 1002 

Inflanimatorj' diseases of swine 835 

'■ " " sheep 895 

InHuenza. in horses 387 

Inguinal hernia, in horses 333 

Injections 479 

" hypodermic 478 

See Syrintje and Recipes. 

Inoculation for pleuro-pneumonia 695 

Insects, to protect from. .470, 821, 881, 888 

Instruments, veterinary 472 

obstetric." 744 

Intelligence a valuable trait in stock.. . 39 

Interfering, in horses 226, 313 

Intestines, diseases of, in horses 354 

'• •' " " cattle 723 

Intestinal worms See Worms. 

Intussusception 374 

Inversion of eyelids 428. 771 

'• " womb, in cows 753 

" " " " bitches 1087 

Iowa, hog production 794 

Irish cattle 500 

•• grazier hog S07 

•• wolf-hound 1021 

■' water spaniel 1044 

Iritis, in horses 426 

Italian grey-hound 1064 

Itchy skin, "or prurigo 335 

See Parasitic diseases. 



1148 



THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. 



Page. 

Jacks, breeding !•">«, 161 

•' those presented Wa.-^hiiiglDii. . . 158 

.Tai):inese Bantams 947 

.Tauudice, in horses 420 

.Jaw, bony tumor on 319 

Jefferson'County hogs 811 

Jersey cattle 55S 

'• " critically described.. r>(il. 575 

" for rich" milk .•)71, (;22 

'■ " scale of points 571. -573 

" "ill America 5.58, o7(J 

Jersey red swine 80!). 811 

Joint, open, in liorses 288 

oil, or synovia 288 

"out of" See Dislocation. 

Jui^ular vein, inflamed 328 

Kennel, the dog 1070 

Kicking, in the stall 187, 43fi 

vice of, in horses 223, 227 

•• •' '•cows 047,659 

Kidneys, intlammation of, in horses.. . 401 
'• " cattle ... 736 

congestion of, in horses 403 

Kiiliii'v worm of swine 839 

•• ' '• •• dogs 1080 

u " horses 431 

Kindness to stock pays 198, 440 

Kine-pox 705 

King Charles spaniel 1060 

Knees, broken, in horses 227, 228. 290 

Knee-sprung 292 

Knives, veterinary 472 

obstetric 744 

Knuckling the fetlock 292, 293, 310 

T^achrymal dn<'t, olistructed 429 

La Fleche fowls 928 

Luinl) creei>s 880 

l.anil)ing 900 

Lambs, castrating 885 

docking 885 

'■ weaning 880 

care of young S8G, 907 

" nnrserv for 887 

" navel ill of 907 

Lameness 310, 311, 313, 310 

'■ incfuaV)le, from hidden cause. 311 

' ' groggy 254 

" chronic 255 

" shoulder 295 

'• hip 299 

" from grease 304 

See tSprains, Xew-otoiny, Corns, 

Founder, Sparin. etc. 

Laminitis 227, 249. 251 

Lampas (or "lampers") 357 

Lancashire hogs 804 

Lancets, veterinary 472 

I^ard worm, of swine 839 

Larvngitis, in horses 341 

" cattle 717 

Larvie of bees 10!13 

" bee-moths 1107 

Laws, sanitary, for stock (;!)7, (!9S 

La.xatives...." 237 

Lead poisoning 408 



Pare. 

Leghorn fo\vls !):{0 

•' White 937 

Legs of horse, structure 50, 54, 00 

" •' '• diseases ..208, 282, 298, 443 

" " '• tendons cut 309 

" " Devon cattle 589 

" weakness of, in chickens 1003 

Leicester sheep 859 

Leprosy, so-called, of swine 840 

Ivenconia. in the horse 420 

Leucorrhoea, in mares 415 

•■cows 757 

Lice on horses 433 

" cattle 707 

'• swine 840 

'• " sheep 902 

'• " chickens 908, 1003 

" •■ dogs 1083 

Ligatures 474 

Light in stables 441 

Lights, rising of, in swine 836 

Lincoln sheep 858 

Line crossing See Breeding. 

IJniments See Iteripes. 

Lion dog 1000 

Lithiasis, in cattle 740 

Lithotomy, on horses 456 

Lithotrity, on horses 4.57 

Liver, diseases of, in horses 418 

'• fluke, in sheep 904 

Lobelia, as a poison 470 

I^ockjaw, in horses 378 

" cattle 702 

" sheep 898 

" dogs 1089 

Long wooled sheep 858 

wools See Wool. 

Lotions See Recipes. 

Lowland cattle 015, 010 

Lung fever See Pneitnionia. 

" worms in sheep 905 

'• diseases of dogs 1079 

See Pleurisy, etc. 

Lungs, congestion of, in horses 349 

emphysema of, " cattle 721 

Luzerne, for cattle 036 

Lvmi)hangitis 301 

Mad dog. bite not always fatal 1080 

Maggots in sheej) 903 

Maliguant catarrh in cattle 713 

to tell do. from rinderpest . . 096 

pustule 702, 703 

•' sore throat of swine 702 

■' sore throat of cattle 714 

'■ epizootic catarrh of swine 828 
" " " " sheep 896 

Malpresentations of the foal 414 

•• •■ calf 742 

Maltese dogs 1004 

Maminitis, in mares 416 

" cows 75S 

JIandarin duck 995 

Mange iu horses 227, 4S4 

•■ cattle 768 

■• swine 839 

•• •• doirs 1081 

•' red, in dogs 1082 



1149 



Page. 

Manger, construction of 185 

" gnawing 438 

Mare, blood, how to select 153, 218 

" service by stallion 153 

" gestation 154 

" treatment after foaling 154,150 

" to know if in foal 154 

" to know the foaling time 155 

" foaling stall 155 

" abortion 155 

" with dock broken down 323 

" diseases, etc. peculiar to 411 

" parturition of 414 

" spaying 400 

See Breeding, etc. 

Mashes, how to make 193 

Mast for hogs 822 

Mastiff, the 1046 

Masturbation of stallions 413 

Mating and breeding fowls 965 

Maud S. (celebrated trotting mare) . . . 213 

Maw-bound 725 

Maw- worm, so called 1085 

Measles in swine 837 

Measuring drugs, etc 479 

Medicines, veterinary 472 

" classificatidn. etc., of 237 

" doses according to age, etc. 238 

" " different farm stock 475 

" " for dogs 1090 

" how often to give 238, 477 

" preparing 478 

" " and giving... 239, 447 
" recipes for horse recapit- 
ulated 480 

" recipes for cattle recapit- 

ulat<'d 780 

" giviug during stupor 757 

" hard to give to swine 834 

Megrims 227, 378 

Melanosis, or cancer, in horses 335 

Meningitis, cerebro-spinal, 377, 672 

Merinos, Amerita n 853, 874 

" standard for 853 

Messenger (stallion) 134, 143 

Metritis, in mares 415 

" " cows 755 

Metro-peritonitis in cows 755 

Middle-horn cattle 578, 586 

Middle-wooled sheep 855, 868 

Milk, breeding for 531 

" from Jerseys 558 

" mirror of cows See Escutcheon. 

" veins 565 

" points 610 

" extraordinary yields 617. 618 

" management of, in dairy 678 

" drying up, as sysmptom 692 

Milking, directions for 658, 759 

" kicking during 647. 659, 751 

Milking qualities, whence inlu lited... 522 
" " intlueiircs nffecting. 564 

" « lost in Inulianis 524 

'>• " crossing to improve. 559 

"• " to judge of. 567, 575, 610 

See Escutcheon. 

Miscarriage See Abortion. 



Page. 
Mixtures for cough, fever, etc. See Hecipes. 

Moon eye, in horse 224 

blindness in horse 422 

Morgan horse 133 

Moth, bee 1107 

Mother bee 1094, 1096 

" " for a motherless swarm. . .1105 

Mountain sheep, white-faced 868 

" black-faced 869 

Mouth, parrot, in horses 355 

sore, " •• 356,350 

" " " colts 355, 349 

See Teeth. 

Mud baths of swine 820 

Mu<l fever, in horses 305 

Mule, the 157 

antiquity of 1.58 

" longevity of 162 

" value for labur 162 

" not vicious 163 

" breeding, principles 163 

breaking 165 

to tell age, from the teeth 165 

Murrain, bloody, or anthrax 701 

Muscles of horse 56 

" rupture of 316 

" atrophy " 316 

Muscovy duck 992 

Mustang ponies 117, 119 

Mutton versus wool 852 

Muzzle of cattle, appearance in disease 692 

Xail wounds in horse's foot 247 

Narcotics 237 

Xarragansett pacers 119 

Xasal gleet, in horses 340 

" acari " " 432 

Xavel ill of lambs 907 

Navicular disease 253 

Neapolitan swine 796 

Neck, diseases of horse's.. See Throat, 

Chordes, Jugular vein, etc. 

Necrosis, or dead bone 318 

Needles, surgical 473 

Nephritis, in the horse 401 

•• cattle 736 

Nerved horse is unsound 227 

Nervous system, diseases of, in horses. 375 
" " " '• " " cattle.. 761 

" " " " " dogs.. 1088 

Neurotomy ; . . 255, 457 

Neuter bees See Worker bees. 

Newfoundland dogs 1051 

New Oxfordshire sheep 865 

••Nicking."" in breeding 146 

Nicking and docking 458 

Nitrate of potash poisoning 469 

Norman and Norman-Percheron horse 104 

Nosebag 474, 716 

Nostril, tumor in horse's false 338 

" jiolypus in horse"s 339 

Nursin?; sick animals 236 

Nux vomica, poisoning 468 

Nymphomania in cows 760 

Oak, poison 470 

Object lessons, their value 39, 1094 



11.10 



THE AMERICAN' I'VUMEll S STOCK BOOK. 



PA(iK. 

Ocollatetl turkey 1)77 

Oiiiilt spavin 272 

Dliid Slioithoni importation 544 

•• liofj production 794 

Ointment* See licrippn. 

Omasum, impaction of 72(! 

Opening an abscess 4r)S 

'■ aflstula 45!) 

Open joint, in horses 2SS 

Operations ou tlie horse 451 

" cattle 77G 

Ophllialmia, in horses 227 

" cattle 770 

specific, in liorses 422 

simple, " " 424 

( )piiini poisoning 468 

Ossilicalion constituting unsoundness. 220 
liereditary tendency to. .. . 276 

ou legs of colts 310 

>See Spavin, Side-bone, etc. 

Osteophytes 31 1 

Osteo porosis 319 

Osteo sarcoma, in horses 318 

'• " "cattle 711 

Ostrich fowls 939 

Otter-hound 1027 

(Outfit, a good surgical 475 

•■Outof joint" See Dislocation. 

Ovaries, inflammation of, in mares... 415 

Overlii'ating lioises, cautions 382 

Ov<'r-re;H-irnig. in horses 226 

Ox, fat, external parts 511 

•■ tapping the bladder 778 

" work 531 

•' Devon as 587,588,592 

" " tlic standard for 592 

'• feeding the , 630 

•• training of 656,660 

•• tiel< .■ 767 

See Cattle, Beef, etc. 

Oxen, niatehlng ".. 660 

driving 061 

gut tie in 734 

Oxford-Down slieep 860 

Oxfordshire sheep. New 865 

Pace, the, as a gait 17S 

Packing butter 680 

'• fowls for market 971 

Palsy See Paralysis. 

Paralysis of horse's hind legs 320 

" in the horse 380 

" of bladder, in horse 405 

" " tongue of cattle 724 

" in cattle 762 

" " sheep 899 

" " poultry 1000 

" " dogs 1089 

Parasitic diseases of the horse 430 

'• •' " cattle 766 

" " " swine 837,839 

'■ '• " sheep 900 

" " dogs 1081 

Parotid gland, infiamed, in horses 325 

duct, fistula of 326 

Parrot mouth, in horses 355 

Partridge; Cochin fowls 956 



Page. 

Parturient apoplexy of cows 756 

'• to tell from puerperal fever 755 

Parturients 237 

Parturition of mares 414 

rupture of bladder in 406 

' ■ of CO ws 742 

" nervous debility at 763 

" of swine 816 

" " slieep 886 

" " dogs 1087 

Pastes See Recipes. 

Pasture and pasturing 634 

" driving to and from 649 

Pasturing, ])recautions in 704 

" slieep 8S0, 881 

Patella, dislocation of, in cattle 774 

Patton Shorthorns 549 

Paunch See Rumen. 

Peacocks 922 

Pedigrees, facts about 126, 131 

" importance of 213 

Pen, hog 822 

Penciled Hamburg fowls 933 

Percherons and Norman-Percherons.. 106 

Percussion, as means of diagnosis 692 

Paraphimosis, in stallions 413 

Peritonitis, in horses 370, 372 

'• " cattle 733 

" metro, in cows 755 

Persian greyhound 1021 

Pet dogs 1060 

Pliaryiigitis, in horses 357 

Pheasants. . . . .' 920 

Phimosis, in stallions 413 

Phlebitis 386 

Phrenitis, in the horse 375 

'• " cattle 761 

Phthisis pulmonalis, in cattle 709 

Picking and dressing poultry 971 

Pigs, economy of full feeding 812, 824 

•• weaning 816 

•• castrating 816 

" unjuofitable to winter 823 

" diarrhica of young 840 

See Swine, etc. 

Pimply skin, in horses 330, 337 

Pink eye, in horses 387 

Pin worms in the horse 430 

Pip in chickens 1002 

Placenta See Afler-hirth. 

Plague, cattb', (rinderpest) 096 

Siberian lioil (anthrax) 702 

Plains, herding on ^Vesteru..See West,etc. 

" trees for " 6-14 

Plethora, in cattle 706 

Plethoric (congestion, in horses 403 

Pleurisy, in horses 350 

'• " '> cattle 720 

Pleuro-pneumouia, in horses 350 

" contagious, in cattle 693 
" " to distinguish from 

rinderpest 69G 

Plow, training for 176 

Plumage, ])()inls explained 902 

Plymoutli Kork fowls 939 

Pneumo-enteritis, contagious, of swine 830 
Pneumonia, in the liorse 346, 692 



1151 



Page. 

Pneumonia in cattle 719 

" '• swine 835 

Pointers 1029 

•' training 1036 

Points of the horse yo. 80 

" " " cow r)08 

" " " milch cow 675 

" " beef cattle 554 

" scale of, for Short-horn bnll 554 

" " " " '■ " cow 55(5 

" '• " for Jersey cow 571 

" of the Hereforil 583 

•' •• •' Devon 588 

" " " Sussex 593 

" " " Galloway 598 

" "' " Ayrshire COS. 612 

" " sheep 850 

" " " for wool 851 

" or standards for sheep 853 

" of poidtry 959, 972 

" " English setter 1031 

" "Irish '• 1035 

"• " genuine Skye terrier 1063 

Poisoning, vegetable, of sheep 898 

Poison ivy or vine 470 

'■ oak, or sumach 470 

Poisons and poisoning 465 

" " '• of dogs 1090 

Poland China hogs 807,811 

" " ducks 995 

Polled cattle 597 

Poll-evil 327 

Polypus in horse's nostril 339 

Pomeranian or Spitz dog 1058 

Ponies, various breeds of 117 

Poodle dogs 1065 

Pools of water for stock 644 

Porcelaneous deposit onhorse'sleg. - . 311 

Pork interest, importance of 794 

" feeding for 821 

" economy in raising 822, 823 

" measly 837 

See Swine, etc. 
Posture and movements, as symptoms 692 

Poultry, anthrax in 703 

" general facts •.• 913 

" breeding and management. . 959 

" points, etc 9(i0, 972 

" incubation 966 

" houses, coops, etc 969 

" feeding 969 

" fattening, dressing, etc 970 

" marketing 971 

" fanciers' terms 972 

" diseases 999 

Powders See Mecipes. 

Pox, horse 400 

" cow 705 

Prairies See West. 

Prescriptions See Mecipes. 

Prevention of disease 691, 827, 834 

Pricking and nicking 459 

horse's foot by nails 247 

'' dog's " " thorns, etc... 1087 

Probang 358, 473 

' ' substitute for 772 

Probes 473 



Page. 

Probing and opening fistulas 459 

Prurigo, in horses 335 

Psoriasis, in cattle 764 

Puerperal fever, in mares 416 

" " " cows 755 

Pug dogs 10G7 

Pullet 915 

See Chickens and TIe7i. 

Pulse of horse, how taken 287 

•• cattle, '' " 691 

Pumiced foot in horses 227, 2.52 

Pups, weaning and feeding 1069 

" care " " 1088 

Pure-bred, term defined 533 

Purgatives 237 

See Superpuryation and Becipes. 

"Purples"' of swine 830 

Purpura hemorrhagica in horses 389 

" '• '-cattle 712 

Pus, or matter 341 

" to distinguish from synovia 288 

Pustule, malignant 702, 703 

Pyajmia, in cattle 708 

Quarter cracks ■ 226, 244 

'• ill, or anthrax 701 

Queen bee See Mother bee. 

Quidding 355 

Quietness a valuable characteristic . . 814 

Quinsy in horses 343 

"• • ' swine 835 

Quittor 227, 242 

Rabies See Jlijdrophnhin. 

Kacers, training 179 

" standard for 213 

'• sore shins in young 309 

Eaces, early, in England 124, 126 

'• trotting, celebrated records 141 

Back, as a gait 178 

Racks, feeding 185, 884 

Raising the cream See Butter. 

'• stock See Cattle, Swine, etc. 

Ram, care and service 878 

Ramollissement 421 

Range, herding on the 642, 644 

'• to prevent cattle stampedes 645 

Rarey method 173, 455 

Rat proof hopper for poultry- 969 

Rat tail, of horses '. 334 

'•Rat tails" (chronic eczema) of cattle. 764 

Rattlesnake bites 470 

Rearing, vice of 227 

Recipes for horses, recapitulation 480 

" " cattle, '• 780 

Red mange in dogs 1082 

Red swine, Jersey 809 

" game-fowls 941 , 943 

Red water in cattle 712 

Refrigerants 237 

Remedies See Medicines. 

" action of, in cattle 690 

Rennets, how prepared 684 

Respiration, as means of diagnosis 691 

'■ of horses, taking 287 

" cattle, " 691 

Respiratory organs, diseases of, in 

the horse 338 



1152 



THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. 



Page. 

Respinitory organs, diseases of, 

in cattle 715 

" " dogs 1079 

Retention of after-birth by cows 751 

" " urine See Dysuria. 

Retriever dogs 1038. 1030 

English 103!) 

Chesapeake Bay 1041 

" training 1071 

Rheumatisui in horses 300 

" cattle 707 

'■ chickens 1003 

Ribs, broken, in horses 322 

Rich merinos ^'75 

Rinderpest 69G 

Ringbone 223, 275 

Ringing bull^: 057 

" hogs 817 

Ringworm, m horses 435 

" '' cattle 708 

" dogs 10S3 

Rising of the lights, in swine 830 

Roadsters 108, 213 

Kdariiig, in horses 225, 227, 341, 404 

Kniiiiii'V Marsh sheep 858 

Hoosls.' chicken 0G8 

Rooster See Cock: 

Rooting of hogs 818 

Roots for cattle 530, 030 

" " swine 820,821 

" "• sheep 850, 882 

Rot, in sheep 904 

'• foot, of sheep 902 

Rouen ducks 989 

Roup of fowls 1001 

Rumen or paunch 7i3 

" impaction of 725 

'• tapping, for hoven 777 

RniiicnotoMiy. operation of 777 

Rnuiinaiits. sroiiiachs of 723 

RMiiiiiiatioii. siwpcu-ion of 0!>2 

Rumpless fowls 948 

Running horses iu ICngland 123 

training 180 

" as a gait 177, 178 

Running away, vice of 227 

Rupture See Hernia. 

" of horse's muscles 317 

" " " stomach and intes- 
tines 365,367 

" " " heart 385 

" " '• l)lood-vessel 385 

" of mare's bladder 400 

" " horse's liver 421 

Russian greyhound 1021 

Saddle horse, forming 170 

" " standard for 215 

" putting on the 180 

" galls 329 

Sagacity of dogs, anecdotes illustrat- 
ing. . . ;i031, 1043, 1051, 1054, 1056 

Saint Bernard dogs 1054 

Salt, common, as a poison 409 

Salting of cattle 638 

" '• butter 680 

Sand cracks in horse's hoof 220, 244 



Page. 

Scab, in swine 839 

•• •• sheep 900 

Scabby skill, or eczema 337 

•■Scalawags." bad economy of raising 623 

Scaldi'tl mouth, in horses 357 

Scalding and dressing poultry 971 

Scalpel 473 

Scientific terms, glossary 1109 

Scissors, surgical 473 

Scotch or Highland cattle 500 

•• '• " sheep 869 

'• grevhoiind 1020 

'• collie 10.")5, 1058 

" terrier 1061 

Scours, In calves 729 

Scratches 303,447 

Scotal hernia, in stallions 333 

Scrotum, dropsy of stallion's 411 

" abscess, etc., in 412 

Seabright Bantams 947 

Sedatives 237 

Seedy toe, iu horses 246 

Selection, its importance iu lareeding 

See Breeding, etc. 

Selling a horse 209 

fat cuttle 641 

SepticiEiiiia in cattle 708 

Seton 296,474 

" frog 255 

" needle 473 

'• " fixed 309 

Setter dogs 1031 

" " training 1036 

" English 1031 

" Irish 1031, 1035 

" Gordon 1031 

Sewing up wounds 308 

See Sutures. 

Shau^^lun fowls 951 

Slicaiiiiy- sheep 887 

Sheatli.fonl, in horses 408 

Shed for sheltering cattle 065, 666 

Sheep, history, etc 847 

" anatomy 848 

" raising 852 

•' standard for principal breeds.. 853 

" varieties and breeds 858 

" statistics 875 

" breeding and care 878 

" feeding 880, 884 

" barns, etc 883 

" tagging 8S7 

" wasliing and shearing 887 

" dipping and smearing 888 

" diseases, etc "'..703,895,900 

" veriiiinons bronchitis in 766 

" torn by dogs 906 

" dogs 1055 

See Wuol. 

Sheltering cattle 063 

" " its influence 521 

" " "necessity 641 

" swine 819 

" sheep 883 

Shepherd, duties of 878, 886 

" and drover's dogs 1045 

" dogs, Spanish.. 1057 



115:: 



Page. 

Shepherd dogs, German lono 

Shetland pony 117 

Shins, sore, in young racers 309 

Shivering, as a symptom C'.)2 

Shock dog 10G6 

Shoeing horses 230, 25G, 264 

" interfering from bad 313 

" linife 473 

Shoes, horse's, should be removed often 256 

Shooting See Dogs, Hnnting, etc. 

Short-horn cattle 524, 538 

importations into United 

States 524, 540, 544, 548, 549 

" three leading strains 525 

" Canadian 548 

" in West and North-west. . . 548 

" as beef makers 548 

" Patton, so-called 549 

" analysis, point by point.. 550 

" scale of points 554, 556 

See Durham cattle. 

Short-wooled sheep 868 

Shoulder laiiiciicss in horse 295 

Shrinking (Lilmphy) of muscles 316 

Shropshin? Down sheep 870 

Shying, vice of 226, 227 

Sialogogues 238 

Siamese hog 798 

Sibeiian boil plague, or anthrax 702 

Sick animals, feedingand nursing, 236, 448 
See Diseases, etc. 

Side-bone in horse's foot 262 

Sieve for stable use, advantages 190 

Sight, diseases, etc., affecting. See £•;/?, etc. 

Silky fowls 949 

Silver-gray Dorking fowls 924 

Single-foot, as a gait 178 

Sit-fasts 329 

Skeleton of horse 42, 46 

" "ox 509 

" " hog 841 

" sheep 848 

" " hen 92S 

Skin, itchy, or jirurigo 335 

" scabby, or eczema 337, 7(i4 

" poisoning of 470 

" diseases of cattle 764 

" •• "swine 839 

See Parasitic diseases. 

Skull, fracture of horse's 323 

Skye terriers 1002 

Sleepy staggers, in horses 361 

Slinking See Abortion. 

Slings to support horse 286, 474 

Smearing sheep 888 

Smothering of hogs, to prevent 817 

Snake-bites, etc.. 471 

Snuffles, in swine 836 

Softening of liver, in horses 421 

Sole, canker of 258 

See also Foot. 

Soporifics 238 

Sore shins in young racers 300 

" throat in horses 341 

" mouth " colts 355, 449 

" " "horses 356, 4.i0 

" throat, malignant, of swine 702, 831 



Pagk. 

Sore throat, malignant, of cattle 714 

" " common " " 717 

• • teats 750 

•' feet in dogs 1070 

Sores, tistuloll^, treatment of 328 

•' suppurating, of melanosis 336 

" erysipelous, in horses 393 

Soundness and unsoundness 126 

form for guarantee of 210 

" veterinarian's certificate of 403 

South, breeding fast horses at 128 

" breeding jacks at 16^ 

" value of nuiles " 162 

" swine raising " 812, 822 

" Cots wold sheep " 861 

" goat husbandry " 892 

Southdown sheep 871 

Southwest, great herds of 642 

'• limitations to herding 043 

" swine raising at 812 

" dogs in 1011 

Sow, breeding. 812, 817, 819 

'• farrowing 816 

" gestation 817 

See Swine and r)(is. 

Spaniel, the 1029 

Clumber 1043 

" English 1013 

" Irish water 1044 

" Springer 1044 

" Cocker 1045 

" King Charles 1066 

Spanish horses in England 123, 125 

" jacks 1.58 

fever in cattle 698 

fowls 931 

■' shepherd dog 10.57 

Spasmodic colic in horses 362 

Sp.ivin, 223, 226, 268 

" cures, cautions 271 

" blood 273 

" bog 226 

bone 268 

" occult 272 

Spay i ng mares 400 

" cows and heifers 778 

" bitches 1088 

Spiders, bite of 471 

" hen 1003 

Spitz dog 10.58 

Splenic fever in cattle 698 

" " •• swine 832 

" apoplexy, or anthrax 701,832 

Splint in horses 223, 228, 277 

Sponges for veterinary use 474 

Sporting dogs 1029 

•• training 1036,1070 

Sprains affecting horse's leg, 278, 292, 298 

" of horse's shoulder 295 

" " " hip 299 

" " " back 321 

" may cause atrophy 316 

" to distinguish from paralj'sis.. 320 

" in cattle 775 

" " sheep 906 

Springer spaniel 1044 

Spring-halt See String-halt. 



1151 



THE A.MEKICAN FAKSIER S STOCK BOOK. 



Page. 

Stablo, care of horse's legs in 206, 447 

" vices, eti'., in 4;i" 

'• cow (ifis 

See Ji,ini:<. 

Stables, city :{7, 442 

coiistnietioii, ete IS-J, 441 

'• nianageiiieiil 1S3, 180 

'• siiiToinulings 188 

" chickens roosting in 1003 

Stsible-yard, the 188 

Stivggers, stotniicli, in horses 300 

'• in swine SUli 

Stng-hounils 1021 

'•Slags," bad economy of raising 025 

Staling, profuse " 406 

Stallion, selecting the. l.")3, 221 

training for service 17.") 

diseases, etc.. peculiar to 411 

Standard See Pi-ints. 

Stalls, foaling 1,55 

•• lloor of 2G6 

" construction of 184, 442 

Starch bandage 287 

Staring <'oat. as a symptom 092 

Steaming, as remedial means 710 

•' food for stock 446 

Steers, working. . .See 0.f and Devon vattle. 

•• fat See Fiirriiii/. Ffidimj, etc. 

•' matching and training !!.")(!, 660 

" driving 661 

" gut-tic in 734 

Sterility in cows 700 

Stifled " " horse 298 

'• .i .1 eramps often mis- 
taken for 296 

Stimulants 238 

See also Tticipea. 

Stings of bees, wasps, etc 470 

'• "rattlesnakes, centipedes, etc. 470 

Stock raising, intelliircnce in 627. 634 

'• " at the West... See //<■)■(/- 

ing. Range, West, etc. 

Stocking or swelling of legs 301 

Stouiacii, diseases of. in horse 354 

staggers, in horse 300 

'■ pnuij) foigivingniedicinc. . . 757 

ruminants' 723 

Stomachics 238 

Stone, or calculi See CalcitU. 

'• bruises in horse's foot 261 

Strains. See Sprains. 

Strangles, or distemper 397, 4.59 

Strangulation or gut-tie 734 

Stricture of horse's gullet 3.58 

" '• urethra 408 

String-halt 227, 312 

'•Stripping" in milking 6.59 

Strychnia poisoning 409 

Stumbling, vice of 223 

Stupor, giving medicines during 757 

Subcutaneous injections. .Sec Iliipoilennic. 

Sucking, vice of. in cows 648 

Sudorities 237 

Suffocation, operation to relieve threat- 
ened See Traeheotimui . 

Suffolk liogs 803, 8il 

Sulphate of copi)er poisoning 467 



Page. 

Sulphate of iron poisoning 408 

Sulphur as a poison 409 

Sumach, or jioisouons oak 470 

Snnuner teeiliiig of cattle 039 

shelH-rfor '• 073 

'• feeding of swine 820 

Sunstroke of horses 381 

Super|)nrg;UioM. in horsi's 368 

Suppression of urine See Dysvria. 

Smfeit, in horses 330 

•• do^s 1080 

Surgery, veterinary, See Imstm- 

ments. Operations, etc. 

Sussex cattle 5£3 

" inferior to Devons 595 

Sutures, kinds and uses 460,778 

.Swan 920 

Swarms and sw arming of bees 1102, 1108 

nn)therless 1105 

Sweat, cold, as a symptom 692 

blisters....". 4.54 

Sweeny 295 

Swelled head, in sheep 898 

foot " •• 903 

Swelling of horse's legs, 301, 302, 305, 306 

fromdropsv" 331 

" hernia 333 

Swine, history and characteristics.... 791 

" raising, statistics 794 

" breeds 795 

•• errors in breeding 803, 811 

" care and •• 812 

•' ringing of 817 

" rooting •• 818 

" feeding and fattenini; 819 

" pens and barns for .". 822 

•' malignant and epidemic 

diseases 703, 827, 841 

other diseases 835 

•' treating sick, hints 827,833 

Swiss cattle 502 

Sympathy, pathological, in cattle 752 

Symptoms of disease in the horse, 

general hints 231 

'• in cattle •• 091 

" •• swine •• 834 

Synovia nidike pus 288 

Syphon, teat 705 

Syringe 448, 473 

Tagging sheep 887 

Tail. obli(|ue or wry, in horses 220 

broken, in horses 323 

" rat, of horses 334 

" nicking and docking horse's. . . . 458 

Tanks of water for stock 644 

Tapeworm in horses 430 

•• cattle 708 

.. s;\vine 837 

•• dogs 10S3 

Tappina: the chest 450, 776 

•• " •• belly 400,777 

•• paunch forhoven 777 

" bladder of ox or bull 778 

Tarantula stings 470 

Teat syphon 705 

Teats, good, described, etc Oil 



1155 



PAr.i:. 

Teats, sore 7oO 

Teeswater cattle 498, 538, 540 

Teeth of foal 93, 355 

" '■ '• and horse contrasted 94 

" names, description, etc 95,98 

" causes niodilyiiig looli of.... 96, 355 

'• to tell li<.rsi-'s a^e from 93, 97 

•' bishoped, to detect 98, 224 

'• wolf 221), 355 

'• diseases of horse's. 317, 331, 336, 354 

" of ox 513 

" •' hog 793 

•• " sheep 850 

Temperature of horse, how taken 287 

'• cattle, '■ '• 692 

of dairy room 679 

Tender feet in do^s." 1087 

Tendons bee Legs, Tenotomy, etc. 

Tenotomv 294, 461 

Terrier, bull 1046, 1050 

fox 1027 

'• black and tan 1060 

'■ Scotch 1061 

Yorkshire lOGl 

8kve 10G2 

Tetanus, in horses 378, 449 

•■ cattle 762 

•' sheep 898 

•• dogs 1089 

Thermometer, clinical 692 

Thick ^^^nd. in horses 227 

Things in the ej'e 424, 771 

Thoroughbred, term defined 533 

" horses 121 

English, his superiority 126 

Thorough pin 228, 273 

Thi'oat. diseases of horse's See G(A- 

tre. Parotid glnnd, Itespiratory, etc. 

" sore, or laiyngitis 341 

" " malignant, of swine. 702, 831 

" •• '• '• cattle 714 

'• common " '■ 717 

diseases of dogs 1079 

Thrush 227, 228, 253 

"Thumps," in horses 386 

Tick, ox 767 

" slieep 902 

Tobacco plant, as a poison 470 

Toe, seedy, in horses 246 

Torn eyelids -428, 771 

'• by dogs, sheep 706 

Tongue, laceration of horse's 355 

'• inflammation of, in cattle.... 724 
'• paralysis of " " ....724 

Tonics 238 

See also Becipes. 

Tonsils, inflamed See Quinsy. 

"Touch," the, in beef cattle 552 

Toulouse geese 982 

Toy dogs 1060 

Tracheotomy 461, 777 

Trainers, professional 180 

Training versus breaking 35, 166, 653 

" colts 168 

" stallions 175 

" for draft 176 

" for the plow 176 

" for the saddle 176 



Pack. 

Training to trot in liarne.-s 178 

" a trotter 179 

" a racer 179 

" of cattle 653 

" work ox 656, 660 

" calf 650 

" bull 654, 657 

" milch cow 658 

" of rams 880 

" field dogs 1036, 1070 

" farm '• 1070 

Transmission of qualities, in breeding 149 

Treatment of sick horses, hints 231 

"• importance of prompt 235 

Trichina 837, 838 

Tricky horse, to subdue 174 

Trocliar 366, 473, 724 

Trotting, moyement in 139 

" remarkable records in. . .141, 213 

" in harness, training for 178 

" horses 109, 133 

" '• modern 136 

Troughs, feeding, for sheep 884 

Tuberculosis, in cattle 709 

Tm'keys, breeds, etc 975 

" care of 979 

" wild 915 

Turkish greyhound 1 021 

Tumor in false nostril of horse 338 

'• on scirrhns cord 412 

" in horse's eye 428 

Tumors, on horses 324 

" " dogs 1086 

See Abscesses, Diseases, Hernia, etc. 
Turnips, danger from excessive use. . . 738 

" for sheep 882 

Turpentine, as a poison 469 

Twitch, the 459. 475 

Tympanitis, or hoven 724 

Udder, inflammation of, in mares 416 

" '■ " " cows 758 

" veins, in cows 565 

'• value of good 575 

See Milking qualities. 

Ulceration of wounds 309 

" " bones 317 

" " tooth and jaw 354 

" glanderous, to tell 395, 397 

Ulcers, probing and opening 459 

" cancerous, in cattle 711 

Umbilical hernia, in foals 333 

" calves 734 

Unsoundness, guarantee against 210 

" to detect 223,463 

" what constitutes 226 

See Soundness. 

Uraemia, in cattle 708 

Urethra, stricture of, in horses 408 

Urinary organs of horse, diseases 401 

" " " " cattle, " 736 

'' " " the ox 737 

Urine See Urinary organs. 

Uterine hemorrhage of cows 753 

Uterus See Womb. 

Y.ariation, in breeding 148, 520 

Variola, equine 400 



1156 



THE AMERICAN FARMEU'S STOCK BOOK. 



Tage. 

Variola vacciiife 705 

Vein of horse, best, to take pulse 287 

" " cattle " " " " 601 

" iii2;iil:ii- iiillamed 328 

" inl\aiiiiii:itiiin of horse's 386 

Veulilatioii of stables 1^3, 444 

Ventral hernia, in horses 333 

" " " cattle 734 

Vermifuges 238 

Verniine See Parasitic diseases. 

Vermont draft liorse 119 

Vertigo, of poultry 999 

Veterinarian, farmer as 448, 449 

" his certificate ■ 463 

Veterinary medicines 472 

" instruments, etc 472 

Vices in the horse 223 

" " stable, etc 437 

" guarantee should cover 464 

Vicious horse, to subdue 174 

Walk, as a gait 71, 141, 177 

Warbles 766 

Warren covuity hogs SeePoland China. 

Warts on horses 334 

Wasliing sheep 887 

Wasting away of muscles 316 

" or playing with, the grain. . 439 

Watch-dogs 1046 

Water in chest See Hydrothorax. 

" red, in cattle 712 

" fowls, domestic 980, 987 

" spaniel 1044 

Watering horses 190, 445 

stock, 634, 639,766 

" in herding regions 643 

" swine 821 

" sheep 881 

Wax, bees 1098 

Weaning, See Colts, Calves, Fiys. etc. 

Weaving (so called) vice of 227 

"Weed," or lymphangitis 301 

Weights used" in compounding drugs. 479 

Welsh Mountain sheep 868 

Wens in cattle 775 

West, Short-horns in 548 

" Herefords " 581,585 

" grasses for 638 

" great herds of 642 

" sheltering cattle at 666 

" dairying at 679 

" favorite breeds of swine 811 

" swine raising at 812 

" sheep " " 852,895 

" Cotswold sheep at 861 

" goat raising at 892 

Whelps See Pups. 

Whistling, in horses 227,341 

'■While biistle" of swine 832 

Wliiic-faccd Mountain sheep 868 

White Georgian game fowls 945 

" Cochin £o*vls 956 

" Dorking " 924 

" Chinese geese 982 

'• duck, connnon 991 

"Whites,"' tlic See Leucorrha'a. 

Wild horses 35,37 

"• asses 157 



Wild cattle 491, 492 

" of England 503 

" hogs 791, 792 

" •' hunting 792, 793 

" sheep 847 

" turkey 915 

" goose 985 

" ducks 987, 995 

" dogs 1009,1011 

Wind, defective, as unsoundness 227 

" •' examination for 464 

Windgalls 228, 294 

Windpipe See Tntcheotomy, etc. 

Wind-sucking, vice of 438 

Wine measure, table of 479 

AVinter feeding of cattle 638, 640 

" '• calves 624 

" •• sheep 882 

" shelter for cattle 663 

" care of hogs 817.823 

" " bees 1104 

Withers, fistulous 326 

Wolf and dog, similarities 1010 

" prairie 1012 

" teeth 226, 355 

" hound, Irish lOgJ,. 

'' dog, Spanish lOov ' 

Womb, inflammation of, in mares 415 

" " " " cows 755 

'■ inversion of, in cows 753 

" " •' bitches 1087 

Wood duck, domesticated 995 

Wool, divisions of 851 

" fine and coarse 851 

" versxis mutton 852 

" statistics 875 

" per sheep, in different countries 876 

" preserving samples 880 

" shearing 887 

" tying 887 

Work ox See Ox and Steer. 

" cow used for 655 

Worker bees 1094, 1096 

Worm in horse's eye 427 

" bladder in swine 837 

" " " sheep 897 

Worms may cause lockjaw 378 

" in the liorse 430 

" " cattle, causing hoose 766 

" " swine 839 

" " sheep 904 

" " liver of sheep 904 

" "lungs" " 905 

" " chickens' wind-pipe (gapes)1002 

" '• dogs 1083 

" " kidneys and heart of dogs.. 1086 
See Tnpeiooiin. 

AVounds, treatment, in horses 308 

" " " cattle 773 

'« " " dogs 1087 

" tetanus from 378 

" of stallion's penis 412 

See Sutures, etc. 

"Yellows,' in horses 420 

Yoke oxen, matching and training.656, 660 

" " driving 661 

Yorkshire hogs 803. 811 

" terrier 1'"j1 



K 826 



IF, D 'II 



